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Conceptual Framework and Regional Context 1 Conceptual Framework and Regional Context José M. Moreno (Spain), Clara Laguna-Defi or (Spain), Vicente Barros (Argentina), Eduardo Calvo (Peru), José A. Marengo (Brazil), and Úrsula Oswald Spring (Mexico). This chapter should be cited as: Moreno, J.M., C. Laguna-Defi or, V. Barros, E. Calvo, J.A. Marengo, and Ú. Oswald Spring, 2020: Conceptual Framework and Regional Context. In: Adaptation to Clima- te Change Risks in Ibero-American Countries — RIOCCADAPT Report [Moreno, J.M., C. Laguna-Defi or, V. Barros, E. Calvo Buendía, J.A. Marengo, and U. Oswald Spring (eds.)], McGraw Hill, Madrid, Spain (pp. 1-46, ISBN: 9788448621667). Chapter 1 – Conceptual Framework and Regional Context CONTENTS Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Introduction to the report ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2. Adaptation in a conceptual framework of risk ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3. Geographic framework ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4. The climate of the RIOCC countries ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.1. Current climate..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1.1. Mexico .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.4.1.2. Central America and the Caribbean......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.4.1.3. Northern Andean Pacific (NAP) ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.4.1.4. Central Andean Pacific .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1.5. Patagonia .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1.6. Amazonia .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1.7. Northeastern Brazil ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.4.1.8. Southeast South America ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.1.9. Iberian Peninsula .............................................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.2. Recent climate changes .................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.4.3. Future climate projections ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.5. Biogeography of the region: natural systems ................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.5.1. Terrestrial systems ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.5.2. Continental aquatic systems ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19 1.5.3. Coastal and marine systems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21 1.6. Socioeconomic framework ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.1. Demography and structure of the population ...................................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.2. Economy .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 1.6.3. Poverty, inequality, and corruption ............................................................................................................................................................. 26 1.6.4. Social and labor inclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 1.6.5. Violence, conflicts, and migration .............................................................................................................................................................. 28 1.6.6. Greenhouse gas emissions ............................................................................................................................................................................ 31 1.7. Political and institutional framework .................................................................................................................................................................... 31 1.7.1. Adaptation assessment in the framework of the Paris Agreement ......................................................................................... 31 1.7.2. National perspective for CCA assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 31 1.7.3. Global perspective for climate change adaptation assessment ................................................................................................ 34 1.7.4. Coordination mechanisms in the region for adaptation.................................................................................................................. 34 1.7.5. Finance monitoring ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 Frequently Asked Questions ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39 2 RIOCCADAPT REPORT Chapter 1 – Conceptual Framework and Regional Context RIOCC countries have no national superstructures with joint Executive summary task forces to coordinate efforts in the battle against climate change. There are regional coordination structures for some Climate change implies risks to human and natural systems. of these policies (EU, UNASUR, ACTO, Andean Community, To reduce or prevent its impacts, adaptation is necessary. Mercosur, ALBA, AILAC, and others), although generally the This report describes the main hazards, vulnerabilities, risks, battle against climate change has not been the main target and impacts, as well as climate change adaptation actions of these entities. adopted by member countries of the Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of The degree of adaptation of RIOCC countries globally is Climate Change Offices or RIOCC). This network includes all predominantly medium to low, with few exceptions. Specif- Ibero-American countries in America and the Iberian Peninsu- ically, according to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index, la. The analysis has focused on the main human and natural RIOCC countries mostly rank globally from
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