Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam Volume 1 Tahun 2020, P

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Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam Volume 1 Tahun 2020, P Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam Volume 1 Tahun 2020, p. xx-xx p- ISSN : 2086-1281 e-ISSN : 2657-2079 https://ejournal.uinib.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/tathwir Memulihkan Komunikasi Belajar dari Jatuh Bangunnya Kabinet Pada Masa Demokrasi Parlementer Mukti Diapepin (STIA LPPN Padang, [email protected]) Abstract Political communication at this time, often hit by problems. Each elite expressed his sector ego - which ended in conflict. The same condition also happened during Parliamentary Democracy. The ups and downs of the cabinet - mainly triggered by communication bottlenecks that lead to a vote of no confidence. Each political opponent, trying to find weaknesses that lead to impeachment. New communica-tion can be interwoven during the Burhanuddin Harahap cabinet. This is evidenced by the success of the 1955 General Election. All political party leaders, trying to find common ground, to succeed in holding the first elections in Indonesia. Keywords: communication, politics, cabinet, parliamentary Abstrak Komunikasi politik pada masa kini, sering dilanda masalah. Masing-masing elite mengemukakan ego sektoralnya –yang berujung pada konflik. Kondisi yang sama juga pernah terjadi pada masa Demokrasi Parlementer. Jatuh bangunnya kabinet –terutama dipicu oleh sumbatan-sumbatan komunikasi yang bermuara pada mosi tidak percaya. Masing-masing lawan politik, berusaha mencari kelemahan yang berujung pada impeachment. Jalinan komunikasi baru bisa terajut semasa kabinet Burhanuddin Harahap. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan suksesnya Pemilu 1955. Seluruh pimpinan partai politik, berusaha untuk mencari titik temu, untuk menyukseskan penyelenggaraan Pemilu pertama di Indonesia Kata Kunci: komunikasi, politik, kabinet, parlementer. Mukti Diapepin – Memulihkan Komunikasi... A. Pendahuluan terletak pada kebuntuan komunikasi yang Sejak memasuki 74 tahun terjadi antar partai politik, elit politik, kemederkaan, telah banyak perubahan perdana menteri-parlemen, dan lainnya. yang terjadi terutama dalam sistem Friksi di antara partai politik telah pemerintahan. Beberapa kali terjadinya memicu saling mencurigai di antara elite. perubahan sistem politik, sejak Muaranya adalah melayangkang mosi demokrasi presidensil, berlanjut pada tidak percaya, yang berujung pada demokrasi liberal, atau juga dikenal impeachment. Masing-masing elite dengan sebagai demokrasi parlementer, hingga ideologinya masing-masing bersikeras kembali dengan model demokrasi untuk memaksakan maunya, untuk segera Pancasila yang juga berbau liberal diera dilaksanakan oleh lawan politiknya. Dan, reformasi. tercatat dalam sejarah ketatanegaraan Demokrasi parlementer merupakan sejak 1949-1957 telah terjadi delapan kali sistem politik yang melindungi secara pergantian kabinet. konstitusional hak-hak individu dari Untuk menguatkan persoalan kekuasaan pemerintah. Dalam Demokrasi kemacetan komunikasi antar ellit plolitik itu keputusan-keputusan mayoritas (dari tersebut, ada beberapa item pertanyaan proses perwakilan atau langsung) yang bisa diajukan. Bagaimana bentuk- diberlaku-kan pada sebagianbesar bentuk persoalan yang dihadapi oleh tiap- bidang-bidang kebijakan pemerintah tiap kabinet pada masa parlementer?, dan yang tunduk pada pembatasan- bagaimana solusi untuk mengatasi pembatasan agar keputusan pemerintah masalah yang terjadi di tingkat elite tidak melanggar kemerdekaan dan hak- politik?. Seluruh item pertanyaan, akan hak individu, seperti tercantum dalam terjawab dalam pembahasan berikutnya. konstitusi. Untuk membedah persoalan ini, ada Masa demokrasi Liberal berlaku beberapa kerangka konseptual yang antara tahun 1949-1959, ditandai dengan dipakai. Komunikasi merupakan aktivitas tumbuh suburnya p artai politik dan dasar manusia. Dengan berkomunikasi, berlakunya kabinet parlementer. Namun, manusia dapat saling berhubungan satu di tengah eufira politik pasca sama lain baik dalam kehidupan sehari- diumumkannya Maklumat No.X oleh hari di rumah tangga, di tempat Wakil Presiden Moh. Hatta, memicu pekerjaan, di pasar, dalam masyarakat kemelut politik. Pangkal permasalahan Copyright © 2020, Tathwir: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam | 34 Mukti Diapepin – Memulihkan Komunikasi... atau dimana saja manusia berada meyempurnakan kemampuan (Rubent, 1998: 45). Tidak ada manusia komunikasi mereka. Elit politik juga yang tidak akan terlibat dalam termasuk ke dalam komunikator bagi komunikasi. Pentingnya suatu suatu negara. Elit politik sangat komunikasi bagi manusia tidaklah dapat mempengaruhi kebijakan yang akan dipungkiri begitupula halnya bagi suatu dibuat untuk masyarakat banyak. Oleh negara. Dimana didalamnya menurut karena itu, komunikasi elit politik perlu Rubent terdapat sekelompok orang yang diperhatikan karena sangat berpengaruh memerintah dan orang yang diperintah. pada penyampaian pesan kepada Orang yang memerintah yang masyarakat banyak (Arni, 2007: 60). biasanya disebut elite politik sedangkan Apabila penyampaian pesan itu salah orang yang diperintah adalah masyarakat akan mengakibatkan persepsi yang salah atau rakyat. Kelompok elite politik juga pada masyarakat. jumlahnya agak sedikit, mengambil peran utama dalam hampir semua fungsi politik B. Pembahasan nasional, memonopoli kekuatan dan 1. Demokrasi Parlementer dan menikmati keuntungan daripadanya; Dilemanya sedangkan kelompok massa, dibina dan Sistem pemerintahan dalam bidang diawasi oleh yang pertama baik secara politik yang dianut pada masa Demokrasi legal atau tidak, dengan atau tanpa Liberal adalah sistem kabinet pedoman hukum dan kekerasan (Dahl, parlementer. Sistem pemerintahan 2003). Dengan adanya komunikasi yang tersebut berlandaskan pada UUDS 1950 baik akan suatu pemerintahan dapat (Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara berjalan dengan baik, lancar serta Republik Indonesia tahun 1950). Sistem berhasil begitupula sebaliknya, pemerintahan ini menetapkan bahwa kurangnya komunikasi akan menghambat kabinet-kabinet atau para menteri jalannya pemerintahan dan bertanggung jawab kepada parlemen. pembangunan yang pada akhirnya akan Sistem kabinet parlementer juga menimbulkan kerugian yang sangat besar menerapkan sistem pemungutan suara akan di alami oleh rakyat atau (voting) yang digunakan dalam pemilihan masyarakat negara tersebut. umum (Pemilu), mosi, dan demonstrasi Oleh karena itu, para pemimpin dan sebagai bentuk rakyat dalam para komunikator perlu memahami dan Copyright © 2020, Tathwir: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam | 35 Mukti Diapepin – Memulihkan Komunikasi... mengekspresikan hak untuk ikut serta 1952 –2 Juni 1953, Kabinet Ali dalam berpolitik (Hatta, 1960:67). Sastroamidjojo I dengan masa jabatan Selain itu, adanya sistem multipartai antara 31 Juli 1953 –24 Juli 1955, Kabinet pada masa ini menyebabkan terciptanya Burhanuddin Harahap dengan masa golongan mayoritas dan minoritas dalam jabatan antara 12 Agustus 1955–3 Maret masyarakat, serta adanya sikap 1956, Kabinet Ali Sastroamidjojo II mementingkan kepentingan golongan dengan masa jabatan antara 24 Maret partai politik masing-masing daripada 1956 –14 Maret 1957, dan Kabinet kepentingan bersama.Sistem Djuanda (Kabinet Karya) dengan masa pemerintahan dalam bidang politik yang jabatan antara 9 April 1957 –10 Juli 1959 dianut pada masa demokrasi Liberal (Simanjuntak, 2003: 69-70). aadalah sistem kabinet presidensial. Adapun beberapa tujuan yang hendak Sistem kabinetpresidensial berlandaskan dicapai oleh ketujuh kabinet tersebut, pada UUD 1945 (Undang-Undang Dasar yaitu menjaga keamanan dan ketertiban tahun 1945) dan kekuasaan tertinggi rakyat, meningkatkan kemakmuran dan negara ditempati oleh lembaga eksekutif, kesejahteraan rakyat, memperiapkan yaitu Presiden.1 Pemilu dan memperjuangkan Irian Barat. Pemerintahan pada masa Demokrasi Selain itu, pada masa Demokrasi Parlementer dijalankan oleh tujuh Parlementer ini juga dibentuk kabinet dengan masa jabatan berbeda. konstituante, sebuah lembaga yang Ketujuh kabinet itu adalah Kabinet Natsir bertugas untuk menyusun dengan masa jabatan antara 6 September danmenetapkan Undang-Undang Dasar 1950 –18 April 1951, Kabinet Sukiman (UUD) baru bagi Indonesia (Asshiddiqe, dengan masa jabatan antara 26 April 2006: 70). 1951 –26 April 1952, Kabinet Wilopo Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, dapat dengan masa jabatan antara 19 Maret diambil kesimpulan bahwa sistem yang dianut oleh bangsa Indonesia pada tahun 1Sistem demokrasi ini menganut paham 1949-1959adalah sistem demokrasi kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan. Paham tersebut Liberal yaitu sistem politikyang berintikan musyawarah untuk mufakat secara gotong royong antara semua kekuatan nasional yang melindungi secara konstitusionalhak-hak revolusioner dengan prinsip NASAKOM (nasionalisme, agama, dan komunisme). NASAKOM individu dari kekuasaan pemerintah. telah menyatukan kekuatan-kekuatan politik yang Dalamdemokrasi liberal, keputusan- terus bersaing sejak masa Demokrasi Parlementer, sehingga mulai tercipta sikap saling gotong royong keputusan mayoritas (dari proses antar sesama anggota partai politik. Copyright © 2020, Tathwir: Jurnal Pengembangan Masyarakat Islam | 36 Mukti Diapepin – Memulihkan Komunikasi... perwakilan, ataupun langsung) a. Kabinet Natsir (6 September 1950-21 diberlakukan pada sebagian besar Maret 1951). bidang-bidang kebijakan pemerintah Setelah bentuk negara Republik yang tunduk pada pembatasan- Indonesia Serikat (RIS) dibubarkan, pembatasan agar keputusanpemerintah kabinet pertama yang memerintah tidak melanggar kemerdekaandan hak- Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia hak individu seperti tercantum dalam adalah Kabinet Natsir.
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