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Download Publication The Place of Women in Naga Society Naga Women’s Union (NWU) International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) Henry Martyn Institute (HMI): International Centre for Research, Interfaith Relations and Reconciliation The Place of Women in Naga Society Naga Women’s Union (NWU) International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) Henry Martyn Institute (HMI): International Centre for Research, Interfaith Relations and Reconciliation First Published: 2018 Published for NWU, IWGIA, HMI by Christian Literature Centre, Guwahati ISBN No.: 978-93-81758-43-4 All rights reserved, not part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission of the Authors/Publishers The responsibility for the fact stated conclusions reached etc. is entirely that of the authors; The Publisher is not responsible for them, society, whatsoever. Printed in India at: Barkataki Print & Media Services Guwahati, Assam Ph: 9435090325 E-mail: [email protected] About the Naga Women’s Union There are more than sixteen Naga tribes living in Manipur with a population ranging from one thousand to above one lakh in each tribe. Each tribe speaks a distinct dialect. No tribe, whether a recognized scheduled tribe or not, is superior to others, nor is any dialect, whether spoken by a majority, more important or valuable than the other dialects. Every Naga tribe has its own unique traditional culture, costumes, ornaments, and artefacts with varieties of colours, designs, shapes and sizes. Each of them holds deep symbolic significance in various important events and festivals of the Nagas. Designing and production particularly of costumes are done mostly by women. The Naga Women’s Union (NWU) was founded on th5 October 1994 by the Naga tribal Women’s Organizations in Manipur. The NWU is committed to the cause of promoting and defending the rights and dignity of women including advocacy work on tribal issues and concerns in general and women upliftment in particular. The NWU is comprised of sixteen Naga tribes’ Women Organizations which are spread across four districts of Manipur. All Nagas are indigenous peoples and are known as tribal (Scheduled Tribes) in India. Our Vision Naga Women as Naga people in India and beyond fully understanding their cultures, exercising their rights, living with dignity and enhancing their sustainable management systems on lands, territories and resources for their development in an environment of peace, freedom, justice and equality. Our Mission To strengthen the solidarity, cooperation and capacities of Naga Women in Manipur and beyond so as to promote and protect their rights and to ensure security and sustainability among them. Our Work iii • Awareness raising and advocacy for recognition of rights and contributions of Naga women • Strengthening the role of Naga Women in addressing challenges facing Naga Society • Capacity building for community empowerment, leadership and financial system management • Facilitation for institutional strengthening of Women’s Organizations and network building alliances • Establishment of Resource Training centre cum Production of Naga Crafts and Ornaments • Establishment of database of women Experts/Leaders • Development, production and compilation of appropriate Training Manual for Grass-root Organizations and Communities • Strengthening and exercising indigenous rights over our land, territory and natural resources through capacity building trainings using UNDRIP mechanisms The motto of NWU is “Strength and Prosperity”, which is indicated in its flag by a rainbow representing the different tribes of Nagas and in its emblem, by a gourd indicating women as the custodian of the vibrant Naga life, culture and identity. This is done so considering the fact that Naga women are the agents and support base for social stability and continuity of life as they are the carriers of all intrinsic Naga values such as love, compassion, truthfulness, honesty and all elemental human feelings. This book is a compilation of works of writers from seventeen Naga tribes who have done a commendable job in describing the different aspects of the Naga women. And it would not have been brought to fruition except through the sponsorship of NWU–IWGIA Partnership Project. iv From the Coordinator’s Desk It is a pleasure to introduce the first book of its kind, the Place of Women in Naga Society, brought out by Naga Women’s Union (NWU), with the support of International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) and Henry Martyn Institute (HMI): International Centre for Research, Interfaith Relations and Reconciliation. This book is unique in the sense that all the articles in it are written by the Naga women except for an introductory article and another which is a male co-authored paper. This endeavour comes from the NWU Partnership Project with IWGIA under “Strengthening the Role of Naga Women in addressing the Challenges facing Naga Society”. I regret that due to certain constraints, these valuable writings of women of the Naga tribes in Manipur could not be published earlier than this as targeted. I am pleased that NWU is bringing out this work in print form, for a wider circulation and to facilitate positive changes in the right perspective within the Naga Society. The Place of Women in Naga Society written by women writers from seventeen Naga tribes is a much needed contribution to the very few existing literature on tribal ethnography of North East India. It is hoped that the present work will not only provide deeper insights into the cultural ecology of the Naga people, but also into the nature of social and polity formation of the Naga society concerning women. (Aram Pamei) Project Coordinator v Foreword - Dr. Gina Shangkham With the formation of the Naga Women’s Union (NWU) on the 5th October, 1994 in Ukhrul, the Naga Women in the state of Manipur came together under a common forum. Henceforth, they could avail the space, meet, interact and exchange each other’s experiences, and take collective decision together for ways forward. Looking back to its short history, there have been a few achievements in terms of sharing information through the publication of news- links: “RAISUNRIANG” since 1995 for eight (8) years, and “Our News”, a leaflet for some years. The organization also took up projects on “Peace Building”, “Gender in Relation to Customary Practices”, “Human Rights Defenders”, “Leadership Capacity Building”, “Fund for Women: Economic Justice”, etc. These projects enabled the organization to learn about the cultural contexts in which women played the role of peacemakers, cases of successful women as decision makers, and women volunteers who came out to work together to combat illegal exploitation of environment and natural resources. The projects also enabled the organization to raise voices for the care of environment and the sustainable management of natural resources to prevent conflict, build peace and foster human prosperity. Violations of human rights were rampant as the Nagas expressed their right to self-determination. In order to repress their aspirations, the Government of India (GOI) enacted Armed Forces (Special) Power Act, 1958 which empowered the Security Forces with impunity. This naturally led to the violation of human rights. Besides this Act, the rights of the indigenous peoples are violated by the enforced developmental programs in their areas by the Government without Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). vi Traditionally, women are believed to have been given protection by custom which led to their confinement and constrained to the outside world. Till date, there are very few Naga women who have published books and articles to their credit in different disciplines. This book “The Place of Women in Naga Society” is the first of its kind wherein the Naga women from 17 tribes get involved in projecting the traditional concept on women and the changes that have taken place with the driving forces behind. There are similarities as much as differences, all indicating the typical phenomenon that each tribe has as a part of the whole as well as the distinctive and unique feature that each tribe has of its own among the Nagas. This is the first attempt of the Naga Women’s Union to bring out a book with the support of International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) and Henry Martyn Institute (HMI), Hyderabad, co- supporting. It is hoped that the articles will not only serve as sources of information to the readers but also as a source of encouragement to go forward. vii PREFACE - Aram Pamei We believe that human spirit can transcend narrow boundaries of social structure and create newer and wider forms of human relationship. The development of this spirit within us can foster a sense of equality and bridge the divisions in race, class, caste and gender. In this broad perspective of understanding human beings and their potential for good and just relations through proper institutional mechanisms in society, the Naga Women’s Union (NWU) undertakes this project of writing a book on the ‘Place of Women in Naga Society’. This book is a clarion call to have an introspection of the socially and culturally constructed differences in notions of male and female and look out for areas of equality, partnership and mutual respect for each other. Nature does not create gender inequality; it only provides biological differences through different organs for reproduction. In actuality, there is a man and a woman in each of us, but society does not allow the man in a girl or the woman in the boy to grow. This duality of ‘inner self’ is also reflected in creation stories of Genesis; “In the image of God he created him; male and female, he created them and blessed them and named them Man when they were created”. This reflection is relevant particularly in the context of Naga society with a major Christian population. Such a perspective challenges all the hierarchical structures that we have in relation to our sexes.
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