From ‘Stone-Age’ to ‘Real-Time’ Edited by Martin Edited by Slama and Jenny Munro to ‘Real-Time’ ‘Stone-Age’ From From ‘Stone-Age’ to ‘Real-Time’ Exploring Papuan Temporalities, Mobilities There are probably no other people on earth to whom the image of the ‘stone-age’ is so and Religiosities persistently attached than the inhabitants of the island of New Guinea, which is divided into independent Papua New Guinea and the western part of the island, known today as Papua and West Papua. From ‘Stone-Age’ to ‘Real-Time’ examines the forms of agency, frictions and anxieties the current moment generates in West Papua, where the persistent ‘stone- age’ image meets the practices and ideologies of the ‘real-time’ – a popular expression referring to immediate digital communication. The volume is thus essentially occupied with discourses of time and space and how they inform questions of hierarchy and possibilities for equality. Papuans are increasingly mobile, and seeking to rework inherited ideas, institutions and technologies, while also coming up against palpable limits on what can be imagined or achieved, secured or defended. This volume investigates some of these trajectories for the cultural logics and social or political structures that shape them. The chapters are highly ethnographic, based on in-depth research conducted in diverse spaces within and beyond Papua. These contributions explore topics ranging from hip hop to HIV/ AIDS to historicity, filling much-needed conceptual and ethnographic lacunae in the study of West Papua. Martin Slama is a researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Jenny Munro is a research fellow in the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, The Australian National University. Edited by Martin Slama and Jenny Munro ANU Press http://press.anu.edu.au From ‘Stone-Age’ to ‘Real-Time’ Exploring Papuan Temporalities, Mobilities and Religiosities From ‘Stone-Age’ to ‘Real-Time’ Exploring Papuan Temporalities, Mobilities and Religiosities Edited by Martin Slama and Jenny Munro MONOGRAPHS IN ANTHROPOLOGY SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: From ‘stone-age’ to ‘real-time’ : exploring Papuan temporalities, mobilities and religiosities / Martin Slama and Jenny Munro (editors). ISBN: 9781925022421 (paperback) 9781925022438 (ebook) Subjects: Migration, Internal--Indonesia--Papua. Religion and culture--Indonesia--Papua. Papua (Indonesia)--Social life and customs. Papua (Indonesia)--Civilization. Papua (Indonesia)--History. Other Creators/Contributors: Slama, Martin, editor. Munro, Jenny, editor. Dewey Number: 995.1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover illustration: An indigenous woman walking up a road in Tiom, a rapidly developing town in the central Papuan highlands, photographed in 2013 by Carole Reckinger. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents List of Contributors . .vii Illustrations . xi 1 . From ‘Stone-Age’ to ‘Real-Time’: Exploring Papuan Temporalities, Mobilities and Religiosities – An Introduction . 1 Martin Slama and Jenny Munro 2 . Demonstrating the Stone-Age in Dutch New Guinea . 39 Danilyn Rutherford 3 . From Primitive Other to Papuan Self: Korowai Engagement with Ideologies of Unequal Human Worth in Encounters with Tourists, State Officials and Education . 59 Rupert Stasch 4 . Papua Coming of Age: The Cycle of Man’s Civilisation and Two Other Papuan Histories . 95 Jaap Timmer 5 . Under Two Flags: Encounters with Israel, Merdeka and the Promised Land in Tanah Papua . 125 Henri Myrttinen 6 . Hip Hop in Manokwari: Pleasures, Contestations and the Changing Face of Papuanness . 145 Sarah Richards 7 . ‘Now we know shame’: Malu and Stigma among Highlanders in the Papuan Diaspora . 169 Jenny Munro 8. Torture as a Mode of Governance: Reflections on the Phenomenon of Torture in Papua, Indonesia . 195 Budi Hernawan 9 . ‘Living in HIV-land’: Mobility and Seropositivity among Highlands Papuan Men . 221 Leslie Butt 10 . Papua as an Islamic Frontier: Preaching in ‘the Jungle’ and the Multiplicity of Spatio-Temporal Hierarchisations . 243 Martin Slama List of Contributors Leslie Butt is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Victoria, Canada. She is a medical anthropologist with extensive experience conducting research in Eastern Indonesia on families, HIV/AIDS, reproduction and health care. Her current research focuses on the impact of international migration on the experiences of eastern Indonesian families. She has co-edited two volumes: Troubling Natural Categories: Engaging the Medical Anthropology of Margaret Lock (2013, McGill-Queens University Press, with N. Adelson and K. Kielmann); and Making Sense of AIDS: Culture, Sexuality, and Power in Melanesia (2008, University of Hawai’i Press, with R. Eves). She has also written numerous papers about Papua, including ‘Sexual Tensions: HIV- positive Women in Papua’, in Sex and Sexualities in Contemporary Indonesia: Sexual Politics, Health, Diversity and Representations, L.R. Bennett and S.G. Davies (eds) (2014); and ‘Local Biologies and HIV/AIDS in Highlands Papua, Indonesia’, in Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 37 (1) (2013). Budi Hernawan is a research fellow at the Abdurrahman Wahid Centre for Inter-Faith Dialogue and Peace at the University of Indonesia and a research associate at Franciscans International, an international NGO accredited with the United Nations based in Geneva and New York. He has done extensive research and professional work in Papua, Indonesia, from 1997–2009. His PhD thesis, entitled ‘From the Theatre of Torture to the Theatre of Peace: The Politics of Torture and Reimagining Peacebuilding in Papua’, reflects his research interests in the anthropology of state violence, human rights, and peacebuilding in Indonesia and the Pacific. He was a guest lecturer at Parahyangan Catholic University in Bandung, Atma Jaya University in Yogyakarta, The Australian National University in Canberra, the University of Sydney, and the University of Wellington. Jenny Munro is a research fellow in the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Program at The Australian National University. She is a cultural anthropologist who works in Papua and other regions of eastern Indonesia. Her doctoral research followed a group of indigenous university students from the central highlands of Papua to North Sulawesi and back home again to examine the social, cultural and political impacts of schooling. Since completing her PhD in 2010, Jenny has conducted five collaborative ethnographic research projects in the domains of HIV/AIDS, sexuality, education and alcohol-related violence. Her research reflects a broader interest in understanding emerging and enduring inequalities that are reshaping daily life in Papua. She has published articles on racial stigma and premarital pregnancy experiences (Journal of Youth Studies), the politics of HIV research and policy formation (The Asia Pacific vii From ‘Stone-Age’ to ‘Real-Time’ Journal of Anthropology), and indigenous experiences of the value of education in highlands Papua (Indonesia). She is currently writing about HIV, gender and mobility in Papua. Henri Myrttinen is a Senior Researcher on Gender in Peacebuilding at the London- based NGO International Alert. Prior to this, he has worked and researched extensively in and on Papua and eastern Indonesia more generally, as well as on Timor-Leste, which was also the focus of his PhD research, which he completed at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Recent publications include ‘Resistance, Symbolism and the Language of Stateness in Timor-Leste’, in Oceania 83 (3) (2013); ‘Phantom Menaces: The Politics of Rumour, Securitisation and Masculine Identities in the Shadows of the Ninjas’, in The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 14 (5) (2013); ‘Claiming the Dead, Defining the Nation – Contested Narratives of the Independence Struggle in Post-Conflict Timor- Leste’, in Governing the Dead, F. Stepputat (ed) (2014). Sarah Richards is a PhD candidate at the University of Melbourne. She has six years of fieldwork experience in Tanah Papua (Wamena and Manokwari) and Papua New Guinea (Bougainville). With a background in psychology (BA Hons.), her research interests involve morality, gender, youth, emotion, HIV and sexuality. Prior to embarking on a PhD, Sarah worked as a subject coordinator for Medical Anthropology at the Centre for Health and Society (Melbourne University), a research assistant and in community development with Indonesian and international NGOs. Her dissertation inquires into the meanings and motivations of avoiding sex before marriage amongst young Papuan women in Manokwari. As well as indexing trends in West Papuan social and political life, this study relies on Papuan experiences of sexual morality to rethink Durkheim for the anthropology of morality and ethics. Danilyn Rutherford received her doctorate in anthropology with a minor in Southeast Asian Studies from Cornell University in 1997. She is the author of two books: Raiding the Land of the Foreigners: The Limits of the Nation on an Indonesian