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University of Southampton Research Repository University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] University of Southampton Faculty of Arts and Humanities History Southampton’s Maritime Trade in the Late Eighteenth Century by Maria Ekberger Newbery ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4851-441X Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2020 University of Southampton Abstract Faculty of Arts and Humanities History Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Southampton’s Maritime Trade in the Late Eighteenth Century by Maria Ekberger Newbery This thesis examines the trade of Southampton in the late eighteenth century, focussing particularly on the 1770s, a period which has not hitherto been the subject of any empirical study. Through a detailed analysis of the town’s shipping patterns it provides new information and data about the patterns of Southampton’s maritime trade. The development of a database, for the first time quantifying the shipping information published in the Hampshire Chronicle, offers evidence of a complex and wide ranging trade network, which included Southampton’s neighbouring ports. The data analysis carried out for this project shows that, rather than merely a bilateral relationship with London, Britain’s overwhelmingly largest port, Southampton’s maritime trade was multifaceted, with goods imported to the port from domestic and foreign locations and transhipped to other destinations both near and far. The port saw just a small number of regular traders and most vessels called only occasionally, indicating that for many vessels Southampton served as an intermediate stop on longer journeys rather than the main destination. Southampton’s close connections with the Channel Islands were particularly important and there is evidence that the inhabitants of the islands depended on the cargoes shipped from Southampton for their daily lives. The analysis of the Hampshire Chronicle demonstrates how the wars of the late eighteenth century had an impact on the maritime trade of Southampton and on the daily lives of its inhabitants, offering opportunities for increased profits, particularly for shipowners, but also threats to both ships and seafarers. i Southampton’s Maritime Trade in the Late Eighteenth Century TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .………………………………………………………………………………………..…………iii List of Figures ………………………….……………………………………………………………..……………….v Research Thesis: Declaration of Authorship .………………………………………..…………………ix Acknowledgements ……………….……………………………………………………………………………….xi Note of Ship Names ……………………………………………………………………………………………….xii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…………..1 Chapter 2: Southampton’s Maritime Trade in the 1770 ………………………………………….33 Chapter 3: Southampton’s Trade with Ports in the English Channel in the 1770s ……55 Chapter 4: Southampton’s North Atlantic and Irish Sea Trade in the 1770 ……………..75 Chapter 5: Southampton’s Trade with North Sea and Baltic Ports in the 1770s …….103 Chapter 6: Solent Comparisons, 1775 ………………………………………………………………..…133 Chapter 7: Southampton’s Maritime Trade in the Later Eighteenth Century ………..157 Chapter 8: The Impact of War on Southampton’s Maritime Trade …………………….…179 Chapter 9: Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………….193 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..197 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Availability of shipping list data by number of weeks in the Hampshire Chronicle ……………………………………………………………………………………………..……….16 Figure 2.1: Vessels arriving at Southampton, 1773-1777......……………………….....……...……….36 Figure 2.2: Vessels clearing Southampton, 1773-1777……………………………………………..………37 Figure 2.3: Vessels arriving at or leaving from Southampton, 1773-1777…………………….…..38 Figure 2.4: Vessels recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton, 1773-1777……………………………………………………………………………………………….….….39 Figure 2.5: Vessels recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777, monthly averages .……………………………………………………………….….….41 Figure 2.6: Distribution of number of journeys undertaken by vessels listed in Lloyd’s Register 1778 and recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton to and from British, Foreign and Irish/Channel Island ports .......42 Figure 2.7: Distribution of journeys recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777 by vessels listed in Lloyd’s Register 1778 ..................43 Figure 2.8: Distribution of all journeys recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777 .............................................................................44 Figure 2.9: Regional percentage of journeys recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777 by vessels listed in Lloyd’s Register 1778 .....45 Figure 2.10: Regional percentage of all journeys recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777 ........................................................45 Figure 2.11: Tonnage of vessels recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777 and listed in Lloyd’s Register 1778 ............................46 Figure 2.12: Rigging type and build place of vessels recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777 and listed in Lloyd’s Register 1778 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...46 Figure 2.13.a: Brig or brigantine .………………………………………………………………………………….……….47 Figure 2.13.b: Sloop ………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….….…47 Figure 2.14: Ownership of vessels recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton 1773-1777 and listed in Lloyd’s Register 1778 …………….…….….…49 Figure 2.15: Number of all entries recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton and Southampton Petty Customs Book September 1772- September 1773 ………….………………………..…………………………………………….……..…50 Figure 2.16: Number of foreign or Channel Island entries recorded in the Hampshire Chronicle shipping lists for Southampton and Southampton Petty Customs Book ………………………….………………………………………………………………….……………….51 Figure 2.17: Number of cargoes including particular commodities exported from Southampton, 1772 …………………………….……………………………………….………………..52 Figure 2.18: Number of cargoes including particular commodities imported to Southampton, 1772 ………………………………….……………………………………….…………..52 v Figure 2.19: Percentage of voyages exporting goods from Southampton by commodity class, 1772 ………………………………..……………………………………….…………………………..53 Figure 2.20: Percentage of voyages exporting goods from Southampton by commodity class, 1772 ……………………………………………………………………………….………………….…53 Figure 3.1: Vessels arriving at Southampton from ports in the English Channel, 1773-1777 ……………………………..……………………………………..……………………….………56 Figure 3.2: Vessels clearing Southampton for ports in the English Channel, 1773-1777 …..57 Figure 3.3: Vessels arriving at Southampton from English Channel ports in south-west England, 1773-1777 ………………………….…………………………………………………….……..58 Figure 3.4: Vessels clearing Southampton for English Channel ports in south-west England, 1773-1777 …………………….…………………………………………………………………….………...59 Figure 3.5: Vessels arriving in Southampton from Channel Island ports 1773-77 ………..…..63 Figure 3.6: Vessels clearing Southampton for Channel Island ports 1773-77 ………….……….63 Figure 3.7: Vessels arriving Southampton for English Channel ports in south-east England, 1773-1777 …………………………………………………………………………………….……………….68 Figure 3.8: Vessels clearing Southampton for English Channel ports in south-east England, 1773-1777 ……….…………………………………………………………………………….………………68 Figure 3.9: Vessels arriving at Southampton from a French port, 1773-1777 ………………....69 Figure 3.10: Vessels leaving Southampton for a French port, 1773-1777 ………………………....70 Figure 4.1: Vessels arriving at Southampton from North Atlantic and Caribbean ports, 1773-1777 …………………………………………………………………………….……………………….76 Figure 4.2: Vessels clearing Southampton for a North Atlantic or Caribbean port, 1773-1777 ..………………………………….………………………………………………………………..76 Figure 4.3: Vessels arriving at Southampton from Atlantic ports in south-west England, 1773-1777 …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…78 Figure 4.4: Vessels clearing Southampton for an Atlantic port in south-west England, 1773-1777 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….78 Figure 4.5: Vessels arriving at Southampton from Welsh ports, 1773-1777 …………….………81 Figure 4.6: Vessels clearing Southampton for a Welsh port, 1773-1777 ……………………….…81 Figure 4.7: Vessels arriving at Southampton from Irish ports, 1773-1777 ……………………….85 Figure 4.8: Vessels clearing Southampton for an Irish port, 1773-1777 …………………………..86 Figure 4.9: Vessels arriving at Southampton
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