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The Reproductive Biology and Recruitment Dynamics of Snapper, Chrysophrys Auratus

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The Reproductive Biology and Recruitment Dynamics of Snapper, Chrysophrys Auratus The reproductive biology and recruitment dynamics of snapper, Chrysophrys auratus Drawing4.jpg Richard J. Saunders School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Adelaide Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgements____________________________________________________v Abstract____________________________________________________________ vi Chapter I____________________________________________________________1 General Introduction __________________________________________________1 1.1 Recruitment variation in fishes__________________________________________ 1 1.2 Thesis_______________________________________________________________ 5 1.2.1 Aims and objectives _______________________________________________________5 1.2.2 Thesis Structure __________________________________________________________6 1.2.3 Notes ___________________________________________________________________7 Chapter II ___________________________________________________________9 Overview of the study species and region __________________________________9 2.1 Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus [Forster 1801]) _____________________________ 9 2.1.1 Distribution and Taxonomy _________________________________________________9 2.1.2 General Biology __________________________________________________________9 2.1.3 Early-life History ________________________________________________________10 2.1.4 Population Structure ______________________________________________________10 2.1.5 South Australian Fishery___________________________________________________10 2.2 Study region: northern Spencer Gulf____________________________________ 11 Chapter III _________________________________________________________13 Distribution, abundance and early growth of 0+ snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, in northern Spencer Gulf________________________________________________13 3.1 Introduction ________________________________________________________ 13 3.2 Methods____________________________________________________________ 15 3.2.1 Water Temperature _______________________________________________________15 3.2.2 Field Sampling Techniques_________________________________________________15 3.2.3 Laboratory processing techniques____________________________________________19 3.2.4 Statistical analyses _______________________________________________________20 3.3 Results _____________________________________________________________ 22 3.3.1 Water temperature________________________________________________________22 3.3.2 Otter Trawls ____________________________________________________________22 3.3.3 Beam Trawls ____________________________________________________________29 3.3.4 Growth analysis _________________________________________________________31 3.4 Discussion __________________________________________________________ 41 3.4.1 Distribution _____________________________________________________________41 3.4.3 Growth ________________________________________________________________44 Chapter IV _________________________________________________________47 The spawning dynamics of snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, in northern Spencer Gulf, South Australia: implications for recruitment variability _______________47 4.1 Introduction ________________________________________________________ 47 4.2 Methods____________________________________________________________ 49 4.2.1 Water temperature________________________________________________________49 4.2.2 Sample collection and processing ____________________________________________49 4.2.3 Laboratory analysis of preserved samples _____________________________________51 4.2.4 Spawning mode__________________________________________________________51 i 4.2.5 Spawning fraction and spawning frequency ____________________________________52 4.2.6 Batch fecundity __________________________________________________________54 4.3 Results _____________________________________________________________ 54 4.3.1 Temperature ____________________________________________________________54 4.3.2 Microscopic characteristics of ovaries at different stages of development _____________55 4.3.3 Spawning mode__________________________________________________________56 4.3.4 Timing and extent of spawning season ________________________________________59 4.3.5 Fecundity ______________________________________________________________67 4.4 Discussion __________________________________________________________ 69 Chapter V __________________________________________________________73 The early life history of snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, and the impact of a variable environment on recruitment ___________________________________________73 5.1 Introduction________________________________________________________ 73 5.2 Methods____________________________________________________________ 76 5.2.1 Water Temperature _______________________________________________________76 5.2.2 Field sampling techniques__________________________________________________76 5.2.3 Laboratory processing techniques____________________________________________76 5.2.4 Otolith preparation _______________________________________________________76 5.2.5 Otolith analysis __________________________________________________________77 5.2.6 Analyses _______________________________________________________________77 5.3 Results _____________________________________________________________ 79 5.3.1 Water temperature________________________________________________________79 5.3.2 Spawn dates ____________________________________________________________80 5.3.3 Settlement dates _________________________________________________________85 5.3.4 Pre-settlement duration ____________________________________________________88 5.4 Discussion __________________________________________________________ 89 5.4.1 Inter-annual recruitment variation____________________________________________89 5.4.2 Does spawning affect recruitment?___________________________________________89 5.4.3 Lunar and tidal effects on the timing of spawning and settlement ___________________91 5.4.4 The impact of temperature on recruitment _____________________________________91 5.4.5 Pre-settlement duration ____________________________________________________92 5.4.6 Conclusions_____________________________________________________________93 Chapter VI _________________________________________________________94 The use of food resources by 0+ snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, from northern Spencer Gulf; South Australia _________________________________________94 6.1 Introduction ________________________________________________________ 94 6.2 Methods____________________________________________________________ 95 6.2.1 Sample collection ________________________________________________________95 6.2.2 Laboratory processing_____________________________________________________95 6.2.3 Prey identification________________________________________________________96 6.2.4 Data treatment and analysis ________________________________________________96 6.3 Results _____________________________________________________________ 98 6.3.1 General information ______________________________________________________98 6.3.2 Temporal feeding behaviour _______________________________________________100 6.3.3 Prey assemblage ________________________________________________________101 6.4 Discussion _________________________________________________________ 105 ii Chapter VII _______________________________________________________108 The trawl assemblages of northern Spencer Gulf and the associations of 0+ snapper, Chrysophrys auratus_________________________________________108 7.1 Introduction _______________________________________________________ 108 7.2 Methods___________________________________________________________ 110 7.2.1 General _______________________________________________________________110 7.2.2 Trawl type_____________________________________________________________110 7.2.3 Species identification and data collection _____________________________________111 7.2.4 Data treatment and statistical analyses _______________________________________112 7.3 Results ____________________________________________________________ 113 7.3.1 Characteristics of assemblages in northern Spencer Gulf _________________________113 7.3.2 Abundance ____________________________________________________________113 7.3.3 Biomass_______________________________________________________________113 7.3.4 Assemblage structure ____________________________________________________114 7.4 Discussion _________________________________________________________ 119 7.4.1 Group A and Group B assemblages _________________________________________119 7.4.2 0+ snapper associations___________________________________________________120 Chapter VIII_______________________________________________________122 General Discussion _________________________________________________122 8.1 Rationalisation _____________________________________________________ 122 8.2 Spatial patterns of recruitment________________________________________ 122 8.3 Inter-annual recruitment variation ____________________________________ 124 8.3.1 Egg production _________________________________________________________124 8.3.2 Mortality in the early life history ___________________________________________125 8.4 Future research ____________________________________________________ 127 8.4.1 Is egg production affected by lunar periodicity?________________________________127 8.4.2 What controls
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