and SPACE TECHNOLOGY: The main stages and historycal dates

1 Pre-history of

• China, about 960 year - the black pouder invention. The first solid rockets. The flight distance - 300 m. The first rocket design -bamboo cylinder with black pauder • XIII century - Rockets came to Europpgye with Mongol army • 1248 - the book of British scientist Rodjer Bacon for rocket using • XVIII century - rockets in India, used against British army • XIX century - rockets in Great Britain (Wiliam Congriv), in France • 1850, Russia: military engineer General K.Konstantinov - industrial manufacturing of rockets

Gen. K.Konstantinov (1818-1871) Russian military rocket scheme (1850)

2 The scientists – founders of space flights: Country

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935 ) The book “ Research of Russia Space by rocket flights” – 1903. Idea of multy-stage rocket

Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) The fundamental technical book about Germany using liquid propellant rocket “ The Rocket into interplanetary space”

Robert Goddard USA (1882-1945) The first in the world liquid propellant rocket

3 First researchers, engineers and design groups 1926‐ Robert Goddard – first in the world liquid propellant rocket – 1935 16. 03. 1926 (gasolyne+oxygen).

Obern, Massachusets

1930‐ Iohannes Vinkler – 1945 first in Europe liquid rocket -14.03.1930 Verner von Braun – liqu id propellant engines, rockets, V-2 (A-4) ballistic missile. Worked in USA from 1945

VFR-German Society of Interplanetary Flights Kummersdorf artillery base Peenemünde rocket base

1926‐ Sergey Korolev (1906-1966) 1935 Friedrich Zander (1887-1933) Mikhail Tihonravov (1900-1974)

GIRD - Group of rocket flight research GDL - Gaso-dynamic laboratory RNII- Rocket Research Institute First Soviet liqu id propellant rocket GIRD-09 – 17.08.1933 4 Solid combat rocket RS-132 Katyusha (1941) Sergey Korolev (1906-1966)

1906 – Was borned in Ukrain 1926 – Politechnical Institute in Kiev, , Ukraine, Technical University in , pilot school 1927-1929 – Piloting and design of gliders 1930 – Design of liquid propellant rocket engine 1932 – Worked in GIRD - Group of rocket flight research 1933 – First Soviet liquid propellant rocket GIRD-09 1933 – Deputy director RNII –Rocket Research Institute 1936 – Chief designer of rockets in RNII 1940 – Flight of first in Soviet Union rocket plane RP-218 with liquid propellant motor 1945 – Was sent to Germany (after Wolrd War II) to examine the V-2 rocket 1948 – Chief designer of new organization NII-88, later OKB-1. The test flight of Soviet rockets R-1 (copy of V-2), then R-2 1956 - Rocket R-5M, flight distance 1200 km, with nuclear warhead 1957 – 2-stage intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 1957, October 4 – First in the world Earth satellite 1961, April 12 – First in the world manned flight: Yury Gagarin Up to 1966 – The programs of manned and automatic flights 1966 – Was dead

5 Verner von Braun (1912 – 1977)

1912 – Was borned in Germany 1932 - GGdraduat tded BBlierlin ThTechno log ica l Institute. Worked in Germany Artillery Commanding. 1934 - Doctor degree in Berlin University 1935 – PjProjec t of rocktket A-3 with flihtflight distance 50 km 1937 – Chief designer and Technical director at Peenemünde rocket center 1942 – First launch of V-2 (A-4). Used for attacks for Great Britain and Netherland 1944 – First in the hist ory flig ht in to space: V-2 for altitude 176 km 1945 – Arrival to USA after World War II (together with group of 500 Germany engi)ineers) 1950 – Arsenal Redstown (Hantswill, Alabama). Ballistic missiles Redstown, Jupiter-C 1958 – First satellite Explorer-1, Jupiter LV 1960 – Direct or of Marsh all Space Flig ht Cen ter NASA. Chief designer of satellites Explorer, Saturn-5 LV, Apollo spaceship 1969, July 20 – Apollo-11 launch. First man ldilanding to the 1972 – Deputy Director of NASA, Chief of 6 Cosmodrome Canaveral 1977 – Was dead Ballistic Missile V-2 (A-4) Launch mass …………………..…...12.500 kg Rocket engine thrust …………… 270 000 N Length……………………………..……13,9 m Diameter……………………….……. 1,65 m Warhead mass……………..…….. 1000 kg Flight distance…………………….. 320 km Fuel mass (80% alcohol)……... 3,900 kg Oxydizer mass (liquid oxigen.). 5,000 kg Engine work diration……………...65 sec Maximum speed……………..…… 1700 m/sec First launch …………………….…...3.10.1942 Number of launches……………….3 225 Accuracy of goal achieving…….7-10 km

NOTE: The advanced project was developed in 1944-45. A-9/A-10 two-staged intercontinental ballistic missile piloted by military cosmonautes . The purpose of project – 7 attack to USA Solid combat rocket RS-132 (Katyusha)

Project start…………………………………………..………..1938 Design organization…………………………………….…….GIRD Propellant…………………………………………..solid nitrocellulose Length………………………………………………………….….1 800 mm Diameter…………………………………………………….…….132 mm Total mass………………………………………………………..42,5 kg Warhead mass…………………………………………………..22 kg Flight distance…………………………………………………..8,5 km Number of rockets in launch ……………………………...14 Automobile launcher…………………………………………..BM-13

8 Space Flight Hystory : Main Dates in the period 1957—1975

Date Country Project Name

03.10.1942 First launch of ballistic missile Germany V-2 (A-4)

21.08.1957 First launch of ICBM USSR R-7

04. 10. 1957 First Earth satellite USSR -1

03.11.1957 First animal in the orbit (dog ) USSR Sputnik-2

9 Date Country Project Name

31.01.1958 First US satellite USA Explorer-1, Jupiter LV

18.12.1958 First communication USA SCORE sate llite (Signal Communications Orbit Relay Equipment-SCORE)

02.01.1959 First spacecraft achieved 2- USSR -1 nd space velocity. First flyby near the Moon

17.02.1959 First meteorolory satellite USA Vangard-2

10 Date Country Project Name

07.08.1959 First Earth photo from orbit USA Explorer-6

13. 09. 1959 First l andi ng t o th e M oon USSR Luna-2

04.10.1959 First Moon far-side photo USSR Luna-3

05.07.1960 First reconnaissance USA GRAB-1 satellite

11 Date Country Project Name

11.08.1960 First re-entring from orbit USA Discaverer-13 (to carry back to Earth exposed film taken by a camera in space) 12.02.1961 First planetary mission – to USSR -1 Venus. First Venus fly-by First Soviet cosmonautes: USSR -1

12. 04. 1961 Yury GiGagarin – First in the world manned flight

6.08.1961 German Titov – Vostok-2 First long-time (1 day) flight

12 Date Country Project Name First USA astronautes: USA Mercury-Redstown-3

5.05.1961 Alan Shepard – First sub-orbital flight M Mercury-Redstown-4 21.07.1961 Virgil Grissom - Second sub-orbital flight

20.02.1962 John Glenn – First orbital flight Mercury-Atlas D

27.08.1962 First space probe to Mariner-2 conduct a successful Venus encounter

16.07.1963 First women-cosmonaut – USSR Vostok-6

19. 07. 1963 First Mars mission (fly -by) USSR Mars-1

13 Date Country Project Name

26.07.1963 First satellite in Geo- USA Syncom-2 synchronous orbit

05.12.1963 First navigation satellite USA Transit ( Also – NAVSAT (Navy Navigation Satellite System)

12.10.1964 First crew flight (3) without USSR -1 the use se of space ssuites: ites V.Komarov K.Feoktistov B.Egorov

18.03.1965 First man in the open USSR Voskhod-2 space- Alexey Leonov

14 Date Country Project Name

14.07.1965 First successful flyby of the USA Mariner-4 planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the martian surface. These represented the first images of another planet ever returned from deep space 16.07.1965 First launch of LV USSR

3.02.1966 First soft landing to the USSR Luna-9 Moon. Photo from Moon surface

1.03.1966 First spacecraft landed to USSR Venera-3 the Venus surface

16.03.1966 First Docking in Space USA Geminy-8 + Agena (Gemini-8 spaceship and Agena rocket stage).

Neil Armstrong David Scott

15 Date Country Project Name

3.04.1966 First satellite in the orbit USSR Luna-10 around the Moon

30. 10. 1967 First dkifdocking of aut omati c USSR Cosmos-186 &C& Cosmos-188 satellites

9.11.1967 Fist launch of Saturn-5 USA Saturn-5

15.09.1968 Zond 5, unmanned version USSR Zond-5 of spacecraft. Flew around the Moon. The reentry capsule entered the Earth's atmosphere, 16 Date Country Project Name 21.12.1968 First human to USA Apollo-8 & Saturn-5 leave Earth orbit, flied around the Moon and return to Earth.

Frank Borman JLllJames Lovell William Anders 16.01.1969 First manned –control USSR Soyuz-4 & Soyuz-5 docking. Change o f th e spaceshi p’ s crew

20.07.1969 First humans to the Moon. USA Apollo-11

Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin Michael Collins

17 Date Country Project Name

24.09.1970 First automatic soft USSR Luna-16 landing to the Moon. Returning Moon rocks to the Earth

23. 11. 1970 First di st ance-contlldtrolled USSR LkhdLunokhod-1 rovers on the Moon

12.12.1970 First orbital telescope - USA Uhuru X-Ray Explorer Satellite

15.12.1970 First soft landing to Venus USSR Venera-7 surface

18 Date Country Project Name

14.11.1971 First satellite in the orbit USA Mariner-9 around Mars

27.11.1971 First landing to the Mars USSR Mars-2 surface

2.12.1971 First soft landing to the USSR Mars-3 Mars surface

21.02 1973 First test launch of ICBM USSR SS-18

19 Date Country Project Name

Started First flight to an outer USA Pioneer-10 1972 planet. Flight through the asteroid belt to Jupp(iter (1972- 1997). First man-made object which left our Solar system in 1983, entered interstellar space 15.08.1975 First international flight of spaceships

SOYUZ - APOLLO

20 Space Stations Time Period Project name, Country

1971-1982 Salyut stations, USSR. 6 – scientific stations 3- defense purpose

1973 - 1979 Skylab station, USA

1986 - 2001 station, USSR

20.11.1998 – ISS, International Space first module Stati on launch 16 nations-participants: Russia, USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK.

Controlled by Russia and USA equally. 21 Project name, Country Time Period Space Shuttle and Buran 12. 04. 1981 – Space Shuttle - Reusable first launch transportation vehicle. USA Until 2011 6 shuttles have been built. 135 flights 1 600 000 t of payloads 355 astronautes

15.11.1988 Buran space transport system. USSR

1flight - unmanned

22 Space Programs of Universities

Mexico Roma Bolonia

Berlin Ar‐Riyad Cluster launch on Dnepr LV

23 One of the most impressive space photo: The Sun from the distance 13.5 bln km US Spacecra ft Voyager-2: 12. 03. 2004

24