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ROCKET and SPACE TECHNOLOGY: the Main Stages and Historycal Dates

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ROCKET and SPACE TECHNOLOGY: The main stages and historycal dates 1 Pre-history of rockets • China, about 960 year - the black pouder invention. The first solid rockets. The flight distance - 300 m. The first rocket design -bamboo cylinder with black pauder • XIII century - Rockets came to Europpgye with Mongol army • 1248 - the book of British scientist Rodjer Bacon for rocket using • XVIII century - rockets in India, used against British army • XIX century - rockets in Great Britain (Wiliam Congriv), in France • 1850, Russia: military engineer General K.Konstantinov - industrial manufacturing of rockets Gen. K. Konstantinov (1818-1871) Russian military rocket scheme (1850) 2 The scientists – founders of space flights: Country Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935 ) The book “Research of Russia Space by rocket flights” – 1903. Idea of multy-stage rocket Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) The fundamental technical book about Germany using liquid propellant rocket “ The Rocket into interplanetary space” Robert Goddard USA (1882-1945) The first in the world liquid propellant rocket 3 First researchers, engineers and design groups 1926‐ Robert Goddard – first in the world liquid propellant rocket – 1935 16. 03. 1926 (gasolyne+oxygen). Obern, Massachusets 1930‐ Iohannes Vinkler – 1945 first in Europe liquid rocket -14.03.1930 Verner von Braun – liqu id propellant engines, rockets, V-2 (A-4) ballistic missile. Worked in USA from 1945 VFR-German Society of Interplanetary Flights Kummersdorf artillery base Peenemünde rocket base 1926‐ Sergey Korolev (1906-1966) 1935 Friedrich Zander (1887-1933) Mikhail Tihonravov (1900-1974) GIRD - Group of rocket flight research GDL - Gaso-dynamic laboratory RNII- Rocket Research Institute First Soviet liqu id propellant rocket GIRD-09 – 17.08.1933 4 Solid combat rocket RS-132 Katyusha (1941) Sergey Korolev (1906-1966) 1906 – Was borned in Ukrain 1926 – Politechnical Institute in Kiev, Soviet Union, Ukraine, Technical University in Moscow, pilot school 1927-1929 – Piloting and design of gliders 1930 – Design of liquid propellant rocket engine 1932 – Worked in GIRD - Group of rocket flight research 1933 – First Soviet liquid propellant rocket GIRD-09 1933 – Deputy director RNII –Rocket Research Institute 1936 – Chief designer of rockets in RNII 1940 – Flight of first in Soviet Union rocket plane RP-218 with liquid propellant motor 1945 – Was sent to Germany (after Wolrd War II) to examine the V-2 rocket 1948 – Chief designer of new organization NII-88, later OKB-1. The test flight of Soviet rockets R-1 (copy of V-2), then R-2 1956 - Rocket R-5M, flight distance 1200 km, with nuclear warhead 1957 – 2-stage intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 1957, October 4 – First in the world Earth satellite 1961, April 12 – First in the world manned flight: Yury Gagarin Up to 1966 – The programs of manned and automatic flights 1966 – Was dead 5 Verner von Braun (1912 – 1977) 1912 – Was borned in Germany 1932 - GGdraduat tded BBlierlin TThechno log ica l Institute. Worked in Germany Artillery Commanding. 1934 - Doctor degree in Berlin University 1935 – PjProjec t of rocktket A-3 with flihtflight distance 50 km 1937 – Chief designer and Technical director at Peenemünde rocket center 1942 – First launch of V-2 (A-4). Used for attacks for Great Britain and Netherland 1944 – First in the hist ory flig ht in to space: V-2 for altitude 176 km 1945 – Arrival to USA after World War II (together with group of 500 Germany engi)ineers) 1950 – Arsenal Redstown (Hantswill, Alabama). Ballistic missiles Redstown, Jupiter-C 1958 – First satellite Explorer-1, Jupiter LV 1960 – Direct or of Marsh all Space Flig ht Cen ter NASA. Chief designer of satellites Explorer, Saturn-5 LV, Apollo spaceship 1969, July 20 – Apollo-11 launch. First man ldilanding to the Moon 1972 – Deputy Director of NASA, Chief of 6 Cosmodrome Canaveral 1977 – Was dead Ballistic Missile V-2 (A-4) Launch mass …………………..…...12.500 kg Rocket engine thrust …………… 270 000 N Length……………………………..……13,9 m Diameter……………………….……. 1,65 m Warhead mass……………..…….. 1000 kg Flight distance…………………….. 320 km Fuel mass (80% alcohol)……... 3,900 kg Oxydizer mass (liquid oxigen.). 5,000 kg Engine work diration……………...65 sec Maximum speed……………..…… 1700 m/sec First launch …………………….…...3.10.1942 Number of launches……………….3 225 Accuracy of goal achieving…….7-10 km NOTE: The advanced project was developed in 1944-45. A-9/A-10 two-staged intercontinental ballistic missile piloted by military cosmonautes . The purpose of project – 7 attack to USA Solid combat rocket RS-132 (Katyusha) Project start…………………………………………..………..1938 Design organization…………………………………….…….GIRD Propellant…………………………………………..solid nitrocellulose Length………………………………………………………….….1 800 mm Diameter…………………………………………………….…….132 mm Total mass………………………………………………………..42,5 kg Warhead mass…………………………………………………..22 kg Flight distance…………………………………………………..8,5 km Number of rockets in launch ……………………………...14 Automobile launcher…………………………………………..BM-13 8 Space Flight Hystory : Main Dates in the period 1957—1975 Date Country Project Name 03.10.1942 First launch of ballistic missile Germany V-2 (A-4) 21.08.1957 First launch of ICBM USSR R-7 04.10 .1957 First Earth satellite USSR Sputnik-1 03.11.1957 First animal in the orbit (dog Laika) USSR Sputnik-2 9 Date Country Project Name 31.01.1958 First US satellite USA Explorer-1, Jupiter LV 18.12.1958 First communication USA SCORE sate llite (Signa l Communications Orbit Relay Equipment-SCORE) 02.01.1959 First spacecraft achieved 2- USSR Luna-1 nd space velocity. First flyby near the Moon 17.02.1959 First meteorolory satellite USA Vangard-2 10 Date Country Project Name 07.08.1959 First Earth photo from orbit USA Explorer-6 13. 09. 1959 First l andi ng t o th e M oon USSR Luna-2 04.10.1959 First Moon far-side photo USSR Luna-3 05.07.1960 First reconnaissance USA GRAB-1 satellite 11 Date Country Project Name 11.08.1960 First re-entring from orbit USA Discaverer-13 (to carry back to Earth exposed film taken by a camera in space) 12.02.1961 First planetary mission – to USSR Venera-1 Venus. First Venus fly-by First Soviet cosmonautes: USSR Vostok-1 12. 04. 1961 Yury GiGagarin – First in the world manned flight 6.08.1961 German Titov – Vostok-2 First long-time (1 day) flight 12 Date Country Project Name First USA astronautes: USA Mercury-Redstown-3 5.05.1961 Alan Shepard – First sub-orbital flight M Mercury-Redstown-4 21.07.1961 Virgil Grissom - Second sub-orbital flight 20.02.1962 John Glenn – First orbital flight Mercury-Atlas D 27.08.1962 First space probe to Mariner-2 conduct a successful Venus encounter 16.07.1963 First women-cosmonaut – USSR Vostok-6 Valentina Tereshkova 19. 07. 1963 First Mars mission (fly -by) USSR Mars-1 13 Date Country Project Name 26.07.1963 First satellite in Geo- USA Syncom-2 synchronous orbit 05.12.1963 First navigation satellite USA Transit ( Also – NAVSAT (Navy Navigation Satellite System) 12.10.1964 First crew flight (3) without USSR Voskhod-1 the use se of space ssuites: ites V.Komarov K.Feoktistov B.Egorov 18.03.1965 First man in the open USSR Voskhod-2 space- Alexey Leonov 14 Date Country Project Name 14.07.1965 First successful flyby of the USA Mariner-4 planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the martian surface. These represented the first images of another planet ever returned from deep space 16.07.1965 First launch of Proton LV USSR 3.02.1966 First soft landing to the USSR Luna-9 Moon. Photo from Moon surface 1.03.1966 First spacecraft landed to USSR Venera-3 the Venus surface 16.03.1966 First Docking in Space USA Geminy-8 + Agena (Gemini-8 spaceship and Agena rocket stage). Neil Armstrong David Scott 15 Date Country Project Name 3.04.1966 First satellite in the orbit USSR Luna-10 around the Moon 30. 10. 1967 First dkifdocking of au toma tic USSR Cosmos-186 &C& Cosmos-188 satellites 9.11.1967 Fist launch of Saturn-5 USA Saturn-5 15.09.1968 Zond 5, unmanned version USSR Zond-5 of Soyuz spacecraft. Flew around the Moon. The reentry capsule entered the Earth's atmosphere, 16 Date Country Project Name 21.12.1968 First human spaceflight to USA Apollo-8 & Saturn-5 leave Earth orbit, flied around the Moon and return to Earth. Frank Borman JLllJames Lovell William Anders 16.01.1969 First manned –control USSR Soyuz-4 & Soyuz-5 docking. Change o f the spaces hip’ s crew 20.07.1969 First humans to the Moon. USA Apollo-11 Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin Michael Collins 17 Date Country Project Name 24.09.1970 First automatic soft USSR Luna-16 landing to the Moon. Returning Moon rocks to the Earth 23. 11. 1970 First di st ance-contlldtrolled USSR LkhdLunokhod-1 rovers on the Moon 12.12.1970 First orbital telescope - USA Uhuru X-Ray Explorer Satellite 15.12.1970 First soft landing to Venus USSR Venera-7 surface 18 Date Country Project Name 14.11.1971 First satellite in the orbit USA Mariner-9 around Mars 27.11.1971 First landing to the Mars USSR Mars-2 surface 2.12.1971 First soft landing to the USSR Mars-3 Mars surface 21.02 1973 First test launch of ICBM USSR SS-18 19 Date Country Project Name Started First flight to an outer USA Pioneer-10 1972 planet. Flight through the asteroid belt to Jupp(iter (1972- 1997). First man-made object which left our Solar system in 1983, entered interstellar space 15.08.1975 First international flight of spaceships SOYUZ - APOLLO 20 Space Stations Time Period Project name, Country 1971-1982 Salyut stations, USSR. 6 – scientific stations 3- defense purpose 1973 - 1979 Skylab station, USA 1986 - 2001 MIR station, USSR 20.11.1998 – ISS, International Space first module Stati on launch 16 nations-participants: Russia, USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK.
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    АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК АВИАЦИИ И ВОЗДУХОПЛАВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ КОСМОНАВТИКИ ИМ. К.Э.ЦИОЛКОВСКОГО ACADEMY OF AVIATION AND AERONAUTICS SCIENCES RUSSIAN ASTRONAUTICS ACADEMY OF K.E.TSIOLKOVSKY'S NAME СССР 7 195 ISSN 1727-6853 12.04.1961 АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АВИАЦИОННЫХ И АЭРОКОСМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ процессы, модели, эксперимент 1(40), т.20, 2015 RUSSIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF AVIATION AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS processes, models, experiment УРНАЛ 1(40), v.20, 2015 УЧНЫЙ Ж О-АМЕРИКАНСКИЙ НА ОССИЙСК Р Казань Daytona Beach А К Т УА Л Ь Н Ы Е П Р О Б Л Е М Ы А В И А Ц И О Н Н Ы Х И А Э Р О К О С М И Ч Е С К И Х С И С Т Е М Казань, Дайтона Бич Вып. 1 (40), том 20, 1-185, 2015 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ CONTENTS А.М.Старик, О.Н.Фаворский 1 А.М.Starik, О.N.Favorskiy Авиация и атмосферные процессы Aviation and atmospheric processes В.Д.Доник 39 V.D.Donik О моделировании процессов при Modelling processes under sudden внезапной разгерметизации отсека в depressurisation of compartment in летательном аппарате flying machine Ю.В.Лончаков 69 Yu.V.Lonchakov Развитие инновационных технологий Development of the innovative в подготовке космонавтов в technologies in cosmonaut training in интересах безопасности the interests of spaceflight safety космических полетов А.Б.Бахур, В.А.Меньшиков, 90 A.B.Bakhur, V.A.Menshikov, А.Н.Перминов A.N.Perminov Научно-инновационный потенциал Scientific-innovative potential of the проекта МАКСМ IGMASS project В.Е.Бугров 102 V.E.Bugrov Марсианский проект С.П.