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El Coet Espacial1 Ramon Carreras Història dels coets ETSEIAT 2010 1 DESENVOLUPAMENT HISTÒRIC DEL COET ESPACIAL1 Possibilitats i limitacions del coet... L‟única solució actualment viable del problema de la propulsió d‟un vehicle per l‟espai extraatmosfèric, consisteix en obtenir l‟empenta necessària mitjançant l‟ejecció de massa en una determinada direcció i sentit. Aquest és el principi operatiu del coet, enginy capaç de desplaçar-se sense un punt de suport exterior, i per tant únic mètode viable conegut per viatjar per l‟espai interplanetari. Donada l‟autonomia d‟aquest tipus de propulsió, se la sol anomenar “autopropulsió”. És evident que el sistema propulsiu del coet també és apte per operar a l‟atmosfera i així s‟aplica a focs d‟artifici, a coets de sondeig atmosfèric, a míssils d‟aplicació bèl·lica, etc. aplicacions que històricament han contribuït al seu desenvolupament. Hi ha un altre procediment de navegació interplanetària i inclús interestel·lar que per analogia amb a la navegació marítima a vela s‟ha denominat navegació a vela solar. Si bé la idea data dels anys 1920, de moment està encara en fase de desenvolupament i experimentació. Consisteix a dotar l‟astronau d‟un velamen de superfície molt gran que en rebre la pressió de la radiació solar, és a dir el canvi de quantitat de moviment dels fotons que impacten a les veles, li imprimeixen una força impulsora. Aquesta força, causa una petita acceleració de la nau, però malgrat ser petita com que actua durant molt temps, és a dir mentre la insolació arribi a les veles, a la llarga li pot proporcionar una elevada velocitat de creuer. Antecedents històrics dels coets moderns El coet pot ser considerat com el primer motor de combustió utilitzat per la humanitat; és d‟origen xinès i probablement correspongui a les anomenades “fletxes voladores de foc” descrites en un text de l‟any 1232. L‟invent va associat al de la pólvora negra, mescla pirotècnica susceptible de cremar en absència d‟aire invent que també es sol atribuir als xinesos. La pólvora negra, en la seva formulació original era una mescla de salnitre (nitrat de potassi),sofre i carbó vegetal. Tant la pólvora com els coets van ser introduïts a Europa a través dels àrabs a la primera meitat dels s. XIII. El polifacètic Roger Bacon a l‟any 1247 a la seva obra Epístola ja va tractar de la fabricació dels coets i de la composició de la seva mescla impulsora. El fet de que al llarg de la història i d‟una manera cíclica el coet hagi merescut l‟atenció dels militars com a arma de guerra ha propiciat que fos objecte d‟inversions econòmiques que han anat possibilitant el seu perfeccionament. Al segle XV apareixen ja en els texts varies mencions de la producció i l‟ús de coets per aplicacions festives i militars. L‟enginyer Konrad Kyser von Eichstädt descrivia coets dels següents tipus: “el que vola vertical” el “flotant” i “el que vola suspès amb fils” (vegis la il·lustració a l‟obra de Luís I. Collado). 1 Text basat en el llibre: Ramon Carreras Planells “El coet espacial, visionaris, projectes pioners i astronàutica”. Colecció Hyperion 9 Iniciativa Digital Politècnica UPC Barcelona 2011. Ramon Carreras Història dels coets ETSEIAT 2010 2 Il·lustració procedent de l’obra "Platica manual de artillería" de Luis I. Collado (Milà, 1592) (exemplar de la Biblioteca de la Universitat de Barcelona) Un altre precursor de la introducció i millora dels coets a Europa va ser en Conrad Haas (1509-1576) que fou cap d‟artilleria de Hermannstadt (Sibiu) a la regió de Transilvània, actualment a Romania i que entre 1529 i 1556 va redactar una manuscrit que conté 209 pàgines dedicades a la tècnica dels coets. Va ser donat a conèixer al 1969 amb motiu del congrés internacional d‟astronàutica celebrat a Mar del Plata (Argentina). En el document, explica el principi dels coets de varis trams i fa referència a una demostració pública del llançament amb èxit d‟un coet d‟aquest tipus a l‟any 1555. Ramon Carreras Història dels coets ETSEIAT 2010 3 El manuscrit inclou la ill·lustració d‟una caseta volant datada de 1536 i que alguns estudiosos l‟han interpretat com primer projecte d‟una nau espacial... Una altra evidència de la difusió del coet per Europa en la proporciona l‟artiller polonès Casimir Simienowicz que a l‟any 1650 va publicar la seva obra “Artis Magnae Artilleriae Partis Primae” que en el llibre III conté un extens tractat del coet com a diversió i com arma. Conté també il·lustracions de coets de varis trams. La seva obra originalment escrita en llatí va ser traduïda anys després a l‟alemany, anglès, holandès i francès i va tenir durant anys una gran difusió per Europa. En Haidar Ali (1722-1782), rajà del regne de Misora (India) va instaurar un cos de coeters format per 1200 homes El seu fill, el sultà Tipu va utilitzar una brigada d‟aquest tipus amb 5000 homes a l‟any 1799 a la batalla de Srirangapatnam a la guerra colonial contra els britànics. Pocs anys després Sir William Congreve (1772-1828) coneixedor de l‟ús bèl·lic dels coets a la India en el Royal Laboratory de l'arsenal de Woolvich al comptat de Kent (Anglaterra) va estudiar i perfeccionar els coets capturats i a l‟any 1805 en va fer una demostració pràctica al primer ministre britànic aconseguint que el govern financés els seus treballs. D‟ençà van ser utilitzats en diferents camps de batalla i molts exèrcits del mon també van incorporar cossos de coeters. Ramon Carreras Història dels coets ETSEIAT 2010 4 Cap a mitjans del s. XIX un anglès, en William Hale va dissenyar uns coets que desbancarien l‟hegemonia dels Congreve. La clau va ser imprimir-li‟s rotació anàlogament al que ja es feia a l‟artilleria per donar-li‟s més precisió. Va recórrer a la combinació de toveres secundàries i aletes. Els coets Hale van ser els primers estabilitzats per “spin” i van esdevenir equipament estàndard a les armades britàniques i dels EUA. Coet Hale Els coets Hale tenien més precisió que els Congreve però menys abast (màxim d‟uns 1800 m). La versió de 51 mm de diàmetre pesava 2,7 kg, i la versió de 76,2 mm de diàmetre pesava 7,25 kg. Els van utilitzar a la guerra amb Mèxic al 1846-1848. Però com conseqüència del perfeccionament de l‟artilleria el coet va decaure el seu ús com arma i recuperant de nou la seva funció de foc d‟artifici festiu. Ja als inicis del segle XX, uns pocs visionaris van veure el coet com sistema per abastar grans altituds o inclòs per realitzar vols interplanetaris coincidint tots en el fet de que calien propulsants més energètics que les pólvores i suggerint l‟ús de reactius líquids. Ramon Carreras Història dels coets ETSEIAT 2010 5 El coet espacial: La fantasia abans que la realitat L‟únic sistema de propulsió espacial que s‟ha mostrat viable ha estat el coet. Cal però reconèixer que el primer autor que va proposar l‟ús del coet com a propulsor astronàutic ho va fer també en un context del que podem anomenar amb certes reserves “ciència-ficció”. Ho va fer el francès Achille Eyraud, pseudònim d‟Achille Lafont, qui a la seva novel·la “Voyage à Vénus” publicada a Paris a l‟any 1865 (v.e. Viaje a Venus, 1868) descriu amb força detall el principi operatiu de la seva nau espacial, és la d‟un coet d‟aigua. Portada de l’original (Arxiu R. Carreras) Transcrivim uns paràgrafs procedents del capítol II de l‟edició castellana2 que són il·lustratius de la idea tal com la va concebre l‟autor: –Los habitantes de Venus –dijo Volfrang– son de mayor estatura y de temperamento más vivo que los de nuestro planeta... -¡Oh! ¡oh! –interrumpió Leon; -¿empiezas hablándonos de este planeta? Explica primero cómo has llegado a él. ¿Acaso como Cyrano de Bergerac o como Hans Pfaall3 fueron a la Luna? ....... ....Existe, sin embargo, un motor que no busca su fuerza en elemento que le envuelve, y este motor es el fundado en la diferencia de presiones, obrando en las paredes interiores de un cuerpo, y cuyos efectos habéis podido apreciar con frecuencia en la atmósfera. -¡Bah! 2 Viaje a Venus, traducción de F.N. Imp. de la Biblioteca Universal Económica, Madrid 1868. (Arxiu R. Carreras) 3 Fa referència a l‟obra de Edgar Allan Poe: The Unparalled Adventure of one Hans Pfaall Ramon Carreras Història dels coets ETSEIAT 2010 6 -Sin duda alguna .¿Cuántas veces no habéis visto elevarse en los aires, no como globo a causa de una ligereza relativa, sino en virtud de un impulso interior, esos objetos, signos brillantes de las alegrías populares que figuran en las fiestas de todos los pueblos, en una palabra, los cohetes? -Este movimiento –añadió Volfrang- tan lejos está de basarse como el de las aves en la resistencia del aire, cuanto que esta resistencia, en vez de ayudarle, le perjudica, y si la combustión de la pólvora pudiera hacerse en el vacío, el cohete se elevaría en él con más ímpetu y rapidez que en la atmósfera. Según este sistema he construido mi vehículo para visitar el espléndido planeta vecino nuestro que llamamos con el dulce nombre de Venus. Mi aparato consiste en una caja rectangular de cuatro metros cuadrados de superficie, y un metro de altura; a su pared superior se unía la embocadura de una bomba aspirante- impelente,, movida por electroimanes de gran potencia.
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