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Mars Society International Student Design Competition Team Russia Mars Society International Student Design Competition Team Russia 2014 1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Onboard systems 3 2.1 Construction and composition of the spacecraft . 3 2.2 Motion and navigation control system . 4 2.3 Communication . 8 2.4 Life support system . 9 2.5 Thermal regulation system . 13 2.6 Onboard computer system . 16 2.7 The power system . 18 2.8 Protection against radiation . 19 2.9 Medical training and medical briefing . 20 2.10 Materials for the crew . 24 3 Mass analysis 25 4 Leading out process and Ballistics 26 4.1 Leading out process . 26 4.2 Ballistics and flight path . 32 5 Scientific experiments 35 5.1 Medical and biological experiments . 35 5.2 Other experiments . 39 6 Quick start guide 41 7 Mission control center 42 8 The cost of the mission 44 9 Conclusion 45 10 Sources: 46 11 Team 47 2 1 Introduction The beginning of 2013 was marked with a bright event. First space tourist and multimillion- aire Dennis Tito established Inspiration Mars Foundation to send a spaceship to Mars with a crew of two people in 2018. Despite the fact that only a flyby mission without landing on surface of The Red Planet is planned, such a brave initiative could not have passed by unnoticed. Pioneers of cosmonautics in Russia, (USSR back then), such as Friedrich Zander and Sergei Korolev, used to dream of flights to Mars. Works on engineering an interplane- tary Martian spaceship were already held in 60's of the last century. Forseeing the problems awaiting humans on their way to Mars, Korolev initiated development of closed ecosystems (which later turned into a successful experiment BIOS-3), and researches in long-time isola- tion of people in a confined space in the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP). In today's Russia there is no project of manned mission to Mars. Unfortunately, since end of 80's Russia didn't even have any successful automatic missions to The Red Planet. Still some standalone experiments are carried out, primarily associated with accommodation and work of a crew of future expeditions. So in 2011-2012 in IBMP an experiment Mars-500 was held, modelling a 520-day expedition to Mars with crew of 6 people. Experiments on testing cosmonauts operability after a long flight in weightlessness were held in Gagarin Research & Test Cosmonaut Training Centre, in cooperation with Korolev Rocket & Space Corporation "Energia". Cosmonauts who returned after a half-year flight to ISS simulated both working in space suite on a surface of a planet and operating a descending space ship in a centrifuge right after flight from Kazakhstan to Moscow. These experiments proved thatcosmonauts are capable of working during the landing and after it in spite of a long stay in weightlessness. Nowadays Russian enthusiasts of cosmonautics are looking forward to some serious re- search on behalf of future expedition to Mars. That is why Dennis Tito's initiative attracts everyone's keen attention. What seems to be of even greater interest is the opportunity to participate in initial design of flyby mission provided by Mars Society International Student Design Competition. A significant number of Russian students decided to take part in the competition, me and my teammates among them. It took quite a time to gather our team as we have students and graduates from six Russian universities and three different cities - Moscow, St-Petersburg and Voronezh - as well as one Russian student from Austrian university. The one thing that unites us is the space dream of humans flying further than a low-earth orbit, and we believe firmly that a manned mission planned by Tito will play a big part in future humanity's space expansion. The flight to Mars will help us to overcome the fear of perils that await us on the way of long-distance expeditions between planets. It will demonstrate us effectiveness of existing and developing ways of preventing harmful effect of weightlessness and space radiation. And above all, as a result of such a flyby, the humanity will obtain almost all technologies that are necessary for a full Martian mission with landing on the planet. A heavy-lift launch system, living module and atmospheric entry from an interplanetary trajectory will be developed during the project. 3 Our goal in this work is to show what existing Russian sources could be used for a full flight. It is useful to keep in mind that since 2011 Russian Federation is the only country executing regular delivery of international crews to the ISS. The results of our workare rep- resented in this report. 2 Onboard systems 2.1 Construction and composition of the spacecraft Interplanetary manned spacecraft that we suggest to use for the flyby mission Mars 2018 may be created on the basis of previously proved and worked-out solutions. We take modified European cargo spaceship ATV as the main living and working module. The engineers of ATV have left the groundwork for modifications considering the possibility of using it for manned missions. There are control, power and life support systems etc. in- side ATV while heat exchangers and coolers of thermal regulation system are outside. Also we have chosen Russian descent capsule used with Soyuz -TMA for crew delivery to Earth. Surely, we couldn't choose the descent capsule which is now in use for crew delivery from ISS because it demands set of modifications. The possibility of modification of descent capsule we choose for the tourist flyby Moon mission was worked-out in "RSC Energia" before. Also there was suggested to use a modified heat shield for the passing through the atmosphere on the escape velocity on the way back that will allow reducing the speed safely. Besides space- craft Soyuz has been already used in XX century for the Moon flyby missions in unmanned mode and with living beings onboard. During our mission the descent capsule will be also used as the radiation hideout. For this reason it is surrounded with the flue and water tanks. This construction is equipped with pyrotechnic devices for undocking before the entrance to the atmosphere. There are solar panels outside the toroidal protection with tanks. The propulsion system (used on ATV in standard mode) is situated on the butt of the descent capsule. The docking and observe compartment with active and passive docking adapters and observe dome with an opening lid is used for delivery the crew onboard, docking with space tugs and for the Space and Mars visual observation during the mission. The general construction and composition of the IMS is shown on the picture below. 4 1. Inhabited compartment 2. Descent capsule 3. Docking and observe compartment 4. External flue and water tanks 5. The propulsion system 6. Solar panels 7. Heat shield 8. Active docking adapter 9. Passive docking adapter 10. Observe dome Continuation of the text in Annex 2.2 Motion and navigation control system Motion and navigation control system (MNCS) of the ship interacts with the system of the equipment control onboard (SECO) which receives information from the sensor equipment and transmits commands to the executive members. In addition, MNCS communicates with the onboard computer system (OCS) to make decisions on the motion of the ship. OCS also receives signals from themissioncontrol center (MCC). MNCS, OCS and SECOall together form the control system onboard (CSO). OCS is a computer with real-time operating system (OS), coupled witha terminal by the bus, in which the crew can input commands. Job of OS is based on "modal" approach: the 5 ship during the flight goes from one mode to another, thus changing algorithms of OCS and a controlled equipment set. Each mode provides a set of functions. Each function exists to manage certain set of parameters that need to take prescribed values within the margin of error. In all modes, the first priority is to maintain the function of the required parameters of LSS. Furthermore, each mode has its own specific function. Basic modes: 1. Standard mode - passive flight and maintenance of orientation. Key features: - Determination of the direction of the Sun (solar cells) and the Earth (for antenna connec- tion) and maintain triaxial orientation; - If necessary - gyrodines unloading; - Conducting scientific experiments; - Conducting the test instruments and systems checks. 2. Acceleration and orbit correction - giving impulse in the right direction. Key features: - The orientation of the ship in the right direction; - Issuing corrective impulse desired value; - A return to the standard orientation to the Sun and the Earth. 3. Docking, undocking, redocking. Key features: - Docking with boosters; - Docking with the transport ship "Union"; - Decoupling the return module. 4. Rescue the crew. Key features: - Go to the quickest path back to Earth; - Decoupling the recovery module. In stage of the leading out process switching between the modes goes by applying signals from the MCC in real time. In later stages, modes 2 and 3 are included in the certain moments of time specified program of MCC or manually from the terminal. The rest ofthe time the ship is in Mode 1. Mode 4 is turned on automatically when it is impossible to perform critical functions, or manually from the terminal. When you manually switch to another mode orat the command of the team from MCC,OCS checks readiness to transition in different mode, and in case all of the systems are ready, asks for confirmation. If the confirmation comes in one minute, theregime changes. System condition monitoringis carried out on three levels: 1. Instrument level. 2. Functional level. 3. Modes level. On the instrument level it retrieves information from devices and control equipment.
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