<I>Microtus Brandti</I> Radde, 1861 in Der Mongolei
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Transport plays a crucial role in the efficient functioning of the domestic economy as well as development of international trade due to dependence on both coal-based energy production and imports. However, the issues in the transport sector of Mongolia are mainly derived from the salient features of a landlocked country with a low population and a long distance between population centers. A major characteristics of transportation in Mongolia is the collection and distribution by road of both passenger traffic and cargo transport from the north-south transport axis centering on Ulaanbaatar. The main north-south axis comprises both rail and road. Within road transport, the density of arterial road network remains very low and unpaved earth roads or multiple shifting tracks occupy a large portion of arterial roads. More than 30% of population and a half of national car ownership are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar City, while very low level of mobility is found in rural area because non-motorized traffic such as horse and cart prevails. Recently, such gap of mobility level is increasing. Under such circumstances, in response to the request of the Government of Mongolia (hereinafter referred to as "GOM"), the Government of Japan decided to conduct the Feasibility Study on Construction of Eastern Arterial Road in Mongolia (hereinafter referred to as "the Study"), in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in force in Japan. Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter referred to as "JICA"), the official agency responsible for the implementation of the technical cooperation programs of the Government of Japan, dispatched the preparatory study team headed by Mr. -
Tuul River Mongolia
HEALTHY RIVERS FOR ALL Tuul River Basin Report Card • 1 TUUL RIVER MONGOLIA BASIN HEALTH 2019 REPORT CARD Tuul River Basin Report Card • 2 TUUL RIVER BASIN: OVERVIEW The Tuul River headwaters begin in the Lower As of 2018, 1.45 million people were living within Khentii mountains of the Khan Khentii mountain the Tuul River basin, representing 46% of Mongolia’s range (48030’58.9” N, 108014’08.3” E). The river population, and more than 60% of the country’s flows southwest through the capital of Mongolia, GDP. Due to high levels of human migration into Ulaanbaatar, after which it eventually joins the the basin, land use change within the floodplains, Orkhon River in Orkhontuul soum where the Tuul lack of wastewater treatment within settled areas, River Basin ends (48056’55.1” N, 104047’53.2” E). The and gold mining in Zaamar soum of Tuv aimag and Orkhon River then joins the Selenge River to feed Burenkhangai soum of Bulgan aimag, the Tuul River Lake Baikal in the Russian Federation. The catchment has emerged as the most polluted river in Mongolia. area is approximately 50,000 km2, and the river itself These stressors, combined with a growing water is about 720 km long. Ulaanbaatar is approximately demand and changes in precipitation due to global 470 km upstream from where the Tuul River meets warming, have led to a scarcity of water and an the Orkhon River. interruption of river flow during the spring. The Tuul River basin includes a variety of landscapes Although much research has been conducted on the including mountain taiga and forest steppe in water quality and quantity of the Tuul River, there is the upper catchment, and predominantly steppe no uniform or consistent assessment on the state downstream of Ulaanbaatar City. -
Mercury Levels of Environmentally and Occupationally Exposed Residents in Bornuur and Jargalant Districts of Mongolia
Environment and Ecology Research 4(4): 217-222, 2016 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/eer.2016.040405 Mercury Levels of Environmentally and Occupationally Exposed Residents in Bornuur and Jargalant Districts of Mongolia Davaadorj Rendoo1, Baatartsol Dayanjav1, Uyanga Ganbold1, Stephan Bose-O'Reilly2, Altanchimeg Onom1, Unursaikhan Surenjav1, Suvd Duvjir1,* 1Toxicology Sector, National Center for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Mongolia 2Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, University Hospital Munich, Germany Copyright©2016 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Introduction: Bornuur and Jargalant districts contributing to the economic and social development, and it are sites with relatively long history of artisanal gold mining. is expected to be the main source of long-term growth. The The findings of this study are presented in the context of International Monetary Fund (IMF) foresees a double-digit previous mercury exposure assessment conducted in 2008 by annual growth rate of the mining industry for years to come; the WHO. This article summarizes the assessment of the country's growth domestic product is expected to rise by environmental and occupational exposure to mercury in the as much as 10 percent per year, from the current $5 billion to region following recent implementation of National Mercury $30 billion by 2020, as a result of outputs from mining alone Risk Management policies. Methods: A total of 79 blood and [1]. Gold mining industries in particular have had expanded urine samples were analyzed for mercury content and rapidly in the last fourteen years and now generates 70% of grouped as: (1) as occupational exposure for high and the country’s total foreign currency [2]. -
Tuul River Basin Basin
GOVERNMENT OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT MONGOLIA I II III AND GREEN DEVELOPMENT Physical, Tuul river Socio-Economic geographical basin water Development and natural resource and and Future condition of water quality trend of the Tuul river Tuul River basin Basin IV V VI Water Water use Negative TUUL RIVER BASIN supply, water balance of the impacts on consumption- Tuul river basin basin water INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN use and water resources demand, hydro- constructions VII VIII IX Main challenges River basin The organization and strategic integrated and control of objectives of the water resources the activities to river basin water management implement the Tuul management plan plan measures River Basin IWM INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN plan Address: TUUL RIVER BASIN “Strengthening Integrated Water Resources Management in Mongolia” project Chingunjav Street, Bayangol District Ulaanbaatar-16050, Mongolia Tel/Fax: 362592, 363716 Website: http://iwrm.water.mn E-mail: [email protected] Ulaanbaatar 2012 Annex 1 of the Minister’s order ¹ A-102 of Environment and Green Development, dated on 03 December, 2012 TUUL RIVER BASIN INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN (Phase 1, 2013-2015; Phase 2, 2016-2021) Ulaanbaatar 2012 DDC 555.7’015 Tu-90 This plan was developed within the framework of the “Strengthening Integrated Water Resources Management in Mongolia” project, funded by the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at Ministry of Environment and Green Development of Mongolia Project Project Project Consulting Team National Director -
Spatial Distribution of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Using SMAP and MODIS Satellite Data: a Time Series Model (2010–2025)
remote sensing Article Spatial Distribution of Soil Moisture in Mongolia Using SMAP and MODIS Satellite Data: A Time Series Model (2010–2025) Enkhjargal Natsagdorj 1,2,* , Tsolmon Renchin 2, Philippe De Maeyer 1 and Bayanjargal Darkhijav 3 1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; [email protected] 2 NUM-ITC-UNESCO Laboratory for Space Science and Remote Sensing, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia; [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Applied Science and Engineering, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Soil moisture is one of the essential variables of the water cycle, and plays a vital role in agriculture, water management, and land (drought) and vegetation cover change as well as climate change studies. The spatial distribution of soil moisture with high-resolution images in Mongolia has long been one of the essential issues in the remote sensing and agricultural community. In this research, we focused on the distribution of soil moisture and compared the monthly precipi- tation/temperature and crop yield from 2010 to 2020. In the present study, Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were used, including the MOD13A2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), MOD11A2 Land Surface Temperature (LST), and precipitation/temperature monthly data from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) from 2010 to 2020 over Mongolia. Multiple linear regression methods have previously been used for soil moisture estimation, and in this study, the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Arima (ARIMA) model was used for soil moisture forecasting. -
CBD Fifth National Report
CONVENTION ON CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY THE 5TH NATIONAL REPORT OF MONGOLIA biolohJA JJa folea YeehcO beiide& oa KnWWn}A. T HE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGI 5 T H N A T IO N AL R EPO RT C AL DIVERSITY OF M O N GOLIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND GREEN DEVELOPMENT STEPPE FORWARD PROGRAMME, Government building II, BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, United Nation’s street 5/2, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA TH Chingeltei District, Ulaanbaatar 15160, NUM, Building-2, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia THE 5 NATIONAL REPORT OF Mongolia P.O.Box 537, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Tel: 976-51-266197 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 976-99180148; 976-88305909; 976-88083058 MONGOLIA E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Designed by Mongolica Publishing 2014 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2014 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FINANCED BY: MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND GREEN DEVELOPMENT CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY-MONGOLIA GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY THE 5TH NATIONAL REPORT OF MONGOLIA REPORT COMPILERS: COMPILED BY: S. GOMBOBAATAR STEPPE FORWARD PROGRAMME, NUM S. MYAGMARSUREN N. CONABOY М. Мunkhjargal TAXON COMPILERS: PLANT: B. OYUNTSETSEG, M. URGAMAL INVERTEBRATE: S. GANTIGMAA Fish, aMphibian, reptile: kh. Тerbish BIRD: S. GOMBOBAATAR MAMMAL: S. SHAR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM: EDITORS: NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY, MONGOLIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES D. BATBOLD MONGOLIAN ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY -
Project Performance Evaluation Report: Roads Development Project
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Operations Evaluation Department PROJECT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION REPORT IN MONGOLIA In this electronic file, the report is followed by Management’s response. Performance Evaluation Report Project Number: PPE: MON 26070 Loan Number: 1364-MON(SF) December 2007 Mongolia: Roads Development Project Operations Evaluation Department CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit – togrog (MNT) At Appraisal At Project Completion At Operations Evaluation (May 1995) (November 2001) (June 2007) MNT1.00 = $0.0021 $0.0009 $0.0009 $1.00 = MNT460 MNT1,100 MNT1,162 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADTA – advisory technical assistance DOR – Department of Roads EA – executing agency EIRR – economic internal rate of return FIRR – financial internal rate of return GDP – gross domestic product HDM-4 – Highway Development and Management-4 IRI – international roughness index MORTT – Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Tourism NTAC – National Transport Advisory Committee OEM – operations evaluation mission PCR – project completion report PPER – project performance evaluation report PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRC – People’s Republic of China RDP – Roads Development Project RRP – report and recommendation of the President SDR – special drawing rights TA – technical assistance VAT – value-added tax VOC – vehicle operating cost NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. Key Words adb, asian development bank, development effectiveness, mongolia, roads, roads maintenance, performance evaluation, transport, infrastructure Officer-in- Charge R.B. Adhikari, Operations Evaluation Division 2, Operations Evaluation Director Department (OED) Team Leader N. Singru, Evaluation Specialist, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED Team Members R. Lumain, Senior Evaluation Officer, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED C. Roldan, Senior Operations Evaluation Assistant, Operations Evaluation Division 2, OED Operations Evaluation Department, PE-707 CONTENTS Page BASIC DATA iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v MAPS ix I. -
Nature and Science 2015;13(2)
Nature and Science 2015;13(2) http://www.sciencepub.net/nature Spatial planning issues of intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital Ulaanbaatar city Bazarkhand Ts1, Munkhnaran S1, Chinbat B1 and Myagmartseren P1 1Department of Geography, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia [email protected] Abstract: The intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital city is a main space for Ulaanbaatar city decentralization and the core object to regional planning for the capital. The intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital city should be restructured for better planning and development of Ulaanbaatar region. Thereto micro zones of the intense gravity and influence zone are created through internal zoning and should be developed with precise development functions. To develop above-mentioned micro zones, major and sub centers and development policy are established based on a group settlement scheme. Development of micro zones in the intense gravity and influence zones are significant to produce urban construction, land management and city’s regional development plans for the reason that it is critical to define regional planning tendency without considering the number of population, employment, other socio-economic characteristics and spatial gravity of settlements and administrative units located in the intensive gravity zone of Ulaanbaatar city. [Bazarkhand Ts, Munkhnaran S, Chinbat B and Myagmartseren P. Spatial planning issues of intensive gravity and influence zone of the capital Ulaanbaatar city. Nat Sci 2015;13(2):88-93]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 13 Keywords: intensive gravity and influence zone of capital city, micro zone, group settlement system 1. -
Revitalization of Mongolia's
REVITALIZATION OF MONGOLIA’S Public Disclosure Authorized PROTECTED AREAS THROUGH EFFECTIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT OF BOGD KHAN UUL Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1 May 27, 2010 2 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................. 9 Project development objective and key indicators ................................................................................................ 9 Project area ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE BOGD KHAN UUL ENVIRONMENT ............................. 16 Bogd Khan Uul SPA .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Valley-by-Valley Description ................................................................................................................................ 18 Bogd Khan Uul as a Sacred Mountain .................................................................................................................. 33 Archaeology ........................................................................................................................................................ -
Additional Study to the Changes of the Socio-Economic Situation of Bornuur Soum 2 Years After the Report
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Mongolia – A contribution to sustainable development? Study on socio-economic changes in Bornuur soum centre after foundation of XAMO Company by Robert Sandmann Ulaanbaatar – October 2010 Prepared for: Contents 1. Foreword 3 2. Introduction 2.1 The Small-scale gold mining sector in Mongolia 5 2.2 Introduction to Bornuur soum / Tuv aimag 7 3. Research methodology 3.1 Evaluation of publications about Bornuur soum and small-scale 10 gold mining in Mongolia 3.2 Expert interviews 10 3.3 Interviews with a standardized questionnaire 10 3.4 Visualization of the socio-economic situation and the changes 11 between 2008 and 2010 by charts, a thematic map and photos 3.5 Observations 11 4. Small-scale gold mining in Bornuur soum 4.1 The small-scale gold mining sector in Bornuur soum and the 12 usage of mercury until beginning of 2008 4.2 The foundation of XAMO Company in 2008 13 4.3 The XAMO Company today 14 4.4 How much a small-scale gold miner does earn per month? 18 5. Present economic situation in Bornuur soum centre 5.1 Spatial distribution of shops and services in Bornuur soum centre 19 Map of the spatial distribution of shops and services 20 5.2 Development and change of businesses in Bornuur soum centre 21 5.3 Evaluation and interpretation of standardized interviews 24 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 29 Annex 32 About the author 33 2 1. Foreword Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is a typical occupation and source of income in developing countries all over the world. -
A Country Water Security Assessment for Mongolia
Overview of Mongolia’s Water Resources System and Management A Country Water Security Assessment This publication evaluates water security in Mongolia and provides analyses based from other documents and studies for a multidimensional overview of the country’s water resources system and management. It recommends a path forward based on integrated water resources management as well as national and local institutional development, through a targeted investment program. The assessment is adapted from the analytical framework introduced in the Asian Water Development Outlook, a series of reports produced by the Asian Development Bank and the Asia-Pacific Water Forum. About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members —49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. OVERVIEW OF MONGOLIA’S WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM AND MANAGEMENT A COUNTRY WATER SECURITY ASSESSMENT JULY 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org OVERVIEW OF MONGOLIA’S WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM AND MANAGEMENT A COUNTRY WATER SECURITY ASSESSMENT JULY 2020 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-285-5 (print), 978-92-9262-286-2 (electronic), 978-92-9262-287-9 (ebook) Publication Stock No. -
Emergency Plan of Action (Epoa) Mongolia: Cold Wave 2018
Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Mongolia: Cold wave 2018 DREF n° MDRMN007 Glide n° CW-2018-000011-MNG Date of issue: 14 February 2018 Expected timeframe: 3 months Expected end date: 14 May 2018 Category allocated to the of the disaster or crisis: Yellow 1 DREF allocated: CHF 257,842 Total number of people affected: Number of people to be assisted: 52,800 herder households 2,500 herder households (approx. 9,000 people) Host National Society(ies) presence (n° of volunteers, staff, branches): Mongolian Red Cross Society (MRCS). The MRCS has 32 mid-level branches and over 800 primary level branches covering all provinces of Mongolia. MRCS has 12,500 volunteers and 70,000 youth members. MRCS has established 7 regional disaster preparedness centres. Red Cross Red Crescent Movement partners actively involved in the operation: The National Society works with International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in this operation. Other partner organizations actively involved in the operation: Mongolia National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), local government units (LGUs), social welfare offices, KHAN Bank A. Situation analysis Description of the disaster Mongolia has suffered from severe winter conditions known as Dzud since the last two winters. The extremely harsh winter that continued after the drought in summer has depleted the herders’ reserves of hay and fodder. Continuous harsh conditions have put at risk millions of livestock, which are the only source of food, transport and income for almost half of the Mongolian population. As herders experienced two consecutive droughts throughout the country followed by severe winters, it did not allow herders enough recovery time to be prepared for this winter.