Revitalization of Mongolia's

REVITALIZATION OF MONGOLIA’S

Public Disclosure Authorized PROTECTED AREAS THROUGH EFFECTIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT OF BOGD KHAN UUL

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

May 27, 2010

Table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 3

CHAPTER 1: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 9 Project development objective and key indicators ...... 9 Project area ...... 14

CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE BOGD KHAN UUL ENVIRONMENT ...... 16 Bogd Khan Uul SPA ...... 16 Valley-by-Valley Description ...... 18 Bogd Khan Uul as a Sacred Mountain ...... 33 Archaeology ...... 36 Sensitive Elements at Risk ...... 36 Current Site threats and Pressures ...... 39

CHAPTER 3: POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS, INCLUDING WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 56 Policy Framework ...... 56 Legal Framework ...... 57 Administrative Framework ...... 67 World Bank Operational Policies ...... 68

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 71 The No-Project Situation ...... 71 The With-Project Situation ...... 72 Alternatives considered and reasons for rejection ...... 73

CHAPTER 5: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, MITIGATION MEASURES, AND ENHANCEMENTS ...... 76 Component 1: Management of Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area ...... 76 Component 2: Mainstreaming of Protected Area Considerations into Economy-wide Policies and Plans ...... 81 Component 3: Overall Project Management ...... 81 Environmental Impacts of the Parallel Financed Centers ...... 82

CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 83 General Construction Precautions ...... 83 General Planning Precautions ...... 83 General Fieldwork Precautions ...... 83 Envirnmental Monitoring Plan ...... 86 Roles and Responsibilities...... 86 Capacity Building ...... 87 Monitoring Budget ...... 87 3

CHAPTER 7: SOCIAL ASSESSMENT ...... 89 Overview of context ...... 89 Bogd Khan Uul SPA and Use of Land and Resources...... 90 People Living Inside Bogd Khan Uul SPA ...... 90 People Living Adjacent to Bogd Khan Uul SPA ...... 93 Socio-economic survey ...... 96 Socioeconomic summary by Settlement ...... 99 Discussion of Socioeconomic Surveys ...... 105 Social Impacts ...... 106 Social Development Actions ...... 112

CHAPTER 8: SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 114 Introduction ...... 114 Roles and Responsibilities...... 114 Capacity Building ...... 114 Monitoring Budget ...... 115

CHAPTER 10: CONSULTATIONS ...... 116

CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSIONS ...... 120 Environment ...... 120 Social ...... 120

APPENDIX 1: CVS OF CONSULTANTS ...... 121

APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEWEES ...... 123

APPENDIX 3: CONSULTATIONS ...... 124

APPENDIX 4: RADIATION RISKS FROM COAL ...... 133

APPENDIX 5: POSSIBLE LOCATIONS OF THE BUFFER ZONES ...... 134 Selecting areas for Buffer Zones ...... 134

APPENDIX 6: JICA CENTER – GENERAL ASSESSMENT ...... 140

APPENDIX 7: KUWAIT-MONGOLIA RESEARCH CENTER – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF DETAILED EIA ...... 144

APPENDIX 8: LETTER FROM THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY REGARDING THE JICA CENTER SITE ...... 155

APPENDIX 9: GENERAL AGENCY FOR SPECIALIZED INSPECTION REPORT REGARDING THE RESULT OF INSPECTION CONDIUCTED IN BOGD KHAN UUL STRICTLY PROTECTED AREA ...... 156

APPENDIX 10: PROCESS FRAMEWORK FOR RESTRICTIONS OF ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES ...... 163 Background ...... 163 Objectives and Content of the Process Framework ...... 163 Potential Adverse Impacts from Project Activities ...... 164 Criteria for Eligibility of Affected Persons ...... 164 Implementation Arrangements for the Process Framework ...... 166 Institutional Arrangements ...... 169 Conflict Resolution and Grievance Mechanism ...... 170 Disclosure ...... 170 Budget ...... 171

APPENDIX 11: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: SOURCES OF INFORMATION ...... 172

APPENDIX 12: SOCIAL ASSESSMENT – SOURCES OF INFORMATION ...... 187

Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank AIACC Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climatic Change CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CMS Bonn Convention on Protection of Migrating Species of Wild Animals EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations GEF Global Environmental Facility GIS Geographical Information System GTZ German Technical Assistance Organisation IIED International Institute for Environment and Development INAA Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis IAEA International Atomic Energy Authority ISCP International School of Contemporary Physics IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (former name) LPA Local Protected Area M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAB Man and Biosphere Program of UNESCO MAP-21 Mongolian Action Plan for the 21st Century MAS Mongolian Academy of Science MASM Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Metrology MDG Millennium Development Goals MNE Ministry of Nature and Environment (former) MNET Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism MNS Mongolian National Standards MoF Ministry of Finance NEMO Netherlands Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NP National Park NR Nature Reserve OP Operational Procedure of the World Bank PA State Special Protected Area PAA Protected Area Administration RAPPAM Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management S sulphur SA Social Assessment SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprise SPIA State Professional Inspection Agency SPA Strictly Protected Area Tg Currency unit: Mongolian Tugrik

UB Ulaanbaatar UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Convention on Climate Change USD Currency unit: United States Dollar UK United Kingdom WB World Bank WCPA IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas WHO World Health Authority WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (former name) ZSL Zoological Society of London

Chapter 1: Description of the Project

Project development objective and key indicators The Project Development Objective is to improve management of the forested BKU-SPA and increase public engagement in its management as catalysts to increase government and private sector support of the national protected area system. The Global Environment Objective is to improve government support of the national protected area system and thereby improve the conservation status of Mongolia‘s globally-threatened species.

The key project indicators would include:  The number of trees of 15 cm diameter and above felled illegally per year in selected areas of BKU-SPA  Establishment, and increasing fee-based membership, of a ‗Friends of BKU-SPA‘ (para. 100) reaching 5000 at project close  Score increases of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Protected Area Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool1 from 49 at Project Effectiveness to 80 at Project Close (Annex 18)  Increases in the annual State budget allocation to the national protected area system by more than the rate of inflation or GDP growth  Increase in the population of Endangered Siberian Marmot on Bogd Khan Uul SPA from 1750 at Project Effectiveness to 3000 at Project Close.

Project components The proposed project will take as its central approach the building up of public involvement in BKU-SPA management, and of knowledge and concern of the protected area system to such an extent that the public – through getting their voices heard through CSOs, media, and presence - influence government priorities, and individual and corporate behavior and thereby have impacts on the profile and priority of protected areas, globally-significant biodiversity, and sustainable forest management nationwide. Three components are envisaged:

Component 1: Management of BKU-SPA

Sub Component 1.1 Management Planning

1 http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/conservation/forests/publications/?137101/Tracking-progress- in-protected-area-management

 Revision of BKU Management Plan and preparation of annual work plans: In order for BKU-SPA to be the desired high-profile site for visible and effective conservation in a manner that will increase attention to this and the rest of the protected area system, it is essential that the management plan and budget which guides its annual program should be well conceived and widely supported. To that end, the project will perform an initial review of the Management Plan, and recommendations will be provided for its revision, guided by questions in the METT. The draft revisions will be followed by an extensive consultation process with those living in and around BKU-SPA, local government, private sector partners etc. to improve implementation mechanisms. It will then be finalized and made publicly available on the web. The Management Plan will cover the entire land area of the SPA but no Bank finance will be applied to any activity in the parts of the contentious valleys where land allocations have been made other than awareness building and consultations. The review, revisions, and annual work plans will receive annual input. In the final year of the project, recommendations will be provided for the next five year Management Plan for 2014 to 2019 which will also be prepared in a consultative manner and agreed. The Project will also support, in cooperation with the parallel-financed GTZ Climate Change and Biodiversity Project, the process to work with the BKU-SPA on planning and stakeholder consultation on the creation of buffer zones which would connect BKU-SPA to Gorkhi-Terelj National Park and the vast forests to the north to the Russian border, and to the neglected wetlands formed by gravel digging to the SW which attract large numbers of birds but have few people living adjacent to them. The buffer zones are seen as a key response to climate change, as a means to increase ecological connectivity.

Sub Component 1.2 Management Plan Implementation Planning alone is of course inadequate to change perceptions and behavior, and so the project will support tasks, such as:

 Community Co-Management: In order to promote harmonious relationship between the SPA residents and the Administration and to foster participation, and because many of those living in BKU-SPA have indicated that they would like to be actively involved, steps will be taken towards developing a community co-management2 approach.  Patrolling: A balanced, systematic and evidence-based approach to law enforcement and monitoring will be implemented by supporting the adoption of ranger based data collection and MIST3. A freephone number will be procured and advertized to allow the public to report illegal acts to the BKU-SPA Administration.

2 ―A situation in which two or more social actors negotiate, define and guarantee among themselves a fair sharing of the management functions, entitlements, and responsibilities for a given area or set of natural resources‖ – Borrini- Feyeraband, G. 2007. Co-management of Natural Resources: Organizing, Negotiating and Learning-by-Doing. IUCN, Gland.

3 MIST is an easy to use spatial management information system which provides protected area managers with timely access to information for planning, decision-making and evaluation

 Biodiversity monitoring: This will be conducted by the rangers with assistance from volunteers (below). The populations of Endangered Siberian Marmots will be counted in each of the 20 valleys as they have been for the last 20 years, and new initiatives will include camera trapping, deer monitoring (measured by fecal counts along defined transects), and (in cooperation with GTZ) movement tracking of the larger mammal species away from and towards the SPA.  Capacity building for BKU staff: Project will provide routine in-service on-the-job training and tightly targeted courses included in schedules of SPA staff. A guest lecturer/seminar program will be provided for protected area staff. Individual initiative will be encouraged which will involve work planning through small grants for work- related projects to be carried out as part of official duties. These trainings will cooperate with GTZ and not overlap with those provided through the UNDP-GEF SPAN project. The government will finance trainings with particular emphasis on fire and fire fighting.  Awareness raising: New centers for awareness raising are being established at the northern and southern edges of the SPA (financed by JICA and Emir of Kuwait respectively – see Annex 15) for which the project will provide a wide range of well- thought out, attractive and effective exhibition features concerning not just BKU-SPA but the whole of the national PA system and issues surrounding sustainable forest management. This will include verbatim accounts of former abundance of wildlife, budgets received, revenues generated, revenues returned, and development planning. Books and high quality maps will be produced and exhibited at both for sale. Moreover, the project will produce similar exhibits and activities with the Mongolian Natural History Museum in the center of Ulaanbaatar (visited by the equivalent of 10 per cent of Ulaanbaatar‘s population annually), and possibly for the Manzuushir Monastery on the southern slopes of BKU-SPA. A comprehensive public information program will be prepared to organize talks, films, dialogue, and seminars for Ulaanbaatar residents. A mobile education unit will be formed to publicize the protected area system as a whole and BKU-SPA in particular, threats to their integrity, and their national and global importance. The project will use professional advertisers/social marketers in its activities and learn from the experience of Rare Pride campaigns in Mongolia4. Radio programs and plays will be produced and broadcasted with protected area themes and events in the city. A striking and hard-hitting film on BKU-SPA will be produced in the context of the entire protected area system, its problems and possible solutions. The film will be commissioned and distributed widely with international as well as national broadcasting.  Friends of BKU-SPA: A fee-based, membership, advocacy, civil society organization (‗Friends of BKU-SPA‘) will be designed and mobilized with the project bearing the costs of the secretary5. It will serve as a focus of public interest in and concern for BKU-

4 http://rareplanet.org/en/campaigns

5 This will be modeled on successful schemes such as the Friends of the Saba Marine Park (Netherlands Antilles), Friends of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (USA), and especially on those concerning protected areas adjacent to urban areas such as Friends of Nairobi National Park (with the largest rhino population of any park in Africa http://fonnap.wordpress.com/), and Friends of Richmond Park, the largest urban park in Europe, a National Nature Reserve and a European Special Area of Conservation 11

SPA, and would include a ‗volunteer ranger‘ system to accommodate offers of help already being made to the BKU-SPA Administration from members of the Ulaanbaatar public. It will also, together with the SPA Administration, maintain a well-linked website and listserver, hold trainings for local NGOs, visitor guides etc. (issuing certificates to those who pass a test), arrange visits for parties of school children, encourage the designation of ‗family trees‘ on which are tied blue khyadag cloths etc.  Visitor Experience Enhancement: As part of the overall strategy to encourage the use, appreciation and understanding of BKU-SPA, a comprehensive visitor trail system with information boards on various ecological or management topics will be designed and built using low-impact technologies with some trails made accessible for the disabled, with trail heads at a series of new car parks (government financed) just off the road on the north of BKU-SPA, as well as at other major entry points for visitors especially where ‗traditional‘ access by vehicles will be blocked by new barriers or fences (government financed). The BKU-SPA leadership will organize special events, inviting important decision makers whose work influences the management of the SPA.  NGO Support: The project will provide small grant support to help improve the capacity of local NGOs active in and around BKU-SPA in cases where that support would help achieve the project objective.  Awards: One or more annual awards will be given to rangers or other staff who have made exceptional contributions to BKU-SPA management. The selection will be decided by both the senior staff of the SPA, the SPAA, and the leadership of ‗Friends of Bogd Khan Uul‘.  Opinion/Awareness/Behavior Monitoring: A fully professional survey will be conducted three times (beginning, mid-term and close) based on objective sampling and statistically robust techniques to track changes in public knowledge, attitudes and behavior related to BKU-SPA.

Component 2: Mainstreaming of Protected Area Considerations into Economy-wide Policies and Plans

Increased awareness and better management in BKU-SPA will not on their own influence the wider issue of protected area management. Rather, the general public‘s increased awareness and support should result in a growing membership of the ‗Friends of Bogd Khan Uul‘ and they will be motivated to join web petitions, to write to or meet their members of parliament, to leaders of the private sector, and to support local protected area administrations. There are three additional audiences external to direct protected area management which this project will seek to influence and these are the focus of this component: (a) sectoral ministries especially the Ministry of Finance, who actions and decisions influence the development impacts on BKU-SPA and other protected areas and their budgets, (b) members of parliament who have the final say on the allocation of the state budget and who can influence, and (c) sections of the private sector whose enterprises can have potentially major positive and negative impacts on BKU-SPA and the rest of the national protected area system.

(http://www.frp.org.uk/richmond-park). It will also learn from other successful urban protected areas such as Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area in California.

Sub-component 2.1 Targeted Analysis and Information for Government and Parliament  The Project will advise and work together with individuals and groups of three groups of decision makers: sectoral ministries, the Ulaanbaatar Municipality and members of parliament with tailor-made programs and materials. The Ministry of Finance will of course be an especially relevant audience. Presentations on protected area values in the landscape will be established for these public servants at special events staged in, for example, the dinosaur hall of the Natural History Museum or one of the two new centers on BKU. There will be links made to the management of the Tuul River Urban Park on the northern boundary of the BKU-SPA  Succinct and innovative briefs based on international and national sources will be written regarding the various social, economic and biodiversity values and importance of protected areas in Mongolia and in other countries, Mongolian and other management experience, and the ways in which they can be better integrated into written and unwritten policy and practice. These briefs will be designed, illustrated and published for high-level policy and decision makers in cooperation with the SPAN project staff, and fuller, better supported accounts will be developed for technical staff involved in the formulation of policies and plans and donor funded projects and programs. The dissemination strategy will include briefings with Members of Parliament through various parliamentary standing committees and the Green Caucus. A series of seminars and video-conferences will be organized with high-profile speakers – local and international (when available) - facilitating exchange of experience between government programs, donor funded projects, academics, NGOs, and the private sector leading to better use of science in policy making with regard to protected areas. Although these briefs will be targeted for the above target audiences, they will also be available at the three visitor centers and on websites. Project and protected area staff will work together with technical staff and others consistently over long periods in relevant line ministries as part of planning processes to help ensure the incorporation of protected area considerations into economy-wide plans and programs.

Sub-component 2.2 Targeted Analysis and Information for the Private Sector  To increase corporate responsibility towards BKU-SPA, the project will orchestrate various forms of outreach such as events and presentations to members of the private sector adjacent to BKU-SPA (such as the ski resort, ger camps, bottled water factory, hotels, apartment complex owners etc) on the potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of those interests. To inform this process, the new searchable database of EIAs6 will be used.  Using the PA Forum (to be established under the SPAN project), the project will support the discussion, development and pilot implementation of tools and methodologies by which to predict, monitor and measure the impacts of planned and current development projects on the national protected area system. This would allow adjustments in planned and current interventions to be made to benefit or reduce threats to protected areas.  The project will work with the Business Council of Mongolia to reach out to the private sector beyond BKU-SPA, and disseminate lessons learned,good practice, and principles to its members, and then work with those most interested and relevant to advance their engagement.  There will also be high level representations to embassies and national governments regarding threats to protected areas and forests from foreign private sector investment and business activity in order to raise awareness beyond the conservation community. Some Mongolian NGOs have already enlisted the support of private companies in conservation campaigns and there is good potential for growth in this area.

6 http://geodata.mne-ngic.mn

Component 3: Overall Project Management

The project management will require a full-time staff working at central level and this component will cover the costs of setting up and running the project facilities, staff team and administrative, financial and monitoring systems required for implementing the project. The project staff will also act as the Secretariat of a project steering committee.

Project area Much of the project is concerned with changing attitudes and increasing awareness at national level, but Component 1 will be active in Bogd Khan Uul SPA. The project will likely influence proposals for one or more new buffer zones adjacent to it. The buffer zones will not be considered or identified until project implementation. Safeguard-related actions will not be conducted until then.

Chapter 2: Description of the Bogd Khan Uul Environment

Bogd Khan Uul enjoys national and international status. It was designated as a Strictly Protected Area (SPA) in 1994, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1997, and since 1996 has been on UNESCO‘s Tentative List for future designation as a UNESCO Sacred Mountain World Heritage Site. Bogd Khan Uul SPA is among the world‘s oldest environmental protected areas, and arguably is THE oldest. Bogd Khan Uul SPA is also remarkable in abutting the centre of a capital city, so presenting unrivalled opportunities for academic research, training, public enjoyment and raising public awareness. At the same time, the proximity to the city leaves the SPA vulnerable to relentless pressure from expansion of the built urban environment and to degradation from poaching, fires, grazing, severe air pollution and other urban pressures. The cooler northern slopes of the mountains are covered by dense coniferous forest and the warmer southern slopes characterised by bare rocks. Major habitats and land cover types include species- rich steppe grasslands; montane vegetation; taiga forest vegetation; bare rocks; and mixed forest with stands of Siberian Larch Larix sibirica, Birch Betula spp., Cedar Cedrus spp. and Pine Pinus spp. Among the most threatened animal species in the SPA are the globally Endangered Siberian Marmot Marmota siberica, the Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, and the nationally Critically Endangered Red Deer Cervus elaphus. Species which have been lost to the area in recent decades include Pallas‘s Fish Eagle Haliaectus leucoryphus, Moose Alces alces, Brown Bear Ursus arctos, Great Bustard Otis tarda, Black-billed Capercaille Tetrao parvirostris and the False Zoker Myospalax aspalax.

When the SPA was created in 1994 its boundaries embraced a number of per-existing developments, most notably small herder settlements, the campus of the National Agricultural University, the Presidential Palace, the National Astronomical Observatory, a prison for young offenders, and several ger camps for tourists. These were put in the outermost ‗Limited Use Zone‘. Unusually, the SPA has never had a Buffer Zone, the opinion having been that the city itself is a type of buffer in being able to absorb a lot of visitor pressure. That remains true, but the rapid growth of the city centre now threatens the integrity of the SPA itself in the absence of a Buffer Zone.

Bogd Khan Uul SPA

Basic information  Date designated: 1974  Latitude: 47°43' to 47°54' North  Longitude: 106°46' to 107°10' East  Total area: 41,651 ha o Pristine Zone: 16,002 ha o Conservation Zone: 13,433 ha o Limited Access Zone: 12,216 ha  Length of SPA border: 160 km

 Administrative authority: Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration. However, the SPA is divided between Ulaanbaatar Municipal Administration (part of Nalaikh District, part of Khan Uul District (notably the settlements of Yarmag, Ulziit and Turgeni Gol) and the isolated Honhor settlement that is within the boundary of Bayanzurkh District), and Tov Aimag (province). Unfortunately there is some resentment and distrust between the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration and local authorities at every level. For example, the City Administration is frustrated because it tends to view the SPA as infringing its sovereignty over peri-urban planning, rather that than as a natural asset to be cherished. Rather differently, even after 15 years of formal protection, some officials of Tov Aimag and Sergelen Soum resent the SPA infringing the traditional freedom of their herders to put up gers and graze livestock wherever they please. (See further on this matter below).

Forest cover  Forest cover: 53.2% (note that natural forests in this part of Mongolia do not grow on south- facing slopes)  Total area of forest: 22,129 ha  Upper tree line: 2,100 to 2,150 metres  Lower tree line: South side 1,800m, East side 1,600m, North side 1,400m  Siberian Pine forest dominating upper tree line and W, NW and E flanks.  Siberian Spruce and Scots Pine dominating lower tree line and SW and S flanks  Siberian Larch forest dominating N flank and SE flank

Forest composition The forest is largely composed of Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica),with significant amounts of Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica), rather less Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata) and small amounts of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), Birch (Betula species) and small shrubs.

Threatened species in Bogd Khan Uul SPA

Common name Scientific name National assessment based on IUCN Criteria Red Deer Cervus elaphus Critically Endangered A2acd and A3d Siberian Marmot Marmota sibirica Endangered A2ad

Wild Boar Sus scrofa Near Threatened

Grey Wolf Canis lupus Near Threatened Eurasian Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris Near Threatened Eurasian Lynx Lynx lynx Near Threatened Corsac Fox Vulpes corsac Near Threatened Red Fox Vulpes vulpes Near Threatened Many species of small mammals Data Deficient Red Deer Cervus elaphus Critically Endangered A2acd and A3d Siberian Marmot Marmota sibirica Endangered A2ad Wild Boar Sus scrofa Near Threatened Grey Wolf Canis lupus Near Threatened Eurasian Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris Near Threatened Eurasian Lynx Lynx lynx Near Threatened Corsac Fox Vulpes corsac Near Threatened Red Fox Vulpes vulpes Near Threatened Many species of small mammals Data Deficient

Valley-by-Valley Description In the following tables the general situation of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA is described valley-by-valley. The SPA Administrtion has discussed the project with the inhabitants in each and their concerns and ideas are summarized.

Baruundelger Valley

# Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area 3,250 ha; 800 ha areas were licensed to 4 individuals and enterprises for tourism activities, but no actual camps have been built.

Sergelen soum of Tuv aimag borders Baruundelger valley and Dayar Mongol Co. Ltd has fenced a total of 356 ha.

2 Community opinions on Organized an environmental awareness activity among children and improving conservation and youth; local community members are supportive and most households information with livestock expressed their willingness to participate in project activities. 3 Number of people who People who travel in the forest occasionally collect pine nuts and other collect non-timber forest non-timber forest products. Once the rangers informed travelers about products the law on SPA, the travelers stopped attempts to collect NTFP. Distribution of NTFP in 2008 and 2009 was irregular and the abundance limited, so such collectors in the forest were few. 4 Fuelwood collection The valley is located 6 kms away from Zuunmod town center, so there are no attempts to collect firewood as it is legally prohibited in the Strictly Protected Area.

5 Timber collection As it is legally prohibited by law in the SPA, timber harvesting for any use is zero.

6 Community attitude toward Community members are interested in carrying out forest rehabilitation project activity and suggested blocking the vehicle tracks that cross all around the valley. Also, they suggest consulting with the relevant ranger if planning to organize any worship events. 7 Possible cooperation areas According to rangers observations a total of 30 marmot, 10 rabbits and in the conservation of occasionally red deer, wild pig and other wildlife pass through. biodiversity Therefore community members could provide help with hay making or putting fodder out for wildlife during the harsh winter period. 8 Activities that the While herding in the Limited Use Zone they are interested in community would like to participating in forest protection and rehabilitation, and during the dry participate in season they could participate in forest fire prevention activities. 9 Number of people A total of 5 people (family members of ranger and volunteer) live in this valley.

2. Manzuushir valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total land area 2,000 ha. A total of 4 enterprises possess 1,000 ha of forest area, of which 3 are actually running tourism activities. The remaining enterprise has not commenced. 2 Community opinions on Establish a ger information center and conduct environmental public improving conservation and awareness activities. Conduct an awareness program quite frequently information that targets the general public.

3 Number of people who Travelers and the local population frequently visit this valley for collect non-timber forest collecting non-timber forest products. Up to 30 people per day can visit products during the appropriate season.

4 Fuelwood collection Unemployed people from Zuunmod soum of Tuv aimag visit the forest to collect fuelwood. Estimated number is 5 people per month.

5 Timber collection No logging occurs in the SPA territory as it is prohibited by law.

6 Community attitude toward Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration organized a public consultation project activity meeting for 30 people and introduced the project. Most participants expressed their willingness to participate in environmental conservation work. 7 Possible cooperation areas 200 Marmots, 5-10 rabbits, 1 pack of wild pigs, 8 red deer and 2 deer are in the conservation of present in this valley. Bio-technical measures to provide feed and fodder biodiversity for wildlife is the main way to cooperate. Also requested to carry out studies to find why the conifer forest stands are dying. 8 Activities that the Herding their livestock in the Limited Use Zone; assisting in forest community would like to conservation; and helping in forest fire prevention activities during the participate in dry season. 9 Number of people A total of 7 people in 2 households of the rangers and volunteer rangers.

3. Hothoidiin valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total 900 ha. Forest areas of 300 ha. No tourism activities are in this valley. 2 Community opinions on Most of the community suggests having a comprehensive environmental improving conservation and education activity on forest, wildlife, soil, water and its protection information targeted at the younger generation. 3 Number of people who Local community members and visitors often enter the forest to collect collect non-timber forest berries and nuts, estimated at 3 people per day when they are available. products SPA administration informed them about the SPA law and asked them to leave. In the last two years berries and nuts were not available. 4 Fuelwood collection Local poor people collect dry wood and branches from the forest. SPA admin took administrative measures and asked them to leave. Around 9 people visit per month. 5 Timber collection As it‘s prohibited by the law on SPA timber harvesting for any use is zero. 6 Community attitude toward If the law permitted, many community members would want to collect project activity dry wood and fallen branches. 7 Possible cooperation areas 15 marmots, 6 rabbits and 3 red deer are present in this valley. Propose in the conservation of to renew the protection fences. biodiversity 8 Activities that the Herding their livestock in Limited Use Zone; assisting in forest community would like to conservation; and helping in forest fire prevention activities during the participate in dry season. 9 Number of people Total 5 family members of the ranger.

4. Zuundelger Valley # Questions Answer

1 General condition Total 2,200 ha area; 600 ha is forest covered; 2 companies have a special license to run tourism activities but none of them are active. 2 Community opinions on More and broader environmental education activities are needed for the improving conservation and younger generation; establish an appropriate gate for entrance to BKU information with signs; and build an education center.

3 Number of people who During the summer season local and outside visitors enter the forest to collect non-timber forest collect berries and nuts and other NTFP, estimated at around 6 people products per day in the appropriate season.

4 Fuelwood collection The valley is located 4 kms away from Zuunmod soum of Tuv aimag. No cases of fuelwood collection. 5 Timber collection As it‘s prohibited by the law on SPA, timber harvesting for any use is zero.

6 Community attitude toward Community members were willing to reforest areas where they live and project activity protect and rehabilitate degraded soil.

7 Possible cooperation areas Around 60 marmot, 5 rabbits, 4 wild pigs and 8 red deer are present in in the conservation of the valley. Willing to help provide fodder for wildlife, collect hay during biodiversity autumn and pick dry wood. 8 Activities that the Herding their livestock in Limited Use Zone; assisting in forest community would like to conservation; and helping in forest fire prevention activities during the participate in dry season. 9 Number of people 6 family members of the ranger and volunteer rangers.

5. Zaisan Valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area is 2,227 ha. Forested area: 703 ha. A total of 152 special licenses were issued for operating tourism activities. Khanbogd tour camp is operating.

2 Community opinions on Establish an environmental education center in 11th khoroo to provide improving conservation and ecological education on the Tuul river and forest area protection. information Organize a wider environmental conservation activity among young children. 3 Number of people who Community members and visitors from UB often visit the forest area collect non-timber forest and estimations show that around 50 people can visit on a single day. products There is a need to take legal measures to stop the collection of NTFP. However, in the last two years the nut and berry yield was not very large.

4 Fuelwood collection Poor people enter the forest to collect dry wood and fallen branches and SPA administration takes administrative action to inform them about the law. Around 15 people are asked to return from the forest areas per month. 5 Timber collection As it‘s prohibited by the law on SPA timber harvesting for any use is zero. 6 Community attitude toward SPA administration organized public consultation meeting with 150 project activity local people and shared information about the project. Most of the participants were supportive and showed an interest in participating. 7 Possible cooperation areas Around 40 marmots and some rabbits, wild pigs and red deer are in the conservation of present in the valley. biodiversity 8 Activities that the Community members were willing to participate in forest rehabilitation; community would like to protecting the forest and river basin; rehabilitating degraded soil; and participate in blocking the many vehicle tracks. Also would like to organize a restored traditional worship event together with the ranger. For instance, Mr. O. Dondov proposed to help protect a 2km long area along the Tuul river by putting garbage bins and benches (he recently visited the USA to see a family member). He proposed this activity directly to SPA administration and informed them that around 20 work placements will be generated from this. 9 Number of people Total 11,809 people of 1,077 households live in 11th Khoroo of Khan Uul district.

6. Nukht valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total land area 2,075 ha; A total of 24 entities have obtained permission to run tour activities; 2 are running all year around tour operations; 3 are in the progress of building; a total of 86 households are living in summer camps with permission. 2 Community opinions on Based on the residents‘ request livestock grazing has been prohibited in improving conservation and this area by establishing a fence; involve local people in the protection of information the forest; have their participation in the management of solid waste and prevention of environmental degradation. 3 Number of people who Residents often enter the forest to collect berries and nuts during the collect non-timber forest summer, and according to reports around 60 people can visit the forest products daily especially in holidays and when the NTFPs are available. 4 Fuelwood collection There are no issues on fuelwood collection as most of the summer camp buildings consume electricity for cooking purposes. Nukht complex has its own small scale heating stove. 5 Timber collection No timber logging occurs in SPA territory as it is prohibited by law. 6 Community attitude toward People received the project concept very well and expressed their project activity interest in participating. One concern raised was that people who building houses degrade the soil by using heavy trucks to transport construction materials.

7 Possible cooperation areas Participate in increasing the numbers of recently introduced ibex; in the conservation of introduce breeding schemes for marmots and taking other biotechnical biodiversity measures.

8 Activities that the Expressed their interest in participating. community would like to participate in 9 Number of people Total population of 23,663 of which 23,523 people are in khoroos 6,7 and 8 and 140 people are actually in Nukht Valley itself.

7. Ekhtaivan and 8. Khuush valleys # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area is 630 hа, a total of 14 entities are holding land use permits, one company of which has started construction. 2 Community opinions on Conduct a protection activity for newly re-forested areas through improving conservation and organizing an awareness campaign among the communities of khoroos information 4, 5 and 6 of Han Uul district. Establish an education center.

3 Number of people who The local community and residents from other parts of the city visit this collect non-timber forest valley frequently for collecting NTFP and also participating in worship products ceremonies, estimated as up to 80 people on a single day. 4 Fuelwood collection People from the community living near the valley collect dry wood and SPA administration have informed them about the law and asked them to leave. It is estimated that 800 people are asked to leave per day. 5 Timber collection No timber logging occurs in SPA territory as it is prohibited by law. 6 Community attitude toward Local people receiving the project concept well. Regarding participation, project activity most expressed their interest in establishing a tree nursery site.

7 Possible cooperation areas Reforestation, cultivating medicinal plants. in the conservation of biodiversity 8 Activities that the The community will be happy to take part in any activity of the project. community would like to participate in 9 Number of people 24 people live in the valley.

9. Bogino and 10. Chandmani valleys # Questions Answer 1 General condition The total area of Bogin is 248 ha of which 60 ha is covered with forest. Chandmani valley is 468 ha and 12 entities hold land use licenses, of which 2 are operating.

2 Community opinions on Need to take measures on protecting the Tuul river; establish a concrete improving conservation and pathway to the Spirit hill; and establish an appropriate parking lot which information will protect the area from soil and land degradation.

3 Number of people who NTFP resources are low compared to other valleys. But the number of collect non-timber forest visitors is large due to the presence of a sacred site at the top the hill. products 4 Fuelwood collection No such activity occurs. 5 Timber collection No timber logging occurs in SPA territory as it is prohibited by law. 6 Community attitude toward Community members responded positively toward the project concept. project activity Also, they suggested more involvement of the private sector and community members. 7 Possible cooperation areas There is a trend of increasing marmot numbers in this valley, therefore in the conservation of this requires breeding activities such as bringing marmots from other biodiversity valleys. 8 Activities that the Stop land allocation along the river; restore degraded soil cover; block community would like to vehicle tracks; organize cleaning of the valley together with the ranger; participate in and participate in rehabilitating the willow trees along the Tuul river.

9 Number of people A total of 56 people live in Chandman and Bogin valleys and all are registered in Han Uul district, 11th Khoroo.

11. Тurgen valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area 5,348 ha; a total of 18 entities hold licenses for land use of which 4 are currently running tourism activities. 2 Community opinions on Build a fence in order to prevent more soil degradation and establish an improving conservation and ecological education center. information

3 Number of people who Local people and outside visitors are often entering the forest to collect collect non-timber forest berries, nuts and other NTFP. It is reported that during the harvesting products season up to 40 people per day enter the forest. SPA administration takes legal measures to stop the collection of berries, based on the law. 4 Fuelwood collection There are some records of local people collecting fuelwood from the forest, but most of the time rangers stop such activities and ask people to leave. 5 Timber collection No timber logging in the SPA territory as it is prohibited by law.

6 Community attitude toward When the project was introduced, the majority of people expressed their project activity support.

7 Possible cooperation areas Relocate people with livestock herds as it creates a problem for wildlife in the conservation of migration. biodiversity 8 Activities that the Willing to contribute a work force for building fences; participation in community would like to wildlife and plant inventories; establishing an environment protection participate in unit at the community level and participating in the small grant project.

9 Number of people Population is 2,874 people of which Turgen-64, Ulziit khoroo has 2,810. A total of 258 herder families have 12,009 head of livestock adjacent to the SPA.

12. Bunbat valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total land area 2,645 ha. A total of 5 companies hold land use licenses, but only one is operating as a tourist activity (Bumbat Tour LLC) and that is currently under renovation. 2 Community opinions on improving conservation and information

3 Number of people who None collect non-timber forest products 4 Fuelwood collection None 5 Timber collection Any timber collection is legally prohibited in the SPA.

6 Community attitude toward project activity 7 Possible cooperation areas Marmot, roe deer and red deer are present. in the conservation of biodiversity 8 Activities that the Involve broad participation of local community and company community would like to representatives in project implementation. participate in 9 Number of people Total population is 16 people.

13. Torhurah valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area 7,000 ha. 2 companies are operating tour activities, and there are 4 Non-operating companies. There is one old building.

2 Community opinions on In order to improve protection, there needs to be community support and improving conservation and participation. information 3 Number of people who Local and outside visitors often enter the forest to collect wild onions, collect non-timber forest mushrooms, berries and pine nuts. During the summer, up to 50 people products have been reported as having entered the forest in a single day. 4 Fuelwood collection Poor people from the community enter the forest to collect dry wood and fallen branches. SPA administration takes administrative measures and asks them to leave. Around 20 people have been recorded doing this. 5 Timber collection No timber harvesting occurs at the site as it is prohibited by the SPA law. 6 Community attitude toward Requested to define the BKU‘s outer zone. project activity 7 Possible cooperation areas in the conservation of biodiversity 8 Activities that the Citizens and students expressed their willingness to participate in forest community would like to cleaning, reforestation and rehabilitation of degraded areas. participate in 9 Number of people A total of 5,000 people live in 11th khoroo of Honhor village adjacent to the SPA.

14. Shirdegt Valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area 2,000 ha and a total of 3 entities hold land use licenses, and 1 entity has not established any contract. 2 Community opinions on Build fences for protecting BKU, conduct wide range public awareness improving conservation and activities in order to keep BKU in good ecological condition. information

3 Number of people who A total of 25 people from around the SPA and also people from outside collect non-timber forest the general area enter the forest to collect berries and other NTFPs in the products season. 4 Fuelwood collection As the population is low, fuelwood collection is also low. 5 Timber collection As it‘s prohibited by the law on SPA, timber harvesting for any use is zero. 6 Community attitude toward project activity

7 Possible cooperation areas Building bird nesting platforms; and providing fodder to wildlife in the conservation of biodiversity 8 Activities that the Establish a community based unit that will help reforestation and community would like to improving the environment. participate in 9 Number of people 2 households, 4 family members.

15. Chuluut valley # Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area 2,647 ha. A total of 3 private companies are registered but not operating. 2 Community opinions on Need to build fences around the strictly protected area for protection. improving conservation and information

3 Number of people who Last year‘s record had no people listed. Previously, 2-3 people visited collect non-timber forest the forest to collect mushrooms. products 4 Fuelwood collection Each month 2-3 people enter the forest to collect fuelwood. But they have been asked to leave by the rangers who explain the BKU rules to them. 5 Timber collection No timber collection occurs as it prohibited by the SPA law.

6 Community attitude toward A total of 20 people participated in the consultation meeting and most project activity offered their support for implementing the project.

7 Possible cooperation areas in the conservation of biodiversity 8 Activities that the Willing to participate in reforestation and environmental rehabilitation community would like to activities. participate in

9 Number of people 212 people from 56 households.

16. Zalaat Valley

# Questions Answer 1 General condition Total area is 2,500 ha; of which the forest area is 1,125 ha; A total of 13 licenses were issued for running tourism activities, of which 4 are operating. 2 Community opinions on Ecological education for youth on forest, wildlife, soil and water; improving conservation and prohibiting the creation of multiple vehicle tracks; reduce livestock information grazing.

3 Number of people who From reports, 18 people entered forest last year but were asked to leave collect non-timber forest according to the law on SPA. products

4 Fuelwood collection Some areas have permanent fences and guards. Around 30 people entered the East side of Zalaat valley to gather dry wood and branches.

5 Timber collection As it‘s legally prohibited by the law on SPA, timber harvesting for any use is zero. 6 Community attitude toward A total of 30 people participated and expressed their support in the project activity project introduction workshop. The main comments were to involve more public participation and properly reflect their ideas and suggestions.

7 Possible cooperation areas A total of 30 marmots; fish in the Tuul river; one pack of pigs and 10 red in the conservation of deer are present in the forest area. biodiversity 8 Activities that the Help in the rehabilitation of forest areas with community members and community would like to an NGO; stop issuing land use permits in and around the river; restore participate in vegetation cover; prohibit the creation of multiple tracks together with the forest ranger. 9 Number of people 30 people from 11 households live there.

17. Great and 18. Small Tenger valleys # Question Answer

1 General condition Total area is 3,702 ha; the forest area is 1,284 ha; Ikh tenger palace is located in this valley. A total of 10 entities hold licenses to run tourism activities, but none are operating.

2 Community opinions on Public environmental education on protecting the forest and river. improving conservation and Raised concerns about blocking the multiple roads that have been information created in these valleys.

3 Number of people who People to try to enter the forest to collect NTFP and hike, but they have collect non-timber forest been asked to leave by security personnel and rangers, based on the SPA products law.

4 Fuelwood collection These valleys have permanent security fences with guards, therefore there is no record on fuelwood collection. 5 Timber collection As it‘s legally prohibited by the law on SPA, timber harvesting for any use is zero. 6 Community attitude toward The project concept was shared and positively received by 20 people and project activity all expressed their willingness to participate in any activity. They especially encouraged broader participation. 7 Possible cooperation jareas The Tuul river has small fish; and the valley has 50 marmots and rabbits; in the conservation of 20 red deer and 26 deer. Community members were interested in biodiversity participating in feeding and fodder provision for wildlife during dzud seasons. 8 Activities that the Community members are interested in setting up a community based community would like to unit that will provide help on reforestation, forest and river protection, participate in rehabilitating degraded soil and to blocking the multiple vehicle tracks together with the ranger. Also, they are interested in preserving cultural heritage sites. For example, protecting Bichigt Had, or ―Rock with writing‖. Finally, they propose to establish a summer beach along the Tuul river. 9 Number of people Total 27 people from 5 households live there.

19. Shajinhurah Valley # Question Answer 1 General condition Total area 3,000 ha, of which the forest area is 780 ha. A total of 6 entities hold permits, but have not started any operation. 2 Community opinions on In order to protect the SPA extensive public awareness events need to be improving conservation and carried out. information

3 Number of people who Outsiders and local people enter the forest very frequently for gathering collect non-timber forest nuts and berries and on average during the harvest season around 50 products people per day visit, but in the last two years no berries and nuts were available. 4 Fuelwood collection Local people and outsiders attempt to collected fire wood from the forest but have been asked to leave the site by the SPA rangers. Records show that 15 people per month were asked to return. 5 Timber collection As it‘s prohibited by the law on SPA, timber harvesting for any use is zero.

6 Community attitude toward Increase the responsibility of companies that are running an economic project activity activity. 7 Possible cooperation areas Around 30 marmots and a number of red deer, wild pigs, rabbits and in the conservation of wolves are present. Community people were very helpful during the biodiversity dzud because they helped to carry out biotechnical activities. 8 Activities that the Interested in carrying out reforestation and rehabilitation of degraded community would like to areas within the SPA. participate in 9 Number of people 5 people from 2 households

20. Khurkheree Valley # Question Answer

1 General condition Total area is 3,533 hа and the forested area is 1,500 ha, a total of 11 entities and individuals have a license to run businesses, but only 2 tour camps are operating. 2 Community opinions on Environmental education for children and the younger generation on improving conservation and forests, wildlife, land and water; stopping the creation of multiple information vehicle tracks; establish herder groups to improve conservation by herders. 3 Number of people who Around 12-15 people enter each season to collect NTFPs. SPA collect non-timber forest administration take measures to ask people to leave based on the law. In products the last two years there were not many berries and other NTFPs available. 4 Fuelwood collection During the winter around 12-15 people attempted to collect fuelwood and this number is expected to increase. The rangers were doing their best to stop it.

5 Timber collection As it‘s prohibited by the law on SPA timber harvesting for any use is zero. 6 Community attitude toward A total of 18 people participated in the consultation meeting regarding project activity the project idea and the majority suggested to have more community participation in the project‘s implementation. 7 Possible cooperation areas A total of 20 marmots; two packs of wild pigs and 5 red deer are present in the conservation of in this valley; community people could provide support in distributing biodiversity fodder during the dzud period. 8 Activities that the The community was interested in establishing community forestry community would like to management; protecting soil cover; limiting multiple vehicle tracks; and participate in working with the ranger. 9 Number of people Total 30 people from 11 households live there.

21. Artsad valley 31

д/д Question Answer 1 General condition Total area is 1,650 ha and a total of 52 entities hold special licenses for land use, of which 3 are in the progress of setting up camp sites.

2 Community opinions on Establishing an environmental education center in Yarmag area; run improving conservation and ecological education for young children; establishing a ‗buffer zone‘ information committee and provide some financial support.

3 Number of people who There is a high incident of local people and outsiders entering the forest collect non-timber forest area to collect berries, nuts, fruit and wood. Up to 30 people are reported products to visit every day when NTFPs are abundant.

4 Fuelwood collection Local people enter the forest for collecting fuelwood. Around 600 people entered the forest for the above mentioned purpose every month.

5 Timber collection No timber logging occurs in SPA territory as it is prohibited by law. 6 Community attitude toward Community members actively participated in the consultation meeting project activity and suggested ideas for the survey.

7 Possible cooperation areas Willing to participate in reforestation activities and ex-situ conservation in the conservation of activities. biodiversity 8 Activities that the Establish a community based unit and run activities for protecting soil community would like to degradation and reforestation. participate in 9 Number of people Total population is 12,975 people of which 12,955 people live in Khoroos 4 and 5. Around 20 people live near the actual valley.

22. Тaina 23. Таshgai/ 24. Jargalant valleys # Question Answer 1 General condition Total area 2,400 ha and 25 entities have licenses for running tour operations, of which 3 currently operate tours and resort activities. There are also around 20 houses that are used all year round. As it‘s located away from the city, traffic is less. 2 Community opinions on Conduct detailed survey on herders and livestock around these valleys; improving conservation and create environmental awareness among the public and share important information facts and information; develop the SPA ‗buffer zone‘ management plan and involve community participation. 3 Number of people who There was a record of around 40 or more people (visitors) that entered collect non-timber forest the forest on a single day to collect berries, pine nuts and other NTFP products during the appropriate season. Protected area administration enforces the law of SPA and other environmental laws and thus most people leave the site. In the last two years berry and nut resources were not available.

4 Fuelwood collection Previously camp managers collected wood from the forest. Due to law enforcement, the companies were stopped from collecting wood and all the companies increased the use of electricity in all their operations.

5 Timber collection No timber logging occurs in SPA territory as it is prohibited by law. 6 Community attitude toward After introducing the project concept to the business entities and the project activity community, all of them expressed their support. During the discussion, company representatives were informed that they will participate in the project through improving responsibility reflected in the tripartite agreement established between companies, MNET and BKU administration. 7 Possible cooperation areas Eager to participate in activities that are targeted to reduce pressure on in the conservation of wildlife and their habitat. Also, offered to participate in the introduction biodiversity of new species in the BKU territory. 8 Activities that the Establish a team within the community to help different project community would like to activities, help enforce the laws and regulations of BKU; create a participate in different public awareness. 9 Number of people 30 people permanently live in each of these valleys. In addition, people of 9th and 10th khoroos of Khan-Uul district live nearby.

Bogd Khan Uul as a Sacred Mountain Bogd Khan Uul is one of four sacred mountains that surround the capital city of Ulaanbaatar: Bogd Khan Uul to the immediate south of the city centre; Bayanzurkh Uul to the east; Chingelt Khairkhan Uul eight kilometres north of the city, and Songino Khairkhan Uul twelve kilometres to the west. In pre-communist days each sacred mountain was worshipped by a particular part of town. Bogd Khan Uul was by far the most revered of the four. While the other three holy mountains were worshipped chiefly by the inhabitants of different quarters of the city, Bogd Khan Uul was venerated by all as its massif dominates the southern skyline of the city.

Bogd Khan Uul is certainly one of the world‘s oldest wildlife refuges, and is arguably the oldest. Many books, maps and leaflets claim that as early as the 13th century Bogd Khan Uul was declared by Mongol Khans (kings) to be a sacred preserve where no hunting was allowed. However a direct source for this assertion is lacking and there is no mention of such a preserve in the 13th century ‗Secret History of the Mongols‘ or in any of the 13th century Persian histories of Mongolia. In the 1700s the Khans of the time began to make twice-a-year offerings on Bogd Khan Uul and by that time prohibitions against hunting and tree-cutting were being enforced at the local level.

The mountain was first known as Khan Uul, traditionally this was based on a legend that Chinggis Khaan was born at its foot but all 13th century sources agree that this is a folk-tale as Chinggis was born in the Onon River watershed. In 1225 Chinggis Khan did, for a time, set up his headquarters on the Tuul River not far away from the mountain. In 1778 Buddhist officials sent a petition to the Manchu Emperor in Beijing reiterating the Chinggis legend and noting for several generations Khans had made offerings to the mountain. The petition sought permission to declare a civil holiday in honour of Bogd Khan Uul and asked the Manchu Court to make offers to the mountain. The Manchu Court agreed: “The veneration of 33

Khan Uul is a worthy thing. Therefore...... the appropriate ministry is empowered to send incense, candles, and silk stuffs in the ordained amount, in the spring and autumn of each year with instructions to Sanji Dorji that he make offerings in the presence of the wangs, kungs, and dzasaks [Mongolian officials and dignitaries].” According to Croner, the name Bogd (Holy) Khan Uul dates from this time.

The sacred tradition of twice-yearly votive offerings to Bogd Khan Uul continues, albeit after a 50-year hiatus in Soviet times when ovoo worship was outlawed. Yet votive offerings continued clandestinely. As in previous times, the exact dates of the twice-yearly votive offerings are determined by Mongolian astrologers of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.

Bogd Khan Uul is sacred not only to Buddhists; it has been actively worshipped by Shamanists since pre- Buddhist times continuously to the present. Shamanism is still prevalent in Mongolia but its history is obscure being decentralised, un-chronicled and intensely persecuted in Soviet times due to its primitive anarchic nature. Many shamanistic rituals – including respect for nature – were institutionalised inside mainstream Tibetan Buddhism. This included appeasing the chthonic spirits of Mongolia, which had been the sole concern of shamans. The 3rd Dalai Lama of Tibet was involved in an attempt to establish a state religion “aimed at easing the differences between Mongolian folk beliefs and those of officially sanctioned Buddhism” (Croner). Central to this was to give chthonic spirits a specific image. For Bogd Khan Uul, Garuda the Devourer was chosen, a Hinduderived entity that was half-man half-vulture and feasted on snakes, the archetypical chthonic creatures. Buddhists chose this image as it resembled the mythical Himalayan Khyung bird of the air and heavens above, “With his heavenly associations and his sworn enmity to the evil forces of the earth, Garuda appealed to Mongolian Buddhists, whose own native shamanism honoured the sky above all. . . ‖ (Croner). During Tsam performances, the ceremonial dances which once played a key role in the liturgical life of Ulaanbaatar, Garuda appeared as a masked figure, one of the Lords of the Four Sacred Mountains, representing Bogd Khan Uul.

The sacred mountain today The summit of Bogd Khan Uul is a destination for Buddhist pilgrimages today, as illustrated by a contemporary account by a foreign traveller: Nature could not have conspired better to create a setting conducive to the worship of a mountain. The flat area at the summit surrounded on all sides by soaring tors gave the immediate impression of a large altar and standing there I could not help but feel I had entered a sacred precinct. Indeed in the middle of the flat area was a large ovoo draped with khadags and Tibetan prayer flags and surrounded by mouldering bricks of tea which had been left as offerings as well of dozens of empty vodka and beer bottles left by more profane worshippers. On a flat rock near the ovoo I laid out a line of incense made from artz (a kind of dwarf juniper) which I had got at Gandan Monastery and lit it. There was no wind whatsoever and the aromatic smoke hung in a thin layer about the ovoo.

Most pilgrims are content to reach a series of shrines on the north slope of Bogd Khan Uul at an altitude of only 1635 metres and some continue to an ovoo on a ridge at 1738 metres. Together these are the destination of twice-yearly rituals attended by representatives of the State, Buddhist monks and many hundreds of Buddhists and observers. We are unaware of statistics on the number of pilgrims per year but it is said to be increasing steadily and visual evidence is obvious on high-definition Geo-Eye satellite images of 10th August and 4th October 2009 on Google Earth.

Pilgrims Way up Bogd Khan Uul sacred mountain

Looking south across the edge of the city and the Tuul river to the Pilgrims Way (green dots). (image: Google Earth, Aug 2009)

The present-day importance of Bogd Khan Uul as a sacred mountain was demonstrated recently with the construction of a major site of worship at the foot of the mountain below Zaisan Hill. Known as the Buddha Park the centrepiece is a 23-metre statue of a young Buddha looking towards the city. While there is consensus that this is an admirable addition to the cityscape it further erodes the integrity of the Strictly Protected Area.

Buddha and Zaisan War Memorial

View across the Buddha Park to the War Memorial on Zaisan Hill. (photo: Bernd Braeutigam 2009)

The south side of Bogd Khan Uul includes an important site of Buddhist devotion, Mandshir Khiid (‗Manchu Monastery‘). Built as recently as 1773 in the reign of the Manchu (‗Mandshir‘) dynasty, it housed a thriving religious community in pre-Soviet times but was almost completely destroyed in 1937 in a bloody purge. During the early 1990s the main temple was restored by the State as a museum. Subsequently the site and its museum became a State-managed tourist centre, with a small range of visitor facilities in its idyllic setting of forests and mountains. Today the site remains very popular with Mongolian day-trippers, foreign tourists and Buddhists alike. Limited restoration of some of the minor 35

buildings of the monastery is being undertaken by some Buddhists, and Buddhist votive offerings are common at the site.

Archaeology Archeological work between 1949 and 1960 revealed many Paleolithic sites on Bogd Khan Uul SPA, including an Upper Paleolithic (40,000-12,000 years ago) site on the south-east base of Zaisan Hill. The lower strata of a bistratified settlement located at the present-day Zaisan Memorial revealed tools and it is clear that these Upper Paleolithic people hunted mammoth and wooly rhinoceros. Developments around Zaisan should thus really be subject to archaeological investigations and the Institute of Archaeology should be asked to provide a desk study of archives and papers in Russian. In addition, red ochre rock paintings from the Bronze Age (3000 years ago) are to be found at Ikh Tenger Gorge on the north side of Mt. Bogd Khan Uul facing the city. The paintings show human figures, horses, eagles and abstract designs like horizontal lines and large squares with over a hundred dots within them.

Sensitive Elements at Risk

Soil Bogd Khan Uul SPA contains a wide range of soil types, generally thin, often of intrinsic ecological merit and vulnerable to damage. Risks to soils arise from activities which might involve altering the grazing regime, modifying the water regime, restoring wells for livestock, driving in ruts, digging holes for trees, changing the structure of forest, setting up field camps, creating experimental plots, removing deadwood or cleaning forests (although the last two are illegal even in the Limited Use Zone). The most likely project impact is from project vehicles shuttling across the steppe and along dirt and gravel roads. After a short time, this compacts the soil and alters its properties. Bogd Khan Uul SPA shows large areas of soil damaged by vehicles travelling on dirt and gravel roads. The main issue is not only the intensity of use, but the irresistible tendency to create multi-tracking that permanently scars a wide area, even though in time the grassland may recover considerably. Multi-tracking is characterised by wheel ruts parallel to the direction of travel but if traffic is fast then potholes are gouged out and/or cross- ruts produced by suspension vibration. In contrast, using horses results in thousands of hoof prints but not potholes, vibration ribbing or wheel ruts. The soils of the PAs are particularly at risk due to the myriad of dirt tracks that climb steep slopes, destroying the vegetation by flattening, spinning and gouging, and exposing bare soil vulnerable to further gouging and to ever deepening wheel rutting. The deep bare ruts then become gutters that capture surface runoff from snowmelt and cloudbursts and funnel it quickly downhill, leading to rapid down- cutting and back-cutting of topsoil and then subsoil.

Fire and Air The largest potential impact of fieldwork activity by the project would be the accidental triggering of a wildfire either in the forest or across the steppe. If a wildfire occurs in the general area in which the project is conducting fieldwork then the finger of suspicion would fall on the project team as the culprits. The outcome might be a wave of bad publicity, a breakdown in trust with the local people or damage to the project‘s credibility with Government, international donors and NGOs. Any one of these outcomes might be sufficient to terminate the project or curb its activity. Therefore the mitigation measures (see later) are designed to take this into account, by ensuring that the project has field teams that are willing, able and available to fight forest fires at the request of the competent authorities; that each field vehicle is equipped with communication equipment for reporting fires accurately (GPS location, photos) and recieving warnings of fires and fire threat-levels on a more than daily basis.

In addition, routine fieldwork should include study of fire-damaged areas and old firebreaks in forests and across steppe, and doubtless site visits to observe fire damage and commence monitoring will be possible from ―the day after‖ several fire events during the project period. Ger stoves traditionally burn wood or dried dung, and increasingly burn low quality brown coal when it is available. The impact on air quality from a single ger is unlikely to create a significant environmental impact but nevertheless is worth minimizing for the health and safety of the ger occupants. The use of coal for fuel in Limited Access Zones by project staff should be discouraged, in order to minimize release of sulphur into the local atmosphere and minimize the release of heavy metals into the atmosphere and in the residual ash and clinker. Travelling to and from the fieldwork areas may have significant impacts on air quality, notably by vehicles causing fugitive dust events when travelling along gravel roads and dirt roads and especially when travelling off-road to reach the remoter fieldwork sites.

Still Water The main risk arises if small water bodies such as puddles, often temporary (ephemeral) in character, are ignored or overlooked. Small water bodies are of considerable ecological interest and groups of small water bodies may exhibit an unusually wide range of water chemistry and pH. These puddles are easily damaged or destroyed by vehicles, thoughtless dumping of dug soil to make a site ―tidy‖ and by accidental drainage. Highly alkaline pools are present that support specialized microbiota of international interest. Small brackish pools support populations of ephemeral freshwater crustaceans that breed when the pools are filled, laying resistant eggs to withstand the intervening dry conditions. Irregular freshwater pools support populations of frogs, toads and perhaps the threatened Siberian Salamander. Surface water pools of all shapes and sizes may contain important wetland plants including small species that are easily overlooked. Surface water pools are important not only for waterfowl but in an arid climate prone to drought may be important for all species of birds. Small pools that are in clusters or in corridors are of particular value in allowing meta-populations of animals ranging from amphibians to Red Deer to migrate and interbreed. A special risk may arise if isolated ponds become accidentally or deliberately linked to larger ponds. Fish invasion would decimate the biodiversity reduce amphibian populations and change the vegetation. To emphasise the point, even tiny pools of water inside tree stumps or under stones are important microhabitats for many species of small organisms ranging from tiny water beetles, copepods, cladocerans and turbellarians to microscopic species of rotifers and heliozoan.

Flowing water The main risk arises from the careless or indiscriminate use of vehicles. Tiny streams, especially ephemeral streams should not be used as dirt/gravel tracks in summer, merely because it is more comfortable to drive along them than across rugged or bushy ground. Physical damage to the ephemeral stream-beds can be significant, especially if project vehicles use a route repeatedly. Gross pollution would result if a car leaked engine oil, lubricant or brake fluid as the small stream when active would lack the volume or velocity to ensure dilution, dispersal and decomposition. Larger surface streams are also at risk from careless or indiscriminate use of vehicles. Large streams “have to be” forded and this may double up as a car wash - jettisoning oil, grease and other contaminants from the underside of the vehicle. There is also inevitably damage to the stability of the river bank and to the stability of the river bed especially if the river bed is muddy, silty or sandy. Apart from the issue of fording, it is customary to break a journey by resting next to a river, lighting a fire, cooking and having a paddle or a swim. Such activities need to be minimized in the four SPAs during project activities, and under no circumstances is this acceptable inside the Pristine Zone.

Groundwater A common risk is the accidental or deliberate disposal of water from camp-sites containing engine oil, surfactants, shampoo, phosphate-rich washing-up liquid, cooking oil, animal fats, deodorant, perfume, medicines, ink etc. A special risk exists from camp-fires even if supervised and properly extinguished if plastic or rubber materials are partially combusted - phenols and other toxic substances can be released into the soil and groundwater. Another risk is from discarding spent flashlight batteries as these contain a cocktail of heavy metals. The highest risk is probably from spillages of diesel or petrol fuel used for operating camp generator sets. Special care is required to ensure that no generator is used that contains toxic coolants such as PCBs that, if leaking during operation, storage, transport and maintenance, have the potential to seriously contaminate groundwater.

Permafrost The loss of any permafrost, even a few square metres, can have complicated and unpredictable consequences. A risk during project fieldwork is a localised ‗point loss‘ due to extremely localised cavitation of permafrost. Cavitation may cause the permafrost, especially where it is thin, to be punctured. One of three scenarios may ensue rather suddenly: 1. If the permafrost is underlain by over-pressured water in an aquifer of which the permafrost is the water-tight seal (aquaclude), then a powerful spring may erupt and continue flowing until the groundwater has been lost, dewatering the natural springs in the air and sometimes causing a surface stream to disappear. 2. If the punctured permafrost is underlain by an under-pressurized aquifer then air is sucked in or 3. If the punctured permafrost is already underlain by an air pocket to begin with, air may rush either in or out, and may never fully stabilise and be dependent on relative air pressure and venture effect. In extreme cases, once the ground below a ger stove becomes thoroughly heated over a few days, then this heat is slowly conducted downwards. While the heat is trivial in a local context, it is still sufficient to cause ‗point loss‘ of permafrost by thawing, and cases have been reported of ger stoves, and ultimately the gers themselves, collapsing down a hole up which a powerful new spring of near-freezing groundwater erupts through the ruptured permafrost seal. The vital role of permafrost as a seal in arid regions - preventing the loss of surface streams into the subsurface - is rarely appreciated but cannot be overstated. There are reliable reports of the sudden total loss of surface streams in the Khangai and Arkhangai mountains when point loss of permafrost attributed to placer gold mining deprived the stream of its watertight seal of permafrost and the stream disappeared permanently.

Flora The major risk from project activities is from accidental wildfires burning forests or grasslands. A less obvious risk would if an increase in the frequency, area or intensity of wildfires occurred as a short- or long-term consequence of project activities. A well-known serious threat to forests and grasslands is the triggering of wildfires when bright sunshine is refracted through discarded transparent materials such as glass and focussed on tinder-dry vegetation. A little-known threat of triggering wildfires is from static electricity and friction between a dry vehicle and dry vegetation such as long grass. This is reliably reported as having caused at least one major wildfire in the eastern steppes of Mongolia. Significant impacts on plants (both positive and negative) may potentially arise from a great range of project fieldwork activities, particularly where they involve camping, trial plots, tree-planting, fencing, changing the grazing regime, forest cleaning, cutting of fire-breaks, removal of rubbish, remediation of existing negative impacts (e.g. multi-tracking), creation of nature trails etc. Another vegetation impact that is easily overlooked or ignored is the creation of paths and dirt roads in order for project staff "to get to the field site". While direct damage by trampling and compaction is

immediate and obvious, a potentially much greater threat is that the route may now encourage more walkers, riders or drivers to enter once-secluded areas with resulting major impacts. A related threat is that whether walking, riding or driving the project personnel will usually preferentially "take the easy way" to reach a field site without due consideration of potential impacts, rather than endure the delay and inconvenience of travelling "the long way round" along which impacts might be less. Another related threat is that when walking, riding or driving pre-existing tracks the project personnel may make the route more accessible, or "more intriguing", to livestock, or to people engaged in logging, hunting or fishing, or the collection of deadwood, nuts, fungi, medicinal plants, essential oils etc. Impacts on lower plants may occur through lack of appreciation of microhabitats favouring their presence, such as upright timber, fallen deadwood, rotting logs, charred logs, rotting leaves, animal dung, ammoniac air from latrines, rock surfaces, water seepages, water trickling down tree trunks, springs, derelict buildings, wetlands in general, ephemeral ponds, soil crusts etc.

Fauna The major risk from the project to the fauna is through accidental wildfires, but it is also possible that project activities could introduce key diseases, such as foot and mouth disease. However, when such diseases occur there are national regulations concerning travel and movements. Impacts on wildlife could include the moving away of animals due to disturbance and stress from project staff (but this is likely to be short lived) and from tourism trails, and a reduction in numbers by degrading the home range or territory such as modification or loss of areas for grazing, rutting, nesting, drinking/watering, basking (reptiles), spawning (fish and other aquatic animals), hiding, resting, sleeping, breeding or hibernating, or reduction of food supply or access to the food supply. It is also possible that over-attention to the large mammals could lead to damage to the habitats of small mammals such as hollow trees as roosts for bats, or the unintended trapping of rodents and insectivores in pits. For some animal groups, such as reptiles and amphinbains and invertebrates, there is very little information available and so project and Bogd Khan Uul staff will need to be made aware of species that may occure in the area and their ecological requirements. Current Site threats and Pressures

Insect attacks In some years insect damage to the forest of Bogd Khan Uul is severe and this can seriously contribute to forest loss. The first scientifically witnessed insect attacks in Mongolia were in 1925-1929 by the Siberian Moth Dendrolimus sibiricus, in 1941-1944 by the Vapourer Moth Orgyia antiqua, in 1955-1957 by the Siberian Moth, in 1971-1972 by Jacbson's Spanworm Erannis jacobsoni and Siberian Moth, in 1989 by Jacbson's Spanworm, in 2000 by the Siberian Moth, Vapourer Moth and Gypsy Moth Ocneria dispar. These four species are highly damaging, and arrive in large swarms from the taiga forests of Siberia in the north. The swarms resemble locust swarms but target larch trees. Given the right combination of climatic conditions in Siberia, clouds of insects fly hundreds of kilometres, and when they fly south they enter the northern forested regions of Mongolia. Further south the only food for their larvae is the southernmost fragments of taiga forest such as Bogd Khan Uul SPA. The scale of insect attacks seems to have increased over the last few decades. While the most likely cause is a combination of climatic change in tandem with short-term climatic cycles, the intensity of attack is amplified on the southernmost fragments of taiga forest – the smaller the fragments the more each fragment is the focus of an attack from the north. Furthermore, once a fragment has become the focus of an attack then maturing larvae form secondary swarms the following year and these attack the same fragment of taiga forest together with neighbouring fragments. Stands of larch trees are often killed outright by excessive insect attack. Large stands of surviving larch are damaged sufficiently to be left more vulnerable to destruction by the next insect swarm, fires, drought, fungus and by normally benign insects. Tree-ring cores of larch trees from closed and open canopies in the eastern part of Bogd Khan Uul

show that even trees that survive have narrower tree-rings in the years of insect attacks because their growth has been affected. There is some evidence that occasional light fires ‗cleanse‘ the forests of pests by killing the eggs which are laid at or near the forest floor, often among rocks, or larvae before they have climbed into the canopy.

Fire outbreaks

In some years, fire damage to the forest of Bogd Khan Uul can be locally severe and a major contributor to forest loss. The area affected by fire was 86.76 ha (5 fires) in 2008 and 7.2 ha (3 fires) in 2009.

Wildfires are a natural part of the Mongolian ecosystems as evidenced by tree ring analyses from trees of up to 400 years old. They are a natural mechanism for maintaining a relatively low basal area and open structure in the forest (which supports berry-bearing shrubs and grazing/browsing ungulates), and to maintain the open steppe grasslands of Mongolia by controlling and limiting the southern spread of the taiga forest. Being within the 200-km wide forest-steppe transition zone, the taiga forests of Bogd Khan Uul are in a complex ecological zone where forests and grasslands intermingle. Increased vulnerability to forest fires may be attributed not only to climate change (drying out of forests, weakening of permafrost etc) and insect attacks, but also to changing patterns of land use and especially the suppression of fires which result in any fires that do occur being more intense and damaging. Mongolian wildfires are no longer usually natural (lightning strikes etc.) but are increasingly anthropogenic in origin either accidental (camp fires, stubble burning etc) or deliberate (fire-raisers, arsonists etc). Not surprisingly, the frequency of forest fires in Bogd Khan Uul SPA has increased in recent years. Being in the immediate proximity to the capital city suggests that the increase is due largely to anthropogenic factors particularly from fireraisers, and from the camp fires and cigarettes of poor families who depend on the forest resources - hunting and gathering nuts, fungi, fruits and faggots. Most evidence of poor households having triggered forest fires in the SPA in recent year is anecdotal.

Fires and forest loss in Bogd Khan Uul SPA RED– fires in the recent past and loss of forest canopy by many causes, including fire. (image: Google Earth 2009)

Loss of forest canopy by fire

Blackened, fallen trees some years after a serious forest fire. (image: Google Earth – August 2009)

Permafrost loss The southern limit of permafrost coincides closely with the southern limit of the taiga forest. In summer, trees are acutely sensitive to prolonged dry periods, but may obtain a vital daily supply of water from the daily thawing of the concealed upper surface of the permafrost. In winter, the trees require very little water and the upper surface of the permafrost refreezes. In summer, shade from the trees shields the ground from the summer heat of the sun, and so retards the rate of seasonal thawing. A positive ecological feedback is thought to exist: trees protect permafrost, and permafrost protects trees. By implication: the loss of forests can result in the loss of permafrost; equally, the loss of permafrost can result in the loss of forests. It seems likely then that any loss of forest will cause increased loss of permafrost, and this in turn wil cause further loss of forest. This model enjoys wide support from the local and international scientific community. Mongolia includes the southern limit of permafrost and has an exceptionally wide zone of discontinuous islands of permafrost. Much of the permafrost of northern Mongolia is predicted to disappear with regional climate change within the next 20-30 years. While overall this threat seems highly likely, we believe that although Bogd Khan Uul is an island of discontinuous permafrost it is exceptionally robust by virtue of its high altitude and geology. Rough calculations suggest that the mountain top and its northern flanks will keep its permafrost even in the worse case scenario of regional climatic warming over a 30-year period. Nevertheless it will mean sufficient thinning of permafrost to cause retreat of the forest- steppe margin upslope by perhaps as much as 50 to 200 metres in altitude. Thinning of the permafrost will mean the deep roots of many trees will no longer be able to reach the top of the permafrost so easily and will therefore become prone to stress from drought. We assume that many trees will then either die of drought or become more at risk from fire and insect pests. We also predict that human activity will cause some loss of permafrost on Bogd Khan Uul, both locally and widely. We suggest that the increased water abstraction to meet the needs of the city, may affect the water table under the northern flank of the mountain. The rocks of the mountain exhibit very low porosity but hold substantial volumes of water in interconnected open fissures. Therefore the underside of the permafrost may become eroded or thawed by contact with moving groundwater. The underside may even lose contact with the groundwater and so be in contact with air pockets. No investigation has been made into this topic at Bogd Khan Uul, but if the model of the EIA consultants is correct then permafrost loss could be sudden and irreversible by cavitation melting of permafrost from below. The potential scale of the problem is indicated by the observations from monitoring boreholes near Ulaanbaatar‘s satellite towns of Nalaikh and Baganuur. Here rapid under-melting of permafrost has lead to its total loss, the under-melting being attributed to coal mining. While our model remains theoretical

and speculative, if correct then its consequences may be far-ranging and irreversible – at least for the north slopes of Bogd Khan Uul. The greatest risk of loss of permafrost from undermelting will be from the dense cluster of private water wells sunk in the vicinity of Zaisan. While the wells produce copious clean water today, we surmise this is at the price of causing a combined drawdown of the water table to the south under the higher ground. In due course this will become serious IF, as expected, the Zaisan valley is underlain by a system of open fissures connecting with open fissures under the centre of Bogd Khan Uul itself.

Permafrost ice pushing up a ‗pingo‘ island near Nalaikh

(photo: Robin Grayson)

Air pollution Bogd Khan Uul forests are in immediate proximity to Ulaanbaatar, now ranking as one of Asia‘s capital cities with the lowest air quality. Ulaanbaatar‘s air pollution is the focus of considerable applied research with estimates of deaths and diseases associated with low air quality suggested in a recent World Bank study to be a major contributor to mortality and morbidity with estimated impacts respectively of $296 and $179 million a year. Ulaanbaatar is the world‘s coldest capital city in winter when its air quality plummets due to thermal inversion over the valley and air pollution from coal fires. Ulaanbaatar has three main coal-burning power plants, all combined heat and power plants: ‗Thermal and Electrical Stations‘ TES #2, TES #3 and TES #4.

Acid Rain The most ‗at risk‘ forests and grasslands are in the north-west corner of Bogd Khan Uul SPA by virtue of being close to coal-burning TES #3 and TES #4. The design of these Soviet power stations are problematic, and in spite of limited improvements after strenuous efforts by international donors and Mongolian authorities, TES #3 emits substantially more dust, particulates, SO2, CO2, CO and heavy metals than permitted by national or international standards. Closure or suspension of the power plant is not an option as it vital for Ulaanbaatar and the National Electrical Grid. Recent investigation by Japanese researchers shows the high risk of acid rain to long-term survival of larch on the NW flank of Bogd Khan Uul facing the point source of UB Power Plant #4, with larch needles having 2.2 mg- S/gram dry weight of larch needles compared to 1.2 for larch needles on Bogd Khan Uul further away from the point source. Ozone levels are twice as high as in the grossly polluted city centre, and SO2 levels 60% higher. The larch forests on the NW corner of Bogd Khan Uul are seriously threatened by this. The larch forests on the rest of Bogd Khan Uul seem far less vulnerable to acid rain thanks to ‗dilute and disperse‘ from the very high stack of TES#4 – the main point source. However the annual doses of acid 42

rain from multiple sources across the city are expected to have significantly weakened the resistance of the larch stands across the whole of Bogd Khan Uul to insect pests, fires and drought. Given the estimated significant risk of air quality illnesses and deaths from low air quality among Ulaanbaatar residents, the EIA consultants assume some of the longer-lived larger animals on Bogd Khan Uul may also be at risk. Doubtless great variation can be expected between species depending on their longevity, metabolism and their feeding and hibernation habits.

Radiation Public awareness is low regarding relatively high uranium (U) levels in most coals burned in Ulaanbaatar. On Bogd Khan Uul, analyses show the uranium levels to be 15.7 times higher in mosses collected at Zaisan and Bogini than with the same species of mosses in clean air districts – disproportionally higher than for other heavy metals. We attribute the elevated levels at Bogd Khan Uul SPA to bioaccumulation from the air and from snow and water on stones and bark rather than from the soil. While showing that a problem exists, this does not mean that vegetation is at risk from heavy metals, as the tolerance levels of plants can sometimes be very high. There may be some marginal risk of radon poisoning to burrow- dwelling mammals particularly in hibernation, but we are unaware of any studies on this topic worldwide. Public awareness is also low regarding the relatively high risk to households in Bogd Khan Uul SPA and Ulaanbaatar from elevated levels of radon (Ra) gas, a radioactive product of uranium (U). All coal is slightly radioactive but rarely sufficient to affect human health. This is explored further in Annex 4.

Lead Poisoning As recently as the year 2000, traffic volumes and congestion in Ulaanbaatar became sufficient to arouse concerns regarding heavy metals released by traffic fumes, most obviously lead (Pb) from anti-knock fuel additives. We assume that lead levels of soils on Bogd Khan Uul will rise year-by-year if the fuel sold in the city is not lead-free – a situation which proves very hard to confirm. Investigation of lead levels in plants in Bogd Khan Uul SPA is urgently required as bioaccumulation of lead by forage plants may locally be already approaching significant levels for grazing cattle, horses, sheep and goats. Further bioaccumulation in livestock potentially resulting in lead levels in milk and meat which render them unfit for human consumption. If this were to happen it would endanger the health of herder households, deprive them of cash income from selling milk and meat and necessitate a ban on livestock grazing not only on the north side of Bogd Khan Uul but also elsewhere around the urban limits of the city.

Other heavy metal poisoning While there is considerable local awareness about the severe air pollution in Ulaanbaatar, the release of heavy metals by coal-burning has attracted little public attention. All coal contains elevated levels of heavy metals. In a perfect situation, nearly all heavy metals should remain in the clinker or be removed by scrubbers and therefore only gaseous material is released by the stacks. This is not the case in Ulaanbaatar. At Zaisan Am and Bogini Am on the north side of Bogd Khan Uul SPA, elemental analyses of mosses (Rhytidium rugosum, Thuidium abietinum and Entodon concinnus) and lichens (Cladonia stellaris and Parmelia separata) have been carried out by Mongolian scientists using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The mosses and lichens had significantly higher levels of all heavy metals compared with the same species gather in ‗pure‘ air districts remote from Ulaanbaatar. Of more concern is the ability of certain plants to bioaccumulate heavy metals sufficient to render their leaves and stems highly toxic to animals grazing on them. Relevant to Bogd Khan Uul is the ability of many species of willow to bioaccumulate cadmium (Cd) to such high levels that it causes severe cadmium-poisoning and fatalities in Elk/Red Deer and Moose that depend on its shoots for grazing in winter-time. This is based on field research in Alaska and the EIA consultants surmise that any such surviving animals populations on Bogd Khan Uul may also be at risk, for during the winter months they seek out willows for grazing when they descend from the mountain towards the city for shelter. We

further speculate that willows, and perhaps other riverside plants, in the vicinity of TES #3 may now be toxic to grazers due not only to cadmium (Cd) but also to a cocktail of heavy metals from air pollution derived from coal-burning.

Prolonged drought Until recently the threat of prolonged summer drought to the viability of the taiga forests has been based largely on anecdotal evidence and limited fieldwork. The scientific basis confirming the nature of the threat was published in 2009 by Dulamsuren and colleagues who elegantly demonstrated that drought is a key factor explaining the forest-steppe borderline. From their findings we suggest that drought is a more important limiting factor to forest spread than grazing, fire, insects or permafrost; albeit that all these factors tend to operate in unison. Frequent drought stress, especially in young trees, at the forest-steppe borderline showed that water availability limits the ability of larch to encroach onto the steppe. Forest spread is possible only in a sequence of exceptionally moist and cool years. Conversely, forest retreat is more likely the more prevalent droughts become. This research suggests that trees at the forest edge have become better adapted to dry conditions than those of the forest interior as a result of the increase in droughts.

Climate change The taiga forests of Bogd Khan Uul SPA remain particularly vulnerable to any changes in the local climatic regime. However in Mongolia there is evidence of not only long and short term climatic cycles (i.e. episodes of climate change) but also clear evidence of a rapid warming trend. Tree ring studies in the taiga forests of Bogd Khan Uul SPA, Gorkhi-Terelj NP and Khan Khentii SPA demonstrate long and short-term cycles of annual growth over the last 200 years, attributed to a complex inter-play of variations in seasonal temperatu and variations in seasonal precipitation, albeit overprinted by the effects of severe insect attacks and forest fires. In addition, tree-ring studies of the same areas show clear signs of significant warmer weather over the last years. With the effect of prolonged drought on the larch being recently confirmed as the main determinant of the extent of the taiga forests, the heat wave duration is a critically important climatic factor.

Pilgrim pressure A long-term threat to the whole of Bogd Khan Uul would arise if the number of pilgrims and visitors to the summit of Tsetsegun continues to rise and is not managed. Apart from loss of flagship mammals due to human disturbance, the risk of fire would be greatly increased. Therefore the present SPA management goal of directing pilgrims to peripheral sites should be maintained and so far has proved somewhat self- enforcing; to reach the summit is an arduous task and drinking water is completely absent. However, after only 15 year‘s existence, the Pilgrims Way shows signs of damage to the grassland by walkers as a result of compaction, loss of ground cover, and soil erosion. This is evident on Google Earth images and requires remedial action before soil erosion becomes too severe.

Soil erosion along the Pilgrims Way

View east along the Tuul river at the foot of Bogd Khan Uul. Green dots = pilgrims way. In little over 15 years the feet of pilgrims has begun to cause significant loss of natural vegetation along its excessively wide dirt path, and remedial action is necessary to prevent further erosion and multi- tracking.

Tourism pressure Tourism is one of the few sectors in Mongolia capable of generating local wealth and employment. However, as everywhere else in the world, such pressure carries a high risk. If unchecked then tourism pressure will degrade the biodiversity of the SPA so that it looses its appeal as a tourist attraction and even so much that its status as a Strictly Protected Area and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve will be undermined resulting in inevitable de-listing. Pressure is from both international tourists, and also from large numbers of city residents who visit the SPA for fresh air, socialising and relaxation. Both groups consist mainly of day-trip visitors who are homebased (local residents) or staying off-site in guest accommodation in the nearby city centre (hotels, rented apartments, backpacker hostels etc). Tourists climbing to the Zaisan War Memorial Looking north from across the Tuul river. (photo: Robin Grayson)

Obvious threats from tourists include disturbance (especially nesting birds and herds of large mammals), forest fires, litter etc. Many of these threats can be controlled by site management of visitors, and are often reversible to some degree over a few years.

Tourism developments The construction of permanent facilities for tourists can result in large and irreversible impacts but they can also have a positive force because they have the capacity to control the use of their concession, their ‗product‘ is access to a beautiful SPA, and they have the capital to use internationally-regard products for minimizing impacts. This is exemplified by the opening in October 2009 of the Sky Ski Resort on the outer eadge of the NE part of the SPA.

Physical impact of construction of the Sky Ski Resort: RED LINES – new fences; PURPLE – ski runs; ORANGE – ski lifts. (image: Google Earth 2009)

One of the two sky lifts at the Sky Ski Resort. An opportunity to see the SPA. (photo: Chimidnyam Dorjsuren)

One of the four ski slopes at the Sky Ski Resort Bright lights and loss of steppe. (photo: Chimidnyam Dorjsuren)

Plan of the Sky Ski Resort. (photo: Chimidnyam Dorjsuren)

A comprehensive threat to the biodiversity of the SPA is the construction of ger camps, for these are essentially permanent structures with irreversible impacts. While a few scattered ger camps might make little impact, once the density of ger camps reaches a critical point then the ‗point impacts‘ overlap and merge. The EIA consultants‘ assessment is that this critical point has now been passed and they have pinpointed 32 ger camps within Bogd Khan visible on high-definition Google Earth (10th August 2009 and 4th October 2009), and doubtless others have been overlooked. Active construction of more ger camps is apparent.

Tourist camps inside Bogd Khan Uul SPA. The ger camps are in a dense crescent on three sides of the SPA. (image: Google Earth)

It is important to demonstrate that the ger camps are now too numerous and there is ―no room for more‖ without risking a collapse in the biodiversity of the SPA. As an example a set of eight Google Earth images (10th August and 4th October 2009) are shown that illustrate the cumulative impact on the lush deep side-valleys that connect the montane taiga forests to the floodplain of the Tuul river. These side- valleys are of high biodiversity interest for three reasons: i. they containing wet meadows with special and rare species of plants and animals;

ii. they serve as vital corridors for movement of wildlife between the forests and the lowlands; and

iii. they possess sufficient range of altitude to be natural laboratories for recording the impact of regional climate change on the tree line and on many species of animals and plants.

Throttling of eight side-valleys in a row is not just eight times the impact on a single valley, but has a much larger cumulative impact. For instance, the passage of Red Deer down to the Tuul wetlands is now difficult and – if ger camps are slotted in the few remaining side-valleys – impossible.

Side Valley #1 Zaisan throttled. Ger camps throttling Zaisan side valley. (image: Google Earth)

Side Valley #2 Ikh Tenger is still partly open The Presidential Palace has prevented ger camps. (image: Google Earth)

Side Valley #3 is still partly open. The valley is still partly open in spite of a ger camp. (image: Google Earth)

Side Valley #4 is still partly open Still open despite derelict military buildings and a new ger camp. (image: Google Earth)

Side Valley #5 is throttled. Blocked by one ger camp at the river and a second by the forest. (image: Google Earth)

Side Valley #6 is throttled Blocked by a two ger camps next to the forest. (image: Google Earth)

Side Valley #7 is throttled. Blocked by the Sky Ski Resort. (image: Google Earth)

Side Valley #8 was blocked but is open again Once blocked by buildings, now open again. (image: Google Earth)

Urban Encroachment Seemingly relentless encroachment by urban development is an ongoing threat to the integrity of Bogd Khan Uul SPA, for the Strictly Protected Area limits the growth of the city centre. The highly visible 50

ongoing encroachment is the subject of considerable public concern and media attention. Components of the threat are many and varied as illustrated by the following photographs taken in 2009:

Destruction of a vital ‗meadow valley‘. The valley connected the interior of the SPA with the wetlands. Looking NE from Zaisan Hill across the Tuul. (photo: Robin Grayson)

Urban development inside the SPA – summer 2009. High density multi- storey apartment blocks are a blatant violation of land designated by law as ‗Restricted Use Zone‘ within a ‗State Special Protected Area‘. Looking south from Zaisan Hill. (photo: Robin Grayson)

Urban development still spreading in summer 2009. More multi-storey apartment blocks, with numerous parcels of land fenced off, many with ger householders speculatively awaiting developers to buy them out. (photo: Robin Grayson)

Developments inside the SPA boundary – vertical view. Vertical view with Zaisan Hill in the middle. (image: Google Earth)

Developments inside the SPA boundary – looking south. Oblique view looking south, with Zaisan Hill in the middle. foreground. (image: Google Earth)

GIS map of developments inside the SPA boundary. GIS map draped on the Shuttle Digital Elevation Model (DEM). View south across Zaisan Uul. The map shows the parcels of land that are already developed (pre and post- designation of the SPA) and those parcels of land destined to be developed shortly.

This threat has been the subject to a great deal of attention by the government and World Bank during project preparation with reports produced, legal opinion sought, and their decision is to not finance any protected area management, no activities within the contentious areas, nor to provide any expertise on legal issues of land allocation.

Land Allocation at the mouth of the Artsat Valley 53

Land Allocation in the NE Chuluut Valley area

Land Allocation in the Zaisan Valley

Chapter 3: Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks, Including World Bank Safeguard Policies

Policy Framework

State Environmental Policy Mongolia has a clear policy framework on the environment. Much of it evolved as part of Mongolia‘s Action Program for the 21st century (MAP-21); this is the country‘s National Agenda on Sustainable Development, structured around four pillars:

i. sustainable social development,

ii. sustainable economic development,

iii. sustainable use of natural resources and protection of nature and the environment, and

iv. means for implementing Mongolia‘s system on sustainable development.

The following table indicates the evolution of national environmental policy, much of it integrated into MAP-21:

Evolution of State Environmental Policy Framework 1. The Concept of National Security of Mongolia. (Appendix I of Resolution/Decree #56 of Ikh Hural 1994) 2. The Concept of Development of Mongolia. (Appendix I of Resolution #56 of 1994 of Ikh Hural) 3. The State Policy on Ecology. (Appendix of Resolution #106 of Ikh Hural 1997) 4. National Program for Protection of Biological Diversity, (Appendix to Resolution #163 of Ikh Hural 1996) 5. National Program for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century (MAP-21). (approved by Resolution #82 of Ikh Hural 1998) 6. National Program for Protected Areas. (Appendix of Resolution #29 of Ikh Hural 1998) 7. National Program for Forests. (Appendix of Resolution #248 of Mongolian Government 2002) 8. National Program on Protection and Sustainable Use of Endangered Plant Species of Mongolia. (Appendix to Resolution #105 of Mongolian Government 2002)

9. National Program for Supporting Quality and Environment Management. (Appendix to Resolution #146 of Mongolian Government 2002) 10.Program for Development of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment Monitoring Sector towards 2015. (Appendix I of Resolution #182 of Mongolian Government 2002) 11. National Program to Combat Desertification. (Appendix I of Resolution #141 of Mongolian Government 2003) 12. National Program for ‗Green Belt‘ (Appendix I of Resolution #44 of Mongolian Government 2005)

State policy on Protected Areas In 1998 the National Program for Protected Areas announced a target of at least 30% of the territory of Mongolia to become PAs to conserve nature, sustain ecological balance, enrich natural resources, and protect natural and historical remains. The PA network was required to represent all natural features and different climate zones.

Mongolia – PA Work Program The current status of the PA network is spelt out in the National Report on Implementation of the Convention of Biological Diversity, published in 2009 by the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism of Mongolia. Chapter 3 of the National Report describes the efforts by MNET to integrate biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into relevant sectoral and cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies as required by Article 6 of the Biodiversity Convention. This includes ongoing efforts by MNET to integrate biodiversity conservation into sectors such as forestry, agriculture, education, health, rural development, mining and sub-national strategies and programs. Chapter 4 of the National Report presents progress by Mongolia towards meeting the global 2010 target of the Biodiversity Convention. Annex 5 of the above report tabulates the Program of Work on PAs and compares it to the global goals and 2010 target of the Biodiversity Convention. Annex 5 therefore constitutes the policy framework that guides the design and implementation of the proposed project.

Legal Framework The following account is based, often verbatim, on a recent study for the World Bank conducted by Birdlife International on Mongolia‘s institutional framework for environmental protection7.

Introduction Mongolia has a long tradition of environmental protection legislation, dating back to Chinggis Khan‘s 13th century legal code, the Ikh Zasag of 1206 A.D., which has a chapter on environmental protection: ―It is forbidden to spill dairy products and other foodstuff on the ground as well as to urinate on livestock fences. One who breaks these rules shall be subject to the death penalty‖, and, ―If one made wild fire damage to the environment, he/she shall be subject to the death penalty along with all his/her family

7 Tordoff et al. 2009. Safeguarding Important Areas of Natural Habitats in Mongolia in the Context of Economic Development. The World Bank. Washington DC. http://go.worldbank.org/ZL82AV7970

members‖. It also prohibited the pollution of water and the destruction of soil. Khubilai Khaan extended this law to cover the conservation of land, soil, water, forest and species; hunting and protection of forest and steppes from fire. Then in the 16th century Altan Khaan passed the Tsaaz Bichig which dealt with conservation issues such as protection of pasture land from wildfire; proper use and conservation of hunting animals and their skins; controlling hunting of some fishes and birds; etc. In the 1700s the Khalkh Juram ―Khalha‘s Code of Conduct‖ stated ―Anyone is obliged to extinguish wild fire occurring in his/her migration area, and if that person does not take the required action, he/she shall be subject to a fine of a 3- year-old horse‖.

The Socialist Development Phase between 1921 and 1989 saw the adoption of laws and regulations controlling the environment. These laws have been constantly updated and amended right up to the socioeconomic transition period of the 1990s.

During Soviet times, Mongolia developed a fairly comprehensive set of environmental protection legislation, spanning environment, health and safety, in parallel to the Soviet legislation of the former USSR. Mongolia‘s 1924 Constitution declared all land and other natural resources to be wholly the property of the people, and important later laws included the 1931 Forest Law, the 1933 Law on Preparing and Planting of Hay, the 1933 Law on Hunting and Fishing, and the 1942 Land Use Law.

In the beginning of the 1990s the Government formulated a reform program for transition from the centrally-planned economy to free market economy and vast changes took place on Mongolia‘s political, legal, social, economic and environmental landscape. Since 1992, many environmental laws have been passed and amended by Parliament.

International conventions Mongolia has joined and ratified 16 multilateral environmental agreements, as listed below.  CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity (1993)  Cartegena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2002)  UNFCCC - Convention on Climate Change (1993)  Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC (1997)  CITES - Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Animals and Plants (1995)  Ratification of amendments to CITES (2003)  Vienna Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer (1995)  Montreal Convention on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer (1995)  Amendments to Vienna & Montreal Conventions (2001)  UNCCD - Convention on Combating Desertification (1996)  Basel Convention on Controlling Transboundary Transport and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes (1997)  Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1997)  CMS - Bonn Convention on the Protection of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1999)  Rotterdam Convention on International Trade in some Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides (2000)  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2002)  IWC - International Convention on Whale Management (2002) Guidance on the most relevant Conventions to the proposed project is available in the recently published National Report to the Biodiversity Convention. Mongolia is not a signatory to the Aarhus Convention or 58

the Espoo Convention and legislation is weak regarding public participation and cross-border consultation.

Relevant national legislation The legislative instruments most relevant to the proposed project include the following:  Constitution of Mongolia (1992)  Law on Environmental Protection (1995)  Law on Environmental Impact Assessments (1998)  Law on Special Protected Areas (1994)  Law on Buffer Zones (1997)  Law on Land (2002)  Law on Forests (2007) These are discussed in some detail in the next section.

Constitution of Mongolia The fundamental rights of Mongolian citizens are set out in the Constitution of Mongolia, adopted on 13th January 1992. These include ―the right to a healthy and safe environment, and to be protected against environmental pollution and ecological imbalance‖ (Article 16.1.2). The Constitution imposes on its citizens a sacred duty ―to protect nature and environment‖ (Article 17.2), and empowers the Government ―to undertake measures on the protection of the environment and on the rational use and restoration of natural resources‖ (Article 38.2.4). More specifically, the Constitution imbues the State with the right to ―hold responsible the landowners in connection with the land, to exchange or take it over with compensation on the grounds of special public need, or confiscate the land if it is used in a manner adverse to the health of the population, the interests of environmental protection or national security‖ (Article 6.4).

Law on Environmental Protection The purpose of the Law of Mongolia on Environmental Protection (promulgated on 30th March 1995, as amended 2005) is to ―regulate relations between the State, citizens, economic entities and organizations in order to guarantee the human right to live in a healthy and safe environment, an ecologically balanced social and economic development, the protection of the environment for present and future generations, the proper use of natural resources and the restoration of available resources‖ (Article 1).

Article 4 imposes on citizens certain duties with regard to protecting the environment, while also granting them certain key rights in this regard, including ―to bring claims for compensation for damage to their property or health resulting from adverse environmental impact against the person responsible for causing the damage‖ (4.1.1) and ―to commence legal action against persons whose conduct causes adverse environmental impact and jeopardises the enforcement of legislation on environmental protection‖

Article 6 clarifies ownership of natural resources. According to this article, ―the land, its underground resources, forests, water, animals, plants and other natural resources shall be protected by the State and… …unless owned by citizens of Mongolia, shall be the property of the State‖ (6.1), and ―unless otherwise provided by law, citizens, economic entities, organizations, foreign citizens and legal persons may use natural resources upon the payment and collection of relevant fees in accordance with any contract, special permit, or licence‖ (6.2).

Article 14 confers a number of powers on the Government with regard to environmental protection, including the power ―to prohibit citizens, economic entities and organizations from conducting production and other activities which would have an adverse effect on human health and the environment regardless of the form of ownership‖ (14.1.3).

Article 16 confers on aimag (or capital city) Citizens‘ Representative Khurals the power to establish Local PAs. Specifically, they are granted the power to ―make decisions on putting items not under special State environmental protection under local protection and to establish boundaries and protection regimes and tosupervise their implementation‖ (16.1.3).

Article 25 places a general obligation on citizens, economic entities and organisations using natural resources for commercial purposes (i.e. including mining and tourism) to ―maintain and enhance the land and environment if natural resources are used‖ (25.1.2).

Articles 26 and 27 concern the appointment, rights and duties of State environmental inspectors. Specifically, State Environmental Inspectors are conferred the authority ―to require citizens, economic entities and organizations to eliminate adverse impacts or to suspend their activities for a certain period of time if they adversely affect the environment in breach of legislation on environmental protection, standards and permissible maximum levels‖ (27.1.3) and ―to impose administrative penalties on those in breach of legislation on environmental protection as provided by law‖ (27.1.7).

Article 31 sets out the duties of private companies (―economic entities and organisations‖) with regard to protecting the environment and natural resources. These include a specific requirement for companies ―engaged in environmentally adverse production‖ to budget for and implement measures to mitigate adverse effects and protect and restore natural resources (31.1.4). These duties, as they apply to mining companies, are further elaborated in the 2006 Law on Minerals.

Article 34 provides for economic incentives to companies to protect the environment, by such means as ―the introduction of modern non-polluting and non-waste technology, progressive methods for environmental protection, the use and restoration of natural resources, and the reduction of adverse environmental impacts‖ (34.1.1). The carrot of Article 34 is combined with the stick of Article 35, which provides for fees and payments for the use of natural resources, and for compensation in the event that usage of natural resources or discharge of wastes or pollutants exceeds the limits permitted by contract and licence. Moreover, Articles 37 and 38 provide for compensation and fines to be paid by companies and individuals causing direct damage to the environment and natural resources as a result of unlawful conduct.

Law on EIAs Provision for EIAs is made by Article 7 of the 1995 Law on Environmental Protection and expanded by the Law of Mongolia on EIAs (1998) enacted to ―regulate relations concerning protection of the environment, prevention of the ecological misbalance, the use of natural resources, assessment of the environmental impact and decision-making on the start of a project‖ (Article 1).

Article 4 sets out the process for screening new projects, explicitly including mining. According to this Article, ―the project implementer shall submit a project description… …and other related documents to the state central administrative body in charge of nature and environment or the local administrative body

for screening‖ (4.4). This body will then determine whether ―a detailed environmental impact assessment is required‖ (4.6). The screening process determines the scope of work for the detailed EIA, if required, the contents of which are set out in Article 5. In particular, EIAs must include an Environmental Protection Plan, and an Environmental Monitoring Program, for monitoring processes and performance

Article 6 states that the Environmental Protection Plan shall include ―measures to minimize, mitigate and eliminate adverse impacts identified during the detailed environmental Impact assessment as well as determine the timeline and estimated budget for implementation of those measures‖ (6.1.1). Article 6 also provides for the placing of pecuniary guarantees, amounting to no less than 50 percent of the total cost of the environmental protection measures, in the environmental protection account of the local soum. However, this Article explicitly states that it does not apply to mining licence holders, adding that ―the pecuniary guarantee of the environmental protection measures of the mining project shall be regulated by the legislation on mining‖ (6.3). Indeed, this is the case, as pecuniary guarantees for mining companies are addressed by Articles 38 and 39 of the 2006 Minerals Law.

Articles 12 and 13 provide for criminal and administrative penalties and financial compensation in the event of violations of EIA legislation. In particular, provision is made for suspension of project implementation ―if project implementation activities do not meet the requirements defined in the environmental impact assessment report‖ (12.2.2). Apart from a requirement that EIA reports contain ―opinion of citizens and Presidiums of soum and [Citizens‘ Representative Khurals] of the area of the project implementation‖ (Article 5.4.8), there is no specific provision for public consultation in the EIA process. The public is only guaranteed access to EIA reports after they have been completed and approved. Article 5 stipulates that a copy of the EIA report is to be deposited with the state central administrative body in charge of nature and environment (i.e. MNET), which is required, by Article 7.5, to ―ensure public access to the report‖.

Law on Special Protected Areas The 1994 Law on Special Protected Areas remains in force. However MNET has prepared a new concept for amending the law. This came about after consultants funded by the World Bank and IUCN‘s Regional Environmental Law Program reviewed and commented in 2007 on amendments proposed in 2006. The purpose of the Law (promulgated on 15th November 1994) is ―to regulate the use and procurement of land for special protection and the preservation and conservation of its original conditions in order to preserve the specific traits of natural zones, unique formations, rare and endangered plants and animals, and historic and cultural monuments and natural beauty, as well as research and investigate evolution‖ (Article 1).

To this end, Article 3 provides for the designation at national level of State Special PAs in four categories: (i) Strictly Protected Areas (SPAs); (ii) National Parks (―National Conservation Parks‖) (NPs); (iii) Nature Reserves (NRs); and (iv) Monuments. Article 3 also provides for the designation of Local PAs at the aimag (or capital city), soum (or district) levels.

Articles 7 to 12 elucidate the management regulations of Strictly Protected Areas (SPAs) in greater detail. SPAs are divided into Pristine Zones, Conservation Zones and Limited Use Zones (Article 8). Providing the appropriate permits are obtained and ―environmentally safe technology‖ is used, eco-travel

and tourism can be organised and accommodation for temporary residence or camping can be built within Limited Use Zones (Article 11).

Article 9 sets out the regime of Pristine Zones, ―1) protection measures shall be taken to meet the requirements of keeping the original state and forms of nature; 2) the only activities that may be conducted are research and studies by observation that do not affect the natural state; other activities are prohibited.‘

Article 10 sets out the regime of Conservation Zones as being the same as stipulated in Article 9 plus biotechnical measures related to supplying conditions for fauna and flora, and recovery from damage caused by natural disaster provided they are undertaken by methods not harmful to nature and environment.

Article 11 sets out the regime of Limited Use Zones: 1. activities stipulated in Articles 9 and 10, 2. restoration of soil and plant cover, 3. forest maintenance and cleaning, 4. activities regulating the census of animals, 5. utilization of hot and cold mineral water as well as other medical minerals, 6. organization of natural tours and tourism under specific itinerary and directions set according to the established procedures, 7. exploitation of established accommodation dwellings designed for temporary stay, observation or studies by tourists or other permitted persons, 8. taking photos and audio or video records, and their use for writing and producing, 9. worship of mountains and hills, holding other traditional and customary ceremonies, 10. local residents picking up and using natural secondary resources, 11. medicinal, or food plants for domestic need.

Article 12 prohibits exploration and mining is throughout all zones of SPAs for proscribed activities include changing ―natural characteristics by ploughing, digging, use of explosives, exploration of natural resources, mining, extracting sand or stone, [etc.]‖, conducting ―any activities which pollute the soil, water and air‖ and ―using open water sources such as lakes, rivers, streams, springs or ponds for commercial purposes‖ (12.1).

Articles 13 to 18 elucidate the management regulations of National Park (NPs) in greater detail. NPs are divided into Special Zones, Travel and Tourism Zones and Limited Use Zones (Article 14). The management regulations for NPs are similar to those for SPAs, insofar as tourism activities are permitted (within Travel and Tourism Zones and Limited Use Zones;

Articles 16 and 17) and exploration and mining is prohibited throughout all zones of NPs by Article 18.

Articles 19 to 21 elucidate the management regulations for Nature Reserves (NRs). There are four categories of NR: Ecological Reserves (for preserving unique virgin ecosystems); Biological Reserves (for conserving rare and endangered plants and animals); Paleontological Reserves (for preserving the remains of ancient animals and plants); and Geological Reserves (for preserving unique geological formations and structures; Article 20). Exploration and mining is prohibited within NRs by Article 21. 62

Specifically, this article proscribes ―any activities for commercial purposes that change the natural original condition and which are likely to have a negative environmental impacts such as the construction of buildings, the digging of land, the use of explosives, the exploration and mining of natural resources, [etc.]‖ (21.2). This article does not however appear to prohibit responsible tourism activities within NRs, provided that they have no negative environmental impacts.

Articles 22 to 24 elucidate the management regulations for Monuments, of which Article 23 defines two categories: Natural Monuments; and Historical and Cultural Monuments.

Article 24 prohibits exploration and mining within, and in the direct vicinity of, Monuments. Specifically, it is prohibited to ―construct buildings which soil the view and scenery, to plough or dig land, to use explosives, to explore or mine natural resources, to touch, erode or remove Natural or Cultural and Historical Monuments, or conduct any other activities which causes damage to them‖ (24.2). Responsible tourism activities appear to be permitted at Monuments, provided they do not contravene. It specifies sources of financing for PAs. Alongside State and local budgets, these include ―donations and aid by citizens, economic entities and organizations‖ and ―income from compensation for damage caused by persons who violate the Mongolian Law on Special Protected Areas and its regulations‖. This creates a provision for mining and tourism companies to contribute to PA financing through voluntary contributions or if they violate legislation. But it does not introduce a general mechanism for channelling revenue from these industries to PAs, in compensation for impacts they may cause.

Article 25 deals with designation of all State Pas and approval or changing of the boundaries of SPAs and NPs requires approval by the Mongolian Parliament (Ikh Khural). The Cabinet Secretariat has authority to establish boundaries for NRs and Monuments (Article 26). The Articles imply the MNET lacks the power to designate or degazette PAs or modify their boundaries. This fact was demonstrated in 2002 when Parliament rejected a proposal from the former MNE to remove protection status from 434,000 ha in 10 PAs to stimulating investment in exploration and mining.

Article 28 deals with Local PAs (LPAs). Designation of LPAs and definition of their boundaries and management regulations is the responsibility of the Citizens‘ Representative Khural at the relevant level (i.e. aimag/capital city or soum/district). This implies no standard management regulations exist for LPAs and, therefore that whether tourism is permitted within Local PAs appears to be determined on a case-by- case basis by the relevant Citizens‘ Representative Khural. Another shortcoming is that no criteria are set out for defining LPAs, in contrast to State PAs for which criteria are set out in Articles 7, 13, 19 and 22. Consequently, the Law does not require that the designation of LPAs be justified against any biological criteria. Articles 33 to 38 regulate the use of land within PAs.

Paragraph 2 of Article 33 appears to prohibit foreign companies and individuals and Mongolian companies using foreign investment from using land within PAs. However, this appears to be contradicted by paragraph 3, which states that ―the provision set out in the paragraph 2 of this Article shall not apply to the activities of foreign and international organizations conducted in accordance with their project in the appropriate zones of Special Protected Areas within the framework allowed by this Law.‖ The implications of this for tourism development within Protected Areas are unclear. One possible interpretation of Article 33 is that commercial activities involving foreign firms, individuals or investment are prohibited within PAs but this prohibition does not extend to conservation projects

implemented or funded by foreign or international organisations, which are consistent with the objectives of the law. One loophole in the Law on Special Protected Areas is that, while mining and exploration are strictly and explicitly prohibited within designated PAs, there is no ban on issuing exploration or mining licences within areas proposed for protection. This is inconsistent with World Bank OP/BP 4.04 on Natural Habitats, which does not support projects involving significant conversion or degradation of natural habitats within existing PAs and areas officially proposed by Governments as PAs. Because exploration licences are inexpensive it is possible for mining companies or speculators to obtain exploration rights to a proposed PA for a trivial sum

Law on Buffer Zones The establishment of PA buffer zones was provided for by Article 4 of the 1994 Law on Special Protected Areas. This provision was expanded upon by the Mongolian Law on Buffer Zones, promulgated on 23 October 1997, the purpose of which is to ―regulate the determination of Special Protected Area Buffer Zones and the activities therein‖ (Article 1).

Article 1 provides for the establishment of buffer zones to ―minimize, eliminate and prevent actual and potential adverse impacts‖ to PAs (3.1). For SPAs, NRs and Monuments, buffer zones lie outside the protected area; for NPs, they may overlap with Limited Use Zones. Article 1 provides for the establishment of voluntary ―Buffer Zone Councils‖, for the purpose of ―advising on the development of buffer zones, the restoration, protection and proper use of natural resources, and the participation of local people‖ in PA management (6.1). Buffer Zone Councils have a right to ―develop proposals and recommendations regarding land and natural resource use in the Buffer Zone and to develop a Buffer Zone Management Plan‖ (6.4.2). Article 1 permits Buffer Zone Councils to create ―Buffer Zone Funds‖, which can be used for various purposes, including ―to restore environmental damage and minimize degradation‖ (7.4.1), ―to provide support for local people‘s livelihood‖ (7.4.2) and ―to conduct training and public awareness activities regarding nature conservation‖ (7.4.4). These funds can receive income from various sources, including ―donations from foreign and domestic organizations, economic entities and organizations‖ (7.2.1) and ―a certain amount of revenue from projects, activities and services conducted within the Buffer Zone‖ (7.2.2), with the precise amount in the latter case being determined by the local Khural. Hence, this article provides for the capture of revenue streams from mining and tourism projects conducted within the buffer zones of Protected Areas.

Finally, Article 9 requires all companies conducting exploration or mining in buffer zones to be subject to a detailed EIA, which shall include comments and conclusions from the administration of the relevant PA. As in the case of the 1994 Law on Special Protected Areas, proposed amendments to the Buffer Zone Law were drafted in 2006. Following a review of the law and the proposed amendments in 2007 by IUCN‘s Regional Environmental Law Program in Asia, MNET decided to reconsider the 2006 amendments and, in 2008, drafted a completely new concept for amending the law, which is currently under consideration.

Law on Land The revised Law of Mongolia on Land waspromulgated on 7th July 2002, replacing an earlier law dating from 1995. The purpose of the law is to regulate the ownership and use of land by citizens, organizations and other entities (Article 1). The definition of ―Land‖ under Article 1 encompasses ―the land surface, its soil, forests, water and plants‖ (3.1.1), it does not include subsoil, the ownership and use of which is

regulated by the 1988 Law on Subsoil (updated in 1995). Of particular significance to environmental protection is the creation of a special category of land, called Special Needs Land, which is the property of the State and may not be given for private ownership (Article 5). Special Needs Land includes PAs at State and LPAs (Article 16). The prohibition on private ownership of Special Needs Land reinforces the prohibition of mining activities within PAs under the Law on Special Protected Areas. Articles 27 to 48 deal with Land Possession Certificates (which can only be given to Mongolian individuals, companies or organisations) and Land Use Certificates (which can be given to foreign legal entities, international organisations and foreign countries).

Articles 42 and 43 provide for the withdrawal of Land Possession/Use Certificates for areas the Government wishes to designate as Special Needs Land (for instance, as a State PA or LPA). In these circumstances, the possessor of the land may be compensated in full or in part, and may or may not receive replacement land. Land users, on the other hand, do not receive compensation. Article 50 requires land possessors and users to protect the land. Specifically, possessors and users are required to: ―take measures at their expense to preserve land characteristics and quality, to prevent deterioration of soil fertility, deterioration of flora, soil erosion, degradation, soil infertility, extra hydration, soil salinization, its pollution and poisoning (chemical pollution)‖ (50.1.1); ―restore and maintain at their expenses the land eroded and damaged due to digging it for mining purposes, production of construction materials, building railways and motor roads, mineral exploration and surveying, testing, research works and other activities‖ (50.1.2); not ―cause an adverse impact on the environment and the land when using land, its resources and common mineral resources‖ (50.1.3); and ―preserve and protect lands with forests, rare and endangered animals and plants, historical and cultural memorials‖ (50.1.4).

Law on Forests A new version of the Law on Forests was promulgated on 17th May 2007 and replaced an earlier law of1995. The purpose of the new law is to ―regulate relations from protection, possession, sustainable use and reproduction of the forest in Mongolia‖ (Article 1). Forests are classified into protected forests and commercial (utilisation) forests (Article 5). The definition of protected forests is set out in Article 8: ―sub-tundra forests, forests in Special Protected Areas and those designated for training and research, green belts, prohibited forest strips, saxaul and oasis forests, groves and bush stands of up to 100 ha of area and forests on slopes greater than 30 degrees‖ (8.1), as well as ―forests within a radius of 1,000 meters around lakes, mineral and other water springs, and off riverbanks, and within 100 meters on both sides of national roads and railroads‖. The commercial (utilisation) forests include all other forests, excluding those mentioned in other categories. Citizens, cooperative, economic entities and organization may use forest wood and non-timber resources subject to the payment of relevant fees. In this zone selective and shelter-wood cutting for commercial are allowed. The Law on Forests (2007) prohibits the following:

 Logging by clear-felling.  Cutting or damaging forests of up to the fifth age class, young trees of all species, as well fruit- bearing trees and shrubs such as Siberian Fir, Asiatic Poplar, Oliaster (Elaeagnus), Cornel, Tamarisk, Siberian Elder,Mountain Ash, Sea-Buckthorn and Bird Cherry.

 Cutting or using Cedar, Spruce or Elm without permission of the State Administrative Central Organization. 65

 Hay making without explicit permission.  Logging or grazing in seedlings plantations. The Law on Special Protected Areas prohibits the harvesting of trees within Pristine Zones and Conservation Zones of Strictly Protected Areas (SPAs), and within Special Zones of National Parks. But thinning and sanitation cuttings are permitted in Limited Use Zones of SPAs, and in Travel and Tourism Zones and Limited Use Zones of National Parks. However, harvesting of trees is prohibited in Nature Reserves and Monuments. Management regulations for forests within PAs are provided by the Law on Special Protected Areas (8.4). For other protected forests, all activities are prohibited ―except for the construction of roads, bridges, water, power and telecommunications lines, fire lines, as well as forest regeneration, cleaning activities and use of non-timber resources‖ (8.6). Article 8 appears to prohibit exploration and mining within areas of natural habitat to all protected forests: a broad category. Mining- associated infrastructure (roads, power lines, etc.) does not appear to be prohibited within protected forests, however. Exploration and mining are not prohibited in commercial forests (Article 9) but Article 35 requires companies to pay compensation to the budget of the soum (or district) for damage to forest inflicted by mining activities, and Article 37 requires entities requesting mineral licences to compensate the forest for direct forest protection and regeneration costs, as well as the owner‘s forfeited income.

Other relevant legislation Other legislative instruments relevant to the project proposal include the following:  Law on Land Use Fees (1997)  Law on Land Privatisation (2002)  Law on Land Privatisation Procedures (2002)  Law on Land Cadastre and Cadastre Mapping (1999)  Law on Geodesic Mapping (1997)  Law on Water (2004)  Law on Fees for Water and Mineral Spring Water (1995)  Law on Fees for Logging and Firewood (1995)  Law on Preventing Forest and Steppe Fires (1996)  Law on Reinvestment of Fees for Using Natural Resources on Environmental and Nature Restoration Measures (2000)  Law on Flora (1995)  Law on Using Natural Plants (1995)  Law on Protection of Plants (1996)  Law on Fauna (2000)  Law on International Trade of Rare Species of Animals and Plants and their Derivatives (2002)  Law on Fees for Hunting and for Licenses for Hunting and Trapping (1995)  Law on Subsoil (1994)  Law on Minerals (2006)  Law on Air (1995)  Law on Hydrological, Meteorological and Environmental Monitoring (1997)  Law on Protection against Hazardous Chemicals (1995)  Law on Prohibition of Trans-Boundary Transportation and Trading of Hazardous Wastes (2000) 66

 Law on Household and Industrial Solid Wastes (2003)  Law on Tourism (2000) Since the introduction of a democratic system of Government in 1990, Mongolia has enacted more than 30 environmental laws, 300 regulations and procedures and over 200 standards, norms and normative documents. A compendium of environmental laws is available on the following website: www.mongolianriverresources.mn. Copies of the environmental regulations can be obtained at the Ministry of Nature and Environment (MNET) and copies of MNS and MNS/ISO standards for health, safety and environment can be purchased from Mongolian Agency for Standardization and Metrology (MASM). There remain, however, a number of important gaps and limitations. Some observers (e.g. IIED and WBCSD 2002) note that the existing regulatory framework is weak in the area of public participation. In particular, there is no specific provision for public consultation in the EIA process. Other observers point to the lack of any law or regulation directed at controlling the wildlife trade.

Administrative Framework

State administrative bodies Land Management and Land Cadastre: The State administrative organisation responsible for land management and cadastre is the Administration of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography . This organisation is responsible for preparing the National Land Management Master Plan, the most recent version of which, covering the period 2004-2023, was approved by Government Decree #264, dated 24th December 2003.

Environment and Natural Resources: The State administrative organisation responsible for developing and enforcing environmental and natural resources policies is the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism (MNET). The Ministry was established in 1989 as the Ministry of Nature and Environment (MNE). In September 2008, MNE was restructured as MNET, with the inclusion of the Tourism Department of the former MoRTT. The Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism (MNET) is responsible for the development and implementation of tourism and environmental policy and laws, regulating the use of natural resources and designing programs for environmental restoration. The MNEA has three agencies: a) Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment Monitoring Agency; b) Water Agency and c) Forest Agency. Within MNET, responsibility for Protected Areas lies with the Special Protected Areas Administration which was established in 1993.

MNET has been one of the most poorly funded Ministries in Mongolia. In 2003, for instance, the former MNE received less than 1% of the total State budget. MNET faces particular capacity limitations with regard to wildlife management. The Ministry has no specific budget allocated for wildlife, and does not have a dedicated wildlife management agency. Instead, management authority is delegated to Local Governments, which lack the necessary training and funding to implement effective management, particularly given the challenges of policing Mongolia‘s vast open areas. Local departments are understaffed, underpaid, poorly equipped and, therefore, unable to control the unsustainable and illegal hunting that is causing dramatic declines in Mongolia's wildlife. Underpinning MNET‘s limited capacity for scientific research is the National Academy of Sciences, a research organization funded by the Government, consists of bodies such as Institute of Botany, Institute of Biology, Institute of Geo- Ecology, Institute of Geography, and Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources. Academic researchers often conduct investigations in PAs and many serve on Technical Working Groups, engage in 67

environmental consultancy and assist MNET in reviewing and approving EIAs and in preparing MNS standards for health, safety and environment.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which had been an Agency of the former MNE, was integrated into the State Professional Inspection Agency in February 2003. State Chief Inspectors are assigned to the provinces (aimags) and to the capital city, while State Inspectors and Rangers are appointed at the local (soum) or district level. The Law on Environmental Protection empowers State Inspectors to require the elimination of adverse impacts or the suspension of activities with adverse environmental impacts, and impose administrative penalties on violators. MNET remains the driving force for formulating environmental and natural resources management policy and implementing necessary measures. However, other branches of the Government have some overlapping responsibilities. For example, the Ministry of Health is also responsible for setting emissions standards for air pollutants, and for measuring air pollution and its impacts on health. The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science shares the responsibility for drafting and implement ting environmental education and public awareness programs. The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry is responsible for the development of the commercial timber industry. The State Professional Inspection Agency (SPIA) subordinated to the Deputy Prime Minister is responsible for a whole range of inspection activities, including inspections for enforcing legislations and standards of natural resources use, protection and rehabilitation, as well as pollution and degradation of environment. Local governors at the capital, provincial (aimag) and local (soum, duureg, khoroo and bag) levels are responsible for implementing environmental legislation; developing guidelines for the use of natural resources; monitoring of environmental standards; enforcement of environmental regulations; and provision of information and data to the central administration about local environmental conditions. Each Aimag Administration has branches of the Environment and Tourism Agencies as the main implementing agencies of environmental decisions made by MNET. Aimag Environment and Tourism Agencies are based in forest regions (12 aimags) and have a Forest Service implementing decisions made by the Forest Agency of MNET. Nine of Forest Service branches are located in areas where forest harvesting is intense.

World Bank Safeguards Policies All activities of the proposed project must conform to the World Bank‘s safeguard policies. The Bank‘s Safeguard Policies that the proposed project is to be screened against are: OP 4.01, OP 4.04, OP 4.09, OP 4.10, OP 4.11, OP 4.12 and OP 4.36. The Environmental and the Social Assessment Report therefore address the requirements of the following World Bank Operational Policies (OPs):

World Bank Operational Policies

OP4.01 During the early stages of preparation an interim ESIA was prepared which both laid out the Environmental impacts as well as a number of ideas for revising the project concept. This was aided by a Assessment consultative meeting called by government of a range of NGOs and academic experts. Ideas from the interim report fed into the final version. It was clear that the main environmental impacts would occur in connection with the management plan implementation (Component 1.2) and potentially in association with the design of buffer zones. Because the precise locations of the government-financed small works (car parks, watch tower, small houses etc) Construction Guidelines will be written and assessments will be submitted to the Bank for

approval before work begins. OP4.04 Natural The focus of the project, Bogd Khan Uul SPA, is a protected area and thus a Critical Natural Habitats Habitat under the policy. No activity in the project will significantly convert or degrade the area, and the project is designed to enhance natural habitat values, not to convert or significantly degrade them. Rather, the project will enhance protection and growth in biodiversity. Steps outlined in the Environmental Management Plan will serve to further enhance the environmental condition of the natural habitats and ecological functions, and in some cases help to rehabilitate natural habitats. OP4.09 Pest No pest management will occur as part of the GEF-financed project, but it is possible that the Management government will wish to use aerial spraying in project areas if and when there is an outbreak of forest tree insect infestations. The chemicals used are pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin8 (WHO Class II), Cypermethrine9 (WHO Class II), Thiram (WHO Class III), and Bacillus thuringensis (Class U = Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use). Even though they chemicals are Class II or below they are not desirable because of the impacts on non-target organisms and the project will discuss this with the Forest Agency. . OP4.11 Physical The project is designed to enhance physical cultural resources not to damage or to degrade Cultural Resources them. It will promote well-managed tourism and so the various sites of interest (such as the petroglyphs and Manzuushir Monastery) will benefit. OP4.10 Based on information requests to local government offices, there are no ‗Indigenous Peoples‘ Indigenous in the project area of influence although the capital city has all the country‘s ethnic groups Peoples represented. Integration among groups is high and the understanding of the national (Khalkh) language is universal. OP4.12 Land use and land allocation within certain small parts of the Limited Use Zone of the Bogd Involuntary Khan Uul SPA are very sensitive and political issues. The local settlement situation is very Resettlement complex with many of the developments inconsistent with the use permitted. If the Bank were to be involved in such land tenure, land allocation, and park encroachment issues through this project, it would involve developing a comprehensive integrated approach to environmental and social safeguards issues while dealing with complex governance issues. The present GEF grant amount available does not have anywhere near the resources or timeframe required to undertake such work, and nor is the risk considered acceptable. As a result, it was agreed that the developed parts of the Limited Use Zone are beyond the scope of the present project. There is seasonal illegal collection of berries and pine nuts10 and also collection of fuelwood for subsistence and commercial purposes, as well as traditional and transient use of the southern slopes by herders, and other seasonal uses of the area. None or very few of those using the resources are dependent on those resources for their livelihoods. A simple Resettlement Process Framework (Appendix 10) has been prepared to manage these aspects. Some larger scale illegal harvesting of timber also occurs for sale in the markets of Ulaanbaatar. The rangers currently try to defend the SPA from these activities. OP4.36 Forests This policy is relevant because it seeks to have positive impacts on the health and quality of forests; and bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural

8 - http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/l_cyhalogen.pdf 9 http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/cypermethrin.pdf 10 Pine nuts are ‗mast‘ fruit, that is they tend to occur in super abundance in some years, and to be virtually absent in other years. For example, in the last two years there has been very low production of pine nuts, and indeed of berries. This further discourages anyone from becoming dependent on these reousrces for their livelihoods.

forests. However, as with OP4.04, the project will not finance any activities which would degrade or convert the forests of Bogd Khan Uul SPA. Neither will it plant trees. OP4.37 Safety of The Project does not affect the safety of dams. Dams OP7.50 The Project does not affect international waterways. International Waterways OP7.60 Disputed The Project does not affect disputed areas. Areas

CHAPTER 4: Analysis of Alternatives

The No-Project Situation Mongolia‘s protected area system will continue to operate with human and financial resources insufficient to protect species and ecosystem functions. There will be further declines in biodiversity and habitat quality and it is highly likely that there will be attrition of the system as a result of pressures from economic development for degazetting or for realigning internal management zones to allow increased exploitation.

Under these conditions, the protected area system will never achieve a high national profile or receive the resources it needs to establish adequate management and deliver on its purpose. Mongolia‘s globally significant biodiversity, much of which has suffered acutely in recent years as a result of overexploitation and habitat degradation, will continue to decline, and government resolve to protect a representative and ecologically functional system for the long term may falter in the face of short term economic development proposals. The protected area system may increase in area on paper but human and financial resources allocated on the ground will remain at such a low level relative to both the needs and to international standards that those working in the system will continue to be poorly motivated and tempted by illegal entrepreneurial schemes to exploit protected area resources under their charge. The protected area system in general and the Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area in particular will remain unappreciated by most Mongolians and will continue to be regarded with derision and disrespect by members of the general public who have long associated them with corruption and poor management.

Actions taken to improve management will be insufficient to turn the tide of attrition and degradation. Individual protected areas will receive training and equipment under donor-funded projects and there will be a major donor initiative (the recently endorsed UNDP/GEF SPAN project11) to improve management of the system as a whole, but the results will not last, and there will be continued reliance on a string of external initiatives that demonstrate good practices but do not leave behind self sustaining mechanisms. Management planning for protected areas will continue as a top-down process with inadequate consultation, and the opportunities for genuine public involvement and engagement in protected areas will be missed.

Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area will continue to be degraded by unplanned and uncontrolled development, and its management plan - the result of almost no meaningful external consultation - will be not be revised immediately and will be implemented poorly, if at all. Rangers will be involved significantly in systematic information gathering and monitoring. Public unease and anger about the illegal developments in the SPA will grow. Biodiversity, notably the Endangered Siberan Marmot (Marmota sibirica), will continue to be lost, and water conservation functions will deteriorate. There are a number of descriptive publications on the biodiversity and cultural significance of the SPA and further informative publications will follow, but the level of analysis will be light. The mountain will be visited by large numbers of people for worship (particularly on religious festivals) and for social recreation in tourist camps. Visitors, however, will be given only limited opportunities, encouragement and assistance to enter into dialogue with protected area management and to develop interests and sensibilities concerning biodiversity conservation. There will be no reliable estimates of changes and trends in public opinion concerning protected areas in general or Bogd Khan Uul SPA in particular.

11 GEF ID 3820 Strengthening of the Protected Area Networking System in Mongolia

Sectoral ministries, members of parliament and the private sector, although aware of protected areas, will not give them the weight in decision making that is required for long term conservation. Conservation NGOs will continue to make representations concerning protected area matters, but there will be few member organizations and insufficient public backing to influence government and private sector decision making.

Large, well-funded information centers, notably those to be set up with Japanese and Kuwaiti funding within the SPA, will provide facilities for training and information on the environment and biodiversity management, but treatment of biodiversity and the protected area system as a whole will be limited and simplistic, so great opportunities to interest the public in protected areas will be lost. The Natural History Museum in Ulaanbaatar will continue to attract large numbers of visitors each year with interesting displays on the fauna and flora and geology of Mongolia, but will not be equipped or encouraged to include treatment of protected areas and their values.

The forthcoming UNDP/GEF project addresses financial and management systems for the protected area network but does not include public involvement and engagement, or cross-sectoral actions on protected areas. These are clearly acknowledged by UNDP and government as vital gaps that require filling.

The With-Project Situation Under the proposed project, Bogd Khan Uul SPA - the world‘s oldest protected area, a site of major cultural and spiritual significance, and home to the Endangered Siberian Marmot - will emerge from nearly a decade of abuse and become a fine example of what a Mongolian protected area should be. A high proportion of the people living in and around Bogd Khan Uul SPA – about half the population of the country – will be given the opportunity to participate in the planning and implementation of management measures. The recently completed management plan will be revised through a comprehensive and open consultative process involving the general public, local and national government, and the private sector. It will be developed by a team, with periods set aside for wider government and public review and representations. Planning will take into account the setting of the SPA in the landscape and include actions by local government and others outside the SPA. Habitat corridors/buffer zones will be planned where appropriate and agreed. The local government authorities responsible for decision making in and around the SPA will know the importance of protected areas in general and Bogd Khan Uul in particular. The revised Bogd Khan Uul SPA management plan will be implemented as a demonstration to the general public and to government officials of how a protected area can both protect biodiversity and ecosystem services and provide education and recreation that improve quality of life. There will be an emphasis on joint actions, open and transparent information systems and training of SPA staff to a high level of competence and confidence through on-the-job implementation of the management plan, tightly targeted seminars, and funding of individual staff ―field projects‖. The visitor experience will be enhanced through a well-planned trail system and a comprehensive program of seminars and lectures. Monitoring of the state of biodiversity and human impacts will be carried out by both rangers and volunteers. Interested people will be involved as ‗guardians‘ of the protected area in membership organizations including the proposed ―Friends of Bogd Khan Uul‖ and will work together with the rangers and other SPA and local government staff and private entrepreneurs to ensure the security of the wildlife and forests and the enjoyment of visiting public. This and other membership organizations will also lobby for the wider protected area system to be given greater consideration by government and the private sector in decision making.

The project will use the example of Bogd Khan Uul SPA to build support for all protected areas. There will be increased and deepening public support catalyzing a rise in the political profile of protected areas across all sectors of government. People will feel both moved and empowered - through information and understanding, to hold government accountable for the integrity of the protected area system, and to lobby for adequate funding for the system.

The project will provide sound treatment of biodiversity and protected area themes in the Kuwaiti and Japanese funded information centers, will equip part of the Japanese funded centre and guide its management, and will enhance displays in the Natural History Museum in Ulaanbaatar to reflect the importance of protected areas to the nation. Funds earmarked for a mobile education unit and an innovative public information and involvement program in Ulaanbaatar including live theatre and radio and television debates and for a high quality television film for national and international broadcast, will increase motivation and inspire action and lobbying by the public both inside and outside Mongolia.

Other government- and donor-supported conservation projects will become more cost-effective and more likely to leave behind sustainable results because the GEF alternative will improve support for protected areas and understanding of their importance by government officials at all levels. Advice and some funds will facilitate the design and implementation of a wide range of ―Rare Pride‖ projects with protected area themes. Government awards for conservation will be made on improved criteria that reflect better priorities in protected area management. Earmarked funds will also demonstrate and establish statistically robust measures of public opinion, concern, involvement, achievements and influence in protected area management and lobbying for decision making in favor of protected areas.

Intensive efforts to inform and involve sectoral ministries, Members of Parliament, and private sector investors including mining companies and tourism operators will result in effective action and mitigation measures in defense of protected areas. Detailed information on protected areas will be readily available to assist with environmental impact assessments and there will be significantly increased engagement between conservation NGOs and public sector investors leading to joint actions where appropriate. Government will be asked to aggressively monitor project progress through regular reporting at joint meetings with other projects and programs in order to increase synergies between a wide range of relevant initiatives, not limited to ―conservation projects‖.

Alternatives considered and reasons for rejection

Choice of Project Area Bogd Khan Uul SPA has been chosen because it:  is believed by some to be the oldest PA in the world  is the southernmost tip of the Siberian taiga, the PA is critical to climate change impacts on forests  is isolated but with clear potential for designating a wide corridor to link eastwards with the forest of Gorkhi-Terelj NP and Khan Khentii SPA. Even to the west the land remains open to the more distant forests of Khustain Nuruu and Khangai.  is close to Ulaanbaatar which is Mongolia‘s unrivalled media hub having more than 90% of the nation‘s TV studios, video studios, radio studios, publishing houses for newspapers and magazines and printing companies;  is cost-effective;  has the highest potential for engaging leading politicians, environmentalists and public figures in media debate, media discussion and news items; 73

 has the ease of media participation by MNET, other project stakeholders and wildlife NGOs; and  has very easy access to international media (journalists, film crews etc) that generally stay in Ulaanbaatar when visiting Mongolia.  is ideal for arousing constructive public pressure for change in the PA system  is ideal for ensuring this public pressure will exert a strong influence across the whole of Mongolia‘s PA system it provides a site-specific focus of attention is required, in order to capture the imagination, hearts, minds – and ultimately the cash – of the public.  is facing problems which can be solved  is highly visible  is a sacred site. Alternatives were sought that offered similar benefits and none was found that came remotely close in conceivably delivering the same potential project impacts.

Project Approach Alternatives considered in project approach were as follows:

Alternative Impact Reason for Rejection

Continue with the Ideally a project would cover all This was thus rejected in favor of using approach used by UNDP protected areas and the central the World Bank‘s comparative advantage in their series of GEF- administration but it was clear that of working across important sectors in the financed projects and neither government nor GEF funding government, especially the Ministry of focus away from levels could remotely tackle this. Finance, and to attempt to mainstream Ulaanbaatar on one or However, it was clear that if attention concern for protected areas in ways that more biodiversity-rich turned towards the center of the would be both avoid damage and generate protected areas or protected administration then system- revenue streams and raised budgets. landscapes wide benefits would occur. Having rejected the alternative of working in a remote part of the country, the decision had to be made as to where to focus effort. Further increasing capacity and improving administrative systems within the Special Protected Areas Administration of MNET was one alternative, but these needs were already within the plans for the parallel UNDP- GEF project.

Limiting the project to Mainstreaming of conservation concerns This alternative was rejected because it the mainstreaming is the ultimate goal of the project, and has been concluded by many that unless component restrticting the activities to this topic there is public support - and even pressure would allow more resources to be used - for change, little will improve in on that topic. conservation. It was believed that the project would be more effective if success in protected area management could be clearly demonstrated. Since Bogd Khan Uul SPA is so close to such a large percentage of the Mongolian population and revered by many, it was decided to work with the government even though 74

that PA faced many problems, as well as on the mainstreaming aspects.

Involving the project in The problems of land allocation and It has been decided to reject ths all Bogd Khan Uul‘s land use in Zaisan and other valleys are alternative because the project would be management problems well known and need to be addressed if poorly equipped to comprehensively deal the management of the SPA is to make with the political and legal aspects of the sense. problems. The renewed will of the government to take action and to resolve disputes over land use makes the project possible and the option of focusing on other management aspects possible.

CHAPTER 5: Potential Environmental Impacts, Mitigation Measures, and Enhancements

The environmental impacts of the project are expected to be as follows:

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

Component 1: Management of Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area Sub Component 1.1 The participatory and It is possible that The participatory and Management Planning consultative process of actions that might be consultative nature of preparing management unwise and inconsistent planning should not be plans not just with with wise protected allowed to undermine the local communities but area management, but project objectives. If there is with knowledgeable popular, may get agreement on the principles individuals and civil pushed through the then informed project staff society groups will be consultation process. and stakeholders could be a major improvement able to communicate the and is expected to lead Buffer Zones are a opportunities and to actions which will rather ‗light‘ form of constraints within which the be supported and land use (as explained management will have to understood by the in Chapter 3) for which operate. various stakeholders. there is the provision for the establishement Any buffer zones identified The process and the of voluntary Buffer within the project will have results are expected to Zone Councils, for the to have proper have a singular and purpose of advising on environmental and social wide-reaching impacts the development of safeguards applied by on the management of buffer zones, the government, approved by protected areas across restoration, protection the Bank, prior to any the country and proper use of decision to institute them. natural resources, and As described in the legal The process will also the participation of chapter above, the Law on likely lead to the local people. Buffer Buffer Zones envisages institution of buffer Zone Councils have a communities and local zones to increase the right to develop governments to be at the biodiversity proposals and center of buffer zone plan significance of the recommendations and implementation. The regarding land and Resettlement Process 76

area. natural resource use in Framework(Appendix 10) the Buffer Zone and to in this document will serve develop a Buffer Zone as a guide Management Plan and so there is still the potential for negative impacts relating to natural habitats, physical cultural resources, and involuntary resettlement (restrictin of access to resources).

Sub Component 1.2 Management Plan Implementation

General Project vehicles and Project drivers will be made project activities could aware of the environmental cause local damage of impacts of certain driving soils, vegetation and behaviors small/seasonal wetlands, cause fires, Project staff will be made disturb wildlife, pollute aware of the dangers of fire, flowing waters and and be competent in the groundwater, create steps to take when fire is litter, cause point loss encountered. of permafrost, Project staff will be made Fences could cause the aware of the benefits of severing of seasonal small wetlands migration corridors, or The fence designs will of escape routes from permit wildlife movement fires and harsh weather while preventing vehicle access.

Boundary Demarcation Since the absence of The placement of the Commonsense measures to clear markers for the posts and painting of require minimization of outer boundary and the the trees could cause disturbance and damage internal zone borders local damage to will be part of the is a common wildlife habitats and Environmental Management complaint from disturb wildlife Plan and applied to all those communities, tourists who work on project and Bogd Khan Uul acitivities. SPA alike – and an excuse from miscreants – clear

boundaries will prevent accidental and deliberate incursions into the protected area.

Community Co-Management Harmonious None identified N/A relationships and participation between the SPA residents and the Administration should increase, leading to improved adherence to laws and regiulations protecting Bogd Khan Uul SPA. Many of those living in Bogd Khan Uul SPA have indicated that they would like to be actively involved, and one way will be a freephone number to report infractions..

Patrolling The patrolling will None identified N/A become an efficient, balanced, systematic, and evidence-based approach to law enforcement. Biodiversity monitoring This activity, by both There is a possibility In order to count marmots rangers and that the monitoring out of their burrows they volunteers will focus might cause disturbance must, by definition, be on populations of to the animals unstressed (or else they Endangered Siberian Marmots and deer. would disappear below Improved knowledge ground). The deer will feed into monitoring will be using management of the indirect signs such as feces. species and their Some of the monitoring will habitats. use low-impact infra-red camera traps which are left in the field for weeks/months on end. At all times those in the SPA will act in ways to minimize disturbance to wildlife.

Capacity building for Bogd The in-service, on- None identified Project staff and Bogd Khan Khan Uul staff the-job training and Uul SPA rangers will tightly targeted 78

courses will increase receive training in the staff knowledge environmetsl and social and understanding of safeguards and their the context in which management, identification they work and improve their and understanding of the performance. Staff ecological requirements of will become all plants and animals informed and including the larger empowered to do invertebrates (butterflies, their jobs more moths, dragonflies, effectively. They will damselflies) etc. Tolerance also receive trainings in social skills to of snakes will be improve their encouraged together with communication and knowledge of how to treat participation with viper bites. The staff local communities. T should be encouraged to pass on appropriate parts of their trainings to the communities among whom they work and to the volunteers.

Awareness raising The new centers for The surge of interest in The Kuwait and JICA awareness raising Bogd Khan and other centers have been subject to (see section below), SPAs that will cause the Mongolian national EIA the wide range of undue and damaging process with the JICA high-quality exhibition features on pressure. subject to just an Initial Bogd Khan Uul SPA Environmental Evaluation, and the whole of the and the Kuwaiti one to a national PA system, Detailed EIA because of the the mobile education 9 km paved road. unit, the Rare Pride Subsequent due diligence campaigns, the radio for this project found that programs and plays, the film, should cause the JICA center was very a surge of interest close to a Paleolithic site and engagement in discovered 70 years ago and the proper that this was not covered in conservation of the Initial Environmental protected areas in Investigation. The Mongolia, especially government has sought Bogd Khan Uul SPA. advice from the Institute of Archaeology concerning the JICA site and been informed that the site is already disturbed and unimportant for archaeological remains

(Appendix 10)

The project is intending to organize visitors by constructing parking lots, trails etc. and the patrolling staff and volunteers will be able to ensure that the visitors behavior is appropriate to the location. Meanwhile the UNDP-GEF SPAN project will be strengthening the ability to manage other protected areas.

Friends of Bogd Khan Uul The fee-based None identified The scheme could seek to SPA membership scheme partner with similar will mobilize a initiatives outside Mongolia supportive public for conservation. Visitor Experience The comprehensive The trails could take The planning of the trail Enhancement and well-signed visitors into little-used system should seek to avoid visitor trail system areas resulting in any such disturbance and will improve access wildlife disturbance and damage, and make staying into and understanding of damage to resources. on the trails more attractive Bogd Khan Uul SPA than random walking ecology and The construction of the through the SPA. conservation. Some small works (car parks, trails will be made small ranger houses, Construction Guidelines accessible for the watch tower, etc) could will be produced during the disabled cause localized damage project, approved by the to sensitive habitats Bank, and used during implementation and will become part of the PIM. These will consider the minimization of radon exposure, minimization of impacts on groundwater (and taking oppotunities to use sites for the monitoring of groundwater quality, temperature, chemistry, flow, and to measure the drawdown of the aquifer.

NGO Support The small grants will None identified Selection should be improve the capacity carefully conducted to of local NGOs to be ensure that only meaningful active in and around

Bogd Khan Uul SPA activities with some lasting and increase the local impact are supported. ‗ownership‘. Awards The awards for None identified The selection of the winners rangers or other staff must be above reproach. will help to motivate them to work hard and in accordnace with the new management and activity regime. Opinion/Awareness/Behavior The repeated detailed None identified The sampling and execution Monitoring: survey will reveal must be to the highest changes in public standards to ensure that the knowledge, attitudes results are meaningful and and behavior related to Bogd Khan Uul repeatable. SPA.

Component 2: Mainstreaming of Protected Area Considerations into Economy-wide Policies and Plans Sub-component 2.1 Targeted The materials and None identified The msny opportunities of, Analysis and Information for dialog to be supported and constraints to, protected Government and Private will reach out to new area management will need Sector activities audiences and to be made clear. engender support and engagement in protected area management in general and in Bogd Khan Uul is particular.

Sub-component 2.2 Targeted The materials and None identified The msny opportunities of, Analysis and Information for dialog to be supported and constraints to, protected the Private Sector will reach out to new area management will need audiences and to be made clear. engender support and engagement in protected area management in general and in Bogd Khan Uul is particular.

N/A N/A N/A Component 3: Overall 81

Project Management

Environmental Impacts of the Parallel Financed Centers

Kuwait-Mongolia Research Center This is due to be opened in July 2010. It was subjected to a Detailed EIA by OSMT LLC. and the Executive Summary of this is attached in Appendix X. This recognizes the sensitive nature of the land it occupies and prescribes constant monitoring and control activities. The construction phase was felt to be potentially damaging with regard to dust and potential for water pollution and these issues were addressed. Many trees have been planted to compensate for the ones which were damaged or removed for the construction. The possibility of chance finds of physical cultural resources were given attention as per Mongolian Law.

The Kuwait-Mongolia Research Center during construction, Aug 2009 (Google Earth)

JICA Freshwater Resources and Nature Conservation Center Ground will be broken in 2010 and construction is expected to be completed in late 2011. It is located in a highly-disturbed part of the Zaisan Valley and MNET determined that only a General Assessment (Scoping) was necessary. Their report is attached in Appendix 6 As part of the research for this report it was found that the JICA site was immediately adjacent to a Paleolithic site from about 12,000 years ago discovered about 70 years ago and this was not mentioned in the scoping document. The government has sought advice from the Institute of Archaeology which has investigated the site and found that it is now so disturbed that it has no obvious interest for physical cultural resources (see Appendix 8). That said, any chance finds will be dealt with as per the requirements of Mongolian law.

Chapter 6: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

General Construction Precautions  Although funded by Government and not the GEF grant, the construction of ranger facilities, watch towers, car parks and the like will be subject to proper screening of location, and assessment of environmental, archaeological, and social impacts.  Construction Guidelineswill be produced near the beginning of the project, approved by the Bank, and used during implementation, and will become part of the PIM.  Any PFA-concrete block dwellings constructed inside Bogd Khan Uul SPA should include radon assessments to determine the risk to human health.  Construction sites should be examined by a geologist familiar with identifying permafrost terrain, and in particular able to recognize and map landforms indicative of active or historical melting or heaving of permafrost. Sites of active permafrost disturbance should not be used for construction.  Construction activity will minimize any impacts on groundwater and take oppotunities to use sites for the monitoring of groundwater quality, temperature, chemistry, flow, and to measure the drawdown of the aquifer if possible.  Fence designs will permit wildlife movement while preventing vehicle access. .

General Planning Precautions  The participatory and consultative nature of planning should not be allowed to undermine the project objectives. If there is agreement on the principles, then informed project staff and stakeholders could be able to communicate the opportunities and constraints within which the management will have to operate.  Even though the impacts of buffer zones are not expected to be significant since they are a ‗light touch‘ form of conservation and land use designation, any buffer zones identified within the project will have to have proper environmental and social safeguards applied by government, approved by the Bank, prior to any decision to institute them. The Resettlement Process Framework (Appendix 10) in this document will serve as an example of how to deal woith any issues of restriction of access to resources but of course the restrictions in a buffer zone are markedly different from those of a Strictly Protected Area.  The Bogd Khan Uul SPA Director must be ready to order the immediate suspension or termination of any project activity that is considered may be having a significant negative impact on the environment, regardless of whether this impact was predictable or not. S/He would be responsible for: 1. conducting independent site visits to monitor activity; 2. include details on executing of the EMP in the regular reporting to the SPAA.

General Fieldwork Precautions

Transport

 Care should be taken to avoid enlarging pre-existing faint tracks and trails unless absolutely necessary, and whenever project activities have created or enlarged tracks or trails, then efforts to permanently conceal, block and rehabilitate the routes should be made.  All field personnel, including drivers, should receive initial training and refresher training in plant identification and recording, and in habitat impact minimization.  The project should consider conducting field activities on horseback whenever possible to reduce impacts on soils, wetlands and vegetation. The results would assist the SPA Management Plan to determine if banning cars from certain areas is a practical option for limiting public pressure, and reducing impacts on soils from vehicles.  The project should enable the rangers to monitor the impact of vehicles on vegetation and soils, devise low-cost management techniques for preventing multi-tracking and rutting, and determine the duration and nature of steppe recovery by recording vegetation changes on abandoned dirt roads.  The project should avoid as much as possible driving on dirt roads in Bogd Khan Uul SPA during or shortly after cloudbursts or snow melt.  Use of vehicles in Conservation Zones and especially in Pristine Zones must be minimized, and all project staff be sufficiently physically fit and motivated to be prepared to walk long distances as part of their routine tasks when conducting fieldwork and getting to fieldwork areas.  The project should prepare a standard list of the quantity and types of greases, oils, lubricants, anti-freeze, cleaners, rust removers etc approved to be carried in a vehicle, and the driver must not be allowed to control this. Containers for spare fuel should also be given attention to minimize the chances of any accidental spills in the SPA.  The project should prepare a standard list of the quantity and type of chemicals approved to be carried in a project vehicles including first aid kit, water testing equipment, preservatives etc. (as appropriate).

Camping  Picnics within 100 metres of streams, wetlands or lakes in the SPA‘s Pristine Zone should not be allowed.  Project activities must not include any overnight stays in Pristine Zones and only if fully justified and unavoidable inside the Conservation Zone.

Fire  Mitigation of fire risk is one of the most important field actions and all means should be adopted to address it.  Project vehicles should be assessed for their potential to ignite dry vegetation by frictional heat and the build-up of static electricity on some external surfaces of the bodywork.  Clear (transparent) glass bottles are a potential fire risk and should not be allowed in vehicles and never taken in the field. Plastic bottles can also pose a slight risk and other containers should be sought.  All field personnel should receive basic training in fighting forest fires, and then be ready, able and willing to assist the competent authorities in fighting wildfires if requested to do so.  Drivers and field personnel are subject to a strict no-smoking rule during any and all periods of high risk for wildfires in forests and steppe from matches, lighters and cigarettes.  No project activity will start camp fires or fires of any sort in Pristine Zones or Conservation Zones.  All field vehicles should carry a GPS and a mobile telephone. The driver should be trained in using this equipment and be responsible for ensuring it all remains with the vehicle at all times for daily storage of project information (GPS readings, digital images etc) the equipment. The equipment will also enable the team to report forest fires IMMEDIATELY AND ACCURATELY and to receive information on fire risk at the fieldwork site and in travelling to it.  Use of traditional ger stoves should be avoided wherever possible, and should be substituted by 84

high-efficiency stoves to minimize fuel consumption and reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and radon.  In dry or windy weather, speed restrictions of 30 kilometres/hour should be imposed on small vehicles to avoid creating a plume of fugitive dust.

Sign warning against the risk of fire, just above the Observatory in the NE part of the SPA

Litter  No batteries will be disposed of within the SPA.  A written 'Clean Car, Clean Site' protocol should be prepared and enforced. Trash should be brought out of the SPA for proper disposal whenever possible or buried beneath at least 50 cm of compacted cover material. All holes must be filled to avoid trapping small animals.  Use of plastic or glass bottles in the SPA should be minimized. Bottles found should not be buried as they will inevitably resurface, and should not be broken due risk of injury to animals, people and the ultimate risk of fire.

Wildlife  Project staff should receive class and field-based training in recognizing the signs of hunting.  The project should minimize vehicular movements in hours of darkness to minimize wildlife disturbance from light, noise and vibration.  Project staff should receive class and field-based training in 'field craft' for noticing and identifying all types of wildlife both by direct observation as well as by a) tracks and trails, b) droppings, c) sounds, d) latrines, e) territorial marking by scent, scratch markings etc; f) sites for resting, sleeping or hibernation, g) antlers, and h) bones, teeth and fur; and for identifying the primary habitat types including small wetlands (even when seasonally dry).  If forest cleaning is deemed useful or necessary after careful consideration of the ecological impacts, then steps taken to minimize disturbance to small mammals and other wildlife which might be present, especially if thought to be rearing young or hibernating.  Destructive activities such as cutting firebreaks, controlled burning of fire breaks, hay cutting and 85

forest cleaning should a) be undertaken only if deemed very useful for biodiversity goals, b) if possible should not be carried out at times of the year when wildlife is expected to be hibernating or raising young; and c) should always leave 'islands' undisturbed and with undisturbed corridors left to connect them.  Abandoned Marmot burrows should be safeguarded with a view to possible future recolonization/reintroduction of the species.  Staff should have the necessary knowledge for the treatment of snake bites.  Whenever possible, project activities should avoid interfering with small water bodies and wet marshes at times of the year when amphibians are congregating, spawning or maturing.  The project should refrain from attempting to enhance the visual appearance of a stream for tourists, or to ―improve a stream for wildlife‖. These may be counterproductive, for instance: trimming of shrubs and branches that overhang streams (shade is important to fish), driving across a river (disturbance to spawn and release of silt), construction of ditches (encouraging contamination), allowing cement, engine oil or detergent to reach a water course, and so on.

Community  Project staff should undertake assignments to enhance their 'community dialogue' skills to maximise assistance from local communities in determining the presence of large mammals and hunters.

Standing Water  All small pools in fieldwork areas must be safeguarded as much as possible from damage or contamination.  Sites of pools that are ―dry at the moment‖ demand special protection being so easy to inadvertently damage or destroy by vehicles, dumping, camping etc; and need to be identified by a specialist, recorded by GPS and digital camera and mapped as being no-go areas.

Envirnmental Monitoring Plan There are very few negative environmental impacts from this project, but the most significant are,  the possible impacts of small-scale construction,  possible damage to the Bogd Khan Uul SPA and disturbance to wildlife resulting from careless fieldwork. To deal with the former, Construction Guidelines will be produced during the first year of the project, approved by the Bank, and used during implementation and will become part of the PIM. These will consider the minimization of impacts on groundwater (and taking oppotunities to use sites for the monitoring of groundwater quality, temperature, chemistry, flow, and to measure the drawdown of the aquifer, and minimization of radon exposure. The natural pace of recovery after disturbance is very slow in Mongolia because of the often low temperatures and frequent low availability of water for growing plants. Even in the four years of the project it may be difficult to see many signs of recovery but this does not mean it is absent and it reinforces the importance of taking and carefully filing site photographs for later comparison.

Roles and Responsibilities  The overall responsibility for implementing the EMP will rest with the SPAA but responsibility for its execution will rest with the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration under Component 1. As

with the rest of the project, during the first year, key indicators relevant to the environmental impacts - beyond those in the Results Framework - will be identified for the M&E system and baseline information of those indicators will be collected. EIA specialists in MNET will provide technical support as needed. The field staff of Bogd Khan Uul SPA will be used as much as possible in the identification, mitigation, monitoring and reporting of impacts. Volunteer rangers (under the ‗Friends of Bogd Khan Uul‘) will also be used to collect data but they will not have formal monitoring roles.  The Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration will conduct its own monthly, form-based monitoring of environmental matters including environmental impacts, and these monthly reports will be consolidated by the SPAA for quarterly reporting to the project Steering Committee. SPAA will collate data on key indicators semi-annually and this will feed into the M&E system and be disclosed to the public.  There is currently no system or defined methodology for the monitoring for this project and so early on a monitoring system will be built that will be managed by the SPAA with environmental monitoring data on Bogd Khan Uul provided by the Administration. Capacity of staff in the Administration and especially its rangers will be built to collect data, perform data entry and undertake overall management of the monitoring system.  Capacity Building  The Bogd Khan Uul SPA staff will receive a wide range of training to increase their skills which will support the implementation of the project. Most importantly, there will be five days of safeguards training provided each year for staff of Bogd Khan Uul SPA, SPAA, and other relevant staff of MNET, given by the project CTA, local EIA consultants, World Bank specialists, and MNET senior staff. Other training will include protected area management, work planning, public consultations, protected area montiroing, data managemet, fire prevention, and proposal and report writing.  The rangers on Bogd Khan Uul SPA already perform various monitoring acitivities such as counting the numbers of Endangered Siberian Marmots in the valleys for which they are responsible. On-the-job training will be provided to them under the project by SPAA staff as well as university lecturers and other relevant staff and will cover the needs of the project‘s environmental monitoring including: o Understanding and applying laws, regulations, standards and norms of the World Bank and Mongolian government concerning environmental safeguards and protection; o Basic knowledge of sampling; o Basic understanding of vegetation types, signs and causes of stress and damage, pace of restoration, natural vs artificial measures; o Identification of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and butterflies; o Pest and disease management and control and integrated pest management principles; o Basic photography (each ranger will be provided with a camera with which to document events and changes); o Preparation of environmental monitoring reports. Together these should professionalize the environmental monitoring work and ensure eveness of quality and timeliness of data submission.

Monitoring Budget

An estimated cost for the implementation of environmental impact monitoring is US$38,000 over the four years of the project including the safeguards training to be provided by the project, not including the in- kind cost of the training facilities. This is broken down below. Consultant/Contract Title Share of Costs for Environmetal Safeguards Protected Area Management Specialist (International) 6,000 Protected Area Management Specialist (National) 2,000 Chief Technial Advisor 15,000 Annual Safeguards Training 4,000 Report Writing Training 1,000 Annual Monitoring Contract 10,000 Total 38,000

Chapter 7: Social Assessment

Overview of context Mongolia‘s total population is only 2.7 million, spread out across an area nearly the size of western Europe. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population density is only 2 people/km2. Approximately half the population lives as nomads, while the rest reside in towns and cities, most of those in Ulaanbaatar. The population of Ulaanbaatar has grown steadily from only 30,000 in the mid 1940s, through 650,000 in 1998 to just under 900,000 in 2003. Its current population is estimated at 1,0310,00 residents and is still rising. In spite of Mongolia having the world‘s lowest population density, the current growth of Ulaanbaatar‘s population seems likely to continue for at least a decade. The first main driving force for the increasing population is the ‗capital city effect‘ where the powerful nucleus of government, banks, higher education establishments, cultural facilities, international transport and distribution facilities exerts a ‗pull effect‘ – this is particularly true for internationally-orientated Mongolians, the emerging middle and upper classes and graduates of Ulaanbaatar‘s many universities and colleges. The second main driving force is a ‗push effect‘ whereby rural poor and very poor migrate from the provinces to seek shelter and survival in the ger districts of the capital. Apart from a gradual drift to the capital, pulses of migration have occurred – and are destined to reoccur – whenever an unusually severe winter decimates the livestock of this or that province. With no effective social safety net in place, those herders who have lost their herds have little choice: they commonly either resort to illegal mining (notably of gold, fluorspar and coal) or logging or eek shelter and food in their nearest provincial centre (aimag) from where they drift to the capital. The third main driving force is that, in spite of its low population density, Mongolia‘s demographic profile means an overall fast rate of population growth, albeit offset by the large number of young people who are part of Mongolia‘s global diaspora in search of work, education or a better life. Overall it means that Mongolia‘s population is remarkably young by western standards (20% of Mongolians are 20 years of age or younger) and a relentless pressure of about 4% per annum more adult Mongolians a year forming households nationally, translating into about 8-10% a year in Ulaanbaatar due to the capital city effect. The city‘s residents are divided into those who live in apartments, and those who live in ger settlements, as less than 1% of the city population live in individual houses. Ger settlements account for about 70% of the geographical extent of Ulaanbaatar‘s residential areas. Current population data indicate that 60% of Ulaanbaatar‘s inhabitants live in ger settlements, and just under 40% live in apartment blocks. Unlike many protected areas, Bogd Khan SPA is not defended by a ring of closely guarded farmland. Indeed, with builders of apartments, gers, dachas and tourist camps not required to install piped toilets, piped water, roads or even legal title, Bogd Khan Uul SPA is extremely vulnerable. The SPA does, however, like the city itself, have:  flood walls and municipal water wells which defend the Tuul and its floodplain;  the Ulaanbaatar Railway which defends not only the Tuul corridor but also the eastern flank of Bogd Khan Uul SPA that would otherwise be defenceless; and

 a large slice of land within the western part of Bogd Khan Uul SPA‘s Limited Use Zone that was once the site for the huge Naadam Festival, where thousands of herders and horses would gather and races would be held. Unfortunately the Naadam site has now been moved far away, to “allow the ground to recover”. Rather than recovering, the ground is under pressure from developers, and from the poor and very poor of the Yarmag ger district who cross the former Naadam site on foot, on horseback and by motor-bike to gain easy access to the faggots, mushrooms and berries in the forests of the SPA. 89

Bogd Khan Uul SPA and Use of Land and Resources Currently, 391 citizens and entities have permission to conduct tourism activities in the SPA, and facilities for these are located (or planned to be located) in 20 out of the 32 valleys (see GASI report attached as Appendix 9 for details of numbers etc). Summer camp houses (dachas) are present in some valleys inside the SPA and, as noted earlier, Nukht Valley has about 70 houses (summer house/dacha type and more permanent features) belonging to many organizations and individuals. In recent years most people migrating into Ulaanbaatar city are poor or very poor and without definite sources of family income. In their place of origin, their sources of income often included natural resources and some of the new arrivals are known to seek similar resources in Bogd Khan Uul. The SPA Authority estimates that an average of about 400 poor people hunt/gather in Bogd Khan Uul‘s forest area each year but most do so only occasionally. Investigations by the consultants and the knowledge of the SPA Administration has not identified any households which are wholly dependent on SPA resources for their livelihoods. It is difficult to obtain accurate figures because those gathering resources know that such activity has long been illegal (though without specific knowledge of zones or regulations) and are not forthcoming with the information. Information has been sought from several angles, and while it may not be 100% correct does indicate low numbers. People Living Inside Bogd Khan Uul SPA Poor people living within the SPA fall into three groups:  115 households in Chuluut (in the NE) and Artsat (in the W) headed by employees (or former employees) of government agencies, especially the railways and police and who have lived there since the 1980s or earlier – that is, before the SPA was established.  some 300 relatively poor people who have lived in the Zaisan valley for decades. The overall Zaisan population now totals some 4,000 people in 784 households but most of these are rich. According to local informants, the long-established residents have fought for their rights to live here since the 1980s and 242 received their land use certificates (about 300 square meters per household) from the Khoroo Authority in 2007.  A relatively small number of households in many of the other valleys (see table below) led by rangers and former rangers who have lived in the area now occupied by the SPA for 2-3 generations. Article 12 of the SPA Law states that herding and animals shelters are allowed within an SPA only with permission.

For none of these three groups of people are the forest resources (wildlife, plants, fruit, nuts or timber) a significant part of their livelihood, and it tends to be outsiders who periodically attempt to extract resources in commercial quantities. It is thus hoped that through the project the long-established groups can become ‗guardians‘ of the SPA. The Government does not intend to physically resettle any people currently living within the SPA, or to acquire any land.

List of Approved Herders in Bogd Khan Uul SPA Limited Use Zone with Livestock Numbers, May 2010. Note: this is the first time such survey has been conducted and it has revealed that some of the (volunteer) rangers have more livestock that permitted under the SPA bylaws and the agreements made. Action will be taken to reduce these numbers. Long-term residents in the Turgen Valley have had a certain amount of conflict with the SPA Administration which has sought to reduce their livestock numbers and/or for the herders to move outside the SPA in some seasons.

Valley Household Horses Cattle Sheep Goat Total Note leader’s given name

Turgen Munkhbayar - 18 117 15 150 Long-term resident

Amarsaikhan - 22 99 49 170 Long-term resident

Munkhsuren 38 9 18 4 69 Long-term resident

Ganbaatar 20 15 - - 35 Long-term resident

Lham - 9 - - 9 Long-term resident

Enkhee - 8 - - 8 Long-term resident

Jargalant Baatar 4 40 - - 44 Former volunteer ranger

Movsanaa - - 250 100 350 Volunteer Ranger

Ganbold 25 20 - - 45 Salaried Ranger Artsat Batsuur - 15 - - 15 Former volunteer ranger

Enkhtaivan - 10 - - 10 Volunteer Ranger

Nukht Erdenebat - 6 - - 6 Salaried Ranger

Sharaa - 8 - - 8 Volunteer Ranger

Khuush Lhagvajav - 10 - 8 18 Former volunteer ranger

Chandmani Byambaa 25 3 30 82 140 Volunteer Ranger

Batbaatar 2 - - - 2 Salaried Ranger

Baruundelger Tosgjargal 34 3 18 50 105 Former volunteer ranger

Dugarsuren 6 2 21 38 67 Volunteer Ranger

Otoghnchimed - 5 50 58 113 Salaried Ranger

Ikh Bulag Chuluunbat 3 20 290 45 358 Volunteer Ranger

Dashpuntsag 3 4 50 40 97 Salaried Ranger

Ogoomor Davaadorj 18 70 50 138 Volunteer Ranger

Ishjamts 15 60 55 130 Former volunteer ranger

Khotgoid Baasanjav 4 36 54 90 Salaried Ranger

Byambadorj 1 13 - 14 Volunteer Ranger

Zuundelger Chuluunbat 4 2 30 45 81 Volunteer Ranger

Ìanzuushir Birvaa 2 7 80 80 169 Salaried Ranger

Jamyan 1 7 - - 8 Volunteer Ranger

Àirag Hosbayar 2 3 30 100 135 Watchman

Zaisan Tsendauysh - - 20 40 60 Salaried Ranger

Ikhtenger Government 3 3 Watchman service unit

Bagatenger Anandbazar 66 22 - - 88 Watchman for New Tour Company

Zalaat Baraishir - 10 - - 10 Salaried Ranger

Khurkheree Ì.Togtoh - 22 27 19 68 Salaried Ranger

Torkhurah Sumber 33 6 39 Volunteer Ranger

Shajinhurah Naymbyy 10 10 Salaried Ranger

Gobilhangaa 1 40 59 100 Volunteer Ranger

Shirdegt Purevdorj 4 12 25 31 72 Salaried Ranger

Sugar 1 7 25 31 64 Volunteer Ranger

Shavart Gongor 51 49 210 111 421 Long-term resident

Zaisan 11 individuals and 7 50 60 60 177 Various 2 companies

TOTAL 336 484 1626 1184 3636

People Living Adjacent to Bogd Khan Uul SPA Bogd Khan Uul SPA has problems because of its juxtaposition with Ulaanbaatar. Considerable socioeconomic interlocking existed between urban and rural dwellers due to strong bonds between very extended families that form social and economic networks extending from the capital to one or more distant aimags. This rural tradition strongly influences almost all Mongolians and key decision makers, and now foreigners, to support the traditional ger-based livestock-raising herders who for centuries have practiced transhumance if not precisely a nomadic lifestyle. These socioeconomic realities exert a considerable influence on Bogd Khan Uul SPA, and raise many environmental issues that are difficult to address through PA Management Plans. For instance, Mongolians still preserve the right in common law and in most formal legislation to erect their gers wherever they wish, graze their herds on almost any open pastures, and shun fences as a means of livestock control. While the traditional aversion to constructing fences has positive environmental impact on Bogd Khan Uul in allowing essential freedom of movement for wild populations of large mammals, the traditional right to graze as many livestock when and where they please poses a management problem for this and other SPAs. A small peri-urban herd requires much vigilance and is unlikely to give a household more than a basic income, which would be insufficient, for example, to pay for the higher education of young adults. The Ulaanbaatar Municipality has now banned herding within its limits which the SPA Administration view a a boon for them since it reduces the number of herders seeking to bring their animals into the SPA. However, in the south, in Tov aimag, herders do bring their animals into the SPA but only in transit. Rangers in chanrge of a valley inform them that they must move on but may offer them a day or two of

grace. Since some of these herders may lack opportunities or necessary skills in the mainstream economy, some may supplement their income from herding with seasonal income from illegal collection of nuts, berries and mushrooms. Inevitably with Bogd Khan Uul being close to Zuunmod, the Tov capital, it is the main target for such activities. Innocuous as these activities may in themselves be, and a necessity for some poor households, the resultant impacts are felt – most notably damage to pine trees, and fires caused by carelessness. Details of livestock adjacent to the SPA is shown below.

Battering ram used for shaking ;pine trees in the Fall to cause the pine nuts to drop to the ground, and the serious damage done to the outer bark layers. These trees are about 100 years old.

Numbers of Livestock in Areas Adjacent to Bogd Khan Uul SPA. These do not all graze in the SPA, but some do when travelling between pastures.

Horses Cattle Sheep Goats Total

Khoroo # 5 of 10 300 - - 310 Khan uul District

Khoroo #5 4 125 - - 129

Khoroo #6 5 66 604 503 1178

Khoroo #7 23 70 2 22 117

Khoroo #8 5 224 272 240 741

Khoroo #9 - 450 - - 450

Khoroo #1 60 950 - - 1010

Zuunmod soum, 292 623 917 1832 Unit #5

Lanst unity, 8 191 598 273 1070 Zuunmod soum, Tuv aimag

Sergelen soum, 160 282 1847 972 3261 Tuv aimag

Sergelen soum, 187 260 2462 1215 4124 Tuv aimag

Tuul Khoroo, 6 202 121 64 393 Bayanzurkh District

Khoroo #11, 245 337 333 564 1519 Bayanzurkh district

Shavart Unit 265 12 62 56 55 Sergelen soum,Tuv aimag,

Total 968 3761 6924 4826 16189

Heating is a major cost for poor and very poor households, as Ulaanbaatar is the world‘s coldest capital city in winter. While apartment dwellers enjoy district heating and unmetered hot water, ger dwellers have to solve their own heating needs. Free fuel is obtained by collecting and drying dung from peri- urban herds but this source is woefully insufficient bearing in mind the high density of livestock-less households in most of the ger districts. Wood-for-free is tempting close in the forests of Bogd Khan Uul but illegal commercial-scale logging has been prevented at the expense of 24-hour vigilance by a large team of Environmental Inspectors assisted by police. That said, collection of faggots by local people is intensive, has cumulative impacts and yet serves an important social need. Local people see “no harm” in collecting fallen branches or even chunks of fallen logs, and perhaps there may be little harm judging from the many thousands of fallen trees in the SPA forests in the aftermath of insect attacks and fires. Unfortunately carelessness when collecting bundles of fuelwood is thought to be one of the major causes of fires at Bogd Khan Uul. The de facto boundaries of Ulaanbaatar are extending steadily outwards, as the urban population grows and formerly unsettled areas are transformed into suburbs and satellites of the city. In particular, residential and commercial zones are spreading rapidly along the Tuul river corridor towards Gachuurt and along the main road towards Nalaikh town. Many new developments, mostly apartment blocks, have been built in the Zaisan area within Bogd Khan Uul SPA. The ongoing process of land allocation and sub-

division is hastening this process, and causing permanent changes to the SPA landscape – fences are being put up, ger settlements created, and more permanent dwellings are being built. These major incursions of the city centre into the SPA at Zaisan have been vilified is the press as greedy and disrespectful of the rule of law. In the last seven years or so the relevant legislation has been interpreted as permitting such developments inside the Limited Use Zone of Bogd Khan SPA. Zaisan valley is the most urbanised of the 20 valleys in the SPA, and the SPA Authority estimates that about 223 entities and over 80 households occupy the valley but this is probably an underestimate. Other valleys also have problems: for example: Artsat valley is also of concern, having not only about 20 households but also some small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and Nukht Valley has about 70 summer camp houses. The MNET and SSIA have noted that almost all of the current construction activities in Bogd Khan Uul are in violation of the law. As estimated by the Bogd Khan Uul-SPA Administration, an average of about 400 poor UB and other citizens enter BKU-SPA forests each year for seasonal gathering of nuts, berries and mushrooms, although for none of these people is the collection the major part of their livelihoods and the activity is more of an occasional subsistence activity for most. Herders from the surrounding areas sometimes also graze their animals in the outer Limited Use Zone of the SPA especially when drought or cold make grazing in surrounding areas difficult. Some of these herders seek special permission, others do not. The SPA can thus serve as a resource ‗buffer‘ in times of need. Socio-economic survey A vast amount of socioeconomic data exists for Ulaanbaatar and surrounding settlements. While this information is very useful, the desk study for this report showed that none of it relates directly to Bogd Khan Uul SPA. In particular, none of the existing data seem to be suitable as a benchmark against which the actual impact of the project can be assessed. To address this, the consultants selected settlements that are close to (or partially inside) Bogd Khan Uul SPA, particularly those settlements with a significant presence of poor and very poor households. These settlements are the most vulnerable to any changes in the PAs, and they are believed to be the settlements most likely to be impacted by the proposed project. The consultants also selected Gachuurt settlement NE of the SPA in order to gauge the reaction of the local public to the possibility of a buffer zone between Bogd Khan Uul SPA and Gorkhi-Terelj NP. The settlements chosen were: 1. Honhor Khoroo (Bayanzurkh district of UB) which is partially within the SPA 2. Sergelen Soum (Tov Aimag) 3. Zuunmod (administrative centre of Tov Aimag) 4. Ulziit-Turgenii Gol Khoroo (Khan Uul district of UB) 5. Yarmag settlement of UB 6. Nalaikh district of UB 7. Gachuurt settlement The team conducted a survey of local residents using a questionnaire, animated and participatory meetings in each area, and additional small focus group analysis.

Gachuurt

Yarmag Nailakh

Honhor

Ulziit-Turgenii Gol

Sergelen

Locations of consultations Zuunmod

Socioeconomic summary by Settlement

Honhor Honhor is a small ger settlement to the east of the SPA, wedged tightly between the Trans-Mongolian Railway, Bogd Khan Uul SPA, the main road, and military installations. In spite of the distance from Ulaanbaatar, 36% of respondents‘ family members of working age are employed in the capital, a percentage exceeded only by Yarmag and Turgen Gol which are much closer to the city. Even so, Honhor respondents' household monthly incomes are very low, 46% being 100-200,000 MNT per month. The main reason respondents like to live in Honhor (Q5) is "fresh air, nature" (71%); and the main challenge in living here (Q6) is "too far from Ulaanbaatar" (13%) ahead of "not enough jobs" (11%), presumably because the capital is the only realistic source of jobs for this remote community. The main advantage of living close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q7) is that it is "far away from the city noise and close to nature" (82%), and "close to the hunting area" (78%), and is also important for their beliefs (60%). Remarkably, no respondent cited "fresh air". For the respondents the worst thing about living close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA was "not being allowed to take wood for fuel" (29%) and not being allowed to hunt (29%), not being allowed to graze livestock (27%) and not being allowed to wander about (22%). An impressive 73% want to be "allowed to collect firewood but trained in replanting trees" (Q9), and 62% considered only local people should be given permits to collect firewood for domestic use. Honhor respondents have a clear grasp of the factors adversely affecting Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q10) including forest fires (80%), logging (78%), damaging soil and roots while collecting nuts, berries and mushrooms (67%), insect attacks in the forests (62%) and too many unpaved roads (60%) as well as too many tourist facilities (58%), constructions and fences (51%). Over half recognize that overgrazing is a factor. Illegal logging (62%) is considered to be the most frequent violation (Q11), followed by collecting firewood (53%), collecting other forest products (53%) and building fences and houses without permission (51%). About the border of the SPA (Q12), a worrisome 36% consider it "keeps being moved" and there is a mixed view about whether the border is clear or not. Mushroom and berry collecting (Q13) is viewed favourably (64%), and the same proportion favour marmot hunting (Q14) and livestock grazing (Q15). Honhor residents were the least forthcoming of all communities surveyed regarding suggestions to improve their community (Q16), and only 24% cited "more employment" and 13% cited "better water" and "more trees".j

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Sergelen Sergelen is a traditional herder soum, albeit with a spate of formal and informal placer gold mining. In spite of fairly easy access to the capital, a mere 6% of family members of respondents of working age commute to Ulaanbaatar. Household incomes seem to range from under 100,000 to 400,000 MNT per month. The main reason respondents live in this settlement (Q5) is "my job is here" (50%) followed by "fresh air, nature" (39%). The main challenge in living here (Q6) is "not enough jobs" (44%) ahead of "too far from Ulaanbaatar" (28%). The main advantage of living close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q7) is that it is "important for our beliefs" (78%), “fresh air” (78%) and "far away from the city noise and close to nature" (42%). Proximity to rivers, mountains, forests and hunting areas is less important. Of the respondents, 50% cited the three worst things about living close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q8) as "not being allowed to take wood for fuel", "not being allowed to wander about freely" and "not being allowed to pick mushrooms or berries". These were ahead of "not being allowed to graze livestock" (44%) or hunt (39%). 61% want to be "allowed to collect firewood but trained in replanting trees" (Q9), and 50% considered only local people should be given permits to collect firewood.

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Sergelen respondents have a good grasp of the factors adversely affecting Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q10) – but less emphatically so than Honhor respondents - notably forest fires (83%), logging (67%), damaging soil and roots while collecting nuts, berries and mushrooms (50%), insect attacks in the forests (44%) and too many unpaved roads (39%), as well as too many tourist facilities (33%), constructions and fences (44%). However only 22% consider overgrazing is a factor. Illegal hunting (56%) is considered to be the most frequent violation (Q11), ahead of illegal logging (44%), with a wide range of other violations considered to be less frequent (22-33%). About the border of the SPA (Q12), a worrisome 28% consider it "keeps being moved" and 56% consider "the border is not clear" which is twice as many as those that believe it to be clear and obvious. Interestingly, mushroom and berry collecting (Q13) is supported less emphatically than elsewhere, but Sergelen respondents are quite supportive of allowing local people to graze livestock (Q15) and to hunt (Q14). Sergelen residents have strong views on how to improve their community (Q16), with 94% citing "more employment" followed by "better schools" (61%) and "better teachers" (61%), then "more trees" (50%), ahead of "more grazing land" (33%) and "better water supply" (17%).

Zuunmod Zuunmod is the capital of Tov Aimag, but is so close to Ulaanbaatar that it lacks the momentum of a provincial centre. It is a modest hub for roads, including the tourist route into the interior of Bogd Khan Uul SPA at Mandshir. The main function of the town is administration, trading and vehicle repairs, and very little manufacturing is evident. Yet, as with Sergelen soum, few have jobs in the capital, only 11% of family members of respondents of working age commute to Ulaanbaatar. Household incomes seem to range from under 100,000 to 400,000 MNT per month, but very poor households are probably under- represented in the sample. The main reason respondents live in this settlement (Q5) is "my job is here" (62%) followed by "fresh air, nature" (48%) The main challenge in living here (Q6) is "not enough jobs" (18%), with "too far from Ulaanbaatar" scoring a mere 8%. The main advantage of living close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q7) is "fresh air" (78%), followed by "far away from the city noise and close to nature" (74%) and "important for our beliefs" (72%). Proximity to "rivers and mountains" scores 66% – twice as high as Sergelen – and "close to the forest" (60%) perhaps due to being near Mandshir. The respondents claim the worst things about living close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q8) is "not being allowed to wander about freely" (52%) and "not being allowed to graze livestock" (50%), followed by "not being allowed to pick mushrooms or berries" (46%) ahead of not being allowed to take wood for fuel (38%) or hunt (38%). 64% want to be "allowed to collect firewood but trained in replanting trees" (Q9), and 48% considered only local people should be given permits to collect firewood. Zuunmod respondents have a good grasp of the factors adversely affecting Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q10) – but again less emphatically so than Honhor respondents –notably forest fires (66%), logging (66%), damaging soil and roots while collecting nuts, berries and mushrooms (64%), too many tourist facilities (50%), insect attacks in the forests (40%) and “constructions and fences” (44%). However only 32% consider overgrazing is a factor. The most frequent violations are considered to be collecting berries, mushrooms and pine-nuts (74%), illegal logging (62%) closely followed by "too many" tourist camps being built (58%) ahead of hunting (46%), mining (46%), fences (44%), and gathering firewood (40%). Interestingly, mushroom and berry collecting (Q13) is strongly supported (70%), ahead of grazing (62%) and hunting (56%). About the border of the SPA (Q12), nearly half "know where it is" (46%) but 44% regard it as "not clear" and 26% consider it "keeps being moved". Zuunmod residents have strong views on how to improve their community (Q16), with 76% citing "more employment" followed by tree-planting (64%), while "too many dogs" (40%) is ahead of other concerns – for instance "more grazing land" scores only 14%.

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Olziit Turen Gol is experiencing a large influx of newcomers, and indeed 35 of the 36 respondents had lived here for less than a year. Household incomes are low, and a third of the households in the sample would probably be classed as "very poor". Interestingly, 89% of the newcomers had moved to the area for "fresh air and nature", followed by "peace and quiet" (39%), way ahead of "my job is here" (14%). A remarkable 44% have jobs in Ulaanbaatar, even though public transport is non-existent and therefore not surprisingly 44% claim that the place is "too far from Ulaanbaatar". Household incomes seem to range from under 100,000 to 400,000 MNT per month, but very poor households are probably under- represented in the sample. The main challenge in living here (Q6) is "not enough jobs" (18%), with "too far from Ulaanbaatar" only 8%. However the main challenge is "not enough jobs" (53%). 14% consider the place "difficult in winter" probably due to its exposed location, lack of proper insulation and collecting firewood not being permitted. The newcomers consider the main advantage of living close to Bogd Khan Uul (Q7) is "fresh air" (56%), followed by "far away from the city noise and close to nature" (42%) and "important for our beliefs" (42%). Proximity to rivers, mountains, forest and hunting areas is far less important to these newcomers. Of the newcomers, 42% cited the worst things about living close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q8) is "not being allowed to take wood for fuel", followed by "not being allowed to wander about freely" (31%) and "not being allowed to graze livestock" (28%), followed by "not being allowed to pick mushrooms or berries" (22%) or to hunt (22%). A mere 19% of newcomers are interested in having their own little forest where they can collect wood, far less than other settlements around the SPA apart from the coal town of Nalaikh, and only 31% want to be "allowed to collect firewood but trained in replanting trees" (Q9). Being newcomers, it seems the respondents have an incomplete awareness of factors adversely affecting Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Q10) but already seemingly more knowledgeable than Nalaikh respondents. The newcomers consider the most frequent violations to be illegal hunting (36%) and logging (36%) and mining sand and gravel without a permit (31%). Although new to the area, nearly half (44%) know where the border of the SPA is (Q12), but even so 14% consider it "keeps being moved". Interestingly, mushroom and berry collecting (Q13) and hunting are both supported (36%) almost as much as livestock grazing (42%). The newcomers have very wide and divergent views on how best to improve their community (Q16).

Yarmag Of all the settlements surrounding Bogd Khan Uul, Yarmag is probably the most difficult to survey by virtue of its size, and probably the most important to Bogd Khan Uul by virtue of its size and location. Yarmag is a densely packed mass of fenced off yards each containing one or more gers. It is a mature ger area, insofar as it seems to be almost incapable of absorbing any more gers, and in socioeconomic terms equates to an inner city deprived area of low quality housing. Like all ger areas it lacks piped water and sewerage. Water supply is by road tanker at certain times on certain days and, due to distance, convenience and cost, a significant number of households draw water from the polluted Tuul river. Yarmag is hemmed in on all sides:  to the north by the eroded scarp of the active floodplain of the Tuul river;  to the south by the main airport road;  to the east by new luxury residential tower blocks currently under construction; and  to the west by the international airport. The only realistic break-out might be south across the main road and into the large, gently-sloping grassy area that constitutes the outer border of Bogd Khan Uul SPA. Already some relatively minor incursions have taken place, with ger households using old buildings to gain footholds. Most of the Yarmag respondents have lived here for more than 5 years (61%), and due to the proximity to the city centre 43% work in the capital. Family incomes are mostly low to very low. 37% say they have no opportunity to live elsewhere, the highest figure in the survey.

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Paradoxically 45% say they came here for the fresh air, in spite of what is now a very cramped ger district. A shocking 37% consider that the biggest challenge they face living is Yarmag (Q6) is now air pollution, as big a challenge as "not enough jobs". A remarkable 24% claim Yarmag is "difficult in winter" which we assume relates at least in part to the winter peak of severe air pollution. Against these severe disadvantages it is evident from the survey that the proximity to Bogd Khan Uul SPA brings relief and many advantages (Q7), "close to the forest" (74%), "important for our beliefs" (71%), "close to the river and mountains" (68%), "close to the hunting area" (68%),"far away from the city noise and close to nature” (68%), and "fresh air" (66%). These responses are the highest encountered in our survey. Regarding firewood (Q9), 84% consider people should be allowed to collect firewood and be trained in how to plant trees. Yarmag residents have strong views about the main factors adversely affecting Bogd Khan Uul (Q10) and they rank forest fires (82%) and "too many visitors polluting the environment" (82%) slightly ahead of other factors such as damaging soil and roots when collecting forest products (79%), and too many tourism facilities being built (76%). Yarmag residents also have strong views about the most prevalent violations (see table), and rank illegal logging as the worst (82%) followed by joint second place shared between too many tourism facilities, building houses and fences without permission (74%), and collecting pine-nuts, berries and mushrooms without permission. A clear majority share the view that grazing, hunting and collecting forest products should be allowed in Bogd Khan Uul SPA. Yarmag residents have strong views on how to improve their community (Q16), citing "more employment" (45%), tree-planting (64%) and fuel costs (45%), better toilets (34%); and less air pollution (32%). In contrast, “more grazing land” trails behind at only 11%.

Discussion of Socioeconomic Surveys The findings clearly suggest that the current situation is not conducive to long-term conservation either of wildlife populations or human livelihoods in the areas within or in adjacent to protected areas of Bogd Khan Uul SPA. Important changes are needed if conservation is to be achieved, including alterations to property rights, greater government support, and improved marketing skills and employment opportunities. Linked to all of the above points is a need to address the serious information deficit experienced in rural Mongolia to enable local people to examine critically the issues at hand and to participate actively in solutions. It is critical that biodiversity values are understood and given proper consideration at all levels of decision making from top government to local herders. Local communities need more concrete actions that demonstrate ways that conservation and sustainable use principles can be put into practice at the community level. The focus towards development of sustainable alternative livelihoods for local people and a more active role in the incorporation of biodiversity values into land use planning and regional development planning is an important step. Findings also indicate that a restructuring of the SPA management arrangements should be considered so that it is truly decentralised and embraces communications with the communities, and would thus improve SPA management efficiency. Perhaps more importantly, it will enable local government authorities and local people in the steppes region to relate more closely to the SPA Area and to feel a greater sense of ownership of it. It is now recognized that an important reason for lack of PA effectiveness in protecting nature is that the costs of nature conservation are being borne disproportionately by local communities as a result of displacement from PAs (Sharma and Kabra 2007) and the loss of access to ecosystem resources, without adequate compensatory mechanisms (Shahabuddin et al. 2007). As a result, there is little local support for the aims of PAs; rather, hostility exists in many cases. There is now substantial documentation of the alienation that local people feel from the aims of PAs in Mongolia (Bedunah and Schmidt 2004). What makes matters worse is that few PAs have effective ways of compensating local residents for losses suffered from wildlife induced damage (Mishra 1997). Nor do many of the existing benefits from PAs, 105

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such as from commercial wildlife tourism, reach local residents. Instead, the benefits are cornered mainly by elites and distant business interests (Dinerstein 2003). Not surprisingly, rates of poaching and degradation due to the extractive activities of local people are still at worrying levels in most Asian PAs which generally share a lack of scientific management and poor enforcement of laws, which in turn, can be attributed to poor financial and scientific commitment for PAs. In recent years illegal hunting has increased in Mongolia, putting considerable pressure on large mammal populations. The causes lie in increasing rural poverty, ineffective policies to regulate hunting, as well as a ready market for many wildlife products in the Chinese medicine markets of east Asia. It is now accepted that biodiversity is ultimately lost or conserved at the local level and it is therefore imperative that the perspectives of the local people are better understood if wildlife management programs are to be sustainable. Social Impacts Social impacts of the project are judged to be as follows: Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

Component 1: Management of Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area Sub Component 1.1 The participatory and It may be that certain The combination of Management Planning consultative processes of members of the local both active preparing management plans community are over- consultation and with local communities as well shadowed by others. facilitated participation as with individuals and civil with sound technical society groups knowledgeable The institution of advice should prevent aboyut protected area buffer zones bring social concerns rising management in general will be with it a possible to a level at which the a major improvement and is number of impacts, project objectives expected to lead to actions primarily social would be which will be supported and (restriction of access compromised. understood by the various to resources) which stakeholders. will need to be The project‘s prepared for and Community Liaison The process and the results are documented, but it Officer will be made expected to have a singular and should be sensitive to issues of wide reaching impacts on the remembered that inclusiveness and management of protected areas buffer zones are ensuring that all voices across the country. relatively ‗light‘ in are heard and their impacts, with considered. The planning for buffer zones voluntary Buffer linking Bogd Khan Uul-SPA to Zone Councils The project will be adjacent ecologically important advising local financing socio- areas will bring more people government on the economic surveys of into the domain of appropriate development of Yarmag and Chuluut conservation/sustainable land to idea those people 106

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management. buffer zones, the must vulnerable to restoration, project acitivities. The planning will include protection and proper encouraging those living within use of natural The project will help the Bogd Khan Uul SPA to resources, and the support the required take on roles as ‗guardians‘ in a participation of local public consultations in manner to be determined within people. buffer zone planning, the project. the inventories as well as the dialog with local governments surrounding the buffer zones, but will not directly finance the establishment of the buffer zones.

The buffer zone planning will be guided by the core management activities in the project, especially the Resettlement Process Framework (Appendix 10) and its implementation since this will be highly relevant to the buffer zones.

Sub Component 1.2 A well-implemented and None identified Keep social inclusion socially-sensitive protected and local community Management Plan area in close proximity to the concerns at the center Implementation nation‘s capital will provide of management exceptional recreation benefits planning. to its inhabitants.

Boundary Demarcation Since the absence of clear None identified The project with BKU- markers for the outer boundary SPA will, early in the and the internal zone borders is project life, issue and a common complaint from widely distribute clear communities, visitors and Bogd maps showing the Khan Uul SPA staff alike – and zones and how to an excuse heard from recognize them in the miscreants – clear boundaries SPA, with guidance on will prevent accidental and what may and may not deliberate incursions into the be done under what protected area‘s zones where conditions at what certain acitivities have long times of year, by

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been proscribed. whom in which zone.

Small works These will improve visitor There may be minor, All land used will by experience and contrinbute to temporary disruption definition be State land management efficiency of access. (within the SPA) and none will need to be acquired

Community Co-Management Harmonious relationships and None identified N/A participation between the SPA residents and the Administration should increase, leading to improved adherence to laws and regiulations protecting Bogd Khan Uul SPA. Many of those living in Bogd Khan Uul SPA have indicated that they would like to be actively involved, and one way will be a freephone number to report infractions.

Patrolling The systematic and evidenced- The newly-effective The project with BKU- based approaches to patrolling patrolling with detect SPA will, early in the and law enforcement should and prevent illegal project life, issue and lead to consistent policies and and unsustainable widely distribute clear practice which will avoid activities which guidance on what may confusing local communities many people have and may not be done and the broader public with been accustomed to under what conditions varying practice. engaging in even if at what times of year the formal and by whom and restrictions have been where. This document in place for many will also have the years. This will thus details of the affect their Resettlement Process livelihoods to Framework (Appendix different degrees. 10) and of government This will especially schemes to deal with be the case for some of the root inhabitants of problems such as Yarmag and the fuelwood availability. seasonable pine nut/berry harvesters. A detailed socioeconomic study of Yarmag will be conducted within the project to better

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identify which households are most vulnerable to enhanced security of Bogd Khan Uul SPA, and what mitigation measures would be most appropriate. Mitigation could perhaps include drawing in attention from poverty alleviation projects, and opening the way to carefully supervised gathering of fallen timber in carefully prescribed areas of the SPA This could be sold in Yarmag at low prices to undercut illegal collectors, and some given free to hardship cases. Attempts will also be made to encourage tourism businesses on Bogd Khan Uul SPA to give preference to ‗hire local‘ in ways that would mitigate certain social impacts.

Biodiversity monitoring The monitoring of marmots and None identified N/A deer will develop local pride and further help to ensure growing populations and make illegal hunting less likely.

Capacity building for Bogd This will create a cadre of The same There will be five days Khan Uul staff officials much more competent improvements in each year of to perform their work. This will capacity will also safeguards training for include skills in consulting with have a negative BKU-SPA, SPAA and communities and it is expected impact on those who MNET staff. that this will defuse some of the carry out illegal or poor relationships which unsustainable The Resettlement currently exist. It will also help activities within Process Framework to increase respect for the Bogd Bogd Khan Uul SPA (Appendix 10) Khan Uul SPA staff as they because the chances addresses the compensation and 109

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become more professional. of being apprehended grievance mechanisms will increase. But it associated with these The visitor guides and should be impacts, where volunteer rangers will also have remembered that the appropriate. a role to play in reporting on project is not any illegal activities observed. introducing any change in existing rules or regulations and it is believed that most of those poaching or harvesting within the SPA are perfectly aware that the activities are illegal.

Awareness raising The vast majority of The increased The Resettlement Mongolians traditionally have awareness will put Process Framework deep respect for nature, but this further pressure on (Appendix 10) has not yet been translated into those accustomed to addresses the mass public support for carrying out illegal problems, and its biodiversity. The awareness and unsustainable existence and content raising within this project will activities. will also be part of the address this and bring the information distributed issues associated with illegal to the local and unsustainable practices in communities and the the country‘s best-known and public. most respected SPA into the broad public domain and will explain their implications, resulting in a greater appreciation for the need to address them.

Friends of Bogd Khan Uul The ‗Friends‘ would be a None identified The ‗Friends‘ could SPA mechanism by which the local help get out communities and general information about the public could channel their social issues feelings for the future of Bogd surrounding the SPA; Khan Uul SPA. for example, that the source of the major The involvement of volunteer threats to the SPA rangers would extend (that most miscreants understanding and sympathy to are from outside the the needs of the PA and its SPA, not the management team. communities who have long lived within the SPA). They should

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nurture

Visitor Experience Like the general awareness As the SPA becomes Experience from Enhancement raising, enhancing visitor more popular it is elsewhere suggests experience on Bogd Khan Uul possible that the that the vast majority SPA will highlight the issues wilderness of visitors to protected associated with illegal and experience sought by areas do not stray far unsustainable practices and some people will from paths and focus encourage public engagement diminish. points. The design of in conservation. the trail system will seek to allow peoplw who wish to be far from trails to achieve this.

NGO Support The various local NGOs None identified Just because an NGO represent a section of the is local does not voices of the people living automatically mean adjacent to the SPA who wish that its goals are in to see Bogd Khan Uul properly sympathy with the managemed and to retain the agreed objectives of values it has had for centuries. the project. It will be They will facilitate an important for the organized form of engagement project to carefully with the conservation of the screen the NGOs SPA. It may also be that before small grants are interest groups of communities given. may form their own NGOs in response to the opportunities for involvement.

Awards The awards for rangers or other None identified The selection of the staff will help to motivate them winners must be above to work hard and in accordance reproach. with the new management and activity regime. Opinion/Awareness/Behavior This will reveal social groups, None identified Every possible effort Monitoring: ages, communities etc which must be made to make the campaigns and exhibitions the survey inclusive of are and are not reaching and all social groups and to hence will help direct future make the results work. The surveys will allow meaningful and people to express their views, replicable through support and misgivings on close attention to different aspects of the project statistical principles and give valuable feedback to and methods. the project leaders.

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Mainstreaming of Protected Area Considerations into Economy-wide Policies and Plans Sub-component 2.1 Targeted The policy notes etc will The illegal and The Resettlement Analysis and Information for include attention to social unsustainable use of Process Framework Government and Parliament issues in protected areas and resources inside PAs (Appendix 10) in this will develop a greater by a variety of social project may be understanding of both the groups will become adopted by other PA problems and the needs to objects of attention administrations as a address them in a socially means to address the equitable manner. social issues encountered.

Sub-component 2.2 Targeted As above As above As above Analysis and Information for Private Sector activities

N/A N/A N/A Component 3: Overall Project Management

Social Development Actions Central to the effectiveness of the social agenda within this project is that the Community Liaison Officer should encourage each community to set up a Community Sustainability Forum or similar that includes a mix of local people - including women and members of poor households to ensure social inclusion in the benefits of the project. The Community Liaison Officer should lead the project‘s efforts to help these communities set up appropriate community businesses, such as those relating to fuelwood, and deliver training, basic equipment and leverage in microcredit finance from commercial banks or non-bank financial institution. In all cases, the Community Sustainability Forums must ensure inclusion of poor households in order to merit project support. The officer will make strenuous efforts to create partnerships with poverty projects as necessary. Based on the socioeconomic survey, Honhor would be a suitable rural settlement to commence this type of work. A special approach is needed for Nalaikh since this town is rather a black hole for timber - consuming thousands of cubic metres of slow-growing larch every winter, with most of this timber being cut live and mostly illegally. As straight thick trunks become scarce, a significant and increasing quantity is sourced illegally from PAs including, it is believed, from Bogd Khan Uul SPA. About 16 licensed SME coal mines and 180 small informal coal mines consume logs for roof supports and split timber for walling. It is not feasible to stop this use of timber, as mining would continue with even more fatalities and serious injuries, and the mines support about 350-400 legal and 1,100 illegal wintertime jobs and are the backbone of the town‘s economy. Many miners belong to the Kazakh ethnic minority and have no other means of income. The coal is bought mainly by poor households in UB ger districts as well as small UB heating plants and by isolated rural settlements. The Community Liaison Officer must observe and understand the flows of timber to the mines, with assistance of the Nalaikh-based Mine Rescue Service. Once the problem is understood in the context of Bogd Khan Uul SPA, appropriate steps can be taken. The project will pay for a socio-economic survey of this area. The group which is the hardest to engage and understand is the people who come to Bogd Khan Uul SPA at certain seasons to gather non-timber forest products such as berries, fungi and pine nuts. This group 112

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will clearly need a different approach. Unlike the groups discussed above, these households are more inner city in character, with no real prospect of herding and only rare possibilities for vegetable production. Employment is both formal and informal but strongly related to the service sector, trading or light manufacturing with little connection to rural life. Unlike most rural settlements, destitute people and very poor households are common, as they lack the means of feeding themselves. The work of the Community Liaison Officer will need to be precisely focussed, with time, attention and ingenuity paid to correctly identifying any SPA-dependent poor households. Yarmag should be the main initial focus of this work, being “across the road” from Bogd Khan Uul SPA and consisting of tightly packed ger yards (khashaa) lacking piped water or mains sewerage. A social scientist will be hired to understand its social fabric sufficiently to be able to design and target social development measures effectively. The poverty alleviation capacity of the project is limited and the government will target only those families and individuals that are demonstrably and substantially SPA- dependent. Such targeting will pose a moral dilemma for project staff, for when having to chose between assisting a poor household that is SPA-dependent and a very poor household that is not SPA-dependent then the poor household will be assisted by the project and not the very poor household. To circumnavigate this moral dilemma the project must form a partnership with a poverty alleviation project to coordinate and combine efforts in Yarmag. The ideal combination would be to create a Community Sustainability Forum with the support of:  a permanent Yarmag Community Worker (managed by the Community Liaison Officer) to conduct social research and stimulate Community NGOs restricted to SPA-dependent households;  an international donor project engaged in a wide range of poverty alleviation measures; and  a commercial bank offering pro-poor and pro-green microfinance.

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Chapter 8: Social Monitoring Plan

Introduction There are many positive impacts of this project and no substantial negative impacts – but the likely impacts need to be addressed in a systematic and serious manner. The negative impacts all relate to the potential restrictions on access to resources and to address these a Process Framework has been devised (see Appendix 10).

The socioeconomic survey described in the previous chapter gives a valuable snapshot of local public opinion in local communities that are close to Bogd Khan Uul SPA. This has created an effective framework and baseline for project monitoring and evaluation. By repeating the same or similar survey at about the same month each year, it should be possible to track shifts in perception and opinion. By this ‗bottom up‘ method, the local community will not only participate in the repeat surveys but also themselves determine social development indicators and benchmarks that are meaningful to them. Accordingly, the surveys then become an additional mechanism for empowering the local communities to take ownership of that part of the project that affects them.

Roles and Responsibilities The overall responsibility for implementing the Social Monitoring Plan will rest with the SPAA but responsibility for its execution will rest with the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration. The project will hire a full-time Community Liaison Officer to deal with social matters. The Community Liaison Officer shall be responsible for organising the Socioeconomic Survey in the second and final years of the project and for establishing the Community Sustainability Forums that will be the main institutional mechanism for transparent participatory monitoring. The Officer will be assisted by three part-time Local Liaison Officers who live in the three most critical local communities – Yarmag, Honhor, and Gachuurt.  As with the rest of the project, during the first year, key indicators relevant to social issues will be identified for the M&E system and baseline information of those indicators will be collected. The field staff of Bogd Khan Uul SPA will also be used as much as possible in the identification, mitigation, monitoring and reporting of impacts. Volunteer rangers (under the ‗Friends of Bogd Khan Uul‘) will also collect data but they will not have formal monitoring roles.  The Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration will conduct its own monthly, form-based monitoring of social matters including social impacts, and these monthly reports will be consolidated by the SPAA for quarterly reporting to the project Steering Committee. SPAA will collate data on key indicators semi-annually and this will feed into the M&E system and be disclosed to the public.  There is currently no system or defined methodology for the monitoring of this project and so early on a monitoring system will be built that will be managed by the SPAA with social monitoring data on Bogd Khan Uul provided by the Administration. Capacity of staff in the Administration and especially its rangers will be built to collect data, perform data entry and undertake overall management of the monitoring system.  Capacity Building  Five days of safeguards training will be provided each year for staff of Bogd Khan Uul SPA, SPAA, and MNET.  The rangers on Bogd Khan Uul SPA already perform various monitoring acitivities but they have 114

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not traditionally been engaged in social matters beyond enforcement. Thus, on-the-job training will be provided under the project by the Community Liaison Officer and other qualified trainers (as needed) and this will include:  Understanding and applying laws, regulations, standards and norms of the World Bank and Mongolian government concerning social protection;  Basic knowledge of sampling for social surveys;  Participatory approaches in consultations;  Typologies of social impacts and action;  Preparation of social monitoring reports. Together these should professionalize the monitoring work done and ensure eveness of quality and timeliness of data submission.

Monitoring Budget An estimated cost for the preparation for (training), gathering relevant data for, and implementation of social impact monitoring is US$74,000 over the four years of the project, but not including the in-kind cost of the training facilities. Consultant/Contract Title Share of Costs for Social Safeguards Monitoring Community Liaison Officer 20,000 Four Part time Community-based Officers 10,000 Community Consultation Trainings 4,000 Community Consultation Specialist 3,000 Socio-economic Survey 10,000 Chief Technial Advisor 15,000 Annual Safeguards Training 4,000 Report Writing Training 1,000 Annual Monitoring Contract 10,000 Total 74,000

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Chapter 10: Consultations

Since the start of the project (and its cancelled IDA-allied sister project) there have been frequent consultations with NGOs, academics, relevant government officers, and communities by both government and the World Bank. The consultations detailed here are those conducted since the beginning of the stand- alone GEF project (about October 2009) up to present. Beyond that, once this ESIA is completed, there will be disclosure of its contents (especially of the Process Framework – Apendix 10) and consultations will continue in the build up to the start of project implementation.

During March 2010, the Bogd Khan Uul Administration held a workshop on the project with all its rangers describing its objective, components and activities, and expected results. The rangers were charged with informing as many people as possible who live in or around the project area. They received a wide range of ideas and comments in terms of participation in the project and these are listed in the valley-by-valley tables in Chapter 2. In addition, some of the people took the initiative to make personal visits to the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration offices to express their concerns about the situation on the mountain and about their willingness to become involved. Some who came had heard about the project from others so it is clear that interest in the project is high.

Details are provided in Appendix 3, but these are summarized here in the form of a matrix.

Group Type Attendance Topics raised Environmental NGO 8 - a preliminary consultation  The issues surrounding the Civil Council prior to a larger one covering Zaisan Valley and the Leadership the main topics and the means relationship with the project, of getting the best feedback  Generally supportive, from the Council‘s 367  A brave project, members  There will be local NGOs ready to help Environmental NGOs 20  Not an easy project, Civil Council  NGO participation will be vital, Membership  Can the project be done via an NGO rather than government,  Could the project establish a three-party contract i.e. Government, World Bank and an NGO who would do the monitoring activities?  Can there be a reward system for those reporting illegal acts?  Good and sympathetic rangers will be essential,

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 There needs to be a proper way to manage tourists, Mongolbioweb Web-based 345 individuals received the  Important to work closely with Listserver with email posting in English the Buddhist community members from all especially at Manshir, parts of the ‗green (Similar posting in Mongolian  Consider twinning with other community planned) important recreation areas with conservation significance near urban centers, such as Santa Monica. Zaisan Valley Community 40  Need to define BKU internal zones and its boundary within the proposed project,  Increase the responsibility of companies who are running business activities, Involve more and more public participation in the ―Friends of BKU‖,  Make some of the planned trails accessible for disabled people,  Involve community groups in every valley of BKU,  Some people living here for nearly 40 years. Can project assist the residents to own the land?  Conduct impact assessment on the drainage ditches blocked by large developments in Zaisan,  Need more awareness raising activities, Involve more community members. Yarmag Community 40  Act now!,  Thank you for involving us, We can help,  Establish a community unit who will help protecting environment,  Encourage establishing a small scale community handicraft making team,  Provide financial support through small grant program,  Fence the pasture areas;  Give vegetable gardening and hay making opportunities,  Provide support for community

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groups who have implemented ―real‖ results in improving pasture quality and conserving red deer, fish and other rare wildlife,  Implement projects in the soum of the Bogd Khan Uul Limited Use Zone,  Help to privatize land in Artsad,  Use the community members as volunteer rangers,  Need to have a special phone number were receive the information about illegal activity in BKU,  Rangers have become friends with illegal loggers; they receive salary for doing nothing,  Improve human resource of the SPA,  Take legal actions against the big house owners,  Contract with households who living in the BKU areas; this will increase the participation of community members Chuluut - Tuul Community 30  Establish a community unit who railway will help protect the environment and ensure broader participation from the community in project implementation,  Define internal zoning as a project activity, Improve the management plan,  build a fence that does not allow any vehicle to enter the SPA,  if financial resource is available, forest cleaning should be highest priority and community can participate in the reforestation activity,  Improve partnership between SPA rangers and community members,  Improve pasture management in the SPA area,  Take action against rangers who

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become thieves stealing timber,  Organize forest cleaning activities Bogd Khan Uul Individuals and ~200  SPA valleys groups General ESIA government, 24  Should the zones under Stakeholder academia, and development in Zaisan be Consultation NGOs excluded from the SPA?  Would it be negative advertisement for environmental protection?  Should focus on inner zones of Protected Areas parks such as the Pristine Zone and Conservation Zone,  Some part of the budget should be spent on training and improving public awareness,  The capacity for tourists needs to be assessed by valley,  Sacred value is very high,  Show how tourism should develop on model of Bogd Khan Uul,  There should be some indicator on protecting biodiversity

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Chapter 11: Conclusions

Environment The Project has the potential to have highly significant positive impacts with both local and national significance. No major unavoidable negative environmental impacts are expected. The project would help the Government to meet its obligations under the UN‘s Biodiversity Convention and obligation to UNESCO to safeguard Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve.

The activities in the SPA have the potential to cause damage. The conduct of project staff should adhere to sets of guidelines as laid out in the EMP. The construction of trails will demand careful design and mitigation to avoid negative impacts on vegetation, wildlife etc, and should be confined to the Limited Use Zone.

No unmitigable impacts are predicted. The project is flexible enough to avoid foreseeable impacts and to undertake remedial action to mitigate for any significant impacts that may arise directly or indirectly from project activities.

Social The project is expected to have major positive social impacts. It could have some negative social impacts related to restrictions on resource use - some low income families could face restrictions in access to fuel, food and thus cash income on account of the project supporting SPA management to be more effective in deterring illegal grazing, hunting, wood gathering, and collection of forest berries, pine nuts and mushrooms. A Resettlement Process Framework (Appendix 10) will direct the actions to mitigate these, but would not be used in cases where the actions are illegal, unsustainable and contrary to the purpose of the SPA and the objectives of the project.

To understand and address the social impacts the project will appoint a full-time Community Liaison Officer and part-time community-based officers in order to involve local households as far as possible in the planning of project activities; the design of programs to mitigate impacts. In addition there will be a socioeconomic survey of the communities. The project will seek partnerships with projects for poverty alleviation of the urban poor, to encourage training and microcredit in alternative livelihoods for urban households who are currently dependent on the SPA to some degree.

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Appendix 1: CVs of consultants

Robin Grayson MSc Robin is a British citizen born near Manchester in 1949 who came to Mongolia in April 1995. Since then he has divided his time between Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and recently Afghanistan as international consultant on environmental protection, mineral resources and economic development on behalf of the European Commission, Asian Development Bank, World Bank and private sector clients. Robin holds a Bachelor degree in Geology and Zoology, and a Masters degree in Geology. Relevant to this assignment, Robin spent 10 years as an elected representative first on Greater Manchester County Council and later on Wigan MB Council and led public participation in environmental decision-making regarding Protected Areas being encroached by the Greater Manchester urban conurbation. Robin was instrumental in forming Wigan Civic Trust NGO, and served on Planning and Development Committees for nearly a decade. He was Expert Witness at many Public Inquiries on behalf of local NGOs regarding loss of wildlife and open spaces to coal strip mining, motorways, business parks and housing developments. As consultant, he conducted EIAs for highways, tanneries and oil installations in the UK, and conducted environmental appraisals of EIAs for sand mining, coal mining, roads, housing and Manchester International Airport on behalf of local communities and wildlife NGOs. He became an expert in freshwater ecology and his fieldwork led to the declaration of several Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), statutory Nature Reserves and a large number of Sites of Biological Importance in North-West England. In Mongolia, Robin turned his attention to the environmental issues of placer gold mining. He organised the first comprehensive study of informal mining (‗the ninjas‘), and recently completed a book on ‗Best Available Techniques for Placer Gold Miners. A few years ago he assisted the MNE to conduct a rapid assessment of the EIA system, and Robin recently completed a NEMO study of the application of Google Earth in southern Mongolia.

Batsuren Eenjin MA Batsuren is a Mongolian citizen and attended the University of Humanities in Ulaanbaatar where she gained her Bachelor of Education Degree in 1993 having specialized in Teaching English and Russian as a Second Language. Batsuren began her postgraduate education with the State Pedagogical University and after three years study was awarded a Masters degree in Linguistics in 1996. Later she commenced international postgraduate studies at the University of Northern British Columbia where she was awarded a Masters degree in International Studies for her thesis on the Tumen River Program, and gained a third Masters degree in Developmental Economics at Dalhousie University for her thesis on Mongolia‘s emergency health care delivery. Her professional career has mostly been with international donor organisations, notably UNDP in Mongolia, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre in Nova Scotia, then the International Finance Corporation as Consultant in Washington D.C. followed by a wide range of consultancy assignments in Canada. Relevant to the present assignment, Batsuren was for two years a Program Specialist with the Taimen Conservation Fund, a Mongolian NGO as executor of an IFC/GEF conservation project including developing a Natural Resource Management Plan for the Eg-Uur Watershed. In 2006 she headed the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) Country Office in Astana and Almaty in Kazakhstan, and before returning to Mongolia she gained valuable experience as Consultant to UNESCO in Almaty assisting them with information processes and work-planning.

Chimidnyam Dorjsuren MSc, PhD, DSc Dorjsuren is a Mongolian citizen born in 1952. He gained his Masters Degree in Forestry in 1974 and was appointed Lecturer in Forestry at the Mongolian Agricultural University, and was awarded a PhD in Forest Ecology, Silviculture and Fire Management by the State Forest-Technical Academy in St. Petersburg in 1979. Shortly thereafter Dorjsuren was appointed Head of the Forestry Department. After seven years he became Head of the Forestry Department at the National University of Mongolia where he served as Associate Professor and Head of Forestry from 1989 to 1996. Then Dorjsuren joined the Environmental Protection Agency as Chief of the Bureau of Forestry and Wildlife, in 2000 was appointed 121

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Senior Officer of the Natural Resources Department of the Ministry of Nature and Environment (MNE). In January 2002 Dorjsuren joined the Institute of Botany of the Mongolian National Academy of Sciences as Senior Researcher, becoming Scientific Secretary in 2003 and since 2007 has held the post as Principal Researcher. In recent years, Dorjsuren has become directly involved with NGOs; first as a Board Member of the Mongolian Forest Forum NGO in 2000 and since January 2002 has been the Director. At the same time, since March 2001 Dorjsuren has been a Board Member of the Forest Research Foundation NGO. In recent years, Dorjsuren has been an active member of several international donor projects that are relevant to the present assignment, notably the ‗Watershed Valuation of the Upper Tuul River‘ (World Bank), ‗Conservation and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources‘ (GTZ), ‗Rehabilitation of Mongolia‘s Forests‘ (Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, Japan) and as National Consultant to the UNDP project ‗Support to Community-based Rehabilitation of Forest Areas and Disaster Management‘. Dorjsuren has published many scientific papers based on his forestry research over many decades, including being co-author or author of seven scientific monographs and 91 scientific papers. In 2007 he was awarded a Doctor of Science in Biology by V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forestry of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Krasnoyarsk.

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Appendix 2: Interviewees

In addition to face-to-face meetings in the Socioeconomic Survey, discussions were held with the following individuals, and their valuable comments and opinions are much appreciated by the consultants. parent organisation Name position organization Department of Special Protected Areas A. Namkhai Director General Administration and Management Department of Sustainable Ts. Banzragch Director General Development and Strategic Planning Ministry of Nature, National Forestry Committee L. Dorjtseden Secretary General Environment and of Mongolia Tourism L. Tumurkhuu Director Bogd Khan Uul O. Begzjav Deputy Director Strictly Protected Area‘s Administration R. Enkhtuul Specialist Khan Khentii G. Tuul Director Protected Area`s Administration Minami Kazue Representative JICA Japan International Government of Japan Cooperation Agency. B. Tuguldur Program Administrative Officer Mongolia office

WWF Yo. Onon Species Program WWF Coordinator Mongolia - Progam Office National Academy B. Oyungerel Researcher Institute of Geography of Science Citizens Representatives Bayanzurkh District, O. Battumur Chairman Meeting (Khural) Ulaanbaatar City th 20 Khoroo P. Undarmaa Governor Honhor Ulaanbaatar City Local Community Khoroo J. Baatarsuren Member Ch. Batchimeg Governor Local Government Administration of D. Enkhbaatar Vice Governor Mongonmorit Soum, Citizens Representatives Ch. Oyuntsetseg Secretary Meeting (Khural) Tov Aimag (Province) Narangarav Prosecutor Provincial Government Administration of Tov Aimag A.N. Other Niigmiin Daatgal Gazar Zuunmod Citizens Representatives Nergui Chairman Meeting (Khural) of Munkhsaikhan Erdene Soum

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Appendix 3: Consultations

Consultations were held with a range of groups from community groups to academics and NGOs to discuss the project and to gather ideas for its execution. At each community consultation there was a powerpoint presentation by BKU-SPA followed by discussion/Q&A, as well as a questionnaire to be filled in by the participants. A report on the consultation conducted specifically on the ESIA is at the end of this Appendix. At the time of writing, no consultation had been held specifically on the Process Framework but this will be done before the project is implemented.

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Environmental Civil Council Leadership: Total participants: 8 people comprising the President, General Manager and three other staff of the Council (the environmental umbrella group for NGOs in Mongolia) together with World Bank and SPAA staff. The meeting discussed and asked questions about the project and its relationship with the problems of the Zaisan Valley. The Council leadership was supportive of the project and regarded it as a brave attempt to bring rational development to this important area. The group discussed the best way to engage NGOs in the consultation on this project and decided to have the World Bank request the Council President to call a meeting the following week.

Main comments and suggestions from the meeting:

 This is a brave project  NGO participation will be crucial  There are various NGOs which could participate in a meaningful manner.

Environmental Civil Council Membership: 20 people attended from a variety of local NGOs.

Main comments and suggestions from the meeting:

 Could the project establish a three-party contract i.e. Government, World Bank and an NGO who would do the monitoring activities?  Increasing NGO and public participation is crucial. We have lost our traditional cultural knowledge for protecting nature. The public needs increased awareness.  Is it possible to fund a reward system for people who report illegal activities? Maybe a phone company could be asked to give free credit?  This is not an easy project. If we reach at least our 40 percent of target, it‘s a tangible result.  Rangers need to work closely with communities, schools located close to BKU-SPA, and biology teachers.  BKU_SPA needs to establish proper tourisms facility; make paths and organize visitors.  We need to restore indigenous knowledge. Training and awareness need to be carefully planned. There are need to establish a cooperation between public, NGO and community.

Mongolbioweb: This is a listserver which connects the Mongolian ‗green‘ community and includes students, senior academics, local and intenational NGOs, donors, and foreign researchers. There are 345

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members, most of whom are Mongolian. The project description was posted on May 23, 2010 and, to date, comments have been received on the importance of working closely with the Buddhist community.

Zaisan Valley Community: 40 people attended and 20 people filled in the questionnaire. Those attending were from the poorer segment of Zaisan society most of them long-term residents. They included Khoroo (sub-district) social workers, representatives from the Agriculture University, Mr. Ts. Onorjargal, head of Ecology Zaisan NGO, and Mr. Norovtseren, head of ―Tselmeg Zaisan‖ NGO, and representatives of the Khan Uul Branch of the Mongolian National Disabled Persons Association. .

Main comments and suggestions from the meeting:

 Need to define BKU internal zones and its boundary within the proposed project  Increase the responsibility of companies who are running business activities  Involve more and more public participation in the ―Friends of BKU‖  Make some of the planned trails accessible for disabled people.

Main comments from questionnaire replies:

 Involve community groups in every valley of BKU.  Some people living here for nearly 40 years. Can project assist the residents to own the land?  Big houses blocking the natural ditches. Impact assessment needs to carried out.  Need to revise the internal zones of BKU. As you see today, most of Zaisan valley became permanent resident area.  Need more awareness raising activity. Education materials on value of SPA and consequent impact from mismanagement of protected areas.  Involve more community members.

Yarmag Community: 40 people attended and 28 people filled in the questionnaire.

Main comments and suggestions from the meeting:

 Establish a community unit who will help protecting environment. Encourage establishing a small scale community handicraft making team. Provide a financial support through small grant program.  Fencing the pasture areas; vegetable gardening and hay making opportunity  Provide support for community groups who has implemented ―real‖ results in improve pasture quality and conserving red deer, fish and other rare wildlife.  Implement projects in the soum of BKU ‗buffer zone‘.

Main comments from questionnaire replies:

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 Stop talking about protecting BKU. Let‘s act, now. What is BKU SPA doing?  Thank you for involving us. Will support project. We can help with anything  BKU conservation should be used by the community groups.  Privatizing land in Artsad areas is important. Can project help on this?  If you help us to own land where we are living, we will participate in protection.  Use the community members as volunteer rangers. Need to have a special phone number were receive the information about illegal activity in BKU.  Rangers have become friends with illegal loggers. They receive salary for doing nothing. Improve human resource of BKU  Take legal actions against the big house owners.  Ranger Mr. Batsaikhan and Khurelbaatar doing nothing. Just drinking a lot.  Contract with households who living in the BKU areas. This will increase the participation of community members in conservation of BKU.

Chuluut - Tuul railway Community: 30 people attended and 14 people filled in the questionnaire.

Main comments and suggestions from the meeting:

 Establish a community unit who will help protecting environment and ensure the broader participation from community members in project implementation  Define BKU internal zoning within the project activity  Improve the BKU management plan, build a fence that do not allow any vehicle to enter to BKU area, if financial resource is available, forest cleaning should be highest priority and community can participate in the reforestation activity.

Main comments from questionnaire replies:

 Encourage a system that important message provider about illegal activity got the adequate reward  Improve partnership between SPA rangers and community members  Trainings about reforestation  Help to herd a sheep and cattle near the forest of BKU  Improve pasture management in the BKU area  Take actions to these rangers who become thief for stealing timber.  Organize forest cleaning activity, so that forest could be healthy

General Stakeholder Consultation on ESIA: 24 people attended from government, academia, and NGOs. The Chairman was Dr Namkhai A., Director, Special Protected Areas Administration Department, MNET. A presentation was made on the interim draft by Robin Grayson, leader of the assessment team. This was followed by discussions and Q&A.

Main comments and suggestions from the meeting: 126

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 Should the zones under development in Zaisan be excluded from the SPA? Would it be negative advertisement for environmental protection?  To restore and activate Protected Areas in forest areas, should focus on inner zones of Protected Areas parks such as the Pristine Zone and Conservation Zone  Some part of the budget should be spent on training and advertising for improving public awareness. After we organized some training and advertisement in Khovsgol province, we many people were happy to help and even they were ready to give some financial support for environmental protection activities.  The capacity for tourists needs to be assessed by valley.  Bogd Khan Mountain was sacred in 1778 and it is one of the oldest protected areas in the world. Therefore this project value is very high.  There should be following 3 expected outcomes: a) Improve management, funding and legal condition of protected areas, by model of Bogd Khan Uul, b) Improve public awareness. Show how tourism should develop on model of Bogd Khan Uul, and c) Protect ecosystem and biodiversity of Bogd Khan Uul.  There should be some indicator or criteria for the protecting biodiversity.

The Stakeholders Meeting Notes on the draft Interim Environmental and Social Impact Assessment held at the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism. This meeting organized at meeting hall of Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism (MNET) on 15th December 2009. There were 24 participants. The Chairman of the Forum was Namkhai A., Director, Administration of Special Protected Areas, MNET. The Environmental and Social Assessments were presented by Robin Grayson, leader of the assessment team. After this there was time for questions.

Question by Monkhchuluun B., WWF Mongolia:

According to this assessment, there were some limited zones where many constructions built already in Bogd Khan Special Protected Areas. And it suggested that these zones should be deducted from the protected area. Is there any experience like that from other countries? Would it be negative advertisement for environmental protection?

Answer by Robin Grayson:

There are some similar experiences in Australia, Canada and Manchester. Deduction of protected area is not supporting people who constructing buildings. It‘s only removing areas where it lost its Protected Area status, and giving buffer zone status to them. Instead of them we proposed to establish protected corridor from Bogd Khan Uul towards Bayanzurkh Uul area by the Tuul River and Gachuurt. And we recommend that whether or not buildings are built already, there should be tax paid by 15% of its real estate valuation on its estimated market price when completed, and further building construction should be forbidden.

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Recommendation by Ariunbold D., Khan Khentii Protected Area Administration: In my view, the recommendation on Zaisan valley of Bogd Khan Special Protected Area is proposition as external expert. However deducting areas from Protected Area is a big issue. As you know there are some environmental and economic criteria and assessment for having status as Protected Area. Moreover it requires ecological impact assessment for tourist camps. These kinds of ecological impact assessment should include all tourism organizations in frame of this new project.

Recommendation by Enkhtuul R., Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Areas Administration:

Removing some areas from Bogd Khan Special Protected Area to Ulaanbaatar city buffer zone is a very complicated issue. It should be coherent to the land use planning of Ulaanbaatar city. The land ownership price in Bogd Khan Uul SPA is more expensive than in Ulaanbaatar city. Therefore it is too complicated to pay extra 15% legally. It seems there is no negative influence on land use capacity since only one ecological assessment is done for one tourist camp. For that reason, ecological assessment should be done for all tourist camps in Bogd Khan Special Protected Area in total as one.

Questions by Namkhai A.:

1. How good is main project, who designed this project? 2. What is the meaning of this project is funded simultaneously, and budget seems so ideal? 3. Did you cover legal acts and its related issues on assessment report? Answer by Ongonsar P., Project Coordinator:

We handed out 6 pages of project proposal for you. It included the project aim, expected outcomes and procedures. This proposal was prepared by Andrew Laurie, World Bank consultant. According to the policy of GEF, the project should have partner organization which could give another half funding. Therefore the budget money is not ideal. This proposal is offered to the other organizations by Tony Whitten, World Bank. Thus GEF will fund 1.8 million dollars.

Answer by Robin Grayson:

The legal facts are included in Chapter 3. As we are not lawyers, we only put environmental and social assessments. Further on, hiring lawyer as consultant and expert on this project is recommended.

Recommendation by Dash D., Scientific Secretary, Institute of Geo-ecology:

In my point of view, the presentation was good. It covered many references and many thoughts from different corners. The meaning of the project name as ―Revitalisation of the Protected Areas of Mongolia‘s Forested Landscape and Beyond‖ suits very less with its content. There were no activities for restoring forest areas and Protected Areas. In order to restore and activate Protected Areas in forest areas, firstly should focus on inner zones of Protected Areas parks such as the Pristine Zone, Conservation Zone and Limited Use Zone. It is not acceptable that removing some areas from the Limited Use Zone of Bogd Khan Strictly Protected Area. If the city area nearby Tuul River is shifted to protection, it would change 128

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the status of Bogd Khan Strictly Protected Area. In addition it will not fully protect Bogd Khan Strictly Protected Area and also did not mention about to change its status to its World Protected Area.

Recommendation by Monkhchuluun B., WWF Mongolia:

There are many other projects and programs doing similar activities coherent to this project. So this project should cooperate closer to them. People think about Bogd Khan Uul when heard word about Strictly Protected Areas. Therefore some part of the budget should be spent on training and advertising for improving public awareness. After we organized some training and advertisement in Khovsgol province, we offered them cooperation, many people were happy to help and even they were ready to give some financial support for environmental protection activities.

Question by Nergui J., Senior Expert of Department of Information, Monitoring and Assessment:

Activities on special protected areas are different in the zones. Which zones are involved in this project assessments mainly?

Answer by Robin Grayson:

Assessments were done in the Limited Use Zones of Protected Areas.

Recommendation by Nergui J., Senior Expert of Department of Information, Monitoring and Assessment:

It is good to evaluate and having recommendations before the project implementation. It should be mentioned that tourist camps are built in allowed areas in Limited Use Zones. The capacity of tourists required to be assessed by river basins. I am approving on the project and its assessment report.

Recommendation by Enkhtaivan G., Senior Expert at Administration of Protected Areas, MNET:

We have to think about to create legal condition of 15% tax of real estate price. If we agreed to use terms of Protected Areas management categories by IUCN, there is possibility for construction areas of Bogd Khan Mountain will not be removed from zones of protected area. Therefore we should use this IUCN Protected Areas Management Categories.

Recommendation by Enkhbat D., Division of Pure Ecological Technology and Science:

Bogd Khan Mountain was sacred in 1778 and it is one of the oldest protected areas in the world. Therefore this project value is very high. Bogd Khan Mountain should be well protected as it is located

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close the Ulaanbaatar city which already has a million population. There should be following 3 expected outcomes: a) Improve management, funding and legal condition of protected areas, by model of Bogd Khan Uul b) Improve public awareness. Show how tourism should develop on model of Bogd Khan Uul c) Protect ecosystem and biodiversity of Bogd Khan Uul.

There should be some indicator or criteria for the protecting biodiversity. For instance, decrease amount of melting permafrost, increase roe deer and wild goat populations, decreasing number of forest fires and burnt areas due to successful implementation of the project. GEF will fund 1.7 million dollars, not more than that. Therefore it requires cofinancing organization. There is one cofinancing from Japan with 8 million dollar investment; however its starting date is not clear. The ministry should focus on also confiding possibilities for more funding, for instance seeking potential donors such as Denmark, Japan and South Korea etc. The outcomes of project should show realistic, clear and radiating hope

Recommendation by Bayartaa N., expert of GTZ:

The project proposal don`t have the indicator criteria. However it is good that they chose Bogd Khan Uul where there is no other project implemented. Environmental and socioeconomic impact assessments are done well.

Recommendation by Namkhai A:

The main duty of this forum on environmental and socio-economic assessments is fulfilled.

If we had more time, we will hear more nice ideas and propositions. This project has a very crucial benefit. Comparing with other implemented projects, this project is aiming on to solve very important issue in a certain area. Almost 70-80 percent of activities would be implemented in Bogd Khan Uul. The assessment team also proposed nice suggestions about borders of protected area, its tax payment on environmental and economic impact assessment report. The Department of Special Protected Areas Administration and Management and Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area`s Administration will discuss about these suggestions separately. According to task of Prime Minister, Minister of Nature, Environment and Tourism will answer the questions from Members at a Parliament meeting. Therefore we will meet again the project team and consult again. The propositions from Andrew Laurie should be delivered to the Ministry. We will pay attention to contact with donors. I want to acknowledge to the people who wrote this environmental and socioeconomic assessment.

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List of Participants at Stakeholders’ Meeting on Draft ESIA held at MNET on 15th December 2009.

№ Name Position and Organization, e-mail Senior Officer 1 J. Nergui Department of Information, Monitoring and Assessment, MNET Officer 2 Ch. Boldbaatar Ecological Clean Technologies and Science Division, MNET World Bank Coordinator. 3 P. Ongonsar Forest Landscapes Development and Conservation Project [email protected] Director 4 Sh. Dagva Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area Administration Scientific secretary 5 D. Dash Institute of Geo-ecology. [email protected] Research Specialist 6 R. Enkhtuul Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area Administration 99270697 Specialist. 7 B. Munkchuluun WWF, Mongolia Specialist. 8 D. Ariunbold Khan Khentii Protected Area Administration. [email protected] Officer 9 B. Luvsandorj Department of Special PAs Administration and Management, MNET. [email protected] Head of Forest Department. 10 N. Baatarbileg Faculty of Biology, National University of Mongolia. [email protected] Director 11 O. Enkhtuya TNC-Mongolia. [email protected] Director 12 A. Enkhbat Ecological Clean Technologies and Science Division, MNET [email protected] Director General 13 A. Namkhai Department of Special PAs Administration and Management, MNET. [email protected] Advocate 14 Agaa “Luke” Lkhaasuren Logos Advocates [email protected] General Director 15 G. Enkhtaivan Department of Special PAs Administration and Management, MNET. 267283 Officer 16 S. Sukhbat Water Agency, MNET. 99082901 NEMO-II Project 17 D. Enkhee 99012842 [email protected] GTZ, Climate change and Biodiversity Program. 18 N. Bayartaa 99291226 [email protected] NEMO-II project. 19 A. Enkhtsetseg 99277307 [email protected] International Consultant 20 Robin Grayson [email protected]

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National Consultant 21 Ch. Dorjsuren [email protected] National Consultant 22 E. Batsuren [email protected] Eco-Minex International 23 B. Chimed-Erdene 9911 0553 [email protected]

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Appendix 4: Radiation Risks From Coal

Mongolia‘s coal basins have large sediment-associated uranium (U) occurrences, For instance the Geofund records the ―Shivee Ovoo U occurrence‖ in proximity to Shivee Ovoo Coal Mine which is one of Ulaanbaatar‘s main suppliers of power station coal. Ulaanbaatar power stations burn coal of above normal radioactivity. When such coal is burned most of its radioactive elements concentrate in the clinker and ash, making these materials more radioactive than the coal. The risk to households is not from ash discharged as smoke via the power stations‘ stacks. Although this contributes to Ulaanbaatar‘s poor air quality in winter, ‗dilute and disperse‘ of the airborne ash will reduce its radioactivity level – albeit with substantial bioaccumulation by plants on Bogd Khan Uul.

The risk to households is from PFA-cement blocks which are incorporated into interior walls of thousands of new buildings in Ulaanbaatar – and many recently constructed new buildings in Bogd Khan Uul SPA such as at Zaisan. Such buildings are double glazed, insulated and centrally heated in winter, encouraging traces of radon escaping from the PFA-cement blocks to accumulate in rooms and perhaps exceed international safety norms.

The risk to human health of radon in buildings has become better understood. In September 2009 the WHO slashed the recommended maximum level tenfold to 100 Becquerel‘s/m3. WHO presented evidence that radon exposure causes in the range of 3-14% of all lung cancers. The WHO advises that if a country cannot meet the new standard, levels should not exceed 300 Becquerels/m3, noting the risk of lung cancer rises 16% per 100 Becquerels, and that radon exposure adds to the risk of lung cancer from cigarette smoke.

Grayson and Chimed-Erdene (2009) recently drew attention to the need to conduct radon assessments of thousands of homes in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolian scientists possess the know-how and preliminary studies have been published. Some tests have been made on the soils around TES #4 and on its coal fuel and the results suggest that radon is a health issue.

The presence of radon in water is common worldwide, but limited tests of tap water in apartments and water collection points in ger areas suggest that parts of Ulaanbaatar have elevated levels of radon in the groundwater. The radon in water is not considered by WHO to be a problem unless radon escapes inside an apartment (as in a shower), or when water is heated (as in a ger). Degassing of the water may elevate radon levels above the WHO threshold. The most likely natural source of radon in groundwater is Bogd Khan Uul itself, due to its major contribution to recharging municipal water abstraction wells close to the mountain and due to presence of fissured granitic rocks that – worldwide – are one of the most widespread sources of radon-bearing groundwater.

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Appendix 5: Possible Locations of the Buffer Zones

Althoug the Buffer Zones will be identified within the project, an attempt has been made to describe their likely and beneficial locations. The area of search for buffer zones for Bogd Khan Uul SPA is illustrated in the following sequence of GIS images. These are superimposed on very recent high definition Google Earth (10th August 2009 and 4th October 2009). A computer file showing these can be requested from [email protected]). The Area of Search consists of four elements:

 extension northwards onto both sides of the Tuul river towards the city;  extension westwards along both sides of the Tuul river to protect the existing narrow wildlife corridor;  extension further west to encompass a large area of essentially intact natural floodplain plus large derelict areas of floodplain formerly intensively mined for sand and gravel; and  extension south-west beyond Chinggis Khaan International Airport to encompass the almost treeless south-west rim of Bogd Khan Uul massif. The ‗extension south-west‘ has not been mentioned previously. Facing south-west and south, this extension could be of scientific importance as it is expected to be the most sensitive to regional climatic change. Incidently it would also assist the security of Chinggis Khaan Airport by limiting public access to hills commanding a view down the runway.

Selecting areas for Buffer Zones

1st priority To add land capable of making a significant contribution to enhancing the biodiversity of the SPA. This consists of adding land to the north of the SPA on both sides of the Tuul river in order to:

 allow the eventual return of some flagship species that were previously present on Bogd Khan Uul but have become locally extinct (or effectively so); and  protect the ecologically valuable transition from the montane taiga ecosystem to the river/wetlands ecosystem, and in doing so enhance the survival potential of species that depend on this transition such as nesting birds, certain bats and large grazing mammals such as deer.

2nd priority To add land to the SPA that holds valuable groundwater resources and has vital wells for the capital city‘s industrial, commercial and domestic water supplies. Most of this land is currently degraded, but was formerly a significant tract of mixed wetlands, meadows and stands of wetland forests such as willows growing on river gravels. Today the land is used exclusively for groundwater abstraction. In times of flood it serves as a floodwater storage area that protects the city centre and low-income ger areas from potentially devastating floods. We believe that this land is capable of being restored to high wildlife value by low-cost management to encourage the return of some of the willow forests and meadows.

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Potential Buffer Zone across the Tuul river

YELLOW LINE – proposed boundary of the expanded SPA.

Looking ENE from Zaisan Memorial. (photo: Bernd Braeutigam)

Potential Buffer Zone across the Tuul river

YELLOW LINE – proposed boundary of the expanded SPA.

Looking north from Zaisan Memorial. (photo: Bernd Braeutigam)

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Dozens of water wells would receive more protection

BLUE DOTS – groundwater production wells, looking south.

(image: Geo-Eye satellite on 4th October 2009, on Google Earth)

3rd priority To add land to the SPA along the floodplain of the Tuul river to maintain a wildlife corridor of strategic regional importance; protect the groundwater resources of the capital city; and widen the SPA‘s outermost zone (Limited Access Zone) in order to shift public pressure away from the main part of the SPA.

Potential Buffer Zone A along the Tuul corridor

YELLOW LINE – proposed boundary of the expanded SPA. Looking west from Zaisan Memorial. (photo: Bernd Braeutigam)

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Potential Buffer Zone along the Tuul corridor

Here the Tuul river cuts into Bogd Khan Uul SPA but the river is OUTSIDE the SPA. (photo: Chimidnyam Dorjsuren)

Potential Buffer Zone along the Tuul corridor

Here the Tuul river cuts into Bogd Khan Uul SPA but is OUTSIDE the boundary of the SPA. (photo: Chimidnyam Dorjsuren)

Potential Buffer Zone across the Tuul river

YELLOW LINE – proposed boundary of the expanded SPA. Looking east upstream along the Tuul. (image: Google Earth)

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4th priority To add to the SPA a corridor of land along the Tuul river westwards to where the Tuul breaks out the Ulaanbaatar basin to enter the intermontane Tuul Rift Valley. Today much of this land is highly degraded by gravel mining but already of biodiversity interest, and with low-cost land management is capable of rapid recovery into floodplain willow forests, water meadows and lakes of high ecological and amenity value. This proposed extension would also facilitate post-closure land use of the extensive and rapidly expanding sand and gravel mines that are creating a vast mosaic of wetland marshes and small lakes. These wetlands are of sufficient size and potential wildlife importance to become the nucleus of a future ‗Tuul Wetlands National Park’.

Potential Buffer Zone further downriver

Extensive wetlands of biodiversity importance evolving by natural succession on abandoned gravel mines west of Bogd Khan Uul. Looking north at the west end of the city (photo: Robin Grayson)

Potential Buffer Zone further downriver

Wetlands of abandoned gravel mines in the foreground. Wetlands of the inter-montane Tuul rift valley in the background. (photo: Robin Grayson)

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Area of Search for SPA extensions

COLOURED PINS – see next section for explanation.

YELLOW LINE – boundary of Area of Search. (image: Google Earth)

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Appendix 6: JICA Center – General Assessment

(translation)

MINISTRY OF NATURE, ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM

Date: March 30, 2009

Ref: 6/802

To: The Working Group for ―Center for Fresh water resource and Biodiversity‖ Project

On the basis of the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, the general assessment (screening) completed to project named ―Center for Fresh Water Resource and Biodiversity‖ located in Zaisan area of Bogd Khan SPA of 11 khoroo of Khan-Uul district. Based on the general assessment conclusion, the proposed project can be implemented with conditions.

General assessment‘s conclusion is attached.

General Inspector Ch.Ganbat

Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism

Conclusion for General Environmental Impact Assessment

Date: March 28, 2009

Project ID: 2009/j 021

Project Brief Description

Project Name Project to establish ― Fresh Water Resource and Biodiversity Center‖

Location of project Implemented in Zaisan areas of Bogd Khan Special Protected Area in 11 Khoroo, Khan-Uul district

Project Implementing Agency Working Group established with Decree of Minister of Environment date 15 October, 2008 with reference 15, which will be operate for establishment of ―Fresh water Resource and biodiversity center‖ project funded by the grant of Government of

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Japan.

Address of Implementing Agency Mr. Damdin, Head of Working Group, MNET, Chingeltei District, Ulaanbaatar, Tel: 261516

Project Capacity and brief description Within the ―Fresh water resource and Biodiversity Center‖ project planned to build 3 store building. According to preliminary plan the 1st floor used for tourists and general public, 2nd floor for training and environmental information center and 3rd floor for research laboratories and office purpose. The basement area will be used as building infrastructure set, vehicle garage and heating system establishment purpose.

The electricity and heating supply, clean and waste water system will connected to the main network in order to maintain operation of center. Other equipment, tools and needed materials will be used according to the plan under feasibility study. Project will employ total 35 people.

Conclusion of General EIA

On the basis of Environmental Impact Assessment Law the general assessment (screening) to project named “ Center for Fresh Water Resource and Biodiversity” located in Zaisan area of Bogd Khan SPA of 11 khoroo of Khan-Uul district is completed. Based on the general assessment conclusion, the proposed project can be implemented with condition.

Conditions for implementing project in the site

Name of Activities Period Note

Use water resource efficiently, identify Throughout the water resource for construction period operation and collect water use fees on time.

Obtain necessary permission and establish an contract on solid waste and

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gray water discharge to central network

Take preventively measures from any soil contamination from leakages of gray water due to damages and holes on pipes.

2. Classify and collect solid wastes Every month generated at construction site into different bins, establish contract with Khun-Uul district‘s maintenance company and transport to disposal site

3. With help of professional From project organization establish greening commencing (planting tree, grass areas) around center date according to plan.

4. Enforce the conclusion regarding From project standards on work space hygiene and commencing fire management date

5. Set a fire fighting equipments and From project conduct training for workers on use of commencing these equipment, put fire prevention date posters in public areas.

6. Arrange a parking lot for customers From project vehicle, build hard surface which will commencing reduce dust and other soil degradation date impact.

7. Produce a report on Actions taken to Every Year protected environment in every year and submit to Bogd Khan SPA Administration.

8.Keep close cooperation with officers From project of environment, hygiene, labor, commencing construction and infrastructure date inspectors.

9. A new general environmental impact assessment shall be carried out in case At the moment 142

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of changes in current project purpose or of changes capacity, making expansion or re- locating.

Conditions are set and conclusions are defined by:

Inspector of Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism Mr. Shijirbaatar

Agreed to fulfill the duty stated in the conclusion and conditions set under General environmental impact assessment:

Head of Working group Mr.Damdin

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Appendix 7: Kuwait-Mongolia Research Center – Executive Summary of Detailed EIA

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Appendix 8: Letter from the Institute of Archaeology Regarding the JICA Center Site

Letter from Professor Dr Gunchinsuren

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Appendix 9: General Agency for Specialized Inspection Report Regarding the Result of Inspection Condiucted in Bogd Khan Uul Strictly Protected Area

TRANSLATED FROM http://www.inspection.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=396:2010-03-04-12- 04-15&catid=10:special-news&Itemid=36

Friday, 5th of February, 2010

The inspection was conducted to check implementation status of the package environmental law, Law on Construction and Urban Development and reality of issuing lands for organizations, entities and citizens in the limited zone of ―Bogdkhan Uul‖ strictly protected area/BKUSPA/ according to the approved order of chief of the SSIA and state general inspector Ya. Sodbaatar. The purpose of the inspection was to conduct final inspection based on the result of SSIA 2007 inspection, take an appropriate measurement for detected violation of law, discuss the issue by SSIA meeting and inform the related organizations for final decision. The inspection was conducted on the situation of land issuance in mountain valleys named Turgen, Jargalant, Nuht, Bogino, Zaisan, Bagatenger, Zalaat, Khurhree, Chuluut, Bumbat,Turkhurakh and Shajinkhurakh in BKUSPA. The research work indicates that there were totally 391 citizens, entities and organizations that have land utilization licenses in BKUSPA, of which 35 of them use their licenses by original purpose, 56 have changed the purpose, 28 privatized the land, 115 invalidated the right of using land 49 for compensate the damages on the environment and 23 for collecting their illegal incomes.

Also the inspection team has checked out the work report of state environmental inspectors of BKUSPA, made a conclusion and supported them by professional and methodical advice.

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Measures taken during the inspection

SSIA noted 32 citizens and entities which conduct activities in the BKUSPA, as a violation of law such as stopped the activities of Mongolian and Kuwait joint research center of Turgen river valley permanently, changed the land utilization purpose and had no license or permission for doing construction work therefore SSIA checked their land related documents. The state inspector made a final conclusion on the situation of the issuing land in BKUSPA limited zone.

Totally 23 official notes were sent for recovering damages on the environment and 8,890,000 MNT is imposed as a fine for 2 entities.

REGARDING LAND UTILIZATION

About legal acts related to land utilization in the territory of special protected area

In accordance with Article 33.1 Law of Mongolia on special protected area ―Land can be used by citizens, business entities and organizations of Mongolia in limited zones of conservation areas and national parks, nature reserves and monuments for certain purposes for certain periods under certain conditions on the basis of agreement in manners that are not harmful to environment. In accordance with Article 36.1 of this law ―The state central administrative body shall make decisions on allowing citizens, business entities or organizations to use land in the limited zones of the conservation areas and national parks, nature reserves and monuments on the basis of the recommendations of the Administrations and Soum and District Governors‖. In accordance with Article 36.3 of this law ―The state central administrative body shall choose among citizens, business entities and organizations who lodge applications for using lands for tourism considering how their facilities meet the international standards‖.

Situation of land utilization in the limited zone of BKUSPA.

There are 313 citizens and entities in the limited zone BKUSPA haven‘t got proposal from protected area‘s administration according to the ―Law on SPA‖, 27 of them have changed the purpose of land utilization by construction work, 290 of them have no business there at all and 76 citizens have licenses for the purpose of summer camp in Nuht valley. There are 20 entities and 56 households in Artsat valley, 114 households in Chuluut valley and Tuul intersection, 400 households in Zaisan valley which is 11th

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khoroo of Khan-uul district and 56 households in Nuht valley are using BKUSPA‘s as a summer camp without license. Due to issuing land for citizens, entities and organizations in the valleys of Zaisan, Bogino, Nuht, Khuush, Chandmani and Artsat without proper arrangement, the carrying capacity of the land is overloaded therefore ecosystem of the limited zone has unbalanced. For instance: land has issued for 152 citizens and entities simultaneously by tourism purpose in Zaisan valley without any arrangement. It is violating ―The basic requirement and grade of service quality in Mongolian tourist camps‖ standard MNS-4934-2002 and the distance of 10 kilometers between each tourist camps.

Regarding land utilization fee

Impose the fine of 190.0 million MNT based on the audit accomplished on the activities of protected area‘s administration in 2008 and 2009 from ―State auditing‖ and concentrating the incomes derived from land fees to the organization‘s activities income not to the local budget is violating 10.1st provision of ―Land law‖, 10.1.3rd provision of ―Budget Law of Mongolia‖, 17.10.14th provision of ―Mongolian law on tax‖, 3.4th and 4.2nd provision of ―Law on the amount of percentage for income derived from the fee of using natural resource‖ has introduced to the related department of Ministry of finance, in order received an official reply and collected the fine to account No-200000955 of Local budget in Capital state fund. From 2010 SPIA in cooperation with the Capital land department for updating and imposing Land utilization fee and land contract in accordance with ―Land law‖.

5.4 The current situation of BKUSPA

In accordance with 90/168/127 joint order of Ministers of MNET, MECS and MH has approved the regional plan for developing tourism zone in Zaisan mountain valley in 2003. Herein:

A- Recreation, health resort and visiting zone B- Strategy invested tourism zone C- Recreational service zone D- Survey, analysis and training zone E- Gardens, parks and historical or cultural zone and F- Gardens, parks and sport service zone however were set but general plan hasn‘t processed according to it.

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Given the right to use land in the valleys of BKUSPA for 391 citizens and entities disorderly for tourism purpose without considering the infrastructure supply and situation for running tourism and other commercial businesses and it is disconnecting to the overall strategy of Ulaanbaatar city development and without following basic principles of Urban development for providing National development strategy, human safety, nature, ecology, economic and social balance.

Due to unarranged land issuance in BKUSPA‘s Zaisan valley and Tuul river‘s conservation zone, citizens and entities are building fences and constructions by closing the mountain‘s ravine for flooding water and runway of ―Tuul‖ river, as well as bridges, roads and buildings have destroyed and damaged by flood in summer of 2009 during the period of falling water from top of the mountain. Moreover a dispute raised between land utilizing citizens and entities those who constructed one or two wells in their owned land for providing their drinking and pure water, planned to drill borehole separately to outfall their drainage and built their fences on the walkway.

OFFENCES AND DEFICIENCIES REVEALED BY INSPECTION

As a result of inspection in the last few years offences and deficiencies of organizations, entities and citizens haven‘t disappeared even so slipped out of control. Common offences such as: entities and organizations which conduct activities in the SPA have changed the purpose of their land utilization or having no land contracts and it‘s extension, do not pay land fee, transferred the land to others, do not having nature protecting management and environmental inspection program, do not report on MNET and SPA‘s protected area‘s administration and having no water utilization contract or do not pay water payment. There are several offences such as issued land utilization right in BKU Zaisan valley for tourism purpose but violated the prohibition of Mongolian law on SPA and moreover changed the purpose of land utilization by constructing apartments as well as selling them as intangible assets is continuously increased. Even some of the construction work has revealed. Afore mentioned ―General plan for developing tourism zone in Zaisan valley which is named as ―Overall plan for developing BKUSPA‘s Zaisan valley till 2015‖ has approved.

Since there was no detailed plan in order to implement this general regional plan, the ex-ministries of MNET till 2008 have issued lands disorderly by tourism purpose for citizens and entities without following the requirements of SPIA.

It is decided to approve by the Premier of MNET, the basic plan for citizens and entities that have license

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of land utilization in special protected area in accordance with 164th joint resolution of 3 ministries in 2003. Though it is mentioned in the general plan that, building apartments shall be possible under the name of constructing tourism complex still Ya. Adya Premier of MNET has signed for its permission.

Using land for building apartments under the name of tourism purpose can be said as violating Articles 11.7 and 12.5 of ―Law on special protected area‖ and its protection regime.

Since 2004 entities have started constructing larger complex apartments and some of them have already being utilized. In other words it is sold by citizens, registered in the intangible assets registration and households started living out there.

Offence such as: above mentioned citizens who live in the complex apartments are also willing to have land for use has increased. Moreover issuing land and building fences in surroundings of ―Zaisan Tolgoi‖ which is the Mongolian historical monuments including the water resource land of Zaisan river is endangering to the natural formation and condition and seems like people are ready for digging the land. ―Zaisan tolgoi‖ is included in the Article 3.1.17 of ―Law on protecting cultural heritages‖ and the Articles 17.6 17.7 of this law has violated as It is prohibited to build constructions in monument‘s area and conduct activities harmful for historical and cultural heritages.

There are totally 131 households that use land as a summer camp in Nuht‘s valley, which is violating the prohibition for ―Building constructions for winter, spring, autumn and summer camps‖ Article 12.9 of ―Law on special protected area‖ out of which only 76 citizens have licenses for using land as a summer camp and 55 citizens have no licenses at all. ―Temporary regulation for using land as a summer camp in Nuht valley of BKUSPA‖ which has come out after the land utilization in BKUSPA has started and adopted as 271st order of Nature and Environmental Minister on 13th of August 2008 is violating the article 12.9 of ―Law on Special protected area‖ and it is considered as inappropriate for the law.

MEASURES TO BE TAKEN IN FUTURE

It is appropriate to take following measures by decision of inspection team:

Issues to be settled by MNET:

1. In accordance with Article 40.1.6 of ―Land law‖ to cancel the right of using land for citizens and

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entities who use the land out of intended purpose for duration of 2 years and more /Table 7/,

2. To make decision in accordance with Articles 40.1.1, 40.1.4, 40.1.5 and 40.1.6 of ―Land law‖ to cancel the right to use land of citizens and entities who haven‘t made contract or if the license holder has not paid land fees payable according to the law, on Time and in full and haven‘t made cadastral map and non- registered in the land database /Table 8/

3. To take measures such as taking compensations, remediation and processing regulations for citizens and entities who violated the ―Land law‖ as changed the land utilization purpose and damaged the ecology /Table6/

4. To assign the duty for BKUSPA- setting conservation zone in ―Zaisan Tolgoi‖ in order to implement the article 17.6 of ―Law on protecting cultural heritages‖.

5.To punish the chief and officers of administration department of special protected area according to the related laws and regulations on the reason of not taking substantial measurement for implementing repeatedly official requests of state inspector in SPIA/as a previous name/ regarding land utilization of BKUSPA.

6.Reprocess and approve ―The General plan of Zaisan valley‖ and ―General management for developing tourism in BKUSPA‖ and match it with the related standards, norms and regulations in accordance with the Article 27.8 of ―Law on Special protected area‖ which says ―To review and approve the general plan of settlements in permitted zones of the special protected areas and the locations and projects of tourist camps and resorts to be built in the areas in cooperation with the relevant state central administrative bodies‖.

7. To assign the duty (by MNET) of paying compensation and remediation by citizens and entities that violated the Law on Special protected area as changed the purpose of land utilization and ―Law on water‖ by conducting activities on the protected zone of water resource land and administration department of BKUSPA in accordance with article 3.19 of ―Strictly protected area‘s common regimen‖ approved as 169th resolution in 1995.

8. In accordance with the article of 40.1.4 of ―Land law‖ To cancel the right of using land if it has issued in a way to make change in the natural formation and condition as well as misbalancing ecosystem.

9.To renew and approve land utilization certificates and contracts of Strictly protected area and match it

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with ―Land law‖ further implement the approved management plan.

MEASURES TO BE TAKEN FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT

1. General plan for Capital development is the legal technical document for implementing social and economic development of capital city. Incidentally to make re-plan, update and clarification on the partial general plan in Zaisan valley of BKUSPA approved by City Representative Khural in 2008 and implement the plan by citizens, entities and organizations.

2. To make decision regarding the issues related to creating conditions to meet BKUSPA to the requirement of capital‘s development orientation and environmental protection without damaging pristine zone, Peri-urban strictly protected area and providing proper sanitation for human beings for living, working and enjoying normally.

3. It is necessary to reset the boundary for construction area of BKUSPA and to give responsibilities of protecting nature from fire and flood risk for citizens and entities who conduct activities on the protected area.

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Appendix 10: Process Framework for Restrictions of Access to Natural Resources12

Background The 4-year project is intended to be pivotal to the way in which protected areas in Mongolia are perceived and supported. Project activities under the component supporting management of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA may adversely affect some households by restricting their access to natural resources. This Process Framework has been prepared to address such impacts in accordance with the World Bank‘s Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). The Process Framework is intended to establish the participatory processes through which potentially affected persons engage in the design of restrictions of access and implementation of appropriate mitigation measures. The Special Protected Areas Administration and higher levels in MNET have decided not to undertake any physical resettlement (relocation) of relatively recent occupants in Bogd Khan Uul SPA, although they may cancel permits for land use if holders have not satisfied their legal obligations. If there is cancellation – even though these people would be relatively rich – and even though the action is outside the project and not financed by the GEF, the Bank‘s OP 4.12 requires the preparation of a Resettlement Plan in consultation with affected persons to provide appropriate compensation measures. Since the policy requirements concerning relocation or the taking of land or assets are very different from the requirement for restrictions of access to natural resources, this Process Framework only concerns the policy requirements for addressing potential adverse impacts from restrictions of access to natural resources. Any other involuntary resettlement will be dealt with separately.

Objectives and Content of the Process Framework The Bank‘s Involuntary Resettlement Policy aims to avoid impacts from involuntary restrictions of access to natural resources in legally designated parks and protected areas. Where this is not feasible it aims to minimize and compensate for such impacts. Affected persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them to levels prior to project implementation in a manner that maintains the sustainability of the parks and protected areas (OP 4.12, paragraph 2). The Framework does not apply to projects that provide incentives to change livelihood and natural resource use practices on a voluntary basis as long as this is not based on coercion or manipulation.13 The objectives of this Process Framework are thus to avoid, minimize, or mitigate potentially adverse effects of restrictions of access to natural resources, and ensure that affected communities are consulted with and participate in meaningful ways in project activities affecting them. Specifically, the Framework describes participatory processes by which the following activities will be accomplished:

12 Drafted by Svend Jensby

13 See the full World Bank Operational Policy 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement as well as the World Bank‘s Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook: Planning and Implementation in Development Projects (2004) for more guidance.

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 Preparation and implementation of project activities affecting local communities, including how affected communities participate in project preparation and implementation;  Determination of criteria for eligibility of affected persons. The Framework describes preliminary eligibility criteria and potential persons and communities affected as well as the participatory process during project implementation to determine final eligibility criteria for any mitigating or compensating measures necessary, to identify affected persons, and to assess type and scope of adverse impacts;  Development of measures to assist affected persons in their efforts to improve, or at least maintain, their livelihoods and standards of living, in real terms, while maintaining the sustainability of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA.  Development of a Plan of Action during project implementation that describes the agreed restrictions, management schemes, measures to assist the affected persons and the arrangements for their implementation. This could be in the form of a natural resource use agreement or protected areas management plan provided such an instrument includes the elements of the policy requirements.  Resolution of potential conflicts within or between affected communities and grievances that may arise from members of communities who are dissatisfied with the eligibility criteria, community planning measures, or actual implementation;  Implementation arrangements; and  Monitoring and evaluation arrangements.

Potential Adverse Impacts from Project Activities A key component of the project is support to improved management of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA. This will result in improved enforcement of management plans and regulations potentially affecting local communities using the natural resources inside Bogd Khan Uul SPA. As described above, activities supported that may have adverse impacts on vulnerable individuals and parts of local communities include improved patrolling, improved means of reporting infractions by the general public, greater attention to the extraction of natural resurces on this revered mountain among the general public, and potentially less flexibility in the approach taken by rangers towards miscreants.

Criteria for Eligibility of Affected Persons A typology of project-affected persons could be as follows:  SPA residents who have recently (<8 years) arrived in SPA valleys, live in expensive houses and apartments and have little or no further contact with the SPA and would have contact with the project only through the campaigns and advocacy;  Long-term (>8 years) and relatively-poor SPA residents who by reasons of work with the railway or SPA live inside the SPA. Those associated with the SPA are likely involved in some form of protection work and usually graze livestock in the SPA. These would also be touched by the campaigns and advocacy, would serve as guardians in some capacity;  Poor and not-so-poor residents of Ulaanbaatar who visit the SPA with the intention of stealing resources for commercial benefit. These would come up against the improved patrolling and reporting systems being introduced by the project;

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 Poor residents of Ulaanbaatar and especially of Nailaikh and Yarmag who visit the SPA with the intention of gathering fuelwood and other products for their own use14. These risk being highlighted and need the project to help them deal with possible changes in patrolling approach. At this stage, it would appear that communities and persons potentially eligible for the measures outlined in this Framework are those who live within or near the Bogd Khan Uul SPA and who will be affected by project activities to improve biodiversity conservation through improved enforcement of existing regulations. The Process Framework is concerned primarily with those who have lived in or around Bogd Khan Uul SPA for one or more generations (at least seasonally) with no or very restricted other sources of livelihood – the fourth category above. The SPA rangers aleady take a flexible/lenient attitude towards people meeting certain criteria such as old, poor widows, especially in the winter, and this sort of recognition of those needing project assistance is what the project will codify. People conducting activities that are illegal, unsustainable, and destructive are excluded from the provisions of this Framework, given that these activities undermine the purpose of the established SPA and the objective of the project. Detailed criteria for identifying the individuals who will be eligible to be covered by this Process Framework will, however, be developed during project implementation by the Community Liaison Officer under the guidance of the Chief Technical Advisor with the assistance of the three part-time community based officers, and informed by the planned socio-economic surveys. The degree to which various groups and persons benefit from and interact with the resources of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA, and potential negative and positive benefits from the implementation of project activities, will be assessed. The resulting action plan will include criteria for eligibility for particular necessary mitigation measures.

14 The number of people estimated to collect fuelwood are as follows: Artsat – 20; Chandmana – 6; Zaisan – 25; Jargalant – 30; Hurhree - 12

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A typical project-affected person who would be covered by the Process Framework. She gathers fuelwood in Bogd Khan Uul SPA illegal and is seen here carrying the dead wood back to her home in Yarmag for her own use. A survey to be conducted during project implementation will determine how many people there are like her.

Implementation Arrangements for the Process Framework In order to promote harmonious relationship between the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration and local residents and to foster participatory conservation management, the project supports the development of a community co-management approach in Bogd Khan Uul SPA. Local herders and residents in Bogd Khan Uul SPA have shown interest in participating in collaborative conservation activities with the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration, particularly patrolling and other protection activities. The participatory co- management approach will aim to develop equitable benefits from project activities and avoid, to the extent possible, restrictions of access to natural resources that will adversely affect local poor and resource-dependent people. Avoidance of adverse impacts will be considered when developing work plans within Bogd Khan Uul SPA. The participatory approach will be developed in more detail during early project implementation. It will include measures to ensure a credible approach where decisions are based on sufficient information and open discussions that lead to joint agreements. Steps will be taken to ensure that vulnerable communities and individuals will be able to participate and voice their concerns and suggestions. The project, through the Community Liaison Officer will establish a multi-stakeholder forum to enable joint planning and working between local stakeholders connected to the management of the Bogd Khan

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Uul SPA. The forum will play an important role in ensuring that the interests of local communities, including herders, are considered and participate in work planning, prioritization and implementation. The participatory process surrounding restrictions of access to natural resources is described below and can be divided into five key elements: social assessment; determining the nature and scope of restrictions; identifying mitigation measures; developing a Plan of Action; and monitoring and evaluation.

Social Assessment and Consultations A first step during project implementation is the undertaking of a social survey of at least the two main sources of the poor resource-dependent individuals and groups – Yarmag and Nailakh. This will be done in close cooperation with local authorities and through extensive consultations with residential communities and households as well as (to the extent possible) people who gather seasonal products or may periodically graze their animals unofficially in the SPA. The survey will help develop a better understanding of the individuals and groups and will include:  the types and extent of use of natural resources;  the existing rules and institutions for the use and management of natural resources;  local and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and natural resource use (if any);  the potential livelihood impacts of more-strictly enforced restrictions on use of resources in the area;  individuals‘ and communities‘ suggestions and/or views on possible mitigation measures to such impacts;  potential conflicts over the use of natural resources, and methods for solving such conflicts; and  strategies for local participation and consultation during project implementation, including implementation of a Plan of Action and monitoring and evaluation.

Determining the nature and scope of restrictions of access to natural resources The social survey will inform appropriate decisions concerning restrictions of resources based on a well- founded understanding of both the socioeconomic and biological contexts, including of existing biodiversity and natural resources and the threats to these. Thus, the available biological and ecological information (espaically on species targeted by the project-affected people) plus the monitoring data will be made available to the social team. Equally important in determining restrictions of access to natural resources is the consultation process with all relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected communities and persons. While some restrictions will be determined by existing laws and regulations, others will be determined through good faith negotiations between key stakeholders, primarily the Bogd Khan Uul SPA and affected individuals and communities. These consultations may also lead to agreements on certain levels and seasons of particular types of natural resource use by certain communities or individuals in the Limited Use Zone, keeping in mind the overall sustainability of the project objectives.

Identification of Mitigation Measures Once the project has established an understanding of the potential adverse impacts from restrictions of access to natural resources that have been found to be necessary, appropriate measures to mitigate and compensate the impacts are developed through a participatory process with affected communities and persons, the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration, and other relevant stakeholders. There are numerous measures that can be employed to improve or restore the livelihoods of local peoples affected by the restriction of access to natural resources. These can be categorized as follows:  Special measures for the recognition and support of long term use of land and natural resources;  Transparent, equitable, and fair ways of more sustainably sharing the resources; 167

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 Access to alternative resources or functional substitutes;  Alternative livelihood and income-generating activities;  Small-scale conservation and rural development activities, such as installing energy conserving technologies;  Health and education benefits;  Obtaining employment, for example as rangers, as hotel/ger camp staff, or as visitor guides; and  Technical assistance to improve land and natural resource use, and marketing of sustainable products and commodities if appropriate. These measures should be in place before restrictions are enforced against the vulnerable persons, although they may be implemented as restrictions are being introduced or enforced. They will be described, along with agreed restrictions and levels of natural resource use, in a Plan of Action.

Plan of Action A Plan of Action is subsequently developed together with the affected communities to describe:  the natural resource use and management schemes,  agreed restrictions of access to natural resources,  the anticipated social and economic impacts,  the people eligible for assistance,  measures to assist the affected persons, and  the arrangements for their implementation. The action plan can take many forms. It can simply describe the nature and scope of restrictions and levels of resource use agreed to, persons affected and eligible for assistance, mitigation measures, cost estimates and financing plan, conflict resolution mechanism, and monitoring and evaluation arrangements. It may also take the form of a broader natural resource agreement or protected areas management plan, provided that such a document includes the above listed elements. The actual type of instrument will be decided during implementation; it will depend on the nature and scope of restrictions, their impacts and required mitigation measures and the needs and preferences of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration and affected communities. A key element in deciding on the best instrument is simplicity—the instrument should be simple and easy to understand for all relevant stakeholders and easy to implement. A Plan of Action may be developed covering all affected communities and persons or several plans may be developed to cover different persons; e.g. by geography (one for each valley with affected communities or individuals), by type of restrictions or by type of affected person. The following elements and principles may be included in the Plan of Action, as appropriate:  How the plan was prepared, including consultations with local communities and other stakeholders;  The socio-economic circumstances of local communities;  The nature, scope and timing of restrictions;  The anticipated social and economic impacts of these restrictions;  The communities or persons eligible for assistance;  Specific measures to assist affected people, along with clear timetables of action;  Budget and financing sources;  Boundaries and use zones of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA;  Implementation arrangements, roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including government and non-government entities providing services or assistance to affected communities;  Arrangements for monitoring and enforcement of restrictions and natural resource management agreements; 168

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 Clear output and outcome indicators developed in participation with affected communities (e.g. of mitigation measures);  Special measures concerning women and vulnerable groups;  Capacity building activities for the affected communities to enhance their participation in the implementation of the Plan of Action and other project activities;  Grievance mechanism and conflict resolution taking into account local dispute resolution practices and norms; and  Participatory monitoring and evaluation mechanism adapted to the local context and capacity. Monitoring will include the extent and significance of adverse impacts as well as the outcome of mitigation measures. The Plan of Action must be submitted to the World Bank for approval during implementation and, importantly, prior to any access use restrictions coming into affect.

Monitoring and evaluation Baseline information on socio-economic conditions of the villages and households who may be affected by restrictions of access to natural resources will be collected through the social assessment conducted at the initial stage of implementation. In addition to using these data as the basis for determining the eligibility of villages and households for assistance under the Process Framework, and designing measures to assist the affected persons in their efforts to improve or restore their livelihoods, the baseline date will also be used to monitor progress and impacts during implementation. Follow-up assessments conducted at the mid-term review and the close of the project, will be targeted to those parts of local communities and persons affected by project activities for the purpose of monitoring and evaluation of the implementation and impacts of the restrictions and mitigation measures. The specific monitoring indicators will also be outlined in the Plan of Action. The indicators should be able to identify and measure:  numbers of eligible villages and households;  the potential livelihood impacts to these villages and households of new or more strictly enforced restrictions on use of resources in the Bogd Khan Uul SPA;  livelihood benefits of measures to assist the affected persons;  numbers of villages and households participating in participatory conservation activities; and  funds provided to eligible villages and households for mitigation measures. The monitoring and evaluation system will be developed during early implementation of the project. It will include arrangements for participatory monitoring and evaluation of project activities as they relate to (beneficial and adverse) impacts on persons within the project impact area, and for monitoring the effectiveness of measures taken to improve (or at minimum restore) incomes and living standards.

Institutional Arrangements As the implementing agency of the project, the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism (MNET) also has overall responsibility for the implementation of this Process Framework. The Project Management Unit within the Special Protected Area Administration Department (SPAA) of MNET will be responsible for the day-to-day implementation of the Framework. Implementation of the Framework will be done in close cooperation with the Bogd Khan Uul SPA Administration. The PMU will be responsible for cooperating with other relevant agencies and civil society organizations that may contribute to the implementation of the Process Framework. Particularly input from other government agencies and NGOs may be required concerning implementation of mitigation measures.

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The technical team of short- and medium-term, international and national consultants, led by the Chief Technical Adviser, will include the Community Liaison Officer to assist the PMU and Bogd Khan Uul SPA in the implementation of the Framework. Capacity-building activities of the project will include capacity building of the Bogd Khan Uul SPA, MNET and other relevant government entities concerning the implementation of this Process Framework. This may include capacity building in participatory natural resource management, social assessment and consultations, development of sustainable alternatives of livelihoods for local communities, and strengthening community institutions. The World Bank will supervise the implementation of the Process Framework, and will review and approve the Plan of Action. Conflict Resolution and Grievance Mechanism The risk of conflicts arising between communities or individuals and conflicts between Bogd Khan Uul SPA and communities or individuals affected by project activities during implementation of this Process Framework are real and must be addressed. A two-fold mechanism, with both proactive and reactive elements for resolution of conflicts, disputes and grievances that might arise, will be put in place.

Proactive Approach Recognizing that many conflicts arise due to differences in understanding and perceptions, a proactive approach would be adopted to avoid conflicts before they start. This approach would promote a common understanding through a five-pronged approach, including:  wide-spread disclosure of project background information, including the final Process Framework;  clarification of the criteria of eligibility for assistance under the Framework;  clarification of the duties and responsibilities of all stakeholders in the process;  a participatory process for determining any resource use restrictions, allowed levels of resource use, and mitigation measures to address adverse impacts from restrictions; and  community conservation education and public awareness regarding values of, and threats to, the Bogd Khan Uul SPA.

Reactive Approach Conflicts that do arise would be dealt with through the existing institutions and any local institutions established to assist in the implementation of the project. If resolution is not possible at the community level, communities or individuals may put forward their complaints and grievances related to any aspect of the Process Framework, including the determined impacts and mitigation measures, as follows:  As a first stage, affected or concerned persons will present, verbally or in writing, their complaints to the Bogd Khan Uul SPA or PMU, who will have to provide a documented response to the claimants within fifteen days. Reports on each complaint and subsequent measures taken must be given to the MNET, with routine summaries included in regular/monthly reports.  If the claimants are not satisfied with the decision, the case may be submitted directly to the Vice Minister of MNET, who will have to provide a documented response within fifteen days. MNET must document on each complaint and subsequent measures taken.  If the claimants are not satisfied with the decision, the case may be submitted to the courts.

Disclosure This Process Framework is to be translated and distributed – together with the project summary – to relevant sub-district (khoroo) leaders for local discussion. A meeting of interested parties will be called by

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the khoroo leader and attended by SPA staff who would answer questions, note concerns and suggestions and collect names of those who attend. The final Process Framework that will be the basis for implementation will be disclosed locally, including to potentially affected communities, prior to project activities concerning the Framework commence.

Budget The cost of implementing this Framework (Community Liaison Officer, part-time community officers, consultations, socio-economic surveys) is covered by the general budget for the project as shown below. Consultant/Contract Title Share of Costs for Social Safeguards Monitoring Community Liaison Officer 10,000 Four Part time Community-based Officers 5,000 Community Consultation Trainings 4,000 Community Consultation Specialist 3,000 Socio-economic Survey 10,000 Chief Technial Advisor 10,000 Total $42,000

Funding for mitigation measures will be covered by the government based on a letter of commitment sent to the Bank. The Plan of Action will include detailed cost of mitigation measures and their implementation, and will detail funding sources.

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Appendix 11: Environmental Assessment: Sources of information

1.1.1 Environment – ECONOMIC VALUE OF TUUL ECOSYSTEM 1. MacKinnon, Kathy; Valerie Hickey and Junu Shrestha (2009). Protected Areas as Water Towers: Mongolia‘s least costly solution. Pages 76-77 in: Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth: Ecosystem-based Approaches to Climate Change. June 2009, Environment Department, The World Bank 91 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ENVIRONMENT/Resources/ESW_EcosystemBasedApp.pdf 2. Emerton, L.; N. Erdenesaikhan, B. de Veen, D. Tsogoo, L. Janchivdorj, P. Suvdaa, B. Enkhtsetseg, G. Gandolgor, Ch. Dorjsuren, D. Sainbayar and A. Enkhbaatar (2009). The Economic Value of the Upper Tuul Ecosystem. PowerPoint Presentation, 42 slides. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMONGOLIA/Resources/Tuul_PPT_ENG.pdf 3. Emerton, L.; N. Erdenesaikhan, B. de Veen, D. Tsogoo, L. Janchivdorj, G. Gavaa, P. Suvdaa, B. Enkhtsetseg, G. Gandolgor, Ch. Dorjsuren, D. Sainbayar and A. Enkhbaatar (2009). The Economic Value of the Upper Tuul Ecosystem, Mongolia. Executive Summary. The World Bank, Washington D.C: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMONGOLIA/Resources/Tuul_river_Exe_summary_ENG.pdf 4. Emerton, L.; N. Erdenesaikhan, B. de Veen, D. Tsogoo, L. Janchivdorj, G. Gavaa, P. Suvdaa, B. Enkhtsetseg, G. Gandolgor, Ch. Dorjsuren, D. Sainbayar and A. Enkhbaatar (2009). The Economic Value of the Upper Tuul Ecosystem, Mongolia. Two-Pager. The World Bank, Washington D.C: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMONGOLIA/Resources/Tuul_two_pager.pdf

1.1.2 Environment – TREATIES AND PROTOCOLS Aarhus Convention (1988). Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. www.unece.org/env/pp/ Biodiversity Convention 5. Badarch, C.; B. Dorjgotov and A. Enkbat (2009). Fourth National Report on Implementation of Convention on Biological Diversity. Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism of Mongolia MNET, 123 pages. CITES Convention (1995) International Trade of Rare Species of Wild Animals and Plants. 6. Wingard, James; and P. Zahler (2006). Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in Mongolia. Mongolia Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment Ramsar Convention (1997) On Wetlands. 7. Shiilegdamba; S. Namkhai and J. Choikland (2008). National Report of Mongolia on the Implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Submitted by the Ministry of Nature and Environment of Mongolia to the 10th Meeting of the Conference of Contracting Parties held 28th October to 4th November 2008 in Korea, 21 pages. www.ramsar.org/pdf/cop10/cop10_nr_mongolia.pdf

1.1.3 Environment – BIODIVERSITY 8. Adyasuren, Ts.; Ts. Shiirevdamba and Brian Darin (editors) (1998). Ecosystems Atlas of Bogdkhan Mountain. Published by Ministry of Nature and Environment to commemorate the 220th Anniversary of the Establishment of Bogd Khan Mountain Protected Area, 40 pages. 9. Anon (1997). National Biodiversity Action Plan of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 10. Anon (1998). First National Report, Biological Diversity in Mongolia 1998. UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 11. Anon (2009). Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve, Mongolia: Periodic Revue. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNIDO) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. 21st Session of the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, held 25-29th May 2009 in Jeju, Japan. Periodic review of biosphere reserves, page 3. www.unesco.org/mab/doc/icc/2009/e_periodicRev.pdf

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1.1.4 Environment – PA MANAGEMENT 12. Anon (2009). The Findings of Ecological Gap Assessment in Altai Sayan Ecoregion in Mongolia. WWF Mongolia and The Nature Conservancy (TNC). www.econet.mn/local_pa_data/GAP_result_WWF_TNC_Altai_Sayan_ecoregion_11_Sep_2009_Onon.pdf 13. Batsukh, Nemekhjargal; and Alexander Belokurov (2005). Mongolia: Management Effectiveness Assessment of the Mongolian Protected Areas System using WWF‘s RAPPAM Methodology. WWF-Mongolia and WWF International, Forests for Life Program, 43 pages. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/rappammongolia2005.pdf 14. Bedunah, D.J.; and Sabine Schmidt (2004). Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia‘s Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park. Development & Change, volume 35, pages 167-191. 15. Ervin, J. (2003). WWF Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) Methodology. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland. 16. Hockings, M.; S. Stolton and N. Dudley (2000). Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing Management of Protected Areas. IUCN Cardiff University Best Practice Series, IUCN Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland. 17. Myagmarsuren, D.; and D. Enebish (2000). Special Protected Areas of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 18. Sadoway, David (2003). Searching For Antidotes to Globalization: Local Institutions at Mongolia's Sacred Bogd Khan Mountain. Simon Fraser University Canada, thesis, 233 pages. www.rem.sfu.ca/comanage/people.htm 19. Shahabuddin, Ghazala (200X). Emerging trends in protected area management. FAO website document, pages 247-260. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/aj473e/aj473e06.pdf 20. Tortell, Philip; Adiyasuren Ts. Borjigdkhan and Erdenesaikhan Naidansuren (2008). Institutional structures for environmental management in Mongolia. Strengthening Environmental Governance in Mongolia, UNDP Project MON/07/104, 49 pages. www.undp.mn/publications/Env_Gov_%20Final_Report.pdf

1.1.5 Environment – HERITAGE

 Archaeological sites 21. Jacobson-Tepfer, Esther; and James Meacham (2009). Archaeology and Landscape in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. University of Oregon Department of Art History; InfoGraphics Lab, Department of Geography. http://img.uoregon.edu/mongolian/gazetteer.php

1.1.6 Environment – SACRED MOUNTAINS 22. Amarkhuu, O. (2000). Mongolian Tradition and Regulation of Nature Conservation. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 23. Anon (1995). Supporting Initiatives to Revive the Tradition of Worshiping Bogd Khan Khairkhan, Khan Khentii and Otgontenger mountains. Presidential Decree of 16th May 1995. 24. Anon (1996). Mongolia Sacred Mountains: Bogd Khan, Burkhan Khaldun, Otgon Tenger. Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites by the Mongolian Ministry of Enlightenment. http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/936/ 25. Anon (2006). Mongolians clean up sacred hillside above UB. Buddhism and Ecology News, Published 27th September 2006. www.buddhistecology.org/news/ 26. Anon (2008). Integrating Sacred Natural Sites Concept into Environmental Education. Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding, EIU Best Case Studies, 44 pages. www.unescoapceiu.org/bbs/files/pdf/2008/n09eiubestcase.pdf 27. Anon (2008). How to Create your 8-Year Plan to Protect the Environment: a Handbook for Mongolian Buddhists. The Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC) with support from United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Document developed for the Tributary Fund/Gandan Monastery Conference for Buddhists and the Environment in UB. www.arcworld.org/downloads/Mongolian%20Buddhist%208%20Year%20Plan.pdf 28. Anon (2009). Periodic review of biosphere reserves. UNESCO International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, 21st Session, held 25-29th May 2009 in Jeju, Japan. www.unesco.org/mab/doc/icc/2009/e_periodicRev.pdf 29. Chimedsengee, Urantsatsral; Amber Cripps, Victoria Finlay, Guido Verboom, Ven Munkhbaatar Batchuluun, Ven Da Lama Byambajav Khunkhur (2009). Mongolian Buddhists Protecting Nature. A Handbook on Faiths, Environment and Development. Publication funded by NEMO (Netherlands Mongolia Trust Fund on Environmental Reform-II) at the World Bank, and created by ARC (Alliance of Religion and Conservation) in partnership with Gandan Tegchenling Monastery, MNET, (Mongolian Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism), and TTF (The Tributary Fund). Produced and translated into Mongolian by Gandan Tegchenling Monastery (the Centre of Mongolian Buddhism), supported by MNET, Mongolia. 173

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www.arcworld.org/downloads/Mongolian%20Buddhist%20Handbook.pdf 30. Croner, Don (20XX). The southern slopes of Bogd Khan Uul. One of the Four Sacred Mountains of Ulaan Baatar. Mongolia Adventure. Don Croner website. www.doncroner.net/bogdkhan.pdf 31. Koln, Michael (2008). Mongolia Guide, EDT/Lonely Planet, 3rd edition, 360 pages. ISBN 8860403006. 32. Mansourian, Stephanie (2005). Bogd Khan Mountain Strictly Protected Area, Mongolia. Page 102 in: Nigel Dudley; Liza Higgins-Zogib and Stephanie Mansourian (editors and co-authors) Arguments for Protection Beyond Belief: Linking faiths and protected areas to support biodiversity conservation. Research report by WWF, Equilibrium and the Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC). WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature, 143 pages. www.wwf.dk/dk/Service/Bibliotek/WWF+i+Afrika/Rapporter+mv./Beyond+Belief+Linking+faiths+and+protected +areas+to+support+biodiversity+diversion.pdf 33. Robinson, Joanne; Guido Verboom, Ch. Urantsatsral and Eric Thift (2005). Report on Northern Buddhist Conference on Ecology and Development. Held 20th-23rd June 2005 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 34. Sukhbaatar, O. (2001). Sutra of Mongolian Sacred Mountains and Waters. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 35. Urtnasan, Norov (2001). The Value of Mongolian Sacred Mountains and their Credibility in: Report of the Thematic Expert Meeting on Asia-Pacific Sacred Mountains. Held in Wakayama, Japan, 5-10th September 2001. World Heritage Committee of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNIDO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 25th Session. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001265/126500e.pdf 36. Urtnasan, Norov; and A. Duurenjargal (2007). Sacred Sites in Mongolia and Biodiversity Conservation. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 37. Whitten, Tony; and Bryony Morgan (editors) (2005). Faiths and the Environment. World Bank Support 2000- 05. Environment and Social Development Sector, East Asia and Pacific Region, The World Bank, 66 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBIODIVERSITY/Resources/FaithsandENVweb.pdf

1.1.7 Environment – WILDLIFE CORRIDORS 38. Schmidt, Sabine; and Keith Swenson (2007). Protected Area Corridors Urban Development and Wildlife Movement in Mongolia. Report: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 21st June 2007, 50 pages.

1.1.8 Environment – WILDLIFE VALUE 39. Kaczensky, Petra 2007). Wildlife Value Orientations of Rural Mongolians. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, volume 12, pages 317-329. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com

1.1.9 Environment – POVERTY

 Ulaanbaatar – poverty 40. Nyamdorj, B.; B. Enkhsaikhan and N. Munkhtuya (2009). Millennium Development Goals - Current Situation in Songinokhairhan District. First Report Summary, 25 pages. [English and Mongolian] www.mongoliamdg.mn/dmdocuments/Songinokhairhan_duureg.pdf

 Nalaikh – poverty 41. Myagmartseren, B.; E. Erdenetsetseg and N. Munkhtuya (2009). Millennium Development Goals - Current Situation in Nalaikh District. First Report Summary, 25 pages. [English and Mongolian] www.mongoliamdg.mn/dmdocuments/Nalaikh_duureg.pdf

1.1.10 Environment – CLIMATE CHANGE 42. D'Arrigo, Rosanne; Gordon Jacoby, Neil Pederson, David Frank, Brendan Buckley, Baatarbileg Nachin, R. Mijiddorj and Chultamiin Dugarjav (2000). Mongolian tree-rings, temperature sensitivity and reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperature. The Holocene, volume 10, #6, pages 669-672. ABSTRACT: http://hol.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/6/669 43. D'Arrigo, R.; and colleagues (2001). 1738 years of Mongolian temperature variability inferred from a tree-ring record of Siberian pine. Geophysics Research Letters, volume 28, pages 543-546. 44. D‘Arrigo, Rosanne; David Frank, Gordon Jacoby and Neil Pederson (2001). Spatial response to major volcanic events in or about AD 536, 934 and 1258: Frost rings and other dendrochronological evidence from Mongolia and northern Siberia. Comment on R.B. Stothers, ‗Volcanic dry fogs, climate cooling, and plague pandemics in Europe and the Middle East‘ (Climate Change, volume 44, 1999): Climatic Change, volume 49, pages 239-246. ABSTRACT: www.springlink.com 45. Batima, Pulsalma; L. Natsagdorj, P. Gombluudev and B. Erdenetsetseg (2005). Observed climatic change in 174

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Mongolia. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, the Third World Academy of Sciences, and the UN Environment Program. AIACC Working Paper #12, 26 pages. www.aiaccproject.org/working_papers/Working%20Papers/AIACC_WP_No013.pdf 46. Batima, Pulsalma; B. Bat, and Ts. Tserendorj (2006). Evaluation of Adaptation Measures for Livestock Sector in Mongolia. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, Third World Academy of Sciences, and UN Environment Program. AIACC Working Paper #41, 32 pages. www.aiaccproject.org/working_papers/Working%20Papers/AIACC_WP41_Batima.pdf 47. Batima, Pulsalma (2003). Climate change: pasture-livestock. Synthesis report. Potential impacts of climate change and vulnerability and adaptation assessment for grassland ecosystem and livestock sector in Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Admon, 119 pages. 48. Batima Punsalmaa, Batnasan Nyamsuren and Bolormaa Buyndalai (2004). Trends in River and Lake Ice in Mongolia. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, Third World Academy of Sciences, and UN Environment Program. AICC Working Paper #4, 12 pages. www.aiaccproject.org/working_papers/Working%20Papers/AIACC_WP_No004.pdf 49. Bayarbaatar, B.; and G. Tuvaansuren (2002). Current climate change impacts on livestock. Potential impacts of climate change and vulnerability and adaptation assessment for grassland ecosystem and livestock sector in Mongolia. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, Third World Academy of Sciences, and UN Environment Program. AIACC annual report, Ulaanbaatar, 26 pages. www.aiaccproject.org 50. Bizya (2003). Climate change and livestock. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, the Third World Academy of Sciences, and the UN Environment Program. AIACC annual report, Ulaanbaatar, 18 pages. www.aiaccproject.org 51. Bolortsetseg, B.; and B. Gantsetseg (2003). Climate change impacts on pasture. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, the Third World Academy of Sciences, and the UN Environment Program. AIACC annual report, Ulaanbaatar, 32 pages. www.aiaccproject.org 52. Dagvadorj, Damdin; L. Natsagdorj, J. Dorjpurev and B. Namkhainyam (2009). Mongolia Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009. Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, with technical and financial support from United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and technical assistance from United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 228 pages. www.mne.mn/mn /images/stories/downloads/books/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Marcus Hauck and Michael Muhlenberg (2005). Ecophysiological causes of the forest border moving towards the steppe - a case study in the Khentey Mountains, Northern Mongolia. Pages 83-84 in: Ch. Dorjsuren, N.I. Dorofeyuk, Pd. Gunin, Yu.I. Drobyshev, S.N. Bazha and L.E. Vasilieva (editors) Ecosystems of Mongolia and frontier areas of adjacent countries: natural resources, biodiversity and ecological prospects, Ulaanbaatar. 53. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Marcus Hauck, Martin Bader, Shagjjav Oyungerel, Dalaikhuu Osokhjargal, Suran Nyambayar and Christoph Leuschner (in press) Different strategies of Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica to deal with summer drought in a northern Mongolian forest-steppe ecotone suggest a future superiority of pine in a warming climate. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 54. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Markus Hauck, Martin Bader, Dalaikhuu Osokhjargal, Shagjjav Oyungerel, Suran Nyambayar, Michael Runge and Christoph Leuschner (2009). Water relations and photosynthetic performance in Larix sibirica growing in the forest-steppe ecotone of northern Mongolia. Tree Physiology, volume 29, pages 99- 110. ABSTRACT: http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/99 55. Enkh-Amgalan (2002). Strengthening herder‘s communities as key to achieving greater resistance to vulnerability. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, Third World Academy of Sciences, and UN Environment Program. AIACC annual report, Ulaanbaatar. 56. Jacoby, G.C., Rosanne D'Arrigo, N. Pederson, B.M. Buckley, Ch. Dugarjav, and R. Mijiddorj (1999). Temperature and precipitation in Mongolia based on dendroclimatic investigations. IAWA Journal, volume 20, pages 339-350. 57. Jacoby, Gordon; Neil Pederson and Rosanne D‘Arrigo (2003). Temperature and precipitation in Mongolia based on dendroclimatic investigations. Chinese Science Bulletin, volume 48, pages 1474-1479. ABSTRACT: www.springerlink.com/content/920p006635641605/ 58. Natsagdorj, L. (2003). Climate change impacts on extremes. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, Third World Academy of Sciences, and UN Environment Program. AIACC annual report, Ulaanbaatar, 56 pages. www.aiaccproject.org 175

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59. Pederson, N., G.C. Jacoby, Rosanne D'Arrigo, E.R. Cook, B.M. Buckley, C. Dugarjav, and R. Mijiddorj (2001). Hydrometeorological Reconstructions for Northeastern Mongolia Derived from Tree Rings: AD 1651-1995. Journal of Climate, volume 14, pages 872-881 60. Shiirev-Adya, S. (2004). Traditional herding practice. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, Third World Academy of Sciences, and UN Environment Program. AIACC annual report, Ulaanbaatar, 16 pages. www.aiaccproject.org 61. Tserendorj, Ts. (2004). Some adaptations to climate change. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project of START, the Third World Academy of Sciences, and the UN Environment Programme. AIACC annual report, Ulaanbaatar, 24 pages. www.aiaccproject.org 62. Tuvaansuren, G.; Sh. Bayasgalan, B. Bolortsetseg, B. Dorj, and L. Natsagdorj (2000). Impacts on agriculture. Pages 95-200 in: P. Batima and D. Dagvadorj (editors) Climate change and its impacts in Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment Management.

1.1.11 Environment – AIR

 Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar 63. Badgaa, Ganbaatar (2008). Current Status of and Prospects for. Energy Resources and Infrastructure. Development of South Gobi in Mongolia. Dept of Fuel Policy and Regulation, 20 slides. www.keei.re.kr/keei/download/seminar/080703/s1-4.pdf 64. Dalhcuren B.; and colleagues (1995). Determination of heavy metals in the air of the city of Ulan-Bator. Abstracts of 3rd International Meeting of Nuclear Physics for Protection of the Environment¯ (NPPE-95), Dubna, May 1995, page 53. 65. Enkhsaikhan, Gankhuyag (2008). Some results of GHG and air pollutants monitoring and emission inventory in Mongolia. Better Air Quality 2008, Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia. Held 12-14th November in Bangkok, Thailand. SW1: Integrated Emission Inventories. PowerPoint Presentation, 9 slides. www.baq2008.org/system/files/sw1_Enkhsaikhan+presentation.pdf 66. Guttikunda, Sarath (2007). Urban Air Pollution Analysis for Ulaanbaatar. June 2007, Consultant Report to World Bank, 120 pages. www.urbanemissions.info/publications/2007-06-WB-UAPAU-Mongolia.pdf 67. Lodoysamba, S.; D. Shagjjamba and M. Chadraabal (2005). First Results of the Monitoring Study on Ambient Air Quality in the Ulaanbaatar City by Nuclear Techniques. In: Proceedings of International School on Contemporary Physics-III, ISCP-III, 8-15th August 2005, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pages 146-148. 68. Oyun, R.; L. Jargalkhuu, N. Saijaa, N. Tugjsuren, B. Mendbayar, I. Sanchir, M. Zoljargal and B. Khaliunaa (2007). Development of Master Plan 2007–2020 for air pollution reduction in Ulaanbaatar city. International Forum on Strategic Technology IFOST 2007 held 3-6th October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pages 339-343. 69. Zeeb, Hajo; and Ferid Shannoun (editors) (2009). WHO handbook on indoor radon: a public health perspective. 1. Radon - adverse effects. 2. Air pollutants, Radioactive. 3. Air pollution, Indoor. 4. Carcinogens, Environmental. 5. Radiation, Ionizing. 6. Lung neoplasms. 7. Environmental exposure. World Heath Organisation (WHO), Geneva, 95 pages. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547673_eng.pdf

 Dust with heavy metals in Ulaanbaatar 70. Altangerel, M.; N. Norova and D. Altangerel (2009). Study of Natural Radioactivity in Coal Samples of Baganuur Coal Mine, Mongolia. American Institute of Physics (AIP), Proceedings of the First Ulaanbaatar Conference on Nuclear Physics and Applications, volume 1109, pages 135-138. 71. Batmunkh, S.; and Z. Battogtokh (2007). The exhausting pollutants from coal combustion of Fourth Thermal Power Plant of Ulaanbaatar. International Forum on Strategic Technology held October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Proceedings, pages 158-161. 72. Battogtokh, Z.; B. Erdev and R. Maakhuu (2005). The Exhausting Pollutants from Coal Combustion of Fourth Thermal Power Plant of Ulaanbaatar. In: Proceedings of International School on Contemporary Physics-III, ISCP- III, 8-15th August 2005, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; pages 140-145. 73. Erdev, B.; and B. Dalkhsuren (2005). Investigations of Radioactivity and Microelements in Atmospheric Air by Nuclear Physical Methods. In: Proceedings of International School on Contemporary Physics-III, ISCP-III, August 08-15th 2005, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; pages 136-139. 74. Shagjjamba, D.; and P. Zuzaan (2006). Results of Radiation level study in some territories of Mongolia. http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/publish/Pepan_letters/panl_1_2006/09_shagzh.pdf

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 Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar : forest damage 75. Sase, H.; T. Bulgan, Ts. Batchuluun, H. Shimizu and T. Totsuka (2005). Tree decline and its possible causes around Mt. Bogdkhan in Mongolia. Phyton (Austria) Special issue: ‗APGC 2004‘, volume 45, pages 583-590. 76. Sase, H.; T. Ohizumi, S. Nayakama, C.P. Leong and H. Ueda (2008). Acid deposition, soil pollution and plant growth: current status and future forest ecosystems. [Acid rain damage to larch on Bogd Khan Uul]. IPICEX Conference.

 Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar : bioindicators 77. Gerbish Sh.; G. Ganbold and Ts. Tsendeekhuu (2005). Study of atmospheric deposition using INAA by indicator plants (Lichen and Moss). Proceedings of the International Conference 'Ecosystems of Mongolia and Frontier Areas of Adjacent Countries: Natural Resources, Biodiversity and Ecological Prospects‘, 5-9th September 2005, Ulaanbaatar Mongolia, pages 212-214. 78. Ganbold, G.; Sh. Gerbish, S.F. Gundorina, M.V. Frontasyeva, T.M. Ostrovnaya, S.S. Pavlov and Ts. Tsendeekhuu (2005). Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements Around Ulan-Bator City Studied by Moss and Lichen Biomonitoring Technique and INA. Communication of the JINR, Dubna, 2005, E18-2005-113, AE18-2005- 113, Физик - МУИС-ийн эрдэм шинжилгээний сэтгүүл, 2005, #225(12), volume 10, pages 66-74. http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2005/113(E18-2005-113).pdf

 Air pollution : allergies in Ulaanbaatar 79. Viinanen, A.; S. Munhbayarlah, T. Zevgee, L. Narantsetseg, Ts. Naidansuren, M. Koskenvuo, H. Helenius and E.O. Terho (2005). Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic sensitization in Mongolia. Allergy, Volume 60, pages 1370-1377. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com 80. Viinanen, A.; S. Munhbayarlah, T. Zevgee, L. Narantsetseg, Ts. Naidansuren, M. Koskenvuo, H. Helenius and E.O. Terho (2007). The protective effect of rural living against atopy in Mongolia. Allergy, volume 62, pages 272- 280. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com

81. Air pollution : ger stoves in Ulaanbaatar Gordon, Joanna K.; Nick Emmel, Semira Manaseki and Jacky Chambers (2007). Perceptions of the health effects of stoves in Mongolia. Journal of Health, Organisation and Management, volume 21, pages 580-587.

82. Air pollution : light 83. Anon (XXXX). Nightscape Issue # 71. A Publication of the International Dark-Sky Association. http://data.nextrionet.com/site/idsa/nl71.pdf

1.1.12 Environment – WATER 84. Anon (1992). Drinking Water Standards of Mongolia: MNS90-92. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian) 85. Anon (1983). Technical study and hydrogeological investigations on new water resources for Ulaanbaatar city of Mongolia. PNIIS (USSR) Moscow. (in Russian) 86. Anon (1995). The study on water supply system in Ulaanbaatar and its surroundings. Final Report, volume 1: Summary. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 87. Anon (1995). The study on water supply system in Ulaanbaatar and its surroundings. Final Report, volume 2: Main Report. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 88. Anon (1995). The study on water supply system in Ulaanbaatar and its surroundings. Final Report, volume 3: Supporting Report. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 89. Anon (1995). The study on water supply system in Ulaanbaatar and its surroundings. Final Report, volume 4: Data. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 90. Baldandorj, Ts.; L. Janchivdorj and Ts. Shagdarsuren (2000). Water consumption and water resources on Ulaanbaatar city. In: Ecology and Sustainable Development. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian). 91. Battumur, R.; and Sh. Chuluunbaatar (2000). Present situation and future prospective of drinking and industrial water supply of Ulaanbaatar. Master Plan of Ulaanbaatar City Development for 2020. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian) 92. Gomboo, Davaa; and Erdenetuya Magsa (2004). Hydrological Changes in the upper Tuul River Basin. PowerPoint presentation, 16 slides. http://raise.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/IWSTCM2004/07-Davaa.pdf 93. Jadamba, N. (1977). Groundwater recharge and flow in artesian aquifers in Ulaanbaatar area and estimation of water resources in these aquifers for use of water supply of city. Doctorate thesis in Geology and Mining. Moscow. 94. Jadamba, N.; Z. Tserendorj and P. Enkhkhishig (1981). Hydrogeological investigations on groundwater in

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aquifers in Tuul River Basin in Ulaanbaatar area. Report. Ulaanbaatar. (in Russian) 95. Jadamba, J.; G. Tserenjav and D. Unurjargal (2000). Groundwater in Ulaanbaatar area. In: Ecology and Sustainable Development. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian) 96. Oyunchimeg, Ts.; G. Khuukhenkhuu, N. Norov and I. Ajnai (2002). Radon in Mineral Spring Water of Mongolia. Proceedings of the 3rd Korea-Japan Joint Meeting on Medical Physics and the Second Asia Oceania Congress of Medical Physics, September 26-28th 2002, Gyeongju, Korea, pages 279-281; In Book of Abstracts: International School on Contemporary Physics, 9-19th September 2002, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, page 85. 97. Unudelger, G.; and B. Banzragch (1993). Hydrogeological investigations in Ulaanbaatar area (1990-1992). Report. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian) 98. Zandaryaa, Sarantuyaa; U. Borhculuun and Sh. Munkhtuyat (2006). Reserves, Consumption and Contamination of Groundwater in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Chapter 34 - Atlas of Urban Geology, volume 14, pages 445-488. http://hdr.undp.org/docs/network/hdr_net/Mongolia_HDR2006_Groundwater_Ulaanbaatar.pdf

1.1.13 Environment – PERMAFROST 99. Battogtokh, D.; Ya. Jambaljav, A. Dashtseren, N. Sharkhuu, M. Ishikawa, Ya. Zhang, Y. Iojima, T. Kadota and T. Ohata (2006). Features and Mapping of Permafrost Distribution in Ulaanbaatar area, Mongolia. http://raise.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/IWSTCM2006/8Battogtokh.pdf 100. Battogtokh, D., N. Sharkhuu, M. Ishikawa, T. Kadota and Y. Zhang (2004). Dynamics of active layer and Spring icing at Terelj observation sites, Mongolia. Proceedings of 3rd International Workshop on Terrestrial Change in Mongolia, November 2004. 101. Battogtokh, D.; and Ya. Jambaljav (2006). Permafrost condition in Mongolia. Asian Conference on Permafrost, held August 2006 in China. 102. Battogtokh, D.; Ya. Jambaljav, N. Sharkhuu, M. Ishikawa, Y. Zhang, Y. Iijima, and T. Kadota (2006). Permafrost in Terelj and Nalaikh area, Mongolia. Proceedings of 5th Mongolian-Korea Joint Seminars on Environmental Changes of North East Asia, held October 2006. 103. Battogtokh, D.; Ya. Jambaljav (XXXX). Engineering Permafrost. Mongolian younger geoscientists seminars, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 104. Sharkuu, N. (2002). Permafrost and its recent changes in the Khentei mountain region. http://raise.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/IWSTCM2002/12_Sharkhuu.pdf 105. Jambaljav, Ya.; A. Dashtseren and D. Battogtokh (2006). Modelling and Mapping of mountain permafrost distribution in Ulaanbaatar area, using GIS, Remote sensing. Asian Conference on Permafrost, held August 2006 in China. 106. Sharkhuu, N. (1998). Trends of permafrost development in the Selenge River Basin, Mongolia. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Permafrost, held in Yellowknife. University Laval Collection Nordicana #57, pages 979-986. 107. Tumurbaatar, D.; D. Battogtokh and D. Solongo (2005). Permafrost of Mongolia. Mongolian Geoscientist. April 2005. 108. Tumurbaatar, D.; D. Battogtokh and D. Solongo (2005). Permafrost phenomena. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development in Surrounding Regions of the Mongolian Plateau. International Conference August 2005 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 109. Wu, Tonghua; Qinxue Wang, Masataka Watanabe, Ji Chen and Dorjgotov Battogtokh (2009). Mapping vertical profile of discontinuous permafrost with ground penetrating radar at Nalaikh depression, Mongolia. Environmental Geology, volume 56, pages 1577-1583. www.springerlink.com/content/h5658x02u7420k06/

1.1.14 Environment – SOIL 110. Batmunkh, S.; S. Enkhbat, B. Erdev, Z. Battogtokh and T. Batbuyan (2007). Activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in soil near TPP-4 of Ulaanbaatar. International Forum on Strategic Technology IFOST, held 3rd-6th October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Proceedings, pages 628-629. 111. Batmunkh, S.; J. Garidkhuu, T. Bat-Ulzii, B. Erdev, P. Ochirbat and B. Jargalsaikhan (2007). Ecological map of Ulaanbaatar city. International Forum on Strategic Technology held October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Proceedings, pages 636-637. 112. Damdinsuren, Ts.; G. Manlaijav and N. Oyuntulkhuur (2004). Country Report – Mongolia. Appendix 15B, PowerPoint Presentation to International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA/RCA Mid-term Review Meeting of National Focal Persons on Radiation Protection, held 7-11th June 2004 in Beijing. www.rca.iaea.org/members/Projects/RAS9029/Appendix%20%2015B%20Mongolia%20power%20point%2 0presentation.ppt 113. Erkhembayar, Ts.; N. Norov, G. Khuukhenkhuu and Ts. Oyunchimeg (2002). Soil and Coal Radioactivity around Zuunmod Town of Mongolia. Proceedings of the 2nd International School on Contemporary Physics, ISCP-2, 178

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Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 9-19th September 2002, pages 183-188. 1.1.15 Environment – FORESTS  Forest ecology and conservation value 114. Muhlenberg, Michael; J. Slowik, R. Samjaa, Choimaa Dulamsuren, P. Melchert, F. Wichmann, L. Nockemann and M. v. Velsen-Zerweck (1999). Research and conservation in the watershed area of the Baikal, North Mongolia, Khan Khentii. NNA Schneverdingen. 115. Muhlenberg, Michael; Hermann Hondong, Choimaa Dulamsuren and Klaus von Gadow (2003). Large-scale biodiversity research in the southern taiga, northern Mongolia. Pages 119-142 in: C. Peterson, Klaus Gadow and N. Kräuchi (editors) Large-scale field experiments, creating a legacy for sustainable, science-based forest management. Davos. 116. Muhlenberg, Michael; Hermann Hondong, Choimaa Dulamsuren and Klaus von Gadow (2004). Large-scale biodiversity research in the southern taiga, Northern Mongolia. For. Snow Landsc. Res. volume 78, pages 93-118. 117. Muhlenberg, Michael; J. Slowic, R. Samiya, Choimaa Dulamsuren, C. Gantigmaa and M. Woyciechoswki (2000). The Conservation Value of West-Khentii, North Mongolia: Evaluation of Plant and Butterfly Communities. Fragm. Flor. Geobot., volume 45, pages 63-90. 118. Tsendendash, G. (1995). Khentejn huruuny oj – urgamalschil (Forest Vegetation of the Khentii Mountains). PhD thesis National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar (in Mongolian).

 Forest inventories, management and logging 119. Anon (2008). Report on Forest Inventory and Management of Bogd Khan Mountain Strictly Protected Area. Forest and Water Research Centre, Ulaanbaatar. 61 pages. 120. Erdenechuluun, T. (2006). Wood Supply in Mongolia: The Legal and Illegal Economies. Mongolia Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 76 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/MONGOLIAEXTN/Resources/mong_timber_int_for_web.pdf

 Forest ecology research in Khan Khentii 121. Dorjsuren, Ch. (2009). Anthropogenic Successions of the Larch Forests in Mongolia. Russian Agricultural Academic Press, Moscow, 209 pages. 122. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; and Ts. Jamsran (1997). Plant diversity of the Choiriyn Bord Uul mountain range. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences, volume 5, pages 8-33. 123. Dulamsuren Choimaa; and Ts. Jamsran (1997). The flora of the phytogeographical region Middle Khalka. Pages 124-132 in: Natural Resources, History and Ethnography of Western Mongolia and Adjacent Regions, Tomsk. 124. Dulamsuren Choimaa; and Ts. Jamsran (1998). Comparative study of plant diversity in three areas of central Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences, volume 7, pages 71-79. 125. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; and Michael Muhlenberg (2003), Additions to the flora of the Khentii, Mongolia. Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, volume 33, pages 149-158. http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/bgbm/05119618/v33n1/s14.pdf?expires=1260686292&id =53945032&titleid=75004866&accname=Guest+User&checksum=97EACA8B6F8ED17B4D59FC9C10CA1A CE 126. Dulamsuren, Choimaa (2004). Floristische Diversität, Vegetation und Standortbedingungen in der Gebirgstaiga des Westkhentej, Nordmongolei. Berichte des Forschungszentrums Waldökosysteme A, volume 191, pages 1-290. 127. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Rudolph Kamelin, Nikolaj Cvelev, Marcus Hauck and Michael Muhlenberg (2004). Additions to the flora of the Khentej, Mongolia. Part 2. Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, volume 34, pages 505-510. www.ingentaconnect.com 128. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; and Michael Muhlenberg (2005). Phytosociological and biogeographical survey of flora and vegetation of Western Khentey. Pages 84-86 in: Chimidnyam Dorjsuren, N.I. Dorofeyuk, P.D. Gunin, Yu.I. Drobyshev, S.N. Bazha and L.E. Vasilieva (editors) Ecosystems of Mongolia and frontier areas of adjacent countries: natural resources, biodiversity and ecological prospects. 129. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Markus Hauck and Michael Muhlenberg (2005). Vegetation at the taiga forest-steppe borderline in the western Khentej Mountains, northern Mongolia. Annales Botanici Fennici, volume 42, pages 411- 426. 130. Dulamsuren Ch.; Erik Welk, Eckehart J. Jäger, Markus Hauck and Michael Muhlenberg (2005). Range-habitat relationships of vascular plant species at the taiga forest-steppe borderline in the western Khentej Mountains, northern Mongolia. Flora, volume 200, pages 376-397. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com

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131. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; and Michael Muhlenberg (2007). Phytosociological and biogeographical survey of flora and vegetation of Western Khentey. Pages 135-153 in: P.D. Gunin (editor) Ecosystems of Inner Asia: Questions on research and conservation. Nauka, Moscow. 132. Dulamsuren, Choimaa, Markus Hauck, Martin Bader, Dalaikhuu Osokhjargal, Shagjjav Oyungerel, Suran Nyambayar, Michael Runge and Christoph Leuschner (2008). Water relations and photosynthetic performance in Larix sibirica growing in the forest-steppe ecotone of northern Mongolia. 133. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; and Marcus Hauck (2008). Spatial and seasonal variation of climate on steppe slopes of the northern Mongolian mountain taiga. Grassland Science, volume 54, pages 217-230. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com 134. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Marcus Hauck and Michael Muhlenberg (2008). Insect and small mammal herbivores limit tree establishment in northern Mongolian steppe. Plant Ecology, volume 195, pages 143-156. ABSTRACT: www.springerlink.com/content/3376064562547337/ 135. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Markus Hauck, Suran Nyambayar, Dalaikhuu Osokhjargal and Christoph Leuschner (2009). Establishment of Ulmus pumila seedlings on steppe slopes of the northern Mongolian mountain taiga. Acta Oecologica, volume 35, pages 563-572. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com 136. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Markus Hauck, Suran Nyambayar, Martin Bader, Dalaikhuu Osokhjargal, Shagjjav Oyungerel and Christoph Leuschner (2009). Performance of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) on steppe slopes of the northern Mongolian mountain taiga: Drought stress and herbivory in mature trees. Environmental and Experimental Botany, volume 66, pages 18-24. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com 137. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Marcus Hauck, Martin Bader, Dalaikhuu Osokhjargal, Shagjjav Oyungerel, Suran Nyambayar, M. Runge and Christoph Leuschner (2009). Water relations and photosynthetic performance in Larix sibirica growing in the forest-steppe ecotone of northern Mongolia. Tree Physiology, volume 29, pages 99-110. 138. Hauck, Marcus; Choimaa Dulamsuren and Christine Heimes (2008). Effects of insect herbivory on the performance of Larix sibirica in a forest-steppe ecotone. Environmental and Experimental Botany, volume 62, pages 351-356. ABSTRACT: www.springerlink.com 139. Li, Sheng-Gong; Maki Tsujimura, Atsuko Sugimoto, Gombo Davaa, Dambaravjaa Oyunbaatar and Michiaki Sugita (2007). Temporal variation of δ13C of larch leaves from a montane boreal forest in Mongolia [Mongonmorit]. Trees, volume 21, pages 479-490. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com 140. Schlütz Frank; Choimaa Dulamsuren, Magdalena Wieckowska, Michael Muhlenberg and Marcus Hauck (2008). Late Holocene vegetation history suggests natural origin of steppes in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, volume 261, pages 203-217. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com 1.1.16 Environment – STEPPE 141. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Markus Hauck and Michael Muhlenberg (2005). Ground vegetation in the Mongolian taiga forest-steppe ecotone does not offer evidence for the human origin of grasslands. Applied Vegetation Science, volume 8, pages 149-154. 142. Schlütz Frank; Choimaa Dulamsuren, Magdalena Wieckowska, Michael Muhlenberg and Marcus Hauck (2008). Late Holocene vegetation history suggests natural origin of steppes in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, volume 261, pages 203-217. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com

1.1.17 Environment – FIRES 143. Johnson, Darren; Oyunsanaa Byambasuren, Ronald Myers and Michael Babler (2009). Fire Management Assessment of the Eastern Steppe, Mongolia. GFI technical report 2009-1a. The Nature Conservancy, USA, 38 pages.[mention of Bogd Khan Uul fires and beetle infestation] www.tncfire.org/documents/mongolia_fire_assessment_english.pdf 144. Nyamjav, Bayartaa; Johann Goldammer and Holm Uibrig (2007). The Forest Fire Situation in Mongolia. International Forest Fire News (IFFN), number 36, pages 46-66 www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/iffn_36/15-IFFN-36-Mongolia-1.pdf 145. Oyunsanaa, Byambasuren (2008). Forest Fire Dating in Northern Mongolian Forests. Symposium on Fire Management in Cultural and Natural Landscapes, Nature Conservation and Forestry in Temperate-Boreal Eurasia, held 25-27 January 2008 in Freiburg, Germany, Report, page 8. www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/programmes/natcon/EFNCN-Symposium-Report.pdf

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1.1.18 Environment – INSECT ATTACK 146. Dulamsuren, Choimaa; Marcus Hauck, H.H. Leuschner and Christoph Leuschner (in press). Gypsy moth- induced growth decline of Larix sibirica in a forest-steppe ecotone. Dendrochronologia. 147. Ghent, John H.; and Amy L. Onken (2003). Trip Report for TCP/MON/ 2902. Emergency Measures for Control of Siberian Caterpillar and Other Major Forest Pests, Mongolia , 29 pages. www.fs.fed.us/outernet/r6/nr/fid/iat/reports/asia-south-pacific/2003-ghent-mongolia-defol.pdf 148. Hauck, Marcus; Choimaa Dulamsuren and Christine Heimes (2008). Effects of a gypsy moth invasion on the performance of Larix sibirica in a forest-steppe ecotone of northern Mongolia. Environmental and Experimental Botany, volume 62, pages 351-356. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com 149. Suran, Byambagerel (2008). Reconstruction of insect outbreak frequency in Bogd Khan mountain, Mongolia, using tree ring application. News of Forest History EuroDendro 2008 ‗The long history of wood utilization‘. 150. Tobgay, Sodnam (2009). Reconstruction of defoiliating insect outbreak frequency in Bogd Khan Mountain, Mongolia by dendrochronological methods [ABSTRACT]. Diploma dissertations, Seminar held 27th May 2009 at University of Bodenkultur, Vienna. www.wabo.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/H91/_TEMP_/WABO_seminare_270509.pdf 151. Yuan, Fei; You-qing Luo, Juan Shi, Kari Keliövaara, Guo-xin Qi, Xiang-jun Li, Yong-shi Han and Chao Chen (2008). Invasive sequence and ecological niche of main insect borers. Forestry Studies in China, volume 10, pages 9-13. 1.1.19 Environment – HIGHER PLANTS

 Endangered plants 152. Erdensaikhan, N. (2008). Public awareness-raising on rare and endangered plant species of surrounding four mountains of Ulaanbaatar city. Environmental Reform Project, Nemo II Small Grants Program, Monitoring Report 2008. www.mne.mn/mn /images/stories/downloads/nemo/NEMOII_monitoring_final_report.pdf

1.1.20 Environment – LOWER PLANTS

 Mosses and Lichens 153. Ganbold, G.; Sh. Gerbish, S.F. Gundorina, M.V. Frontasyeva, T.M. Ostrovnaya, S.S. Pavlov and Ts. Tsendeekhuu (2005). Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements Around Ulan-Bator City Studied by Moss and Lichen Biomonitoring Technique and INA. Communication of the JINR, Dubna, 2005, E18-2005-113, AE18-2005- 113, 19 pages. http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2005/113(E18-2005-113).pdf 154. Ganbold, G.; Sh. Gerbish, N. Baljinnyam, J. Bayarmaa, B. Dalkhsuren and Ts. Tsendeekhuu (2005). Study Atmospheric Deposition around Ulaanbaatar city using INAA by Biomonitors (Lichen and Moss). Физик - МУИС- ийн эрдэм шинжилгээний сэтгүүл, 2005, #225 (12), volume 10, pages 66-74. http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2005/113(E18-2005-113).pdf 155. Hauck, Markus; and Samjaa Javkhlan (2006). Additions to the lichen flora of Mongolia: records from Khentey and Khangay. Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, volume 36, pages 895-912. www.ingentaconnect.com 156. Hauck, Markus; and Samjaa Javkhlan (2009). Epiphytic lichen diversity and its dependence on bark chemistry in the northern Mongolian dark taiga. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, volume 204, pages 278-288. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com 157. Hauck, Marcus; Choimaa Dulamsuren and Michael Muhlenberg (2007). Lichen diversity on steppe slopes in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga and its dependence on microclimate. Flora, volume 202, pages 530-546. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com

1.1.21 Environment – MAMMALS

 Mammals – Action Plans for Mongolia 158. Clark, Emma; Javzansuren Munkhbat, S. Dulamtseren, J.E.M. Baillie, N. Batsaikhan, Sarah King, R. Samiya and M. Stubbe (compilers and editors) (2006). Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Mammals. Regional Red List Series, volume 2. Publishers: Zoological Society of London, London, with funding by the Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform NEMO]. (In English and Mongolian)

 Mammals – Mungmorit assessment 181

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159. Tsendjav, D.; and Ts. Mishigdorj (2007). The Distribution and number assessment of the wild animals within the 'Mungmorit' Wildlife Concession Area. Report by the Mammalian Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences for the German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ) Conservation and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Project, 31 pages. http://naturecon.soyolerdene.net/Documents/E/E-2.15.pdf

 Mammals – impact of fences in Mongolia 160. Chimeddorj and Onon (2008). Evidence of barrier effects of an international border on migration of Mongolian gazelle. WWF Mongolia Program office. www.econet.mn/local_pa_data/Migration%20of%20Mongolian%20gazelle.pdf 161. Ito, T.Y.; N. Mura, B. Lhagvasuren, D. Enkhbileg, S. Takasuki, A. Tsunekawa and Z. Jiang (2005). Preliminary evidence of a barrier effect of a railroad on the migration of Mongolian gazelles. Conservation Biology, volume 19, pages 945-948. 162. Li, Sheng-Gong; Maki Tsujimura, Atsuko Sugimoto, Gombo Davaa and Michiaki Sugita (2006). Natural recovery of steppe vegetation on vehicle tracks in central Mongolia. Journal of Biosciences, volume 31, pages 85- 93. 163. Stone, Suzanne; Nina Fascione, Craig Miller, Jim Pissot, Gina Schrader, Jesse Timberlake (2008). Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts. Defenders of Wildlife, 23 pages. www.defenders.org 164. Takehaiko, Y. Ito.; Ayumi Okada, B. Bayarbaatar, L. Badamjav, Seiki Takatsuki and Atsushi Tsunekawa (2007). One-Sided Barrier Impact of an International Railroad on Mongolian Gazelles. Journal of Wildlife Management, volume 72, pages 940-943. http://nrc.umass.edu/wp-content/uploads/file/pdfs/Fuller/bayarbaatar/one-sided_barrier.pdf

1.1.22 Environment – BIRDS 165. Anon (2009). Safeguarding Important Areas of Natural Habitat alongside Economic Development. Mongolia. BirdLife Asia. Discussion Papers. East Asia and Pacific Region Sustainable Development Department, World Bank, 169 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMONGOLIA/Resources/1_Safeguarding_important_areas_ENG.pdf 166. Bai, Mei-Ling; and Michael Muhlenberg (2008). Sequential use of holes by birds breeding in a natural boreal forest in Mongolia: Capsule Wood Nuthatch Sitta europaea and Coal Tit Periparus ater had a high tendency to reuse nest-sites, and holes in living trees were more frequently reused than holes in dead trees. [Khan Khentii]. Bird Study (British Trust for Ornithology), volume 55, pages 161-168. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com 167. Braunlich, Axel (200X). Birding in Central Asia: an introduction to Mongolia. OBC Bulletin #35, pages 62-70. www.qwerty.ch/birdingmongolia/downloads/MN_OBC.pdf 168. Braunlich, Axel (2009). Mandshir Hiid and UB ponds, 2nd May 2009. Birds Mongolia website. http://birdsmongolia.blogspot.com 169. Dixon, Andrew (2009). Falcon research work in 2009 [Mongolia]. Falco (Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group), Issue #34, pages 4-8. www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco34.pdf 170. Nyambayar, B.; and N. Tseveenmyadag (editors) (2009). Directory of Important Bird Areas in Mongolia: Key Sites for Conservation. Ulaanbaatar: Wildlife Science and Conservation Centre, Institute of Biology and BirdLife International. Output of the World Bank study ‗Strengthening the Safeguard of Important Areas of Natural Habitat in North-East Asia‘, financed by consultant trust funds from the Government of Japan, 160 pages.

1.1.23 Environment – REPTILES 171. Terbish, Kh.; Kh. Munkhbayar, E.L. Clark, J. Munkhbat, E.M. Monks, M. Munkhbaatar, J.E.M. Baillie, L. Borkin, N. Batsaikhan, R. Samiya and D.V. Semenov (compilers and editors) (2006). Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians. Regional Red List Series, volume 6. Published by the Zoological Society of London, funded by the World Bank‘s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform (NEMO), 43 pages. (In English and Mongolian) 1.1.24 Environment – AMPHIBIANS 172. Terbish, Kh.; Kh. Munkhbayar, E.L. Clark, J. Munkhbat, E.M. Monks, M. Munkhbaatar, J.E.M. Baillie, L. Borkin, N. Batsaikhan, R. Samiya and D.V. Semenov (compilers and editors) (2006). Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians. Regional Red List Series, volume 6. Published by the Zoological Society of London, funded by the World Bank‘s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform (NEMO), 43 pages. (In English and Mongolian)

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1.1.25 Environment – FISHES 173. Jensen, Olaf; David Gilroy, Zeb Hogan, Brant Allen, Thomas Hrabik, Brian Weidel, Sundeep Chandra and Zanden Vander (2009). Evaluating recreational fisheries for an endangered species: a case study of taimen, Hucho taimen, in Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, volume 66, pages 1707-1718. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com 174. Kottelat, Maurice (2006). Fishes of Mongolia. A check-list of the fishes known to occur in Mongolia with comments on systematics and nomenclature. Report funded by The World Bank‘s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform (NEMO). Environment and Social Development Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank, Washington D.C., 103 pages.

1.1.26 Environment – INVERTEBRATES 175. Karg, J.; J. Slowik, Choimaa Dulamsuren and Michael Muhlenberg (2008). Above-ground insect communities in the forest-steppe zone of northern Mongolia. Ecological Questions, volume 9, pages 63-71. 176. Muhlenberg, Michael; J. Slowik, R. Samiya, Choimaa Dulamsuren, Ch. Gantigmaa and M. Woyciechoswki (2000). The conservation value of West-Khentej, North Mongolia: evaluation of plant and butterfly communities. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, volume 45, pages 63-90. 177. Monkhbayar (1999). Some results of the species composition and ecology of lepidopterous (Rhopalocera) of Bogd Khan Uul. Masters' dissertation. Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian National University, 66 pages.

1.1.27 Environment – WILDLIFE USE 178. Pratt, D.G.; D.C. MacMillan and I.J. Gordon (2003). Local community attitudes to wildlife utilisation in the changing economic and social context of Mongolia. Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 13, pages 591-613. www.springerlink.com/content/q23n0k12781w73gv/fulltext.pdf

1.1.28 Environment – GEOLOGY 179. Dejidmaa, G.; B. Bujinlkham, A. Eviihuu, B. Enkhtuya, T. Ganbaatar, N. Moenkh-Erdene and N. Oyuntuya (2001). Distribution Map of Deposits and Occurrences in Mongolia (at the scale of 1:1,000,000). Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia. 180. Dorjsuren, D., and N. Batsukh (2000). Geological environment of Ulaanbaatar city. In: Ecology and Sustainable Development. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian) Myagmarjav, M.; S. Doljin and J. Batsuren (1993). The study on geology, hydrogeology and ecology of Ulaanbaatar and its surroundings. Report. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian)

1.1.29 Environment – MINING 181. Appel, Peter (2005). Small-scale mining - hazards and opportunities in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin #7, pages 77-80. www.geus.dk/publications/bull/nr7/nr7_p77-80.pdf 182. Badgaa, Ganbaatar (2008). Current Status of and Prospects for. Energy Resources and Infrastructure. Development of South Gobi in Mongolia. Dept of Fuel Policy and Regulation, 20 slides. www.keei.re.kr/keei/download/seminar/080703/s1-4.pdf 183. Dallas, William (1999). An Assessment of Environmental Impact Issues and Issues Relating to Gold Mining in the Zaamar Region, Mongolia: Executive Summary. Author: William Dallas. Report of the World Bank Group, Washington DC. 13 pages. 184. Dore, Giovanna; Robin Grayson, Vera Songwe and Tony Whitten (2006). Mongolia - A Review of Environmental and Social Impacts in the Mining Sector. Environment and Social Development – East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank, 41 pages. www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment 185. Farrington, John (2005). The Impact of Mining Activities on Mongolia‘s Protected Areas: A Status Report with Policy Recommendations. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, volume 1, pages 283-289. www.allenpress.com/pdf/ieam-01-03-07_283-289.pdf 186. Grayson, Robin; and Chimed-Erdene Baatar (2009). Remote Sensing of the Coal Rush in China and Mongolia. Eco-Minex International, EMI Environmental Report #2, 24 pages. www.mine.mn 187. Grayson, Robin (editor) (2003). Ninja Gold Miners of Mongolia: Assistance to Policy Formation for the Informal Gold Mining Sub-Sector in Mongolia. Report prepared by Mongolian Business Development Agency (MBDA), sponsored by Canada Fund Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 260 pages. 188. Grayson, Robin; Baatar Tumenbayar and Tsevel Delgertsoo (2004). Illegal placer gold miners in Mongolia – 183

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impacts on ecological systems. [ABSTRACT] World Placer Journal, volume 4. www.mine.mn 189. Grayson, Robin; Tsevel Delgertsoo, William Murray, Baatar Tumenbayar, Minjin Batbayar, Urtnasan Tuul, Dashzeveg Bayarbat and Chimed-Erdene Baatar (2004). The People‘s Gold Rush in Mongolia – the Rise of the ‗Ninja‘ Phenomenon. World Placer Journal, volume 4, pages 1-112. www.mine.mn 190. Grayson, Robin; and Baatar Tumenbayar (2005). The role of placer mining companies in the State-sponsored gold rush in Mongolia. World Placer Journal, volume 5, pages 1-34. www.mine.mn 191. Grayson, Robin (2007). Anatomy of the People‘s Gold Rush in Modern Mongolia. World Placer Journal, volume 7, pages 1-66. www.mine.mn 192. Grayson, Robin; and Chimed-Erdene Baatar (2007). Satellite monitoring of placer gold mining reveal Worst Available Techniques (WAT) widespread in Mongolia, China and Russian Federation with large avoidable impacts. Proceedings of the 2nd National Workshop on Remote Sensing/GIS for Mongolian Environment, pages 38-47. 193. Husband, Charles; Vera Songwe, Jeffery Davidson, Jack Garnett, John Gowen, Fernando Loayza and Bob Parsons (2003). Mongolia Mining Sector: Managing the Future. World Bank Group, 162 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/MONGOLIAEXTN/Resources/Mongolia_Mining_sector_report_ENG.pd f 194. Janzen, Jorg (2006). Contribution of Artisanal Mining to the Socio-Economic Development of Sharyn Gol Sum (Darkhan Uul Aimag), pages 98-101 in: Mining, Legal Regulations and Natural Environment, published in Ulaanbaatar. 195. Janzen, Jorg; Michael Priester, B. Chinbat and V. Battsengel (editors) (2007). Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Mongolia. The Global Perspective and Two Case Studies of Bornuur Sum (Tov Aimag) and Sharyn Gol Sum (Darkhan Uul Aimag). Centre for Development Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Research Papers #4, 75 pages. 196. Murray, William (2003). Informal Gold Mining and National Development - the Case of Mongolia. International Development Planning Review, volume 25, #2 (May 2003) pages 111-128. 197. Murray, William (2003). Informal Gold Mining in Mongolia: Invaluable Social Safety Net and Environmental Hazard. In: Gavin Hilson (editor) The Socioeconomic Impacts of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in Developing Countries. 74 pages. A.A. Balkema, Netherlands. ISBN: 90 5809 615 7. 198. Murray, William; and Robin Grayson World Bank/IFC (2003). Overview of Artisanal Mining Activity in Mongolia. Report prepared at the request of the World Bank/IFC Mining Department, 165 pages. 199. Navch, T. (2002). Assessment of the Child Labour Situation in Gold Mining. Report by the Population Teaching and Research Centre of the National University of Mongolia. Supported by the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour of the ILO 35 pages. 200. Navch, T.; Ts. Bolormaa, B. Enkhtsetseg, D. Khurelmaa and B. Munkhjargal (2006). Informal Gold Mining in Mongolia: A Baseline Survey Report covering Bornuur and Zaamar Soums, Tov Aimag. Bangkok, International Labour Office ILO, 112 pages. www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub06-12.pdf 201. Saijaa, N. (2002). Findings on the assessment of health and safety of informal gold miners in the territory of Tov, Selenge and Darkhan-Uul provinces. Report by the Environmental Health Centre of the Public Health Institute. Supported by the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). 49 pages. 202. Stubblefield, Andrew; Sudeep Chandra, Sean Eagan, Dampil Tuvshinjargal, Gantimur Davaadorzh, David Gilroy, Jennifer Sampson, Jim Thorne, Brant Allen and Zeb Hogan (200X). Impacts of Gold Mining and Land Use Alterations on the Water Quality of Central Mongolian Rivers. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, volume: 1, pages 365-373. 203. Tumen, Ch. (2003). Usual for Illegal Gold Miners to Die in a Group Underground. Khuveen Mordoogch ('Private Inspector') magazine, Issue #14, published 2003. 204. Tumenbayar, Baatar; Minjin Batbayar and Robin Grayson (2000). Environmental hazard in Lake Baikal watershed posed by mercury placer in Mongolia. World Placer Journal, volume 1, pages 134-159. www.mine.mn 205. Tumenbayar, Baatar; and Robin Grayson (2001). Mercury pollution in North Mongolia. Abstract of the 6th International Conference on 'Mercury as Global Pollutant' held in Minamata, Japan, 15-19th October 2001. 206. Tumenbayar, Baatar; Minjin Batbayar and Robin Grayson (2001). Mercury Pollution in North Mongolia. [ABSTRACT] CS-9 section. 6th International Conference on 'Mercury as Global Pollutant' held in Minamata, Japan, 15-19th October 2001. 207. Tumenbayar, Baatar; S. Murao and K. Sera (2002). Elemental distribution of human hairs in small-scale gold mining site of Mongolia. International Symposium on 'Sustainable Development of Mongolia and Chemistry' held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 10-17th September 2002. 208. Tumenbayar, Baatar (2003). Action Research on Mercury in the Boroo Area, Mongolia. Japan International 184

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Cooperation Agency (JICA). 79 pages. 209. Tumenbayar, N. (2002). Herder's Property Rights versus Mining in Mongolia. Seminar on Environmental Conflict Resolution, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. 210. Tynan, Deirdre (2002). Ninja Nation: 100,000 Illegal Miners. The UB Post newspaper, Issue #43, pages 1 & 4, published Thursday 24th October 2002. 1.1.30 Environment – ENERGY  Coal power generation in Ulaanbaatar 211. Badarch, Mendbayar; Damdinsuren Gantulga, Gombusoren Luvsan and Jargal Dorjpurev (2006). Energy Efficiency Study of Thermal Power Plant #4 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Promotion of Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Abatement (PREGA). Technical Report submitted to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 46 pages. www.adb.org/Clean-Energy/documents/MON-TS-Ulaanbaatar-Power-Plant.pdf  Coal power generation waste in Ulaanbaatar 212. Guyoncourt, D.M.M.; B.J.B. Crowley and R.M.G. Eeles (2005). Pollution Risks Associated with the Deposition of PFA Slurry into the Radley Lakes. Save Radley Lakes, 23 pages. www.saveradleylakes.org.uk/documents/documents/documents/Pollution_report_SRL_FP_002_1.pdf  Pumped storage scheme for Ulaanbaatar 213. Ganbat (200X). Ulaanbaatar Pumped Storage Power Plant, Project Outline. Morituimpex Ltd, 2 pages.

 Wind turbines near Bogd Khan Uul SPA 214. Anon (2008). Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Salkhit Uul Wind Park, Mongolia – July 2008 Summary. Funded by the Ministry of Finance of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. Prepared by Black & Veach for Newcom LLC, 15 pages. www.newcom.mn/minicms/images/files/NonTech%20Summary%20final%20July%2030,%202008.pdf

1.1.31 Environment – BUILDINGS 215. Gerbish, Sh.; G. Ganbold and G. Ganchimeg (2000). Natural Radioactivity of Some Mongolian Building Materials. ‗Research of Environmental Changes‘ reports of the Training Workshop, ‗Long Term Ecological Research‘ project, Institute of Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Science, 2000, pages 11-17. 216. Gerbish, Sh.; G. Ganbold and G. Ganchimeg (2001). Natural Radioactivity of Some Mongolian Building Materials. Scientific Transactions (Construction & Architecture Corporation, Mongolia), 2002/1, pages 122-128. 217. Erdev, B.; and B. Munkhtsetseg (2007). Determination outdoor and indoor air radon concentration in buildings of Ulaanbaatar city. International Forum on Strategic Technology IFOST, held October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Proceedings, pages 173-176. 218. Erdev, B.; Z. Battogtokh and B. Munkhtsetseg (2005). Detection radon concentration in dwellings and working places. Proceedings of International Scientific Conference in Power Industry and Market Economy IFOST, 4-7th May 2005, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pages 224-230. 219. Oyunchimeg, Ts; N. Norov and G. Kuukhenkhuu (2006). The simple method of emitted radon dose calculation. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2006 ―Imaging the Future Medicine‖, 27th August - 1st September 2006 COEX Seoul, Korea.

1.1.32 Environment – FUEL  Coals burned in Ulaanbaatar 220. Dill, H.G.; S. Altangerel, J. Bulgamaa, O. Hongor, S. Khishigsuren, Yo. Majigsuren, S. Myagmarsuren and C. Heunisch (2004). The Baganuur coal deposit, Mongolia: depositional environments and paleoecology of a Lower Cretaceous coal-bearing intermontane basin in Eastern Asia. International Journal of Coal Geology, volume 60, pages 197-236. 221. Norov, N.; and colleagues (1998). Study of uranium distribution in coal samples. Scientific Transactions of the National University of Mongolian 1998 #4 (137), page 68.

1.1.33 Environment – LAND USE

 Ulaanbaatar – loss of Children’s Park 222. Jenner, Tom (2009). A huge fall of migrants in the Children‘s Park, 10th May 2009. Birds Mongolia website. http://birdsmongolia.blogspot.com 223. Nyambayar (2009). Children‘s Park used to be one of the best birding spots in UB. Wildlife Science and

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Conservation Centre, Ulaanbaatar. Birds Mongolia website. http://birdsmongolia.blogspot.com

 Ulaanbaatar – remote sensing 224. Bold, D.; D. Gansukh and L. Tsognemeh (1998). Geological investigations in Ulaanbaatar area by using SPOT satellite information. Report, Ecology and Sustainable Development, Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian) 225. Oyunchimeg, G.; and J. Chuluuntsetseg (1990). Mapping of Ulaanbaatar area by using aerial-photo: scale 1:50,000. Report, Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian)

 Ulaanbaatar – urban planning 226. Anon (2004). Environmental Challenges of Urban Development. Mongolia Environment Monitor, issue 2004, 34 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/MONGOLIAEXTN/Resources/MEM04.pdf 227. Anon (2008). Progress of the Ulaanbaatar Master Plan Study. Note for the External Meeting on 29th January 2008. JICA Mongolia Office, 2 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMONGOLIA/Resources/Report_Back_Urban_SectorJICA_EN.pdf 228. Anon (2008). Mongolian-German ECOCITY. GTZ Mongolia, 10 pages. www.germany-wuf4.de/dokumente/04_gtz/99_countries/01_mongolia/04.99.01.05_en_gtz_mongolian- german_ecocity.pdf 229. Bayarsaikhan, G. (2005). Ecological problems research of capital city – Ulaanbaatar. KORUS 2005, pages 112-116. www.nstu.ru/korus/sections/files/1-2/ecological%20problems%20research.pdf 230. Corsi, Anna; Giovanna Dore, Tanvi Nagpal, Tony Whitten, Raja Iyer, Robin Mearns, Yarissa Richmond Lyngdoh, Salvador Rivera, H. Ykhanbai and Anju Sachdeva (2002). Mongolia Environment Monitor, issue 2002, 38 pages. 231. Ershuu, Purev-Erdene; Akira Ohgai, Gohnai Yoshimizu and Prasanna Divigalpitiya (2005). Population- Environment dynamics in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2 pages. http://urban.tutrp.tut.ac.jp/research/happyoronbun/2005/AIJ05Puugie.pdf 232. Narantsatsralt, Janlav; Tsutomu Moriya, Tsegmed Tsengel and Tsogt Batbayar (2006). Scope of Work for the Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia. Agreed upon between the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/social_environmental/archive/reviews/pro_asia/pdf/mon02_02.pdf

 Ulaanbaatar – city farming 233. Maidar, Ts. (1996). City farming in Mongolia. Urban agriculture Notes. Published by City Farmer. Canada‘s Office of Urban Agriculture. www.cityfarmer.org

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Appendix 12: Social Assessment – sources of information

Social Assessment 1. Anon (2003). Principles and guidelines for social impact assessment in the USA. The Interorganizational Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Social Impact Assessment. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, volume 21, pages 231-250. www.iaia.org/publicdocuments/Pubs_Ref_Material/US-principles-final-IAPA-version.pdf 2. Vanclay, Frank (2003). Social Impact Assessment - International Principles. International Association for Impact Assessment, Special Publication Series #2, 8 pages. www.iaia.org/publicdocuments/Pubs_Ref_Material/sp2.pdf

Public opinion surveys 3. Anon (2008). Politbarometer Opinion Survey of Mongolia, October 2008. www.bcmongolia.org/news/articlesreports-on-mongolia?start=30 4. Anon (2009). Politbarometer Opinion Survey of Mongolia, October 2009. http://mongolianviews.blogspot.com/2009/10/sant-maral-foundation-politbarometer.html

Sacred mountains 5. Adyasuren, Ts.; Ts. Shiirevdamba and Brian Darin (editors). (1998). Ecosystems Atlas of Bogdkhan Mountain. Published by Ministry of Nature and Environment to commemorate the 220th Anniversary of the Establishment of Bogd Khan Mountain Protected Area, 40 pages. 6. Amarkhuu, O. (2000). Mongolian Tradition and Regulation of Nature Conservation. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 7. Anon (1995). Supporting Initiatives to Revive the Tradition of Worshiping Bogd Khan Khairkhan, Khan Khentii and Otgontenger mountains. Presidential Decree of 16th May 1995. 8. Anon (1996). Mongolia Sacred Mountains: Bogd Khan, Burkhan Khaldun, Otgon Tenger. Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites by the Mongolian Ministry of Enlightenment. http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/936/ 9. Anon (2006). Mongolians clean up sacred hillside above UB. Buddhism and Ecology News, Published 27th September 2006. www.buddhistecology.org/news/ 10. Anon (2008). Integrating Sacred Natural Sites Concept into Environmental Education. Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding, EIU Best Case Studies, 44 pages. www.unescoapceiu.org/bbs/files/pdf/2008/n09eiubestcase.pdf 11. Anon (2008). How to Create your 8-Year Plan to Protect the Environment: a Handbook for Mongolian Buddhists. The Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC) with support from United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Document developed for the Tributary Fund/Gandan Monastery Conference for Buddhists and the Environment in UB. www.arcworld.org/downloads/Mongolian%20Buddhist%208%20Year%20Plan.pdf 12. Anon (2009). Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve, Mongolia: Periodic Revue. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNIDO) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. 21st Session of the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program, held 25-29th May 2009 in Jeju, Japan. Periodic review of biosphere reserves, page 3. www.unesco.org/mab/doc/icc/2009/e_periodicRev.pdf 13. Chimedsengee, Urantsatsral; Amber Cripps, Victoria Finlay, Guido Verboom, Ven Munkhbaatar Batchuluun, Ven Da Lama Byambajav Khunkhur (2009). Mongolian Buddhists Protecting Nature. A Handbook on Faiths, Environment and Development. Publication funded by NEMO (Netherlands Mongolia Trust Fund on Environmental Reform-II) at the World Bank, and created by ARC (Alliance of Religion and Conservation) in partnership with Gandan Tegchenling Monastery, MNET, (Mongolian Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism), and TTF (The Tributary Fund). Produced and translated into Mongolian by Gandan Tegchenling Monastery (the Centre of Mongolian Buddhism), supported by MNET, Mongolia. www.arcworld.org/downloads/Mongolian%20Buddhist%20Handbook.pdf 14. Croner, Don (20XX). The southern slopes of Bogd Khan Uul. One of the Four Sacred Mountains of Ulaan Baatar. Mongolia Adventure. Don Croner website. www.doncroner.net/bogdkhan.pdf 15. Erdensaikhan, N. (2008). Public awareness-raising on rare and endangered plant species of surrounding four mountains of Ulaanbaatar city. Environmental Reform Project, Nemo II Small Grants Program, Monitoring Report 2008. www.mne.mn/mn/images/stories/downloads/nemo/NEMOII_monitoring_final_report.pdf

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16. Koln, Michael (2008). Mongolia Guide, EDT/Lonely Planet, 3rd edition, 360 pages. ISBN 8860403006. 17. Mansourian, Stephanie (2005). Bogd Khan Mountain Strictly Protected Area, Mongolia. Page 102 in: Nigel Dudley; Liza Higgins-Zogib and Stephanie Mansourian (editors and co-authors) Arguments for Protection Beyond Belief: Linking faiths and protected areas to support biodiversity conservation. Research report by WWF, Equilibrium and the Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC). WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature, 143 pages. www.wwf.dk/dk/Service/Bibliotek/WWF+i+Afrika/Rapporter+mv./Beyond+Belief+Linking+faiths+and+protected +areas+to+support+biodiversity+diversion.pdf 18. Robinson, Joanne; Guido Verboom, Ch. Urantsatsral and Eric Thift (2005). Report on Northern Buddhist Conference on Ecology and Development. Held 20th-23rd June 2005 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 19. Sukhbaatar, O. (2001). Sutra of Mongolian Sacred Mountains and Waters. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 20. Urtnasan, Norov (2001). The Value of Mongolian Sacred Mountains and their Credibility in: Report of the Thematic Expert Meeting on Asia-Pacific Sacred Mountains. Held in Wakayama, Japan, 5-10th September 2001. World Heritage Committee of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNIDO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 25th Session. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001265/126500e.pdf 21. Urtnasan, Norov; and A. Duurenjargal (2007). Sacred Sites in Mongolia and Biodiversity Conservation. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 22. Whitten, Tony; and Bryony Morgan (editors) (2005). Faiths and the Environment. World Bank Support 2000- 05. Environment and Social Development Sector, East Asia and Pacific Region, The World Bank, 66 pages.

Forest products 23. Erdenechuluun, T. (2006). Wood Supply in Mongolia: The Legal and Illegal Economies. Mongolia Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 76 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/MONGOLIAEXTN/Resources/mong_timber_int_for_web.pdf 24. Pratt, D.G.; D.C. MacMillan and I.J. Gordon (2003). Local community attitudes to wildlife utilisation in the changing economic and social context of Mongolia. Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 13, pages 591-613. www.springerlink.com/content/q23n0k12781w73gv/fulltext.pdf

Herding 25. Anderson, James H. (1999). The Size, Origins, and Character of Mongolia's Informal Sector during the Transition. World Bank, Research Working papers, 62 pages. www.ingentaconnect.com 26. Anon (2005). Mongolia Index-based Livestock Insurance. Project Appraisal Document. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 27. Anon (2004). Mongolia Rural Investment Climate Survey (RICS). Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank, Washington D.C. 28. Bayarbaatar, B.; and G. Tuvaansuren (2002). Current climate change impacts on livestock. Annual report. Potential impacts of climate change and vulnerability and adaptation assessment for grassland ecosystem and livestock sector in Mongolia. 26 pages. 29. Bedunah, D.J.; and S.S. Schmidt (2004). Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia‘s Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park. Development & Change, volume 35, pages 167-191. 30. Bizya (2003). Climate change and livestock. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. AIACC annual report. Ulaanbaatar, 18 pages. 31. Bolortsetseg, B.; and B. Gantsetseg (2003). Climate change impacts on pasture. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. AIACC annual report. Ulaanbaatar, 32 pages. 32. Enkh-Amgalan (2002). Strengthening herder‘s communities as key to achieving greater resistance to vulnerability. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. AIACC annual report. Ulaanbaatar. 33. Erdenebaatar, B.; and N. Batjargal (2001). Disputes over pastures. [Mongolian] Monograph, Asia Foundation, Ulaanbaatar, 107 pages. 34. Fernandez-Gimenez, M.E. (1999). Reconsidering the Role of Absentee Herd Owners: A View from Mongolia. Human Ecology, volume 27, pages 1-27. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com 35. Grayson, Robin; and Baatarjav Munkhsoyol (editors) (2004). The Future of Mongolian Pastoralism - a Public Perception Survey. Mongolian Intensive Agriculture Association ‗AGRODEVSHIL', published by Open Society Forum, Ulaanbaatar, 136 pages. http://www.forum.mn/res_mat/Book-english.pdf 36. Kakinuma, Kaoru; Takahiro Ozaki, Seiki Takatsuki and Jonjin Chuluun (2008). How Pastoralists in Mongolia Perceive Vegetation Changes Caused by Grazing. Nomadic Peoples, volume 12, pages 67-73. 188

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ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com 37. Marin, Andrei (2008). Between Cash Cows and Golden Calves: Adaptations of Mongolian Pastoralism in the 'Age of the Market'. Nomadic Peoples, volume 12, pages 75-101. ABSTRACT: www.ingentaconnect.com 38. Natsagdorj, L. 2003. Climate change impacts on extremes. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. AIACC annual report. Ulaanbaatar, 56 pages. 39. Schlütz Frank; Choimaa Dulamsuren, Magdalena Wieckowska, Michael Muhlenberg and Marcus Hauck (2008). Late Holocene vegetation history suggests natural origin of steppes in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, volume 261, pages 203-217. ABSTRACT: www.sciencedirect.com 40. Shiirev-Adya, S. 2004. Traditional herding practice. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. AIACC annual report. Ulaanbaatar, 16 pages. 41. Shahabuddin, Ghazala (200X). Emerging trends in protected area management. FAO website document, pages 247-260. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/aj473e/aj473e06.pdf 42. Sugimoto, Hirofumi; Kawagishi Umekazu, Kitano Koki, Gonchigbat Ishjamts and Hirota Naoyuki (2007). Living Environment of Nomads Residing on the Outskirts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Dispositional Characteristics from the Perspective of a Comparison of Nomads and People Living in Ger Fixed Residences in the city. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, volume 6, pages 283-290. http://nels.nii.ac.jp 43. Tserendorj, Ts. (2004). Some adaptations to climate change. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Grassland Ecosystem and Livestock Sector in Mongolia project. AIACC annual report. Ulaanbaatar, 24 pages. 44. Tumenbayar, N. (2002). Herder's Property Rights versus Mining in Mongolia. Seminar on Environmental Conflict Resolution, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. 45. Tuvaansuren, G.; Sh. Bayasgalan, B. Bolortsetseg, B. Dorj, and L. Natsagdorj (2000). Impacts on agriculture. In: Climate change and its impacts in Mongolia, edited by P. Batima and D. Dagvadorj. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment Management, pages 95-200.

Ulaanbaatar – land conflicts 46. Baasankhuu, Baatar (2007). Land Conflicts Related to Land Privatization in Mongolia. Master‘s Program Land Management and Land Tenure, Munich Technical University, Master's thesis, ABSTRACT. www.landentwicklung- muenchen.de/master/master_thesis/master_thesis_2005_2007/Mongolia_Baatar_poster.pdf 47. Baasankhuu, Baatar (2007). Land Conflicts Related to Land Privatization in Mongolia. Master‘s Program Land Management and Land Tenure, Munich Technical University, POSTER. www.landentwicklung- muenchen.de/master/master_thesis/master_thesis_2005_2007/Mongolia_Baatar_poster.pdf 48. Batsukh, Shairai (2007). Good Governance - Good Land Administration in Mongolia. Pages 37-48 in: Batbileg Chinzorig and Sairai Batsukh (editors) 'Good Land Administration - Its Role in Economic Development, Practices and Experiences in Asia and Europe' international workshop held 27-29th June 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Regulatory Agency for Government of Mongolia - Administration of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography, Proceedings. ISBN 978-99929-0-390-2 49. Bauner, Saskia; and Bodo Richter (2006). Real Estate Market, Mortgage Market and Cadastre in Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan-City, Mongolia. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, 39 pages. http://gtz.de/de/dokumente/en_mongolia_06.pdf 50. Byambaa, Bayarmaa (2007). People's Participation in Urban Land Use Planning in the City of Ulaanbaatar. Offprint, 15 pages. Pages 1102-124 in: Batbileg Chinzorig and Sairai Batsukh (editors) 'Good Land Administration - Its Role in Economic Development, Practices and Experiences in Asia and Europe' international workshop held 27- 29th June 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Regulatory Agency for Government of Mongolia - Administration of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography, Proceedings. ISBN 978-99929-0-390-2 www.landentwicklung-muenchen.de/alumni/html/e_library/documents/urban/ulp_ulaanbaatar_bayarmaa.pdf 51. Chinzorig, Batbileg (2007). Briefly about planning in Mongolia. http://library.tee.gr/digital/m2267/m2267_chinzorig.pdf 52. Dashdorj, Elbegsaikhan (2008). Land Cadastre Development in Mongolia. Master‘s Program Land Management and Land Tenure, Munich Technical University, ABSTRACT of Master's thesis, POSTER. www.landentwicklung-muenchen.de/master/master_thesis/master_thesis_2006_2008/elbeg.pdf 53. Ganchimeg, Mijiddorj (2007). Legal Framework of Land Privatization in Mongolia: Potentials and Limits. Master‘s Program Land Management and Land Tenure, Munich Technical University, Master's thesis, ABSTRACT. www.landentwicklung- muenchen.de/master/master_thesis/master_thesis_2005_2007/Mongolia_Mijiddorj_abstract.pdf 54. Ganchimeg, Mijiddorj (2007). Legal Framework of Land Privatization in Mongolia: Potentials and Limits. Master‘s Program Land Management and Land Tenure, Munich Technical University, Master's thesis, POSTER. www.landentwicklung- muenchen.de/master/master_thesis/master_thesis_2005_2007/Mongolia_Mijiddorj_poster.pdf 55. Nerguibaatar, Teshjargal (2007). Main Issues to put land into economic process. Pages 172-180 in: Batbileg 189

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Chinzorig and Sairai Batsukh (editors) 'Good Land Administration - Its Role in Economic Development, Practices and Experiences in Asia and Europe' international workshop held 27-29th June 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Regulatory Agency for Government of Mongolia - Administration of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography, Proceedings. ISBN 978-99929-0-390-2 56. Tumurkhuyag, Batbayar (2007). Land Administration and Land Market in the capital city - Ulaanbaatar. Pages 149-153 in: Batbileg Chinzorig and Sairai Batsukh (editors) ‗Good Land Administration-Its Role in Economic Development, Practices and Experiences in Asia and Europe' international workshop held 27-29th June 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Regulatory Agency for Government of Mongolia - Administration of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography, Proceedings. ISBN 978-99929-0-390-2

Ulaanbaatar – issues

 Ulaanbaatar – urban growth and environment 57. Anon (2004). Environmental Challenges of Urban Development. Mongolia Environment Monitor, issue 2004, 34 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/MONGOLIAEXTN/Resources/MEM04.pdf 58. Anon (2008). Progress of the Ulaanbaatar Master Plan Study. Note for the External Meeting on 29th January 2008. JICA Mongolia Office, 2 pages. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMONGOLIA/Resources/Report_Back_Urban_SectorJICA_EN.pdf 59. Corsi, Anna; Giovanna Dore, Tanvi Nagpal, Tony Whitten, Raja Iyer, Robin Mearns, Yarissa Richmond Lyngdoh, Salvador Rivera, H. Ykhanbai and Anju Sachdeva (2002). Mongolia Environment Monitor, issue 2002, 38 pages. 60. Narantsatsralt, Janlav; Tsutomu Moriya, Tsegmed Tsengel and Tsogt Batbayar (2006). Scope of Work for the Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia. Agreed upon between the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/social_environmental/archive/reviews/pro_asia/pdf/mon02_02.pdf

 Ulaanbaatar – population growth 61. Divigalpitiya, Prasanna; Akira Ohgai, Purev-Erdene Ershuu and Yoshimizu Gohnai (2006). Population- Environment Dynamics in Ulaanbaatar City using System Dynamics. Architectural Institute of Japan, pages 661- 664. http://ci.nii.ac.jp 62. Ershuu, Purev-Erdene; Akira Ohgai, Gohnai Yoshimizu and Prasanna Divigalpitiya (2005). Population- Environment dynamics in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2 pages. http://urban.tutrp.tut.ac.jp/research/happyoronbun/2005/AIJ05Puugie.pdf 63. Purev-Erdene, Ershuu; Ohgai Akira, Yoshimizu Gohnai and Divifalpitiya Prasanna (2005). Population- Environment dynamics in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting Architectural Institute of Japan. F-1. Urban Planning, Building Economics and Housing Problems, pages 1225-1226. ISSN:1341- 4534

 Ulaanbaatar – western-style buildings 64. Matshima, Ai; Shin Muramatsu and Lkhagvaa Adiyasuren (2005). The Dream of Filling Ulaanbaatar Up with Buildings: A History of Ulaanbaatar Construction in the 20th Century, Part 1: Interview with A. Khishigt. Seisan Kenkyu, volume 57, pages 146 et seq. www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seisankenkyu/57/3/57_146/_article 65. Matshima, Ai; Shin Muramatsu and Lkhagvaa Adiyasuren (2005). European Style of Mongolia - A History of Ulaanbaatar Construction in the 20th Century, Part 2: Interview with G. Luvsandorji. Seisan Kenkyu, volume 57, page 172-186. www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seisankenkyu/57/3/146/_pdf 66. Oka, Erik (2002). Study on Change of the Houses and Land concept by Democratization of the city of a Socialist State – Case Study of the Capital Ulaanbaatar. Papers on City Planning, volume 37, pages 637-642.

 Ulaanbaatar – apartments 67. Hasegawa, Mitsuhiro; Umekazu Kawagishi, Ishjamts Gonchigbat and Takumi Nakanishi (2004). Study on the Living Space Planning in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia - Common Spaces in Apartment Complexes. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, volume 3, pages 133-140. www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaabe/3/1/3_133/_article

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 Ulaanbaatar – ger areas 68. Anon (2006). Stove Improvement Project. World Bank. 2001-2006. World Bank, Washington D.C. and Ministry of Nature and Environment (Implementing Agency). 69. Anon (2008). Preparing Guidelines for Ger area Upgrading and Development in Ulaanbaatar. (United Nations Human Settlements Program). Newsletter of the United Nations in Mongolia - New Horizons, June 2008 issue. www.undg.org/docs/9061/UN_NEWSLETTER_eng.pdf 70. Chinbat, Khukhuu (2008). A study on the conflict between the traditional residence culture and housing policy: in the case of the Ger area in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. [in Japanese] Urban Housing Sciences, volume 63, pages 21-26. 71. Sugimoto, Hirofumi; Kawagishi Umekazu, Kitano Koki, Gonchigbat Ishjamts and Hirota Naoyuki (2007). Living Environment of Nomads Residing on the Outskirts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Dispositional Characteristics from the Perspective of a Comparison of Nomads and People Living in Ger Fixed Residences in the city. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, volume 6, pages 283-290. http://nels.nii.ac.jp

 Ulaanbaatar – resettlement of gers 72. Anon (2009). Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan for the Khailaast Road Improvement Subproject in Ulaanbaatar Resettlement Planning Document. Project #37697 MON: Urban Development Sector Project. Prepared by the Ministry of Roads, Transport, Construction and Urban Development, October 2009. www.adb.org/Documents/Resettlement_Plans/MON/37697/37697-02-MON-RP.pdf

 Ulaanbaatar – eco-city housing 73. Anon (2008). Mongolian-German ECOCITY. GTZ Mongolia, 10 pages. www.germany-wuf4.de/dokumente/04_gtz/99_countries/01_mongolia/04.99.01.05_en_gtz_mongolian- german_ecocity.pdf

 Ulaanbaatar – ger camps 74. Yuji, Yamaguchi; and Saito Takao (2007). Ger Camp and Landscape preservation in Mongolia. [in Japanese] Journal of the College of Business and Public Administration, Obirin University, volume 7, pages 87-103. http://ci.nii.ac.jp

 Ulaanbaatar – city farming 75. Maidar, Ts. (1996). City farming in Mongolia. Urban agriculture Notes. Published by City Farmer. Canada‘s Office of Urban Agriculture. www.cityfarmer.org

 Ulaanbaatar – vehicle pollution 76. Davaadash, Chagtaltulga (2007). Environmental effects of used car importation from Japan and Korea to Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts, volume 18, 312-314. http://ci.nii.ac.jp 77. Ulaanbaatar – ecological mapping 78. Batmunkh, S.; J. Garidkhuu, T. Bat-Ulzii, B. Erdev, P. Ochirbat and B. Jargalsaikhan (2007). Ecological map of Ulaanbaatar city. International Forum on Strategic Technology held October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Proceedings, pages 636-637. 79. Bayarsaikhan, G. (2005). Ecological problems research of capital city - Ulaanbaatar. KORUS 2005, pages 112-116. www.nstu.ru/korus/sections/files/1-2/ecological%20problems%20research.pdf  Ulaanbaatar – radiation issues 80. Iwata, Akio (2006). An environmental gamma-ray survey in Ulaanbaatar Mongolia. [in Japanese] Proceeding of the SEGJ Conference, volume 114, pages 101-104. 81. Shirendev, Ulzibat; and colleagues (2008). Cancer incidence in possible radio-contaminated areas in Mongolia. Nagasaki Medical Journal, volume 83, pages 314-317. http://ci.nii.ac.jp 82. Zeeb, Hajo; and Ferid Shannoun (editors) (2009). WHO handbook on indoor radon: a public health perspective. 1. Radon - adverse effects. 2. Air pollutants, Radioactive. 3. Air pollution, Indoor. 4. Carcinogens, Environmental. 5. Radiation, Ionizing. 6. Lung neoplasms. 7. Environmental exposure. World Heath Organisation (WHO), Geneva, 95 pages. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547673_eng.pdf

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 Ulaanbaatar – pollen allergies 83. Tseregmaa, Ts. (2000). Cause, Clinic and Risk Factor of Pollen Allergy of Adults in the City of Ulaanbaatar. Japan-Mongolia Symposium on Ecological Problems. Journal of East Asian Studies, pages 69-77.

 Ulaanbaatar – air pollution 84. Erdev, B.; and B. Munkhtsetseg (2007). Determination outdoor and indoor air radon concentration in buildings of Ulaanbaatar city. International Forum on Strategic Technology held October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar. Proceedings, pages 173-176 85. Guttikunda, Sarath (2007). Urban Air Pollution Analysis for Ulaanbaatar. June 2007, Consultant Report to World Bank, 120 pages. www.urbanemissions.info/publications/2007-06-WB-UAPAU-Mongolia.pdf 86. Oyun, R.; L. Jargalkhuu, N. Saijaa, N. Tugjsuren, B. Mendbayar, I. Sanchir, M. Zoljargal and B. Khaliunaa (2007). Development of Master Plan 2007-2020 for air pollution reduction in Ulaanbaatar city. International Forum on Strategic Technology IFOST 2007 held 3-6th October 2007 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, pages 339-343. 87. Sase, H.; T. Ohizumi, S. Nayakama, C.P. Leong and H. Ueda (2008). Acid deposition, soil pollution and plant growth: current status and future forest ecosystems. [Acid rain damage to larch on Bogd Khan Uul]. IPICEX Conference. 88. Sase, H.; T. Bulgan, Ts. Batchuluun, H. Shimizu and T. Totsuka (2005). Tree decline and its possible causes around Mt. Bogdkhan in Mongolia. Phyton (Austria) Special issue: ‗APGC 2004‘, volume 45, pages 583-590. 89. Yunden, M.; C. Sumiya and B. Purevee (2000). Influence of Thermoelectric Power Station to the Air Pollution of the City of Ulaanbaatar. Japan-Mongolia Symposium on Ecological Problems. Journal of East Asian Studies. http://ci.nii.ac.jp

 Ulaanbaatar – water supply 90. Anon (1995). The Study on Water Supply System in Ulaanbaatar and Surroundings. Final Report, Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). http://ci.nii.ac.jp 91. Lu, Qi (2008). Dynamic ground water monitoring by ground penetrating radar: case study in Tuul river, Mongolia. Chishitsu News 2008, pages 60-63. http://ci.nii.ac.jp 92. Zandaryaa, Sarantuyaa; U. Borhculuun and Sh. Munkhtuyat (2006). Reserves, Consumption and Contamination of Groundwater in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Chapter 34 - Atlas of Urban Geology, volume 14, pages 445-488. http://hdr.undp.org/docs/network/hdr_net/Mongolia_HDR2006_Groundwater_Ulaanbaatar.pdf

 Ulaanbaatar – ground pollution 93. Batkhishig, O.; and N. Nyamsambuu (2006). Land pollution in the eastern part of Ulaanbaatar city. Abstracts of Joint International Symposium held 9-15th June 2006 in Ulaanbaatar 'Environmental Changes and Earth Surface Processes in Semi-Arid and Temperate Areas Transactions of Japanese Geomorphological Union, volume 27-4, page 483. http://nels.nii.ac.jp/els/110004837540.pdf?id=ART0007923579&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=& ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1260760086&cp=

 Ulaanbaatar – loss of public open space 94. Nyambayar (2009). Children‘s Park used to be one of the best birding spots in UB. Wildlife Science and Conservation Centre, Ulaanbaatar. Birds Mongolia website. http://birdsmongolia.blogspot.com

Ulaanbaatar – Nalaikh 95. Appel, Peter W.U. (2005). Small-scale mining - hazards and opportunities in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin #7, pages 77-80. www.geus.dk/publications/bull/nr7/nr7_p77-80.pdf 96. Huang, Sandra (2005). Report Summary: Education of Kazakh Children: A situation analysis. Save the Children UK, 2006. [Khoroo #4 of Nalaikh District] www.savethechildren.mn/data/file/1162960215.pdf 97. Myagmartseren, B.; E. Erdenetsetseg and N. Munkhtuya (2009). Millennium Development Goals - Current Situation in Nalaikh District. First Report Summary, 25 pages. [English and Mongolian] www.mongoliamdg.mn/dmdocuments/Nalaikh_duureg.pdf

Tov – Zuunmod 98. Erkhembayar, Ts.; N. Norov, G. Khuukhenkhuu, Ts. Oyunchimeg (2002). Soil and Coal Radioactivity around 192

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Zuunmod Town of Mongolia. Proceedings of the 3rd Korea-Japan Joint Meeting on Medical Physics and the 2nd Asia Oceania Congress of Medical Physics, September 26-28th 2002, Gyeongju, Korea, pages 501-505; Proceedings of the 2nd International School on Contemporary Physics, ISCP-2, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 9-19th September 2002, pages 183-188.

Household living standards 99. Oyunchimeg, D.; Yu. Tuul, Ts. Amartuvshin, B. Enerelt, Ludovico Carraro and Martin Cumpa (2004). Main Report of ‗Household Income and Expenditure Survey – Living Standards Measurement Survey 2002-2004. State Statistical Office of Mongolia, 137 pages.

Millennium development goals 100. Myagmartseren, B.; E. Erdenetsetseg and N. Munkhtuya (2009). Millennium Development Goals - Current Situation in Nalaikh District. First Report Summary, 25 pages. [English and Mongolian] www.mongoliamdg.mn/dmdocuments/Nalaikh_duureg.pdf 101. Nyamdorj, B.; B. Enkhsaikhan and N. Munkhtuya (2009). Millennium Development Goals - Current Situation in Songinokhairhan District. First Report Summary, 25 pages. [English and Mongolian] www.mongoliamdg.mn/dmdocuments/Songinokhairhan_duureg.pdf

Poverty in Mongolia 102. Anon (2005). Pilot Project to Support the National Poverty and MDG Monitoring and Assessment System (PMMS). Government of Mongolia and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 103. Anon (2005). A Participatory Poverty Assessment. Government of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar; Asian Development Bank, Manila; and World Bank, Washington, D.C. 104. Anon (2006). Mongolia Poverty Assessment. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management East Asia and the Pacific Region. World Bank Report #35660-MN, 86 pages. http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/04/25/000160016_20060425083709/R endered/PDF/35660.pdf

Mining Socioeconomics 105. Dore, Giovanna; Robin Grayson, Vera Songwe and Tony Whitten (2006). Mongolia - A Review of Environmental and Social Impacts in the Mining Sector. Environment and Social Development – East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank, 41 pages. www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment 106. Grayson, Robin; and Chimed-Erdene Baatar (2009). Remote Sensing of the Coal Rush in China and Mongolia. Eco-Minex International, EMI Environmental Report #2, 24 pages. www.mine.mn 107. Grayson, Robin; and Chimed-Erdene Baatar (2009). Remote Sensing of the Coal Rush in China and Mongolia. Eco-Minex International, EMI Environmental Report #2, 24 pages. www.mine.mn 108. Grayson, Robin (editor) (2003). Ninja Gold Miners of Mongolia: Assistance to Policy Formation for the Informal Gold Mining Sub-Sector in Mongolia. Report prepared by Mongolian Business Development Agency (MBDA), sponsored by Canada Fund Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, 260 pages. 109. Grayson, Robin (2007). Anatomy of the People‘s Gold Rush in Modern Mongolia. World Placer Journal, volume 7, pages 1-66. www.mine.mn 110. Janzen, Jorg; Michael Priester, B. Chinbat and V. Battsengel (editors) (2007). Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Mongolia. The Global Perspective and Two Case Studies of Bornuur Sum (Tov Aimag) and Sharyn Gol Sum (Darkhan Uul Aimag). Centre for Development Research, Faculty of Earth Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Research Papers #4, 75 pages. 111. Murray, William; and Robin Grayson World Bank/IFC (2003). Overview of Artisanal Mining Activity in Mongolia. Report prepared at the request of the World Bank/IFC Mining Department, 165 pages. 112. Navch, T.; Ts. Bolormaa, B. Enkhtsetseg, D. Khurelmaa and B. Munkhjargal (2006). Informal Gold Mining in Mongolia: A Baseline Survey Report covering Bornuur and Zaamar Soums, Tov Aimag. Bangkok, International Labour Office ILO, 112 pages. www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/download/pub06-12.pdf 113. Saijaa, N. (2002). Findings on the assessment of health and safety of informal gold miners in the territory of Tov, Selenge and Darkhan-Uul provinces. Report by the Environmental Health Centre of the Public Health Institute. Supported by the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), 49 pages. 114. Tumenbayar, Baatar (2003). Action Research on Mercury in the Boroo Area, Mongolia. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 79 pages.

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115. Tynan, Deirdre (2002). Ninja Nation: 100,000 Illegal Miners. The UB Post newspaper, Issue #43, pages 1 & 4, published Thursday 24th October 2002.

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