DOCSLIB.ORG

Perceptions of Precariousness

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Perceptions of Precariousness Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PERCEPTIONS OF PRECARIOUSNESS A Qualitative Study of Constraints Underlying Gender Disparities in Public Disclosure Authorized Mongolia’s Labor Market Achim Schmillen Nina Weimann-Sandig © 2018 International Bank Reconstructtion and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-4743-1000; Internet:worldbank.org Some rights reserved This report is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. PERCEPTIONS OF PRECARIOUSNESS A Qualitative Study of Constraints Underlying Gender Disparities in Mongolia’s Labor Market Acknowledgements This report is a product of the World Bank’s Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice. It was written by Achim Schmillen (World Bank) and Nina Weimann-Sandig (Evangelische Hochschule Dresden) with guidance from James Anderson and Jehan Arulpragasam and inputs from Wendy Cunningham and Tungalag Chuluun. The report was peer-reviewed by Helle Buchhave and Matteo Morgandi. Erdene Ochir Badarch and Obert Pimhidzai gave helpful comments and suggestions. Angar Enkthur, Corinne Bernaldez and Maya Razat provided excellent administrative support. The authors thank the entire team from the Mongolia Center for Development Studies (MCDS) and in particular B. Bayasgalan for the implementation of the focus group discussions, Ts. Erdenechimeg for conducting key informant interviews, Sarah Iqbal and Alena Sakhonchik for help with the data on the number of legal gender differences by economy, Marc DeFrancis for substantive and copy-editing and B. Temuulen for translations. The authors also thank the various key contact persons who supported the recruitment of focus group participants. Very special thanks are due to all participants in focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and biographical interviews who graciously shared their knowledge and experiences. Financial support from the World Bank’s East Asia and Pacific Umbrella Facility for Gender Equality is gratefully acknowledged. 5 Acronyms and Definitions Aimag Province, outside Ulaanbaatar Aimag center Provincial capital Bagh Village, outside Ulaanbaatar Dzud Severe winter in which large number of livestock die FDI Foreign Direct Investment Ger Portable felt dwelling structure, also known as a yurt Ger area Ulaanbaatar exurbs, containing both gers and detached houses Khoroo City ward, inside Ulaanbaatar MCDS Mongolia Center for Development Studies MDGs Millennium Development Goals MLSP Ministry of Labor and Social Protection MNT Tugrik, currency of Mongolia MPDSW Ministry of Population Development and Social Welfare SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SSIA State Specialized Inspection Agency Soum County, outside Ulaanbaatar Soum center County seat UCW Understanding Children’s Work Inter-Agency Cooperation Project UNDP United Nations Development Programme 6 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction, Context and Methodological Approach ............................................................................................ 9 Findings .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Policy Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Section 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 16 Section 2: Context .................................................................................................................................................. 19 2.1. Economic, Institutional and Legal Environment ............................................................................................ 19 2.2. Gender Disparities in the Labor Market ......................................................................................................... 24 Section 3: Methodological Approach .................................................................................................................... 32 Section 4: Findings ................................................................................................................................................ 35 4.1. Perceptions of female and male students and graduates ................................................................................. 35 Drivers of education decisions ............................................................................................................................... 35 Life Plans of young female students and graduates ............................................................................................... 36 Life plans of young male students and graduates .................................................................................................. 37 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 37 4.2. Perceptions of a good job for young men and women .................................................................................... 38 Job search behavior ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Reconciliation of family and work ........................................................................................................................ 39 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 40 4.3. Perceptions of jobless middle-aged women and men ..................................................................................... 41 Ideal life plans of middle aged women and men ................................................................................................... 41 Psychological consequences of being out of work ................................................................................................ 42 The perceived role of education ............................................................................................................................. 43 Perceptions of ageism ............................................................................................................................................ 44 Perceptions of disabled women ............................................................................................................................. 45 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 46 4.4. Reasons for inactivity and perceptions of government support ...................................................................... 47 Access to financial support from the government and market ............................................................................... 47 Inactivity and care work ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Lack of child care services ..................................................................................................................................... 51 Perceptions of public employment services ........................................................................................................... 52 Perceptions of employment promotion programs by middle-aged and older women ........................................... 53 4.5. Perceptions of single mothers ......................................................................................................................... 55 Social attitudes towards single-mothers ................................................................................................................. 56 Summary ...............................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Narrative Report on Study Tour of Mongolian Delegates to Jaipur
    A Study Tour of Municipal Government Official from Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia to Jaipur, India Organised by CUTS International With the support of The Asia Foundation, India December 08-10, 2015 Introduction Mongolia is a landlocked country in east-central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. While they do not share a border, Mongolia is separated from Kazakhstan by only 36.76 kilometres (22.84 mi). Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45 percent of the population. Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces (aimags), which are in turn divided into 329 districts (sums). The capital Ulaanbaatar is administrated separately as a capital city (municipality) with provincial status. Thus being a federal municipality, the city is not part of any province. Ulaanbaatar is divided into nine districts: Baganuur, Bagakhangai, Bayangol, Bayanzürkh, Chingeltei, Khan Uul, Nalaikh, Songino Khairkhan, and Sükhbaatar. Each district is subdivided into Khoroos, of which there are 121. The capital and provinces have Citizens’ Representative Meeting (Local parliament) elected every 4 years. Governors exercise executive power in the capital and provinces and are appointed by the Prime Minister as recommended by Citizens’ Representative Meetings. Local administrations provide support for Governors. CUTS International with the support of The Asia Foundation (TAF) organised a three- day study tour for the Municipal Officials from the city of Ulaanbaatar of Mongolia. A 15- member delegation along with two representatives from TAF India visited Jaipur from December 07-11, 2015. 1 Objective The purpose of the study tour was to enhance capacities of the government officials with respect to informed decision making, community participation and implementation of activities for service improvement in their respective areas through exposure to relevant areas in India.
    [Show full text]
  • 53249-001: First Utility-Scale Energy Storage Project
    Initial Environmental Examination (Draft) Project Number: 53249-001 November 2019 Mongolia: First Utility Scale Energy Storage Project Prepared by the Ministry of Energy for the Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 14 November 2019) Currency Unit – Mongolian Tughrik (MNT) MNT 1.00 = $0.0004 $1.00 = MNT 2,701 ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AP Affected Person AQA Air Quality Agency AuES Altai-Uliastai Energy System BESS Battery Energy Storage System CEMP Construction Environmental Management Plan CES Central Energy System CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CRA Climate Risk Assessment DEIA Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment EA Executing Agency EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Engineer-Procure-Construct FSR Feasibility Study Report GDP Gross Domestic Product GEIA General Environmental Impact Assessment GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GHG Greenhouse Gas GIP Good International Practice GoM Government of Mongolia GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HDI Human Development Index IA Implementing Agency IBAT Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool IEC Independent Environmental Consultant (national) IEE Initial Environmental Examination ILO International Labor Organization INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, Paris climate accord. IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature MASL Meters
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar Low Carbon Energy Supply Project Using a Public-Private Partnership Model (Financed by the Japan Special Fund)
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 43357 October 2011 Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar Low Carbon Energy Supply Project Using a Public-Private Partnership Model (Financed by the Japan Special Fund) Feasibility Report Appendix 4: Environmental Impact Assessment Report Prepared by: HJI Group Corporation in Association with MonEnergy Consult Co. Ltd. For: Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy, Mongolia This report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT Project Number: 7502-MON June 2011 Ulaanbaatar Low Carbon Energy Supply Project Using Public-Private Partnership Model (CHP5 Project) Ulaanbaatar Low Carbon Energy Supply Project Final Report Using Public-Private Partnership Model (TA No. 7502-MON) Appendix 4 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 1 May 2011) Currency Unit - Togrog (MNT) 1.00 MNT = $ 0.0008 $1.00 = 1,255 MNT ABBREVIATIONS ACM – Asbestos-Containing Material ADB – Asian Development Bank BOD – Biological Oxygen Demand CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CCPs – Coal Combustion Products CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CES – Central Energy System CFB – Circulating Fluidized Bed CHP – Combined Heat and Power CO – Carbon Monoxide CO2 – Carbon Dioxide COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand CSCs – Construction Supervision Companies
    [Show full text]
  • Ulaanbaatar Urban Services and Ger Areas Development Investment Program—Tranche 1
    Environmental Monitoring Report #2 Report June 2017 Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar Urban Services and Ger Areas Development Investment Program—Tranche 1 Prepared by the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar for Mongolia and the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 June 2017) Currency unit – togrog (MNT) MNT1.00 = $0.00042 $1.00 = MNT2,367.50 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADF – Asian Development Fund AP – affected person C-EMP – contractor's environmental management plan CQS – consultants qualification selection CS – consulting service CSC – citizen service center CWWTP – central wastewater treatment plant DE – Department of Environment DEIA – detailed environmental impact assessment DMF – design and monitoring framework EARF – environmental assessment and review framework EGDA – Environment and Green Development Agency EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EMR – environmental monitoring report ESMS – environmental and social management system FAM – facility administration manual FFA – framework financing agreement GACAP – governance and anticorruption action plan GDP – gross domestic product GEIA – general environmental impact assessment GRC – grievant redress committee GRM – grievance redress mechanism ICB – international competitive bidding IEC – information, education, and communication IEE – initial environmental examination LAR – land acquisition and resettlement M&E – monitoring and evaluation MET – Ministry of Environment and Tourism MFF – multitranche financing facility MUB – Municipality
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolia 1 5 1
    Mongolia Postcode Postcode type and position 5 digits to the right of the province or capital name. Codification 1 5 1 4 1 locality/delivery block (for the capital) DOLGOR Baldangiin Door 15, Apt 24A, Amar St 4 province / district (for the capital) 15th khoroo, Bayanzurkh Duureg ULAANBAATAR 13345 region / zone (for the capital) MONGOLIA Position of the Bottom Alignment of Left- address on the right-hand address lines aligned envelope corner Examples Home delivery in the capital: DOLGOR Baldangiin addressee Door 15, Apt 24A, Amar St 4 door, apartment , street and premises 15th khoroo, Bayanzurkh Duureg khoroo, Duureg ULAANBAATAR 13345 locality + postcode MONGOLIA country Home delivery in rural area: BATCHULUUN Erdeniin addressee Door 43, Apt 1 door and apartment 9th bagh, Herlen sum bagh, sum DORNOD 23115 province + postcode MONGOLIA country Postal services: CHULUUN Suvdiin addressee PO Box 222 PO Box number Post office 46 delivery post office ULAANBAATAR 14201 locality + postcode MONGOLIA country NINJIN Gantulgiin addressee Poste restante poste restante Post office 49 delivery post office ULAANBAATAR 13381 locality + postcode MONGOLIA country Glossary Duureg district of the capital khoroo sub-district of the capital sum sub-province bagh sub-division in a sub-province Mongolia (cont.) List of provinces Dornod Sukhbaatar (Aimag) Tuv Govi-Sumber Darkhan-Uul, Selenge Omnogovi Dornogovi Dundgovi Orkhon Ovorkhangai Bulgan Bayankhongor Khovsgol Arkhangai Zavkhan Govi-Altai Bayan-Olgii Uvs Khovd, Ulaanbaatar (capital city). Khentii Districts of the Sukhbaatar Chingeltei capital (Duureg) Bayangol Khan-Uul Songino Khairkhan Bayanzurkh Baganuur Nalaikh Bajakhangai Abbreviations DIST District, Duureg ST Street AVE Avenue SQ Square APT Apartment Contact Ministry of Road, Transport and Tourism, Mongolia Tel: (+ 976 11) 330 970 Baga toiruu, United Nation’s Street -5/2 Fax: (+ 976 11) 310 612 ULAANBAATAR 15060 E-mail: [email protected] MONGOLIA Website www.zipcode.mn/ 09/2014 © www.upu.int .
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalization of Mongolia's
    REVITALIZATION OF MONGOLIA’S Public Disclosure Authorized PROTECTED AREAS THROUGH EFFECTIVE FOREST MANAGEMENT OF BOGD KHAN UUL Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1 May 27, 2010 2 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................. 9 Project development objective and key indicators ................................................................................................ 9 Project area ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE BOGD KHAN UUL ENVIRONMENT ............................. 16 Bogd Khan Uul SPA .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Valley-by-Valley Description ................................................................................................................................ 18 Bogd Khan Uul as a Sacred Mountain .................................................................................................................. 33 Archaeology ........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Current Solid Waste Management the Study on Solid Waste Management Plan for Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia JICA 3.1 Current Waste Stream KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD
    3. Current Solid Waste Management The Study on Solid Waste Management Plan for Ulaanbaatar City in Mongolia JICA 3.1 Current Waste Stream KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. 3 Current Solid Waste Management 3.1 Current Waste Stream The waste stream of Ulaanbaatar in 2006 is elaborated in this Section based on the following survey results (see Chapter 2 of this report): x WACS in 2005 x Survey on medical waste management in 2005 x Survey on industrial waste management in 2005 x Study on construction waste in 2005 (estimation of generation amount is made for 2004) x Survey on final disposal amount in 2005 and 2006 3.1.1 Generation of Household Waste Based on the results of the waste amount and composition survey (WACS) in 2005, the generation rate and number of generation source (population) are estimated as described in the Section 4.1. The average generation rate (GR) in 2006 in the table below is calculated as follows: Average GR in 2006 = ((Apart area GR in 2006 x Apart area population in 2006) + (Ger area GR in 2006 x Ger area population in 2006))/Population of MUB in 2006 The table below presents household generation of Ulaanbaatar in 2006. Table 3-1: Household Waste Generation (2006) Number of Winter season Summer season Generation Source Generation Unit Generation Daily Generation Generation Daily Generation Source Rate (g//day) Amount (ton/day) Rate (g//day) Amount (ton/day) Apart 481,037 g/person/day 264 127.0 235 113.0 Household Ger 409,772 g/person/day 956 391.8 208 85.2 Waste Average 890,809 g/person/day 582 518.8 222 198.2 3.1.2 Generation of Business Waste Business wastes consist of those from commercial, office, market, school, hotel and public area cleaning.
    [Show full text]
  • 8Th Khoroo, Songino Khairkhan District
    Public Disclosure Authorized Managing Urban Expansion in Mongolia Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Best Practices Takuya Kamata James Reichert in Scenario-Based Tumentsogt Tsevegmid Yoonhee Kim Urban Planning Brett Sedgewick Public Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK MANAGING URBAN EXPANSION IN MONGOLIA Managing Urban Expansion in Mongolia Best Practices in Scenario-Based Urban Planning Takuya Kamata James Reichert Tumentsogt Tsevegmid Yoonhee Kim Brett Sedgewick THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not neces- sarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judge- ment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruc- tion and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongolian Education Alliance Ulaanbataar, Mongolia All Rights Reserved ©2005 Mongolian Drop out Study
    Mongolian Education Alliance Ulaanbataar, Mongolia All rights reserved ©2005 Mongolian Drop Out Study THE MONGOLIAN DROP OUT STUDY By Mercedes del Rosario International Educational Policy Studies Teachers College, Columbia University Research Associate, Drop Out Project In Collaboration with Battsetseg Donrov Officer Division of Monitoring, Evaluation and Coordination Ministry of Science, Education and Culture of Mongolia Bayartsetseg Bayarsaihan Assistant Faculty of Social Science Mongolian State University of Education Bolormaa Tsetsegee Unit Manager Needs Assessment Mongolian Educational Alliance Dorjnamjin Batmonkh Assistant Researcher National Center for Non-Formal and Distance Education Mongolia Tumendelger Sengedorj (M.A) Lecturer, Sociology Mongolian State University of Education Tsentsenbileg Tseveen (Ph.D) Researcher Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Philosophy Enkhbold Delger (M.A) Researcher Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law 2 Mongolian Drop Out Study Table of Contents Acknowledgement 5 Executive Summary 6 List of Acronyms/Abbreviations 10 List of Tables and Figures 11 List of Appendices 12 1. Introduction and Framework 13 1.1. Project Description and Rationale 13 1.2. Legislation, Regulations and Structures 14 1.3. Administration and Management of the Education System 14 1.4. Organization of the Education System 16 1.5. Structure of the Education System in Mongolia 16 1.5.1. Pre-School Education 16 1.5.2. Primary Education 16 1.5.3. Secondary Education 16 1.6. Alternative Pathways to Education – 17 1.6.1 The National Program of Non-Formal Education Development 17 1.6.2. The National Program for Distance Education 21 1.7. Review of Literature 23 1.8. Goals and Objectives 29 1.8.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing Policies and Practices for Ger Area Development in Ulaanbaatar
    Mongolia: Conference Version Enhancing Policies and Practices for MongoliA Ger Area Development in Ulaanbaatar THE WORLD BANK 1818 H St. NW Washington, D.C. 20433 Enhancing Policies Takuya Kamata James A. Reichert and Practices for Ger Tumentsogt Tsevegmid Yoonhee Kim Area Development in Brett Sedgewick Ulaanbaatar THE WORLD BANK MONGOLIA Enhancing Policies and Practices for Ger Area Development in Ulaanbaatar Takuya Kamata James A. Reichert Tumentsogt Tsevegmid Yoonhee Kim Brett Sedgewick This is a conference version Sustainable Development Department East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank ©2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the govern- ments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound- aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Recon- struction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will nor- mally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
    [Show full text]
  • Fear of Crime Among Mongolians in the Ulaanbaatar Metropolitan Area
    ПРАВО DOI 10.22394/2073-2929-2021-01-68-80 Fear of Crime among Mongolians in the Ulaanbaatar Metropolitan Area Chuluunbat Sharkhuua, *, Min-Sik Leeb a Mongolian Institute for Protection and Security Studies, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, [email protected] b Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea, [email protected] ABSTRACT This study is about fear of crime, which is one of the most important topics in the criminological research. The study tested an integrated model in structural equation modeling method by using both SPSS and AMOS. Those who perceive higher levels of incivility were found to be more fearful of crime. Policies to reduce fear of crime and implications for future research were discussed based on the findings. Keywords: Fear of Crime, Integrated Model, Policy Implications For citing: Chuluunbat Sharkhuu, Min-Sik Lee. Fear of Crime among Mongolians in the Ulaanbaatar Metropolitan Area // Eurasian Integration: economic, law, politics. 2021. No. 1. Pp. 68 – 80. Страх перед преступностью среди монголов на примере агломерации Улан-Батора: тестирование интегрированной модели Чулуунбат Шархуу 1, *, Мин-Сик И2 1 Институт исследования защиты и безопасности Монголии, Улан-Батор, Монголия; mongolianipss@ gmail.com 2 Университет Кионгги, Сувон, Южная Корея; [email protected] РЕФЕРАТ В настоящем исследовании рассмотрен вопрос о страхе граждан перед преступностью, явля- ющейся важной темой исследования криминологии. В ходе исследования использована интегри- рованная модель анализа в способе структурного моделирования уравнения по программному обеспечению SPSS и AMOS. Результаты исследования показывают, что страх граждан перед преступностью в большей мере зависит от необустройства окружающей среды. На основе полученных результатов авторы обсу- дили политику по снижению страха перед преступностью и ее последствиями для будущих иссле- дований, сделали выводы и внесли предложения.
    [Show full text]
  • Savings and Financial Education for Girls in Mongolia Impact
    Savings and Financial Education for Girls in Mongolia Impact Assessment Baseline Study Craig Tower and Elizabeth McGuinness with Jennefer Sebstad June 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research was designed and implemented by Elizabeth McGuinness; design support was provided by Jennefer Sebstad, and implementation assistance was provided by Craig Tower. Additional thanks to Jessica Bachay for support throughout the project. The research could not have been conducted without the contribution of local consultants in Mongolia who conducted focus groups and individual interviews. Special thanks are due to Erdenechimeg Chimiddor and Tsetseglen Magsarjav, who implemented focus groups, and to Undraa Nergui, who provided interpretation. We would like to thank the staff of XacBank and the Equal Step Center who facilitated the research. Special thanks to Densmaa T. Boroldoi, Tsenguun Bayarsaikhan, Gantuya Lut-Ochir, and Ari Tsent. This document is propriety information. Do not circulate. MICROFINANCE OPPORTUNITIES 1701 K STREET, NW ● SUITE 650 ● WASHINGTON, DC 20006 202-721-0050 (TEL) ● 202-721-0010 (FAX) I TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................ V 1. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY OF CHANGE ............................ 1 1.1. THEORY OF CHANGE ...................................................................... 1 2. PURPOSE AND DESIGN OF THE RESEARCH ............................. 4 2.1. THE
    [Show full text]