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Grenade Launchers and Their Ammunition: International Developments

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Grenade Launchers and Their Ammunition: International Developments GRENADE LAUNCHERS AND THEIR AMMUNITION: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS © Anthony G Williams This article is based on various presentations given in 2013-15 and on articles published in Jane's International Defence Review (November 2013) and in Small Arms Defense Journal (Vol.7 No.1) Grenade launchers and their ammunition are currently experiencing the fastest and most dramatic period of development of any small arms. This article will provide a summary of shoulder-fired and crew-served grenade launchers, concentrating on developments in ammunition types. NATO 40mm Systems NATO is currently focused on the 40mm calibre for under-barrel or stand-alone shoulder-fired launchers and also for crew-served automatic launchers. However, while the calibre is standard, there are now four different performance levels to choose from. Two are long-established, dating back to the Vietnam War: the 40mm Low Velocity (or LV) which uses 40 x 46SR (Semi-Rimmed) ammunition in shoulder-fired or underbarrel launchers, and the 40mm High Velocity (or HV), which fires 40 x 53SR rounds from crew-served automatic launchers. 40mm LV ammunition is currently made by about 25 different companies in 18 countries, in a wide range of lethal, less-lethal and other natures. Apart from conventional HE and HEDP these include thermobaric HE, HE Jump (a low-cost airburst, in which a small nose charge fires on impact, kicking the grenade a couple of metres into the air before it explodes), and HE anti-diver, designed to explode underwater. Non- explosive loadings include shot loads, smoke, illuminating and signal flares, a huge range of less-lethal ammunition matching that available in 37mm riot guns and including both impact and chemical types (the latter for non-military use), and even reconnaissance projectiles – the SPARCS from STK has a parachute-borne camera. The universality of the ammunition means that there are numerous stand-alone and underbarrel launchers made to fire it. The M79 was the classic single-barrel stand-alone type but this has largely been replaced 1 by underbarrel launchers such as the M203, which is itself being replaced in the US and other armies by more modern underbarrel launchers like the L123A1 and M320 from Heckler & Koch, which can fire a wider range of munitions and can be fitted with a stock and sights for the stand-alone role. When more firepower is required, six-shot revolvers such as the USMC's M32 are also available from several companies, at the cost of significant bulk and weight. 40mm HV ammunition is made by some 15 companies in a dozen countries. It fires grenades which are typically 30 percent heavier than the LV at three times the muzzle velocity, increasing the maximum ballistic range from 400 to over 2000 metres (although the effective maximum is significantly less in both cases). Recoil is several times greater, which means that attempts to design shoulder-fired weapons for this cartridge have so far been unsuccessful, although NORINCO of China recently announced one. The ammunition is therefore used in crew-served, tripod-mounted, belt-fed launchers generally known as automatic grenade launchers or AGLs. The original launcher was the MK19 which is still very much in use, although more recently a wide range of competitors has emerged, most notably the GMG (Grenade Machine Gun) from Heckler & Koch, in service with fifteen countries. There is much less variety than with LV in the types of ammunition 2 available, owing to the requirement to fit into the ammunition feed and to develop a certain level of recoil to operate the launcher, so HE/fragmentation or HEDP are the standard natures. In recent years two new performance levels have been introduced for shoulder-fired launchers. The first of these is the Medium Velocity or MV ammunition, intended to provide a greater effective range than LV plus a larger and more destructive grenade. Cartridge case lengths vary from 46 to 51mm. The first of these were from Martin Electronics (now part of the Chemring Group), with Rheinmetall also developing MV rounds. The heavier grenades fired at a higher muzzle velocity result in a maximum ballistic range in the region of 700-800 metres, and when fired at shorter ranges have a much flatter trajectory and shorter flight time than LV rounds, considerably improving their hit probability. However, the additional recoil can be considerable, especially in lighter weapons, so this ammunition is currently best suited to the solid and heavy six-barrel revolver type launchers; in fact, the Rheinmetall rounds have a modified case rim to prevent their use in unmodified LV launchers. As a result of the recoil problem, some manufacturers, namely Arcus of Bulgaria, STK of Singapore and Rheinmetall again, have introduced what is now usually called Low Velocity Extended Range ammunition (LV-ER), which sits in between the low and medium velocity types and is 3 specifically intended for under-barrel or single-barrel launchers. These typically have maximum ballistic ranges of 600+ metres. While the performance of HV and to some extent LV rounds is standardised, that's not the case with MV and LV-ER ammunition, to which different manufacturers have different approaches. The first MV rounds used new grenade designs but Rheinmetall has adopted a simpler solution with their Velan range, which fires their standard HV grenades from a lower-powered cartridge. In contrast, all of the LV-ER makers combine their standard LV grenades with higher-powered cartridges, but the muzzle velocity and range vary. The table above summarises some typical characteristics of 40mm ammunition, but it should be borne in mind that the characteristics of MV and LV-ER ammunition do vary. It should be noted that the weights quoted here are for the grenades only, not the complete rounds, and that ranges are maximum ballistic figures; the effective ranges against area targets would be around two-thirds of these figures, against point targets less than half. The two columns on the right indicate the relative recoil impulse of the four types, and their free recoil energy if the ammunition was fired in guns of the same type and weight. So far, there seems to have been much interest but few contracts for MV and LV-ER ammunition, but that may change in the future. 4 Other Grenade Systems Beyond NATO, the main supplier of grenade launchers is Russia, although China is catching up. The Russian equivalent to the NATO low- velocity round is the VOG-25 series, another 40mm of similar performance, but differing technically in being caseless - the propellant is contained within a small element attached to the back of the grenade that travels with it. As with the NATO LV, a very wide range of munitions is available for it. The muzzle-loading GP-25 and GP-30 are the standard launchers, but there are also six-shot revolvers and an interesting three shot Arcus repeater with the tubular magazine in the shoulder stock. The Russian equivalent to the high-velocity round is the VOG-17 series which uses a conventional cartridge but differs in being of only 30mm calibre. However, the projectile is unusually long and similar in weight to the NATO 40mm HV. The maximum ballistic range was originally a few hundred metres less than the NATO HV, but recent ammunition developments have seen this increase to more than 2,000 metres. Apart from the automatic belt-fed AGS-17 and AGS-30 launchers from Russia, Slovakia offers a shoulder-fired magazine-fed bipod-mounted weapon using this 30 x 29B (Belted) round, the RAG-30, which offers an interesting level of portable firepower as it weighs only 12 kg (26½ lbs). 5 6 Russia also produces some oddities, including two different 30mm captive-piston under-barrel systems for special forces which are virtually silent when fired. The BS-1 uses a conventional blank cartridge to drive a captive piston forwards in the launcher (the trapped gases need to be bled off before the launcher can be reloaded). The BMYa-31 uses a special blank round that incorporates its own captive piston (the blank containing the sealed-in gases can be ejected and the launcher reloaded immediately). Maximum ranges are 300-400 metres. Also in use in Russia is the 43mm GM-94 stand-alone launcher that resembles an oversized pump-action shotgun and fires VGM-93 ammunition at ranges of up to 600 metres. The ammunition is mostly less-lethal but includes a thermobaric HE round, presumably for the more emphatic dispersal of rioting crowds. Russia has reportedly introduced into service, apparently for special forces, the 40mm Balkan AGL that fires unique caseless grenades, much bigger and heavier than the VOG-25 series. These rounds weigh 450 g and contain 90g HE which, in conjunction with the 2,500m maximum range, amounts to a better on-paper performance than the NATO AGLs. 7 China initially adopted Russian equipment but has now developed its own in 35mm calibre. There are three different, incompatible series of 35mm grenades and associated launchers. Two of them are low-velocity types for underbarrel grenade launchers: the caseless low-velocity 35mm DFS10 round for the army's QLG10 launcher, which is like a slimmed down VOG-25 and has a similar performance, and the Type 91 UBGL firing plastic-cased ammunition, which is mainly used with less- lethal grenades for riot control. The best-known Chinese grenade is the conventional 35 x 32SR high- velocity DF87 series ammunition which has a ballistic range of 1,750 metres. The HEDP grenade, which is slightly heavier than NATO's 40mm HV, is claimed to penetrate 80mm armour plate as well as having a lethal radius of 11 metres.
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