WMO P-p. ..l ,S- b 3~+ WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
REGIONAL ASSOCIATION I (AFRICA)
ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE SIXTH SESSION
Geneva, 21· 31 August 1973
I WMO·No.367 I
Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization - Geneva • Switzerland 1974 O{- 16S·~
© 1974, World Meteorological Organization
ISBN 92 - 63 - 10367 - 4
NOTE
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. CON TEN T S
List 9f-persons attending the session ...... VIII
Agenda ...... •..•..••...... ••••.••...•...... •.••..••.•.• XI I
General summary of the work of the sess~on ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
Resolutions adopted by the session •••••••••••••••••••••••• ~...... 56
Final Session No. No.
1 4.1/1 Regional basic synoptic network •••••••••••••••••• 56
2 4.1/2 Recruitment of Voluntary Observing Ships ••••••••• 57
3 4.1/3 Aircraft weather reports for synoptic purposes ••• 58
4 4.1/4 Ground weather radar observations •••••••••••••••• 59
5 4.1/5 Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system in Region I (Africa) ...... •...... 60
6 4.1/6 Regional meteorological instruments centres in Africa ...... 60
7 4.1/7 Regional comparison of barometers ••••• ~ •••••••••• 62
8 4/1 Implementation of the World Weather Watch in Africa ...... 63
9 4.2/1 Amendments to coding procedures for Regio~ I (Africa) ...... 63
10 4.2/2 Rapporteur on Codes •••••.••••••••••••••••••..•••• 64
11 4.3/1 Revision of Regional Introduction, Parts I, II and III of WMO Publication No.9, Volume C - Chapter II, Region I ...... 65
12 4.3/2 Working Group on MeteorologIcal Telecommunica- tions ...... 65 IV CONTENTS
Resolutions (continued)
~ Session No. No.
13 4.4/1 Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-wes~ Indian Dce,an ••••••••••••••••- ~ •••••••••••••'.-. • • • 66
14 5.1 Meteorological education and training in Africa 68
15 5.2/1 National radiation networks in Region I (Africa) ...-...... 69
16 5.2/2 Regional radiation centres in Region I (Afr~ca) ••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 70
17 5.2/3 Comparison of radiometers •••••••••••.•••••••••• 71
18 5.2/4 RA I Working Group on Radiation 72
19 5.2/5 Observations of ozone in Region I (Africa) ••••• 73
20 6.1/1 Revision of the climatic atlas for Region I (Africa) ...... 75
21 6.1/2 Network of reference climatological stations in
Region I (Africa') ...... II •••• e • • • • • • • 77
22 6.1/3 Rapporteur on the Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP Reporting Stations in Region I...... 78
23 6.1/4 Use of modern methods and equipment for data processing for climatological purposes in Africa ...... " 79
24 6.2/1 Working Group on Operational Hydrology 80
25 6.3/1 Role of meteorology and climatology in economic development and human environmental problems in Africa ...... '...... 82
26 6.3/2 Application of meteorology to agriculture in Africa ...... '...... 84
27 6.3/3 Ocean activities and marine meteorology 86
28 6.3/4 Establishment of networks of background air pollution stations in Region I (Africa) •••••••• 88
29 6.3/5 Marine pollution monitoring •.•••.•••••••.•••••• 89 CONTENTS v
Resolutions (continued)
~ Session No. No.
30 6.4/1 Meteorology and social and economic development in Africa ...... 90
31 6.5/1 Drought in the Sudano-Sahel ian zone and other .parts of Africa ...... 91
32 7/1 Regional technical assistance projects in Africa under the UNDP - Training of English-speaking meteorological personnel •••••.••••• '0' • • • • • • • • • • 92
33 7/2 Regional technical assistance projects in Africa under the UNDP - Training of French-speaking meteorological personnel...... 93
34 7/3 Regional technical assistance projects in Africa under the UNDP - Fellowships for training of meteorological personnel...... 94
35 7/4 Regional technical assistance projects in Africa under the UNDP - Organization of training seminars ...... 95
36 7/5 Regional technical assistance projects in Africa under the UNDP - Regional adviser in agricultural meteorology ...... 96
37 8/1 WHO maximum expenditures for the seventh finan- cial period ...... a .•••• 97
38 11/1 Implementation of the Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and people$ ...... 99
39 10/1 Revision of the resolutions and recommendations adopted before the sixth session of RA I •..•••• 100
Annexes
I Annex to paragraph 4.1.2.3 of the general summary Recommended additional stations ••••.•.•.•.•.•.•••••..•••••.•. 102
II Annex to paragraph 4.1.7.2 of the general summary Members' plans of geostationary meteorological satellites 103 VI CONTENTS
Annexes (continued)
III Annex to paragraph 4.2.1.4 of the general summary List of priorities for distribution of processed information by RTHs ...... •...... 104
IV Annex to paragraph 4.2.5.4 of the general summary Procedures for the use in Region I (Africa) of groups of international code forms FM 14.E - SYNOP and FM 24.E - SHIP •...... 106
V Annex to paragraph 6.2.17 of the general summary Recommendations for design and development of hydrolo gical networks in RA I (by the WHO hydrometeorologist with ECA) ...... •...... -.....••.•.•... 109
VI Annex to paragraph 8.1 of the general summary Introductory statement given by Dr. D. A. Davies, Secretary-General of WHO on agenda item 8 ••••••.•••••••••••• III
VII Annex to paragraph 8.5 of the general summary Summary of a statement made by Professor E. A. Bernard, Wfv10 invited expert ...... •...... 114
VIII Annex to Resolution 1 (VI-RA I)
Part A - Stations and observational programmes compr~s~ng the basic synoptic network in Region I (Africa) ••••••••••••• 118 Part B - Procedures for minor'changes in the regional basic .synoptio network •.•.•.•• r·.· •.••.•.•.•. ~ • •.•.• •• •.•.• •.•.•• • • • •.• • ...... • •.• • • • •.•.• 140
IX Annex to Resolution 9 (VI"';RA I)' Amendment to Chapter I, Region I - Africa - of Volume II of the Manual on Codes (WMO Publication No. 306) •••.•..•.••• 141
X Annex to Resolution 11 (VI-RA I) Regional Introduction to WHO Publication No.9, Volume C - Chapter II - Region I (Africa) ••••••••••..••..••.•••••••.••• 142
XI Annex to Re~01ution.22 (VI-RA I) Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in Region I ...... 168
XII Annex to Resolution 37 (VI-RA I) Part A - Part C of ECOSOC Resolution 1728 (LIII) - Reports of ACC, specialized agencies and IAEA ••••••••••••••• 175 Part B - Proposals of RA I to Seventh Congress •••••••.••••.• 176 CONTENTS VII
Annexes (continued)
XIII Annex to Resolution 39 (VI-RA I) Resolutions adopted prior to the sixth session of RA I and maintained in force ••••••.•••••.•..•.•••..•••.•••••.••••. 177
List of documents ...... •...... • 182 LIST OF PERSONS ATTENDING THE SESSION
1. Officers of the session
M. Seck president S. Tewungwa vice-president 2. Representatives of Members of Regional Association I
B. Aissa principal delegate Algeria L. Fettouche delegate A. Lamri delegate K. Mostefa-Kara delegate M. Tabet-Aoul delegate A. Zehar delegate
D. B. A. Mandengue principal delegate Cameroon
L. Loemba-Maidou principal delegate Central African Republic E. Kette delegate
D. Many principal delegate Chad
A. P. Chaussard principal delegate Comoro Islands
G. Mankedi principal delegate Congo M. Sow-Alas sane delegate
M. F. Taha principal delegate Egypt, Arab Republic of A. F. M. Hassan alternate M. S. Harb delegate K. A. Khalil delegate
W. Degefu principal delegate Ethiopia A. Asrat delegate
P. Picq principal delegate France M. A. Martin-Sane alternate S. Balous delegate M. J. Malick delegate
E. Zablocki principal delegate French Territory of the Afars c;tnd Issa
O. Tutu principal delegate Ghana S. E. Tandoh alternate A. Y. Dagbovie delegate O. Kwarteng delegate LIST OF PERSONS ATTENDING THE SESSION IX
Representatives of Members of Regional Association I (contd.)
J. Djigbenou principal delegate Ivory Coast A. S. Cissoko delegate
S. Tewungwa principal delegate Kenya J. K. Murithi delegate M. Eo Mlaki delegate
M. M. Zaid principal delegate Libyan Arab Republic H. H. Abugbalya delegate
R. H. Ranaivoson principal delegate Madagascar J. P. Rabesoa delegate L. 1. Randrianasolo delegate
S. B. Mpata principal delegate Malawi
M. Sissako principal delegate Mali
Arona Sall principal delegate Mauritania
R. R. Vaghjee principal delegate Mauritius
M. El Alj principal delegate Morocco M. El Bah ja delegate A. El Khatib delegate
M. H. Diallo principal delegate Niger
C. A. Abayomi principal delegate Nigeria E. O. Adubifa delegate J. A. Adejokun delegate M. To Ghashah delegate M. G. Samaki delegate
A. Silva de Sousa principal delegate Portugal A. Leao Diniz delegate A. Natario delegate
M. Seck principal delegate Senegal B. B. Crespin delegate F. Jondot delegate
J. Lopez de Rego principal delegate Spain C. Vinuesa delegate x LIST OF PERSONS ATTENDING THE SESSION
Representatives of Members of Regional Association I (contd.)
M. E • .Abdalla principal delegate Sudan
S. Tewungwa principal delegate Tanzania, United Republic of P. C. Okot delegate M. E. Mlaki delegate
G. K. Ahialegbedji principal delegate Togo
M. Ayadi principal delegate Tunisia
S. Tewungwa principal delegate Uganda P. A. Byarugaba delegate M. E. Mlaki delegate
G. Needham principal delegate United Kingdom of Great E. W. Call way delegate Britain and Northern J. Taylor adviser Ireland
J. P. Ouedraogo principal delegate Upper Volta Nikiema Dieudonne delegate A. Kabre delegate
3. Representatives of WMO Members not belonging to the Association
H. Schirmer observer Germany, Federal Republic of
G. Steinitz observer Israel
R. Perret observer Switzerland
G. D. Cartwright observer America, United States of
4. Representatives of non-Member of WMO
H. M. Ntsaba observer Lesotho H. Sebastian observer
5. Representatives of international organizations
G. Scolamiero observer United Nations Development G. Audrain observer Programme (UNDP)
R. Mikhail observer United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Ansar Khan observer United Nations Disaster and Relief Organization (UNDRO) LIST OF PERSONS ATTENDING THE SESSION XI
Representatives of international organizations (contd.)
H. Singh observer Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
v. Quintas observer International Telecommuni cation Union (ITU)
K. Churches observer International Civil Aviation Organization (leAO)
S. Calabrese observer International Air Transport Association (lATA)
IC A. Khalil observer League of Arab States
R. Schneider observer European Space Research R. Tessier observer Organization (ESRO)
6. Invited expert
E. Bernard AGENDA
Agenda Relevant item No. documents Resolutions
1. Opening of the session PINK 13
2. Organization of the session PINK 9
2.1 Consideration of the report on PINK 1 credentials
2.2 Adoption of the agenda 1, Rev. 1; 2 2.3 Establishment of committees
2.4 Other organizational questions
3. Report by the president of the 3; PINK 7 Association
4. World Weather Watch Programme - Regional aspects
4.1 .Observing system 7; 7, Corr. 1; 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, Add. 1; PINK 16 5, 6, 7
4.2 Data-processing system (inclu 9; 12; PINK 12 8, 9, 10 ding regional codes and support to the Area Forecast System)
4.3 Telecommunication system 5; 6; 6, Add. 1; 11, 12 PINK 15
4.4 Mitigation of tropical cyclone 10; PINK 5 13 damage in the south-west Indian Ocean
5. Programme on Education, Training and Research - Regional aspects
5.1 Education and training 18; 25; PINK 19 14
5.2 Atmospheric radiation and ozone 11; 16; 23; PINK 2 15, 16, 17 18, 19 AGENDA XIII
Agenda Relevant item No. documents Resolutions
5.3 Global Atmospheric Research 21; PINK 11 Programme and its Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE)
6. Programme on the Interaction of Man and his Environment - Regional aspects
6.1 Climatology 8; 19; PINK 10 20, 21, 22, 23
6.2 Operational hydrology 13; PINK 22 24
6.3 Application of meteorology and 17; 17, Add. l', 25, 26, 27, climatology to agriculture, 22; PINK 21 28, 29 aviation, ocean activities, environmental pollution and other human activities
6.4 Meteorology in relation to 14; PINK 18 30 social and economic develop ment
6.5 Meteorological aspects of 24; 24, Corr. 1; 31 droughts in the Sahelian PINK 3 zone and other regions in Africa
7. Technical co-operation 15; PINK 17 32, 33, 34, 35, 36
8. Development of Meteorological 20; 27; PINK 20 37 Services in Africa
9. Scientific lectures and PINK 8 discussions
10. Review of previous resolutions 4; PINK 14 39 and recommendations of the Association and of relevant Executive Committee resolutions XIV AGENDA
Agenda Relevant item No. documents Re~olutions
11. Implementation of the Declara- 26; PINK 4 38 tion on the granting of indepen- dence to colonial countries and peoples by the specialized agencies and the international institutions associated with the United Nations
12. Election of officers PINK 6; PINK 23
13. Date and place of the seventh session
14. Closure of the session GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE SESSION
1. OPENING OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 1)
1.1 The sixth session of Regional Association I (Africa) was held in the WMO Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerlard, from 21 to 31 August 1973. The session was opened on 21 August 1973 at 2.30 p.m. by the president .of the Association, Dr. M. Seck.
1.2 Mr. M. F. Taha, President of the World Meteorological Organization, greeted the participants and extended a warm personal welcome to delegates and observers, par ticularly those from other international organizations. Mr. Taha reviewed the develop- . merit 6+ Regional Association! and the Meteorological Services in Africa. In doing s~ he paid particular tribute to the efforts which had already been undertaken by the Members of the Association to achieve this goal. He mentioned the assistance given by the Secretary-General of WMO to Regional Association I and its Members in this respect. The President also mentioned the importance of the collaboration with other interna tional organizations, in particular with their regional bodies in Africa. Mr. Taha stressed the importance of this session of the Regional Association to discuss the problems related to the further development of the Meteorological Services in Africa, and to define the programmes of th~ Association for the coming four-year period.
1.3 Dr. M. Seck, president of Regional Association I, before giving his pre- pregidential address, expressed his condolences tu the rrench delegation .and to the French Government on the death of Mr. Andre Viaut who served in WNO from 1955 to 1963 as President of the Organization. The president also extended his heartfelt sympathy to the delegation of Madagascar pM the premature loss of Mrs. E: N. Ratefinanahary, who was one of the firs.t women Closs I meteorologists in Africa. The meeting rose to observe. one minute's silence in memory of the two departed colleagues.
In his presidential address Dr. Seck reviewed the work of the Association in the lost four years. In doing so, he mentioned the problems related to the diffi culties in holding sessions of the Regional Association in Africa. Dr. Seck reported that the implementation of the WMO programmes in the Region was progressing satisfac torily •. However, substantial external assistance would still be required 1n order to attain a sufficient level of implementation. He also mentioned the participation of the Association in the Global Atmospheric Research Programme, in particular in the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). In this connexion, he expressed the hope that all Members of the Association wou~ participate in this research programme to the maximum extent possible to ensure the complete success of this experiment.
1.4 Dr. D. A. Davies. Secretary~General of the World Meteorological Organi- zation, extended a warm welcome to all participants and expressed the hope that this session would be a great success in every way. He particularly mentioned the pleasure he had hadin assisting Regional Association I and its Members in the development of their Meteorological Services, and he assured the Association that he would continue to do so in the future. Dr. Davies wished to associate himself with the remarks which were made by Dr. Seck and Mr. Taha on the deaths of Mr. Viaut and Mrs. Ratefinanahary, and offered his sincere condolences to the delegations of France and Madagascar respec tively in his own nome and on behalf of the WMO Secretariat. 2 GENERAL SUMMARY
1.5 There were.S7 participants at the session; 32 Members of the Association, 4 other Members of the Organization, one non-Member of WMO, and nine international organizations were represented. The list of participants and the capacities in which they attended the session is given at the beginning of thi.s report. .
2. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 2)
2.1 Consideration of the report on credentials (Agenda item 2.1)
2.1.1 In accordance with Regulation 21 of the WMO Generat Regulations, the Association set up a Credentials Committee composed of representatives of the following delegations: Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria and Tunisia. Mr. J. Djigbenou (Ivory Coast) was elected chairman of the committee.
2.1.2 The Credentials Committee prepared a report which was approved by the Association and thereby recognized the credentials of the following Members of the Association as being in order:
Algeria Mali
Cameroon Mauritania
Central African Republic Mauritius
Chad Morocco
Comoro Islands Niger
Congo Nigeria
Egypt, Arab Republic of Portugal
Ethiopia Senegal
France Spain
French Territory of the Afars and Issa Sudan
Ghana Tanzania, United Republic of
Ivory Coast Togo
Kenya Tunisia
Libyan Arab Republic Uganda
Madagascar United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Malawi Upper Volta GENERAL SUMMARY 3
The credentials of the following observers were also found in order:
(a) Non-Member------countries of RA I
Germany (Fedetal Republic of), Israel, Switzerland and the U~S.A. (b) Non-Member------of WMO Lesotho
(c) ------International organizations United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Disaster and Relief Office Economic Commission for Africa, International Telecommunicati~n Union International Civil Aviation Organization, International Air' Transport Association, European Space Research Organization and the League of Arab States. '
2.2 Adoption of the agenda (Agenda item 2.2)
2.2.1 At its first plenary meeting, the Association adopted the proposal made by the Algerian delegation to add the following two agenda items:
6.5 - Meteorological aspects of droughts in the Sahelian zone and other regions in Africa
11 - Implementation of the Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples by the specialized agencies and the international institutions associated with the United Nations.
2.2.2 With this amendment, the provisional agenda was adopted. The final agenda is given at the beginning of this report.
2.3 Establishment of committees (Agenda item 2.3)
In accordance with Regulation 23 of the WMO General Regulations, the Association established the following ommittees:
2.3.1 Nomination Committee composed of the representatives of the following delegations: ~i~I~~I~;-~~~~~;-A~a~gascar, and Niger. Mr. M. H. Diallo (Niger) was elected chairman of the committee.
2.3.2 Co-ordination Committee composed of the president and vice-president of the Associailon;-c~alrmen-and-secretaries of working committees A and B. This committee functioned also as a Selection Committee for the composition of the working groups and the selection of their chairmen as well as of the rapporteurs. 4 GENERAL SUMMARY
2.3.3
Two working committees were set up to examine in detail various agenda items as follows:
(a) Committee A was entrusted with the consideration of agenda item 4 and-~~Ievant parts of item 10. Mr. M. Ayadi (Tunisia) was elected chairman of the committee and Mr. W. Degefu (Ethiopia) vice-chairman. Dr. G. K. Weiss (WMO Secretariat) served as secretary of this com mittee.
(b) Committee B was entrusted with the consideration of agenda items 5, o;-7-and-g-and relevant parts of item 10. Mr. S. Tewungwa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) was elected chairman of the committee and Mr. D. B. A. Mandengue (Cameroon) vice-chairman. Mr. A. M. Elamly (WMO Secretariat) served as secretary of this committee.
Other WMO staff assisted the working committees during discussion of specific items.
2.4 Other organizational questions (Agenda item 2.4)
2.4.1 The Association approved the different organizational aspects of the work of the session during the first plenary meeting.
2.4.2 The Association approved the minutes of the first plenary meeting and authorized its outgoing president to approve, on its behalf, the minutes of the remaining plenary meetings.
2.4.3 The Association designated the chairmen and members of the working groups established, as well as the rapporteurs designated during the session, in the light of the proposals made by the C.o-ordination Committee.
3. REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION (Agenda item 3)
3.1 The Association expressed its appreciation for the very commendable and comprehensive report of its president which gave an excellent picture of the activities of the Association since its fifth session and outlined the major difficulties which faced the development of meteorology in the Region, together with the possible ways and means of overcoming them.
3.2 Following the normal procedures the president's report was studied ~n detail by delegates under the relevant agenda items.
4. WORLD WEATHER WATCH PROGRAMME - REGIONAL ASPECTS 4.1 Observing system (Agenda item 4.1)
4.1.1
The Association noted that the Global Observing System (GOS) as out lined in the World Weather Watch plan 1972-1975 (Resolution 3 (Cg-VI», i~ composed GENERAL SUMMARY 5
of the following elements: regional basic synoptic networks, background pollution stations, fixed ocean stations, research and special-purpose vessels, mobile ships, automatic weather stations, aircraft and satellites. The Association had already taken decisio~s on the use in the Region of most of the observing facilities listed above; however, in some cases a review of its previous decisions was necessary.
4.1.2
4.1.2.1 The Association examined its previous resolutions on the basic synop~lc network of surface and upper-air stations and amended the network in accordance with the wishes expressed by Members of RA I. In doing so, the session took into account the WWW spacing and frequency requirements, as well as the specific needs of Members in Africa for additional ~ta required for various application activities including those required by the technical plan adopted by the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean. The session agreed on the following principles for the observing programme:
(a) All surface stations in the network should make and disseminate observations at the four main standard times for synoptic obser vations , viz. 00, 06, 12 and 18 GMT, and at the four intermediate standard times, viz. 03, 09, 15 and 21 GMT. Any station that cannot carry out its full programme should give priority to the observations at the main standard times, viz. 00, 06, 12 and 18 GMT;
(b) All radiowind stations should make and disseminate upper-wind observations up to 10 mb at 00 and 12 GMT;
(c) All radiosonde stations should make and disseminate observations of pressure, temperature and humidity up to 10 mb at 00 and 12 GMT;
(d) Any radiosonde station that cannot carry out its full programme should give priority to observations at 12 GMT;
(e) In the tropics, at stations where two complete rawinsonde obser vations are not made, priority should be given to the implemen tation of a second radiowind observation.
4.1.2.2 In reviewing Res01ution 1 (V-RA I), the Association noted that some stations in the basic synoptic network had not been established and others had been implemented with a reduced observing programme, and that this was mainly due to the fact that the Members concerned had experienced great difficulty in staffing stations in desert or sparsely populated areas. In this connexion,the possible use of automatic weather stations to set up new stations or increase the observing pro gramme at existing stations was mentioned.
4.1.2.3 Furthermor~ the Association noted that the density requirement set forth in the World Weather Watch and in the Technical Regulationswere not being met by the recommended regional basic networks. As regards the regional basic $ynoptic network in Africa, -a detailed study was carried out and those areas for which insufficient -information was civailable were identified. A list of recommended additional observing 6 GENERAL SUMMARY
~tati6hs-ih "difficult" or "desert" locations is given in Annex I to this report. The Association felt that Members of the A;sociation should study tlie possibility of ~etting-u~ the recommended additional observing stations in these areas. If plans ~re sufficiently matut~ the Member concerned should request the president of RA I to include thp newly planned -sta-tion -in the regional basic network.
4.1.2.4 The Association discussed the frequency of surface and upper-air observa- tions, particularly the implementation priority to be given when -it is not possible to make the full observing programme at one station/and the need to recommend one pre- ferred standard hour for upper-air observations in the whole Region. Noting Recommendation 26 (CSM~V),it was agreed to accept for RA I_the 12 GMT-upper-air ·observaiion as th~ Qne preferr~d.
4.1.2.5 Tbe Association noted the prograss made in the implementation of Resolu tion 2 (V-RA I) - Principal land stations in Region I (Africa) - and confirmed that, with a view to ensuring a high standard of the surface land stations included in the regional basic synoptic network, these stations should, in general, conform to the specifications laid down for principal _land stations in the WMO Technical Regulations. This decision was incorporated in the Association's resolution establishing the regional basic synoptic network (Resolution 1 (VI-RA I)).
4.1.2.6 The Association agreed that in the tropics at upper-air stations where
two daily complete rawinsonde observations could not be maae l one complete rawinsonde, preferably at 12 GMT, and a second radio- (radar) wind observation should be made.
4.1.2.7 In establishing the list of stations to form part of the basic regional network, the Association was aware that minor amendments would be" necessary in the coming years. It therefore decided to lay down procedures for making such minor changes in the basic network and these procedures are given in Part B of Annex VIII to this report. 4.1.2.8 The network thus established and the observing programmes for these stations is given in Part A of Annex VIII to this report~ The session requested the countries concerned to do their upmost to complete the implementation of the basic regional network as soon as possible. Resolution 1 (VI-RA I) was adopted.
4.1.3 Marine observations
4.1.3.1 The Association was unanimous that observational data from vast oceanic areas surrounding the African continent were essential for the analysis and forecasting services in Africa. It further believed that with rapid economic developments in many parts of Africa, maritime nations would sooner or later call upon their Meteorological Services to organize or strengthen weather services to marine transport and fishery operations, both of which are now becoming important segments of the national economy; there are also other fields of activity which require meteorological support, such as off-shore drilling and research. It was, indeed, in this context that the Association felt an urgent need for improving the acquisition of marine observations from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and proposed to this end a number of measures wh~ch were further elaborated by an ad-hoc group composed of Messrs. "J.A. Ade jokun {Nigerla.,cha.i,rmalJ)J D. B.: A. Mandengue (Cameroon) and. M. E. "Miaki (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) and partly embodied in Resolution 2 (VI--RA I). GENERAL SUMMARY 7
4.1.3.2 Discussions which led the Association to the adoption of Resolution 2 (VI-RA I) and other decisions are summarized in the following paragraphs.
4.1.3.3 The session was presented with information regarding the merchant fleet in RA I, which clearly demonstrated the potential for a substantial increase of ob serving ships. The Association was of the opinion that efforts should now be directed towards recruiting those ships sailing under the flag of African countries.
4.1.3.4 The session was then informed by several delegates of their experience in the recruitment of observing ships. It was agreed that the main course of action for the organization of a Voluntary Observing Ships' s:f'eme should be as follows:
(a) Contact with ships' owners and selection of suitable ships;
(b) Provision of instruments, manuals and meteorological log-books, and appropriate briefing to ships' officers on the use of instruments and methods of observation;
(c) Establishment of Port Meteorological Officer service which provides continuous support to and surveillance of the Voluntary Observing Ships' scheme;
(d) Making necessary budgetary prov~s~ons (i) for support to ships including the loan of instruments, and (ii) for financing the cost of weather messages received at coastal radio stations.
4.1.3.5 The Association believed that the expansion of the Voluntary Observing Ships' scheme was an important step tawards the development of marine meteorological services in Africa and hoped that the first. tangible results would appear in the near future. It was pointed out that meteorological instruments to be provided to Voluntary Observing Ships quali.fy for VAP assistance.
4.1.3.6 The Association emphasized the important role that should be played by port meteorological officers in the recruitment of Voluntary Observing Ships of both national and foreign registry. It noted that the Bort Meteorological Officer scheme in the Region was being developed successfully thanks to the efforts by Members concerned. Nevertheless, the Association urged Members to designate, if not yet done, port meteorological officers, to increase their number, and to strengthen the activi ties of their officers.
------Coastal radio stations 4.1.3.7 World-wide surveys on the transmission of ship reports have revealed that many meteorological observations taken aboard observing ships are lost before they reach meteorological centres. One of the factors contributing to such a loss is the ineffectiveness of some coastal radio stations; reported deficencies include 8 GENERAL SUMMARY congestion, refusal to accept weather messages, language problems, lack of HF coastal radio stations. With ;regai"d to the last of these, the Association noted that at present in Region I there were 47 coastal radio coastal s"tations, out of which only " 24 were working also on high-frequency bands. It fUrther noted Recommendation 1 (CMM-VI) proposing the"improvemeni of the network of coastal radio stations and the increase" of their ope~ational effectiveness. it was agreed that, as a"first step toward~ i~ple- " me"nting this" retommendatio"n," Members should approach app"ropriate national authorities with d view to: " " (a) Upgrading the capability of coastal radio stations to operate also on HF bands;
(b) Improving the performance of the existing HF coastal radio stations;
(c) Ensuring the efficient data relay from coastal radio stations to the collecting centre by means of direct communication links.
Dissemination of ships' reports
4.1.3.8 The Association was informed of the action taken by the Secretariat to investigate the flow of ships' reports at various stages, i.e. from ship to coastal radio stations, to NMCs, to RTHs, then the exchange over the Main Trunk Circuit. While realizing the difficulty in carrying out this type of investigation, the Association requested the Secretary-General to continue efforts to identify those points where ships' reports are lost in the course of dissemination and to take remedial action with individual Members, as necessary. It was pointed out that the establishment of a direct link between coastal radio stations and the collecting centre was -" particularly important.
Fixed ocean stations
4.1.3.9 The session was well aware of the requirements for establishing fixed ocean stations in crucial data-sparse areas around Africa. It was, however, informed of many technical and financial problems involved in the operation of ocean weather ships and, in this relation, reference was made to recent developments in the trans formation of the North Atlantic Ocean Stations (NAOS) scheme. It was therefore agreed that the question should be reviewed in the light of new observational capabilities, such as offered by meteorological satellites and automatic marine stations.
4.1.3.10 With regard to the existing ocean weather station at 400S, 100E. the Association decided to mention it in Resolution 1 (v.r-RA I) dealinQ with the re~ional basic synoptic network. Requirements, for stations at those locations of higher priority are also mentioned in the same resolution.
4.1.3.11 The Association noted that the U.S.S.R. research vessels were carrying out hydrometeorological observational programmes at the point 05 0 N, 300 W. In view of the meteorological importance of this position, it requested the Secretary-General to inquire if this observational programme would be continued in the future on a permanent basis and, in the affirmative, "to. consul f the pre"sident of the Association on further actions, such as its inclusion in the regional basic synoptic network. GENERAL SUMMARY 9
Automqtic marine statiQns
4.1.3.12 The Association was informed of recent developments in the production, deployment and operation of various types of buoy systems. Having considered this information and the experience so far gained, the session felt unable- to make any recommendation on one buoy system or anothe~, or specific loca~ions where such buoys should be installed. However, it noted with sati&faction that Algerlanad already established and Madagascar had plans to establish buoy stations, and that appropriate frequency channels for ocean data transmission alloca__ ted by.the world Administrative Radio Conference had been reserved by the WMO and IOC Secretariats for use by these countries. The Association felt that Members should explore the possibility of establishing buoy programmes or participating in joint buoy programmes within their resources and capabilities.
4.1.4
4.i.4.1 The WWW plan states that AI REPs constitute G- valuable source of upper-air data, especially for ocean and other sparsely inhabited areas. The Association noted that the making, reporting and transmission to aeronautical ground stations were governed by ICAO and WMO regulations. The regional procedures for making aircraft observations and their distribution as operational data ·(OPMET) are being established by ICAO Regional Ai:!; Navigation meetings. The present ICAO procedures lay down that the AIREP collecting centres designated by ICAO Regional Air Navigation meetings are responsible for tra~smitting the AIREPs over the AFTN to Regional Collecting Ce~tres (designated by WMO) which in Africa are the RTHs.
4.1.4.2 The Association noted that very few AI REPs were disseminated as basic data on the GIQbal Telecommuni~ation System. This is ~artly caused by non-compliance with-the existing prqcedures for making_ ~nd reporting obse~vations oy aircraft, and paitly by non-receipt of AI REPs at regional collectin_g, c:e-ntres_ ~RTHs t. It is felt that urgent action should be initiated to ensure that all AI REPs received at aeronautical com munication stations are transmitted without delay to the appropriate RTHs over the AFTN. The RTHs shall be responsible in accordance with the regional telecommunication plan,for the regional, inter-regional and global distribution. The Association noted the action of ICAO regarding implementation of Recommendations 10/5 to 10/9 inclusive of the ICAO AFI-V RAN meeting and requested the Secretary-General of WMO to invite ICAO to expedite the action to ensure that all AIREPs are transmitted to the regional collecting centres (RTHs). As regards Recommendation 10/8, concerning the evaluation of AIREP distribution, the Association agreed to participate and requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with the president of RA I, to co-operate with ICAO in this evaluation.
4.1.4.3 The session adopted Resolution -3 (VI-:-RA I) - Aircraft weather reports for synoptic purposes.
4.1.5 Ground------weather radar stations 4.1.5.1 The discussion was first focused. on the question of whether a network of meteorological radars should be explicitly listed as part of the Global Observing 10 GENERAL SUMMARY
System. It was mentioned that this subject had indeed been considered at the first session of the CBS Working Group on .the Global Observing System which agreed to jnsert a s'peci fic paragraph on weather radars in the GOS plan for the period 1976-1979.
4.1.5.2 With regard to the extent of the application of radar techniques and the regional significance of radar data, this would depend on scales of meteorological phenomena observed 01) thE:l one hand and the characteristics of radars on the other. In any case, the Association was unanimous that meteorological radars provide one of the best means for observing and studying small-and mesoscale atmospheric phenomena and that Members should be encouraged to expand their networks.
4.1.5.3 The Association, when reviewing the report of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-wast Indian Ocean, agreed that 10 cm wavelength weather radars were extremely useful for the purpose of tropical cyclone warnings. It there fore supported the proposal of the 4.1.5.4 The session adopted Resolution 4 (VI-RA I) - Ground weather radar observations. 4.1.6 After having listened to a brief expose on the involvement of WMO in the measurement of background air pollution, the session decided to consider the matter in more detail under agenda item 6.3. 4.1.7 Qe~s!a!i~n~rl ~a!e!lit~s 4.1.7.1 The capabilities of meteorological satellites in geostationary orbits are described in general terms in the WWW plan for the period 1972-1975. More details on the implementation and the planned performance of these satellites are given in the WWW Planning Report No. 30 - Scope of the 1972-1975 plan with parti cular reference to the meteorological satellite sub-system. Since the WWW plan has been adopted, the planning of geostationary satellites has continued. The present state of this planning is summarized below: ·ve geostationary satellites will be available 4 I 7 2 It can be expected that fl. during. . . the First GARP Global Experiment, i.e. by 1977, as envisaged by the WWW plan. The suggested satellite sub-poi~ts are: 0 lODE ESRO (European Space Research Organization) 0 0 Japan 140 E 0 - SooW U.S.A. 70 0 U.S.A. l40 W 0 U.S.S.R. 70 E GENERAL SUMMARY 11 The coverage of the pictur.e taking, data distribution and data collection capabili ties are given in A~nex II ~o this report. As is .seen from this annex, the satellite planned by the ESRO will cover Africa, and is therefore in many respects of particular interest. 4.1.7.3 The geostationary satellites launched or to be launched by Japan, the U.S.Ao and the U.S.S.R. are also of great interest, although it may not be possible for the majority of the African countries to read out directly information from them. The Association noted the plans for setting up geostationary satellites and encouraged Members to establish local data reception stations after the specifications become available. The session stxessed in particular the important role which the u.s.s.k. satellite would play for cyclone warning purposes both in th~ s6uth-w~stern part of the Indian Ocean and on the Indian subcontinent arid the Association hoped that this satellite would become operational at an early date. 4.1.7.4 Further to the information on the plans for the European METEOSAT project sent to RA I Members in the Secretary-Generalos letter W/OP/S of 16 July 1973, the session noted with appreciation the excellent exposition made by Mr. R. Schneider on behalf of the Meteorological Services of the European countries sponsoring the METEOSAT project and by Mr. Tessier from ESRO containing up-to-date information on the plans of ESRO for the implementation of the European METEOSAT project and on the benefits this satellite will provide to meteorological services in Africa. 4.1.7.5 The Association was informed of the capabilities of the planned geostationary satellite system. In addition to the taking of images the geostationary satellites may also have the capability of direct relay of information to principal and secondary data stations. While the Principal Data Station (PDS) will require sophisticated and expensive electronic equipment and picture recording devices, the Secondary Data Stations (SOS) will be relatively simple. The data-collection (interrogation) facility of geostationary satellites will allow the introduction of varioys platform~ on isolated islands, buoys and ships. The Association recognized that geostationary satellites will have a profound impact on' the GOS and the GTS. It agreed to request the Secretary-General to keep Members of the Association abreast of the development so that the appropriate planning of Meteorological Services in Africa can proceed with a view to their participation in the use of saterli te data, as well as in the esta·blishment of appro:priat,e facilities in their territories. The Association expressed its hope that the requirements of RA I for reception of satellite data would be met to the maximum extent by the planned satellite system. folaE ~n~ ~e~r~p~l~r_oEbitin~ ~a!ellit~s 481.7.6 The Association noted the capabilities of near polar orbiting meteoro- logical satellites, as explained in the WWW plan, and also in various WMO publications (e.g. WWW Status Reports) and WMO circular letters that the U.S.A. and the UoS.SoR. have large operational satellite programmes and that data obtained from these satellites are already made available in processed form via the Global Telecommuni cation System and directly by APT. 4.1.7.7 The Association also noted that the Vertical Temperature Profile Radio- meter instruments on the operational and experimental satellites provide valuable 12 GENERAL SUMMARY additional information to the present upper-air observing networks, in particular bver the ocean areas. It was further noted that these data (known as SIRS data) distributed on the GTS p,rovide information on vertical temperature profiles and to some degree on humidity information (no wind dato). 401.7.8 In this connexion, the Association recognized that conventional upper-air observations are considered as the basic observing system and that they cannot be replaced by the data obtained by meteorological satellites. 4.1.7.9 The Association noted that in addition to the vertical temperature profiles, a number of products based on satellite observations are made available by WMCs, such as areal cloud cover, snow cover, sea-surface temperature, etc., and that these data are being distributed in pictorial or alpha:"numerical forin on the GTS. 'In this connexion, the attention of Members was drawn to the important contribution the APT system is providing for local data weather-forecasting activities. 4.1.7.10 The session discussed the desirability of standardIzation (or compati- bility) of the transmission characteristics for local read-out of the different satellite systems in order to permit the reception of the information required with standardized equipment. In this connexion the Association was informed that the Executive Committee at its next session may set up the necessary mechanism to ensure the required standardization of transmission characteristics of meteorological satellites systems. The Association requested the Secretary-General to keep Members informed of the specifications for ground stations capable of receiving data from the planned satellites. 4.1.7.11 The session reviewed the implementation of Resolution 5 (V-RA I) by which Members were invited to install at least one APT station in the territories for which they are responsible. Members consequently have indicated in response to a WWW inquiry that they operate 29 APT stations and that they have plans to install 14 other such stations. Therefore ~he Association adopted Resolution 5 (VI-RA 1). 4.1.8 4.1.8.1 The Association, when reviewing its previous decisions concerning regional centres for comparison and calibration of routine meteorological instruments, was pre sented with Recommendation 10 (CIMO-VI) by which the presidents of Regional Associa tions are requested to give urgent consideration to the establishment of negional meteorological instruments centres in their Regions with the following functions: (a) To conduct training courses for instruments specialists of all categories; (b) To assist in carrying out comparisons and calibration of meteorolo gical instruments within the Region; (c) To provide guidance upon request to Members from the Region on matters concerning meteorological instruments. 4.1.8.2 The session noted with appreciation that the twentieth session of the Executive Committee had already designated Cairo (Arab Republic of Egypt) as a regional GENERAL SUMMARY 13 centre for training of meteorological instruments specialists of all classes. It was brought to the attention of the Association that the Institute for Research and Training at Oran and at Nairobi would also meet the requirements for regional meteorological instruments centres. The Association further agreed that it would be desirable that other such centres should be set up in the Region, preferably so located as to pro- vide a regular geographical distribution of the centres in the Region. It was the understanding of the session that facilities would be needed at these centres for comparison and calibration of routine meteorological instruments; also, in the future, with the introduction of new techniques for observations, the centres should be upgraded with the additional facilities for servicing the more sophisticated types . of instruments. The Association also expressed the view that Members establishing such centres should be encouraged to take appropriate steps to provide similar faci lities for the repair and calibration of hydrological instruments. 4.1.8.3 The Association noted with appreciation the willingness of Algeria, Arab Republic of Egypt, and Kenya, United Republic of Tanzania, and Uganda to establish regional meteorological instruments centres at Oran, Cairo and Nairobi, and the desirability of establishing other such centres in the Region. In order to speed up the action on Recommendation 10 (CIMO-VI) the Association made the appropriate re commendations prior to the adoption of this recommendation by EC-XXV. Pending the approval by the Executive Committee of the above CIMO recommendation, Resolution 6 (VI-RA I) was adopted. ~o~p~r~s~n_oi .':a.::o~e.!e.::s 4.1.8.4 The Association reviewed the implementation of Resolution 8 (V-RA I) and, whilst it was understood that it would be the responsibility of each individual Member to maintain its pressure observations to the required standard of accuracy, decided that any Member of the Region whose ~eteorological Service has not yet done so should establish a fixed sub-standard barometer. These fixed standard barometers would serve as a standard for all the network under their control and should be compared by means of travelling sub-standards, with one of the absolute standard barometers recognized as such by WMO within or outside the Region, at least once every ten years. Further more, the Association recognized the barometers at Oran, Cairo and Nairobi as absolute standard barometers (Ar) for the Region. Resolution 7 (VI-RA I) was adopted. codes and su ort to the 4.2.1 ------Implementation of the real-time functions of RMCs in Africa 4.2.1.1 The Association reviewed the output product programmes of the RMCs in the Region as published in the yearly status reports on the implementation of the ~ and agreed that as far as the types of charts are concerned, these programmes met, ln general, th~ requirements of Members. It was remarke~ that.def~ciencies ex~sted in many cases in the quality of the output products and ln thelr tlmely receptlon at NMCs but the Association recognized that these deficiencies reflected the weaknesses of b~th the GOS and the GTS. It was pointed out by some Members operating R~ICs that deficiencies in the reception of 00 GMT data (in particular upper-air) from tropical regions 18 GMT data as well as aircraft and ship reports in general, were seriously 1 • hampering the preparation of appropriate products. The lack of reportlng tropopause data in TEMP messages in many cases was also mentioned. The Association agreed that Members should do their utmost to eliminate the above-mentioned shortcomings. 14 GENERAL SUMMARY 4.2.1.2 The Association considered that even with the existing difficulties referred to above, the requirements of Members could be met to a greater extent and in a more rational fashion, if appropriate contact existed between the RMCs and NMCs requiring their products. For example, unrealistic requirements of NMCs for RMC products might be reduced-to the essential in consultation between the centres concerned} details of output products could be agreed upon better to-meet the needs of the recipients. On the other hand, RMCs could also benefit from discussions with the NMCs served, by calling to their attention any deficiencies experienced in the reception of data from them. The Association therefore urged the president of RA I to arrange for implementation co-ordination meetings to be held with the participation of representatives of RMCs and the NMCs served by them. In this connexion Resolu tion - 8 -(VI-RA -J:) wa~ _<;Idopted (see also para,9raph 4~ 2. 2 •. ~_ below). 4.2.1.3 With reference to paragraph 107 of the World Weather Watch plan for 1972- 1975, which states that "to the maximum extent feasible, adjacent RMCs should be prepared to assume each other's functions", the Association was of the opinion that at the p+esent stage of the development of WWW, it would be extremely difficult for RMCs in Africa to meet this requirement. It was agreed that appropriate arrangements between neighbouring RMCs might be made when the implementation of the GOS and GTS had reached a considerably higher level. 4.2.1.4 The Association noted that a vote by correspondence was conducted within CBS regarding the adoption of the GRID code form for the exchange of processed information in the form of grid-point values. In this connexion, the Association confirmed the following statement as recorded in paragraph 5.1.8 of the general summary of its fifth session: "While recognizing that the introduction of this method would result in a considerable reduction of transmission time and that such development should, therefore, be encouraged, the Association emphasized that facsimile transmission in Region I will need to be continued for at least a number of years to come". The Association also stated that the "List of priorities for dis tribution of processed information by RTHs" as contained in the annex to pa~agraph 5.1.7.2 of the general summary of the work of its fifth session is still valid. For convenience, the list is reproduced in Annex III to this report. 4.2.2.1 The Association noted that the ICAO/AFI/RAN meeting (Rome, January,:" February 1973) established a plan for an Area Forecast System for the AFI Region, in which Cairo, Casablanca, Dakar, Las Palmas and Nairobi were designated as Area Forecast Centres. Recalling that the WWW plan puts particular emphasis on the need for maintaining co-ordination between WWW and the Area Forecast System (reference paragraph 129 of the plan), the Association noted with satisfaction that four of the five AFCs designated are co-located with RMCs, which naturally ensures close co-ordination between the two systems. The Association wished to underline the need for co-ordination of the planning of the WWW and the AFCs and also, if required, the alignment of the AFC and RMC output products as regards the area coverage. 4.2.2.2 With regard to the support of WWW to operational hydrology, the Associa- tion agreed that this support may, in principle, take two forms, namely the provision of output products of the GDPS centres and the use of WWW facilities. The Association agreed that implementation co-ordination meetings between NMC/RMCs and GENERAL SUMMARY 15 hydrologists should be convened in order to define in detail the support required from WWW for operational hydrology. With a view to avoiding duplication, these meetings should discuss the use of WWW (in particular GOS and GTS) facilities for hydrology (see Resolution 8 (VI-RA I) and parpgraph 6.2.8 below). In this connexion, reference was made to the pilot project in the Niger river basin. 4.2.3 Real-time------functions of NMCs in Africa 4.2.3.1 The Association recalled and emphasized the directive of the WWW plan (pCl~d~raph no) that "each Member should ensure that it has an NMC adequately manned and equipped to enable it to play its full part in the WWW and to ensure that the full benefits of the information obtained from the WWW are reaped on a national level." The Association accordingly encouraged its Members to develop their own analysis and forecasting capability. 402.3.2 Particular emphasis was laid on the importance of the real-time quality control and checking by NMCs of observational data prior to transmission to the appropriate RTHs. In this connexion, the Association noted with satisfaction that minimum standards for real-time quality control had been formulated within CBS and were expected to be formally recommended by that body at its sixth session, taking into account the comments of CAS and CoSAMC. The Association agreed that all Members should do their utmost to implement the detailed procedures as soon as they had been adopted by WMO, but even before that, Members should perform some form of control of their data prior to international dissemination. Some Members considered that RMCs should also carry out a quality control of the data they receive, but the Association was of the opinion that with the existing telecommunication capabilities, such a control could not be practically effected on a real-time basis. 4.2.4 The Association noted that the details of the GDPS storage and retrieval service are being worked out by CBS on the basis of the directives laid down in the WWW plan. It felt that pending the adoption by WMO of the relevant standards and procedures, the storage of data in Africa should, in general, be made at the NMC level, in particular ~s regards the ·data collected by the NMC from· stations in its own country. NMCs unable to carry out this function should make arrangements with an adjacent RMC or RTH for the temporary transfer of the storage responsibility, in accordance with paragraph III of the WWW plan. 4.2.5 Codes. 4.2.5.1 The Association noted with appreciation the report of the chairman of the RA I Working Group on Codes (Mr. M. E. Mlaki (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). The Association commended the working group for the large amount of work carried out entirely by.correspondence. It was noted that the work of the group related to two main fields: first, to changes to be made to the regional coding procedures in the near future, and· second, to the .amendments of the regional coding procedures in connexion with the intro duction for international ·use of the new SYNOP and SHIP code forms, which is planned to take place not earlier than 1 January 1976. The decisions of the Association on various proposals for amending the regiorial coding procedures are contained in paragraphs 4.2.5.2 to 4.2.5.5 below. 16 GENERAL SUMMARY 4.2.5.2 The first session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South- ~est Indian Ocean (Tananarive, May 1973) proposed that within 500 km of a cyclone centre, data on the direction of the movement of low clouds be included in all synoptic reports. The Association agreed with this proposal and decided to intro duce an appropriate provision in the regional coding procedures to this effect. It was agreed that, as an exceptional measure, the new coding procedure should come into force on 1 January 1974. Rp.solution 9 -(VI-RA I) was adopted on this subject. 4.2.5.3 Another suggestion which was brought to the attention of the session related to the adoption by RA I of a new regional code form for reporting, at the end of each of the three decades of a month, the amount of the precipitation that has fallen during that decade. While recognizing the need for such data on a sub regional scale, the Association remarked that it is possible to compute the decade values from the daily amounts reported in the SYNOP code form, or, alternatively, to exchange the required data by post. Since the need for the proposed new code form was not clearly demonstrated, the ~sociation decided to entrust the newly appointed Rapporteur on Codes (see paragraph 4.2.5.6 below), with the study of this matter in consultation with the Secretary-General. 4.2.5.4 With reg_aro to the changes in the regional coding pr()cedure.s associated with the introduction for international use of new surface synoptic code forms, the Association accepted the proposals contained in the report of the chairman of the Working Group on Codes, with the exception of the suggested deletion of group 3N Ch h s s s from the regional part. Since several Members expressed a requirement for the report- ing of this group for synoptic purposes, the Association decided that it should be reported and exchanged on a subregional basis in accordance with bilateral or multi lateral agreements, as required. The decisions of the Association in this connexion are contained in Ann-ex IV to this report. 4.2.5.5 The Association recognized that the presently suggested new code forms FM 14.E - SYNOP and FM 24.E - SHIP may be changed by the sixth session of the CBS to be held in March-April 1974, and that as a consequence of any such changes, further amendments to the regional coding procedures in Region I may become necessar~ Therefore, in approving the substance of Annex IV to this report, the Association -authorized its president to make minor amendments to the procedures contained in this annex, cis may be necessa.ry in the light of the decisions of CBS-VI, and to adopt on its behal f and in accordance with Regulation.74 of tne General Regulations·, in due course, a resolution of RA I to the effect that these procedures come into force on the same date as the new internationa~l code forms _for. s-ui-f.ac.e synoptic observations. - 4.2.5~6 Considering that there will continue to be a need for a mechanism to deal with various regional coding matters, the Association decided to appoint a Rapporteur on Codes. Resolution 10 (VI-RA I) was adopted. 4.3 Telecommunication system (Agenda item 4.3) 4.3.1 Report of the chairman of the Working Group on Meteorological .~------~------~------Telecommunications 4.3.1.1 The Association noted with appreciation the report by the chairman of the Working Group on Meteorological Telecom~unications '(Hr. K. A. Kh~lil (Arab Republic GENERAL SUMMARY 17 of Egypt». Details of the chairman's report were discussed under the various para graphs of this agenda item, as appropriate. 4.3.1.2 The Association noted that the seventh session of the Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications made three recommendations which 'were circulated and adopted by the Association, namely Resolutions 48, 49 and 50 (72-RA I). The con tents of these resolutions have already been included in Publication No. 9 Volume C, Chapter II, Introduction to Region I (Africa). Furthermore, specific action has also been recommended by the session of the working group, to be taken by the Members of RA I, in particular those responsible for the operation of RTHs. The Association noted that this recommended action has been circulated by the Secretary General to the Members concerned, by two WMO circular letters. However, the Associa tion requested the Secretary-General to follow up the matter and to urge once more Members concerned (as appropriate) to implement the action recommended by the working group. 4.3.1.3 The Association noted that the working group had invited the president of RA I to request the Secretary-General to conduct a survey on the needs for training of the following categories of personnel engaged in meteorological telecommunications: (a) Operators; (b) Maintenance technicians; (c) Engineers specialized in meteorological telecommunications/ electronic equipment. The Association was informed that the syllabi for personnel engaged in meteorological telecommunications had been prepared and W)ulCl shortly be presented to CBS for adop tion. Following their adoption, they will be used in conjunction with the abov~ survey. in order that countries participating in the survey use the syllabi qs a basis for their replies. 4.3.1.4 As regards the request of the working group for convening a seminar on operation and management of meteorological telecommunications, this was dealt with under agenda item 7. 4.3.1.5 The Association considered that, in accordance with the WMO/ICAO working arrangements and in view of the action to be undertaken as a result of planning at the ICAO AFI V RAN meeting'towards improved exchanges of OPMET data in Africa, con tinued study on this suoject by the RA I Working Group on Met~orolog.ical Telecommunica tions was unnecessary. 4.3.2 ~~Y!~~_~f_~~~_~!~~~_~f_!~E!~~~~~~~!~~_~£_~b~_E~e!~~~!-~~!~~E~!~e!~~! ~e.!~~.9~~~.!]i~.9!i.9'!]_.'p.!.9'!] 4.3.2.1 The Association reviewed the state of implementation of the regional meteorological telecommunication plan, based on a document submitted by the Secretary General giving advance information of what ill!. be included in the sixth status ];eport on implementation of the World Weather Watch, as regards centres, point-to-point circuits, RTT and facsimile broadcasts, contents of transmissions and the evaluation of data collection at the NMCs and RTHs in the Region. 18 GENERAL SUMMARY 4.3.2.2 The Association noted that Members' constant efforts had resulted in further progress since its last session in the effective transmission of meteoro logical information in Region I. However, considerable efforts are still required to upgrade the present network to a level which would ensure that the requirements of Members of RA I for reception of observational data and processed information could be met, and to meet the objectives of the World Weather Wat~h ~lan. 4.3.2.3 The Association noted that some difficulties of implementation were ex- perienced due to the lack of co-ordination between the centres concerned. The Association noted with appreciation that three meetings on the co-ordination of imple mentation between the RTH Nairobi and its associated NMCs, and the RTHs Algiers, Cairo, Nairobi and Kano were held during 1972/1973. Such meetings have proved to be very useful and have resolved several problems. The Association was of the opinion that such meetings should be encouraged and therefore requested the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps to convene such meetings,as necessary,in other parts of the Region (see Resolution 8 (Vl-RA rJ).. . 4.3.2.4 The Association noted with appreciation the action taken on the report of a recent implementation co~ordination meeting between the RTHs Algiers, Cairo and Kano. It felt that this me~ting was particularly useful for discussing the technical operational aspects of the main regional circuits interlinking these three RTHs. Acting on a recommendation of this meeting, Algeria developed detailed procedures for the operation of point-to-point circuits (standard formats for the exchange of service messages between centres concerned, use of internationally agreed abbreviations, and reporting of reliability). 4.3.2.5 The Association noted that special detailed procedures were indispensable in order to ensure high circuit reliability. It was therefore agreed to request the Secretary-General, in consultation with the president of the Association, to promul gate these procedures for testing on the HF point-to-point circuits in Africa. In the light of the comments received afte~ the two-month test operation, the Association agreed that the procedures as amended shall be included in the regional telecommuni cation procedures. The president of the Association was therefore requested to take the necessary steps in fonsultation with the Secretary-General on this matter. 4.3.2.6 The Association felt that priority should be given to the establishment of the point-to-point regional circuits between NMCs and their associated RTHs so that the RTHs may assume their responsibilities in relaying the necessary data to otherRTHs,- as required, particularly to satisfy the requirements during the GATE period. Due consideration should-also· be given to the implementation of the inter regional circuits in order to enable the RMCs in Region I to obtain the data necessary to accomplish their task. The Association requested the Secretary-General to co ordinate~the action required by the centres concerned, in particular between RTHs in different Regions. 4.3.2.7 The Association expressed concern _about the fact that s'ome main regional point-to-point circuits were not yet implemented. In this connexio~the Association urged Members concerned to expedite implementation, to enable the RTHs/RMCs to receive the required data for their data processing responsibilities, relaying and establish ing proper AFMET broadcast programmes. GENERAL SUMMARY 19 4.3.3 Transmission/broadcast programmes '---~------~------4.3.3.1 In discussing the transmission/broadcast programmes, the point was raised regarding the ways of selecting data required by the RTH to meet the require ments of its associated NMCs from other RTHs (AFMETs) as well as other Regions. The Association endorsed the action recommended by one of the co-ordination implementation meetings referred to in paragraph 4.3.2.3 above to resolve such difficulties by group ing in blocks the programmes of two RTHs (AFMETs) in one broadcast. However, the Association realized that the procedure for making a selection of data where manual techniques are used is a difficult one and needs co-ordination and additional workload by the RTH concerned. It felt that the only solution to overcome this difficulty in the long run would be for each RTH to start considering a certain degree of automation including a limited storage capacity and switching equipment. Therefore, the Associa tion was of the opinion at this stage that the RTHs (AFMETs) in RA I should not go into a heavy selection programme other than that mentioned above. 4.3.3.2 The Association urged all RTHs (AFMETs) to maintain close liaison with the associated NMCs in order to be kept fully informed of the requirements of each NMC in their zones of responsibility and consequently to establish their transmission pro gramme to meet, as far as possible, the stated requirements. The Association also urged the RTHs (AFMETs) to co-ordinate amongst themselves their broadcast programmes in such a way that NMCs in Region I are capabl~ of obtaining all the required information by intercepting not more than two AFMET broadcasts. In doing so, the possibilities of supplying NMCs with the required data on point-to-point circuits should be kept in mind and duplication and redundancies avoided wherever possible. 4.3.3.3. In establishing the transmission/broadcast programmes of the RTHs, the following principles should be Kept in mind: (1) The NMC should, in general, be capable of receiving all information it needs with two RTT receiving sets; (2) As regards observational data from distant regions, these requirements could be met by using processed information which will become available in pictorial or alpha-numerical form from WMCs and RMCs; (3) In preparing the transmission or broadcast programmes, the RTHs should follow the following priorities for inclusion of observational data in their respective transmission/broadcasts: (a) First priority: All observational data from their own zones of responsibility; (b) Second priority: Selection of observational data from adjacent zones of responsibility of RTHs in Region I in accordance with the general guidelines given in Table I of Annex X to this report; (c) Third priority: Selection of observational data from neighbouring regions (border areas); (d) Fourth priority: Other observational data and processed data in alpha-numerical form._- 20 GENERAL SUMMARY 4.3.3.4 The Association urged all Members to follow closely Technical Regulation jJ...3.jJ4.1.4 and to prov.ide the WMO Secretariat with up-to-date contents and schedules of their transmission programmes, as well as the relevant information for the catalogue of meteorological bulletins, for publication in Volume C. The form of transmission schedules should bein the standard form of presentation as given in Volume C, Chapter II, Introduction. Changes to transmission schedules should be notified to the WMO Secretariat prior to the introduction of these changes, in order to include them in the monthly supplement service. 4.3.4 Volume------C - Region I - Introduction 4.3.4.1 The Association noted that the decisions of Congress, the Executive Committee and the Commission for Basic Systems concerning the global aspects of the \~M Global Telecommunication System are published in Chapter I of WMO Publication No.9, Volume C - Transmissions, which will later constitute, in 9ccordance with Cg-VI decisions, the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, as Annex III to Volume I of the Technical Regulations. As the Manual on the GTS will comprise the regulatory material for both the global and regional aspects of the GTS, the Association agreed, as a principle, to avoid repetition of the same texts appearing in the global and regional parts of the Manual as far as Region I is concerned. Until the publication of the Manual, the same principles should apply to the present Chapters I and II of Volume C and such texts should be deleted from Region I - Introduction and cross-reference be made to the appropriate paragraphs in Chapter I. 4.3.4.2 The Ass~ciation adopted Resolution 11 (VI-RA I) 4.3.5 The Association discussed the special GATE requirements for the trans mission of rainfall totals. It felt that in order to meet the requests made by the ISMG to transmit the 7-group, a number of special telecommunication arrangements would be required. The Association therefore agreed that the Secretary-General should request Members of RA I in the GATE area during the GATE period to in·elude the 7-group in all synoptic surface reports from stations included in the WMO basic synoptic net work. In this connexion it should be noted that the Association did not agree on a change in the regional coding procedures. It would therefore be necessary for the GATE centres to make some conversion in the data received over the GTS. 4.3.6 Support to the Area Forecast System in the Region ------~------The Association noted Recommendation 11/5 of the fifth ICAO/AFI/RAN meet ing requesting WMO to arrange, as necessary and appropriate, for the exchange of AFI Area Forecast S.ystem products over the WWW Global Telecommunication System. It further noted that the ICAO Council has approved this recommendation and has in structed the Secretary-General of ICAO, when it becomes necessary, to invite the WMO to take appropriate action. In.this connexion, the Association noted Resolution 9 (EC-XXIV), which requested the president of CBS and the presidents of Regional Associations to give consideration to requests which may be received from ICAO in regard to the uSe of the Global Telecommunication System, to assist in the exchange of Area Forecast System products. The Association accepted the ICAO request and GENERAL SUMMARY 21 called upon Members of RA I to take the necessary steps in this respect at national and regional leyels. 4.3.7 TelecommunicatiQo_s 4.3.7.1 The Association noted with great appreciation the work done by the Work ing Group on Meteorological Telecommunications, since its establishment by the fi.fth ~assion of RA I. Taking into account the ~apid progress in the field of telecommuni cations~nd the important work to be carried out in this respect between the sixth and seventh sessions of the Association, it was ag~eed to establish a Working Group ~~Meteoiological Telecommunications. 4.3.7.2 Resolution 12 (VI-RA I) was adopted. 4.4 Mitigation of tropical cyclone damage in the south-west Indian Ocean (Agenda item 4.4) 4.4.1 The Association noted with appreciation that the Working Group on Tropical Cyclones established by Resolution 34 (V-RA I) completed its work and sub mitted its report to the president of the Association during 1970. After completion of its work the group was dissolved in accordance with WMO procedures. 4.4.2 Upon recommendation of the group the president of the Regional Association established, in accordance with Regulations 31 and 158 of the WMO General Regulations (as a matter of urgency), a working group called Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean. This action was approved by the President of the Organiza tion on behalf of the Executive Committee in accordance with Regulation 9(5) of the General Regulations. 4.4.3 Due to the early action required to reduce damage and to save human life in those areas of the south-west Indian Ocean affected by tropical cyclones, the first session of this committee was held in Tananarive from 22 to 29 May 1973 at the kind invitation of the Government of Madagascar. The Association noted with apprecia tion the excellent report of the first session presented by the chairman of the session Mr. R. H. Ranaivoson (Madagascar) and decided to give its full support to the basic concept of the action programme developed at this session. 4.4.4 The Association reviewed in detail the suggestions made for the develop ment of the meteorological observing system and the meteorological telecommunication arrangements and decided to include ih the appropriate parts of the regional activi ties in the World Weather Watch the basic facilities required for the tropical cyclone activities. During the discussion it was, however, mentioned that some of the observing ,facilities (surface stations and radar stations) on isolated islands are difficult to Install and further study would be required to decide whether these staticns should form a permanent feature of the. World. Weather Watch plan. It was therefore decided that the implementation aspects of the recommended stations should be studied further by the Members concerned and that the results of these studies should be reviewed by the next session of the Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean. As regards the other parts of the technical plan adopted 22 GENERAL SUMMARY by the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee at its first session, the Association requested the Secretary-General to bring it to the attention of the Members concerned for appropriate action. 4.4.5 In this connexion a view was expressed that geostationary meteorological satellites would provide an excellent tool for improving the location and warnings of the occurrence of tropical cyclones, and that after the planned geostationary satellite system was fully operational some reconsideration of the location of weather radars would be needed. The Secretary-General was requested to keep Members informed of the development and the capabilities of the planned geostationary meteorological satellite system so that appropriate action for the full use of these capabilities can be taken by the Members in the areas affected by tropical cyclones. 4.4.6 The Association noted with appreciation the action of the Secretary- General to establish collaboration with the United Nations Disaster Relief Office (UNDRO) and the League of Red Cross Societies; also that WMO had conducted a survey -of the south-west Indian Ocean area regarding meteorological and hydrological ser vices and the disaster planning and community preparedness amongst the Member coun tries. The Association wished to express its appreciation to Mr. E. Davy and Mr. V. J. Rowe for carrying out these surveys in such an excellent manner. 4.4.7 As regards follow-up action, the Association decided to request the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps with the United Nations Development Programme for a regional training seminar on tropical cyclone forecasting, with particular emphasis on the interpretation of satellite data for this purpose. The appropriate action is recorded under agenda item 7. 4.4.8 The Association agreed to re-establish the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean as a working group of RA I and requested the president of RA I to take the necessary' steps so that this group can meet at least twice in the next four years. Resolution 13 (VI-RA I) was adopted. 4.4.9 It was felt that the action proposed with regard to the occurrence of tropical cyclones in the Horn of Africa should be jointly studied between RA I and RA II. Therefore, the Association requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with the presidents of regional associations concerned, to ascertain the views of Members in this area as to the need for setting up a tropical cyclone committee, or whether this area should also be covered by the WMO/ECAFE Tropical Cyclone Committee. 5. PROGRAMME ON EDUCATION, TRAINING AND RESEA~CH - REGIONAL A.SPECTS (Agenda item 5) 5.1 Education and Training (Agenda item 5.1) 5.1.1 , The Association reviewed the progress of education and training activities in the African Region in the light of its earlier recommendatillnscontained in Resolu tion 36 (V-RA 1) and. the conclusions of the Conference' on Meteorological. tducation ~lnd Traininl;! in Developing ,Countrie.s in Africa held in Algiers in 1970, as well as the prOgress achieved at the Regional Met~orolo.gic.al Traini.ng Centr~s in Africa. GENERAL SUMMARY 23 5.1.2 This conference was held in direct response to Resolution 36 (V-RA I). Its main purpose was to provide a forum for discussion of the problems relating to the education and training of meteorological personnel in Africa. Some 50 participants from 26 African countries attended. Representatives from ECA, FAO, UNDP and Unesco wera also present. 5.1.3 Among the items discussed were: the various categories of personnel to be trained; training facilities in Africa; means of attracting youhg people into the meteorological profession; the impact on training of advances in the science of meteo rology; and the role of universities in the education and training of meteorological personnel. 5.1.4 The main conclusions of the conference were summarized as follows: (a) The "Plan for the development of meteorological training in Africa" required considerable revision in the light of recent developments in meteorological science; (b) There is an urgent need for regional facilities for training French speaking Class II personnel in Africa; (c) A UNDP inter-country project for Africa, similar to that approved for Latin America, under which fellowships can be offered to students fur study within the Region, would be of great assistance·to African countries. 5.1.5 The Association noted that the proceedings of the conference had been published in both English and French and agreed that the conference had been most successful in achieving its objectives. 5.1.6 The Association fully endorsed the main conclusions of .the conference and its decisions thereon are incorporated in Resolutions 14, 33 and 34 (VI-RA I). Pro~ress achieved at the Regional Met~orol~gical Training Ceptres in Africa ------~------5.1.7 The Association noted with satisfaction that the regional centres were continuing to operate successfully and that in several cases the course programmes had been expanded and revised to meet the specific needs of Members of the Region. 5.1.8 It noted that the present network of Regional Meteorological Training Centres In Africa comprises the following: East African Institute for Meteorological Training and Research, Nairobi, Kenya Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Lagos, Nigeria Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Kinshasa, Zaire 24 GENERAL SUMMARY Regional Cent~~ for Training Meteorologital In~truments Specialists, Cairo, Arab Repuplic of Egypt Ecole africaine de la M6t60rologie et de l'Aviation Civile, Niamey, Niger. 5.1.9 This institute was established by the East African Community with the co operation of WMO and the assistance of UNDP. It combines the two regional projects the training of Class I meteorological personnel at the University of Nairobi and Class II training at the Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Nairobi. 5.1.10 At the University of Nairobi, the meteorological training progremme has been greatly expanded. In addition to the original postgraduate diploma course, a new B.Sc. programme in meteorology has been introduced. Moreover, at the post graduate level, students can now pursue their studies for M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees. This has been made possible by the increasing demand for meteorological training at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. 5.1.11 At the centre component in Nairobi, two courses for Class II personnel are offered. The first of 12 months' duration accommodates students with secondary school education equivalent to GCE (Advanced level) qualifications in mathematics and physics. The second, of 26 months' duration, is designed for students with secondary school education equivalent to GCE (Ordinary level) qualifications in mathematics and physics. 5.1.12 Under both components, introductory courses in hydrology and agricultural meteorology are given to students, this again in response to Resolution 36 (V-RA I). Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Lagos, Nigeria ------~------5.1.13 As at the centre component in Nairobi, two courses for Class II personnel are provided, the first of 12 months for candidates with GCE ("A" level) qualifications, and the second of 24 months for students with GCE ("0" level) qualifications. 5.1.14 This centre was established in 1964 and the entire UNDP assistance to the project will terminate in January 1974. Up to July 1971, the centre trained 38 Class II, 55 Class III and 157 Class IV personnel. These figures included students from Rwanda . (4) and Togo (1). Since July 1971 all students trained have been Zaire nationals. ~~9~~!:!~1_'::!~!:!~?::~_£~?::_I?::~~!:!~!:!9_lj~~~~?::~b~9~£~L!!:!~~?::~!!!~!:!~ ~_~E~£~~b~~~~J.._~9.~?::~L_6E~~ ~~E~~b~£_~f_~~~2! 5.1.15 The twe~tieth session of the Executive Committee (1968) officially designated Cairo as a regional centre for training instruments specialists. The courses currently offered by the Cairo ~entre are as follows: GENERAL SUMMARY 25 Course of instruments specialist (duration 12 months) Course of mechanics technician (A) (d uration 6 months) Course of mechanics technician (B) (d uration 3 months) Course of electronics technician (A) (duration 6 months) .Course of electronics technician (B) ( duration 3 months) Details of these and other courses offered by the Egyptian Meteorological Authority have been distributed to English-speaking Members of the Region. 5.1.16 The Association was pleased to note that a number of Members had already sent their instruments technicians for training in the centre in Cairo and it expressed its appreciation to the Government of ihe Arab Republic of Egypt for provIding this facility for all Members in Africa. Considering the fact that different types of equip ment are used in the diff~rent services, ~he Association considered it essential that-the ReBio~al Training Cintre i~ Cairo should 5e equipped for training purposes with all typ~s of equipment in u~e ,in Africa and it recommended that if any assistance should be required by Egypt foi: thIs purpose, efforts should be made to provide it through UNDP. Ecole africaine de la Meteorologie et de l'Aviation Civile, Niamey, Niger ------.-.;....;..----.:..------5.1.17 'The African School of Meteorology and Civil Aviation was founded in 1962 by ASECNA. One of its functions is to train Class III meteorological personnel (Adjoints techniques de la meteorologie). Both basic and advanced training is pro vided and more recently courses for Class III agrometeorological personnel have been introduced. ______Hydr:ometeorological Institute for TraininQ and Research_ L ______:Oran, Algeria _ 5.1.18 The Association was happy to note that in addition to the above regional facilities the Algerian Government/in co-operation with WMO and with the assistance of UNDP, had set up in November 1969 a Hydrometeorological Institute for Training and Research in Oran, Algeria. The purpose of the institute is to train meteorological personnel of all categories. The courses are based on the syllabi contained in the WMO "Guidelines for the education and training of meteorological personnel" (WMO No. 258.TP.144). The training courses offered include: Training of state meteorological engineers (Class I) - duration two years Training of practical meteorological engineers (Class II) - duration three years Training of Class III meteorologists (technici~n de la meteorologie) - duration 16 months Trairiing of Class III specialists of meteorological instruments - duration 22 months 26 GENERAL SUMMARY Training of Class IVrneteorologists (Aide-technicien de la meteoro logie) - duration one year. 5.1.19 Specializations are also available to students in various fields including numerical weather prediction, climatology, agrometeorology and hydr~meteorology. All courses are open to students from other African countries. 5.1.20 The Association expressed the view that it would be highly desirable to recogni~e the Institute in Oran as a Regional Meteorological Training Centre. The Secretary-General was requested to take the necessary action. 5.1.21 While taking note of the training facilities and activities described above, the Association wished to place on record its appreciation to the host govern ments concerned for their support for the functioning of the training facilities in their countries. 5.1.22 As regards regional facilities for training French-speaking Class II personnel (paragraph 5.1.4 above), the Association noted with interest the information provided by the Secretariat that the Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauritienne (OCAM) was considering the establishment under its aegis, of a training centre for French-speaking Class II meteorological personnel with the advice of WMO and the assistance of the UNDP. The Association hoped that this proposal would ultimately materialize and thereby partially satisfy the requirement for training of French speaking personnel. In this connexio~the representative of ICAO informed the Association that his organization would support the establishment of such a centre in accordance with the recommendations of the fifth session of the AFI/RAN meeting (Rome, January 1973) as expressed in paragraph 16.5.4 of the report of that session. 5.1.23 The Association wished also to underline the importance of providing facilities for Class I training for French-speaking students in Africa.· It requested the Secretary-General to provide all necessary advice and assistance in the furtherance of lhls eventuality. The Association's decision on this subject is recorded in Resolution 33 (VI-RA I). 5.1.24 Taking into account the fact that many Members of the Region were not able to make use of the training facilities available in Africa due to the lack of the necessary national financial resources or fellowships, the Association urged that assistance for this purpose should be obtained from UNDP in the form of a project con sisting of fellowships only, similar to the project which is already in operation in Latin America. The Association's decision on this subject was recorded in Resolu- tion 34 (VI-RA 1).- 5.1.25 In this connexion,the Association expressed its appreciation to the Government of Sweden for having made available to WMO some fellowships to be awarded to candidates from African c~untries for training in the institutions in Nairobi, and appealed to other donor Members of WMO to offer similar fellowships. Members of the Association were urged to make !I1.axim.um l!se oL-.S-uch fellowships. GENERAL SUMMARY 27 'lex~s}.;..o;...':.._o_f __ -t:..h_e_:~!~~..f_O! __ t_~e __ d..;.e_v_e_l_op_m_e_n ..t_oJ __ m_e_-t:..e_o!_0.:...15 . .;c!.Lc_c:l __ ~r_aJ_n_i_n_9.....:...i_n_!-_~r_i_c_a~' 5.1.26 Having riwi;ewed the existing training facilities in the Region, the Association agreed that'any revision of the plan~ referred to in paragraph 5.1.4 above should take into consideration: (a) The existing regional training facilities; (b) The need for facilities for training Class I and Class II French-speaking students; (c) The need for training in specialized fields; (d) The results of a comprehensive survey of training facilities in the Region; (e) The recommendation of the Technical Conference on Hydrology and Hydro meteorology in the Economic Development of Africa (Addis Ababa, 1971) that the existing and planned WHO training centres should also provide facilities and courses for training hydrologists .and hydrometeorologists .. 5.1.27 It was also pointed out that one of the main purposes of the revision of the plan' was to include provision for training personnel in specialized meteoro logical fields such as agrometeorology, operational hydrology, meteorological tele communication~ and the applications of meteorology to economic development. Although basic courses in the first two of these subjects had already been introduced into the programmes at the regional centres at Nairobi and Lagos, courses in the latter two had necessitated first the development of appropriate course syllab~. The Association was pleased to note that these syllabi would soon be published and expressed the hope that courses on the~e subjects would soon be available. 5.1.28 The Association formulated its directives concerning the rev~s~on of the existirig ''Plan for the development of meteorological training in Africa", as recorded in Resolution 14 (VI-RA. I). Training materials ------~------~ 5.1.29 The fifth session of the Association pointed out that one of the major diffi€ulties facing training schools in Africa was the lack of training aids and materials. The Organization had therefore embarked on a project to make these avail able and already a number of compendia of lecture notes, as well as synoptic chart sequences for training purposes, had been published. These include: Problem. workbook fo+ the training of Class III meteorological personnel (WMO - No.223.TP.118) English and French .. Problems in dynamic meteorology (WHO - No.261.TP.146) English Synoptic chart sequences for training purposes - English Compendium of lecture notes for.training Class IV meteorological personnel (2 vols.) (Wf'10 - No .266. TP .150) English and French 28 GENERAl,. SUMMARY Compendium of lectur~ QQtes for training Class III meteorological personnel (WMO - No.291) - English and French Compendium of lecture notes in 'climatology for Class IV meteorological personnel (WMO - No. 327) - English and French Compendium of lect~re.n~tes in climatolo~y. for Class III meteoro logical personnel ~WMO - No. 33!» - Enghsh and French. S.1.30 The following publications were also under preparation: tompendiu~ of lecture notes for training Class II meteorological personnel Compendium of lecture notes in agrometeorology for Class III meteoro logical .personnel Compendium of lecture note; on the appiication of meteorology to economicdevelqpm~nt 5.1.31 The Association requested the Secretary-General toexploit.fully the potentiality of GATE in yielding traIning material and aids. 5.1.32 The Ass~ciation noted the need expressed by the representative of the League of Arab States to have the training materials published in the Arabic language. )(i:'abic versions would great~y facilitate the training of observers ~n .Arab countr.i.es _ which operate a considerable number of observing stations in the. Region .. 5.1. 33 In this contex.t, the Association was very" pleased to learn that the Egyptian Meteorological Authority had translated into Arabic the "Problem workbook for Class III meteorological personnel",' copies of whTch Iiad been sent to Arab-speaking countries. It was also noted with great satisfacti~n th~t the "Compendium of lect~re notes for training Class IV meteorological personnel" was also being translated into Arabic. The Association wished to put on record its gratitude for the action taken by the Egyptian Meteorological Authority in this regard.' The Association requested the Secretary-General to-encourage the pub1icati'on of fU!'ther training matefiai"s in nationol languages wh~n~ver Members·ttanslate them. 5.1.34 The Association noted R~commendations 17 and 18 (CMM-VI) concerning training in marine meteorology and assistance intended to encourage training in marine meteorology in the developing countries. The Association wished to support these recommendations. 5.1.35 The Association wished to put on record its appreciation to the United Nations Development Programme and to the Secretary-General for their efforts ~n p~omoting m'eteor010~gicaleducation and training in Africa. GENERAL SUMMARY 29 5.2 Atmospheric radiation and ozone (Agenda item 5.2) 5.2.1 Atmospheric radJati<;>n 5.2.1.1 The Association noted with great appreciation the report of the chairman of the RA I Working Group on Radiation, (Mr.M. Ayadi, (T~nisia)), established by Resolution 23 (V-RA I). 5.2.1.2 The Association expressed its satisfaction with the information given in the chairman's report on the radiation networks in Africa. It con·sidered radiatron data of vital importance for economic development, in particular in the fields of a.gr·iclll ture, engineering, use of water resources/as well as the use of solar energy for domestic and industrial purposes. To this end, the Association invited its Members to continue their efforts to establish and maintain national radiation networks in their respective countries and to make maximum possible use of such observations for the benefit of the national economic development. Resolution 15 (VI-RA I) was adopted accord ingly. 5.2.1.3 In compliance with its Resolution 20 (V-RA I), the Association examined the information on the facilities and activities of the regional radiation centres at Khartoum/Shambat (Sudan), Kinshasa/Binza (Zaire), Tamanrasset (Algeria) and Tunis/Sidi Bou-Said (Tunisia) cis submitted by the Members responsible for these centres. The Association considered that the situation at these centres is satis facto~yand meets almost the relevant specifications as given in paragraph 9.2.7.3 of the WMO Guide to·Meteorological·Instruments and Observing Practices •. . . 5.2.1.4 The Association examined further the network of. regional radiation centres in the Region and noted with appreciation the offer of the Egyptian Delegation to establish such a centre at Cairo which would meet the WMO specification referred to in the previous paragraph. It decided to include the Cairo centre amongst the re gional radiation centres for Region I and adopted Resolution - 16: (VI-RA I) accord ingly. 5.2.1.5 In this connexion, the Association noted with interest the information given by the Delegation of Niger about the development of the radiation centre at Niamey and the plans to bring it up to the standard of regional radiation centres. 5.2.1.6 The Association discussed at length the subject of the comparison of radiometers in the Region which is essential to improve the quality of radiation measurements and obtain reliable regional radiation data. 5.2.1.7 In this connexion, the Association noted wi~h satisfaction that the re gional radiation centres in Africa participated in the ~hlrd WMO International Com parison of Regional Working Standard Pyrheliometers (Davos/Locarno 1970), and urged the Members concerned to participate in the fourth WMO International Pyrheliometers Comparison to be held at the World Radiation Centre, Davos, in 1975 as recommended by the sixth session of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (Helsinki, August 1973). 30 GENERAL SUMMARY 5.2.1.8 With regard to required comparison of the national standards, the Association noted with great concern that only very few Members of RA I had made the comparison of their national standard pyrheliometer against a regional standard. The Association therefore supported the proposal of the chairman of the RA I Working Group on Radiation for holding during 1975 or 1976 a regional meeting for the com parison of the national standard pyrheliometers in Africa against regional standard pyrheliometers as envisaged in Resolution 23 (EC-XXII). The Association also con sidered it desirable that Members should compare regularly the pyrheliometers used in their national networks against the national standard pyrheliometers. 5.2.1.9 The decision of the Association on the subject of the comparison of radiometers is given in Resolution 17(Vr-RA I). 5.2.1.10 The Association noted with satisfaction that its Members who make radia- tion measurements are complying with Resolution 31 (EC-XVIII) and send their relevant radiation data to the centre in Leningrad (U.S.S.R.) which is responsible for pub lishing the WMO-sponsored publication "Solar radiation and radiation balance data (The world network)". The Association decided, therefore, not to keep in force its Resolution 22 (V-RA I). 5.2.1.11 The Association agreed to re-establish its Wbrking Group on Radiation and adopted Resolution 18 (VI-RA I) accordingly. In this connexion, the working group was entrusted with the task of setting up the criteria for regional comparison of national standard pyrheliometers mentioned in paragraph 5.2.1.8 above. 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 The Association was informed of the implementation of Resolution 24 (V-RA I) calling for the establishment of a number of ozone observing stations which would constitute a minimum network for Region I. It was realized that, at present, only three of the suggested twelve stations were actually carrying out observations, but it was encouraging to note also that a number of the other Members concerned in dicated that they have plans for establishing ozone observing stations as recommended. 5.2.2.2 The Association was informed, with pleasure, of the plan of Nigeria to establish 12 stations to make surface ozone measurements and one station at Lagos/ Oshodi to measure total ozone and its vertical distribution. The Association wel comed this information and decided to include Lagos/Oshodi in the minimum regional network of ozone for Region I (Africa). 5.2.2.3 The Association was also informed that, despite the success of satellite experiments in the determination of the total ozone content of the atmosphere and even of its vertical distribution, total ozone measurements taken from the ground using Dobson ozone spectrophotometers remain the basis of all accurate measurements of atmospheric ozone. They are indispensable for confirming ozone observations obtained from satellites and for checking the data obtained by ozonesondes. The network of ozone atations actually in operation in Region I is inadequate, even for the purpose of calibrating satellite data. GENERAL SUMMARY 31 5.2.2.4 In view of the great importance of accurate ozone data in problems of radiation balance in the atmosphere and of the general atmospheric circulation, the Association stressed the need of short-term fellowships to be made available for training of personnel working in the field of atmospheric ozone. It was also recom mended that, at a convenient occasion, a training seminar should be organized to explain not only the way of better maintenance, but also how. the ozone data could be better used in different projects. 5.2.2.5 Since measurements of the amount of ozone present at the Earth's surface give considerable insight into the transport properties and the composition of the atmosphere, and noting that the World Ozone Data Centre at Toronto is preparing to publish surface data in addition to data on total ozone and its vertical distribution, the Association decided to encourage the establishment (or continuation) at suitable locations (remote from sources of pollution) of a limited number of surface ozone measuring stations. 5.2.2.6 The need of calibration and standardization of the ozone measurements in the Region was discussed at length. The Association considered it of great import ance, even at this early stage of establishing its network, that good care should be taken for calibration, intercomparison and unification of the ozone measuring in struments. It was realized that within the Region, there should be at least one station to serve as a place for intercomparison of the instruments in the Region from time to time when considered necessary. 5.2.2.7 In this connexion, the Association was informed that by its Resolution 13 (EC-XII), the Executive Committee at its twelfth session (1960) invited the re gional associations to designate at least one of their ozone stations to function as regional standard for atmospheric ozone observations and ensure that each is suitably equipped for that purpose. 5.2.2.8 Furthermore, the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation recently recommended at its sixth session, (Helsinki, August 1973) that regional associations which have not yet designated a r.egional ozone centre should designate one or more such centres as soon as possible. It also recommended that such a centre should: (a) Be equipped with an ozone spectrophotometer which could serve as a regional standard; (b) Serve as a centre for comparison of ozone measuring instruments and have the necessary facilities and equipment necessary for this purpose; (c) Be supervised by a scientist with wide experience in ozone measure ment; (d) Undertake the training of specialists in ozone measurement. 5.2.2.9 The Association was also informed that the ozone centre in Cairo is well equipped and staffed to meet the requirements specified by CIMO-VI. It was there- 32 GENERAL SUMMARY fore decided to designate, as a first step, Cairo as a r.egional ozone centre to serve the Region. 5. 2~ 2.10 The decisions of the Association on this sub ject are given in Resolution 19 (VI-RA I). 5.3 heric Research Pro ramme and its Atlantic Tro ical Agenda item 5.3 5.3.1 The Association was informed of progress in?planning the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) which is scheduled to commence in 1977 and to last for one year, the outline of which is given in GARP Publication Series No. 11. It was noted that upper wind measurements in the tropics (20oN-20oS) were of great importance in achieving the objectives of the Experiment and the need was re-emphasized for making special efforts to ensure that the regional basic network of the WWW Global Observing System was completed especially in the equatorial belt (lOON-lOoS) where such measurements were particularly critical. 5.3.2 The Association was also informed about the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) which will be carried out during one of the Special Observing Periods (May-June 1977) during the First GARP Global Experiment. For the further planning of this experiment, theGARP Joint Organizing Committee (JOC) has emphasized the desirability that a study group meeting be held in the spring of 1974 with experts from as many countries as possible in the general monsoon area (e.g. countries in East Africa, the Arabian Pen insula, all of southern Asia, Australia and countries in the east central Pacific). 5.3.3 The Association invited the Members concerned to explore in what way they could participate and contribute to this GARP experiment and requested the Secretary General to keep Members informed of the progress of these plans. 5.3.4 As regards the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), the Association noted with appreciation an offer by the Ivory Coast to provide a ship for use in the experiment if the windfinding facilities could be supplied by another Member and re quested the Secretary-General to give every possible help in this respect. 5.3.5 In response to a query, the Association was informed that tests had shown that the accuracy of windfinding using the OMEGA navigational system (which is an alternative to the costly installation of stabilized radars on board ships) fell off rapidly south of the Equator. Thus the planned A-scale ship observing network did not extend into the southern h.emisphere. 5.3.6 The implementation of the land-based station network and the telecommunica- tion system were discussed under agenda item 4 dealing with the World Weather Watch. 5.3.7 The Association recognized that vast amounts of data would become available as a result of GATE, and that these data would be of great potential benefit to the Meteorological Services of Members, particularly those in the GATE area. It was there fore recommended that provision be made for a series of training seminars or workshops following the experiment which would be aimed at helping the personnel of these Meteo rological Services to apply in an appropriate fashion, both the data themselves and GENERAL SUMMARY 33 the results of research carried out elsewhere in studies of problems of particular interest to their own countries. In addition facilities should be arranged for some scientists in developing countries to participate in the more extensive GATE research activities which will take place at various advanced research centre~. The Secretary General was requested to make careful preparations for implementing these recommenda tions. 5.3.8 In this connexion, the Association considered that the GATE data, both real time and non-real time, should be made available to the Members of the Association if so requested. To this effect, the Association requested the Secretary-General to take the necessary measures to ensure that Members would get the requested real-time data on the GTS and the requested non-real time data after the experiment. 6. PROGRAMME ON THE INTERACTION OF MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT - REGIONAL ASPECTS (Agenda item 6) 6.1 Climatology (Age~da item 6.1) 6.1.1 6.1.1.1 The Association noted with appreciation the comprehensive report of the Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas for Region I (Africa), Dr. M. S. Harb (Arab Republic of Egypt~ on the necessity to revise the existing Climatological Atlas for Africa, published in 1961 as a joint project of the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa, South of the Sahara/Scientific Council of Africa, South of the Sahara (CCTA/CSA) with the collaboration and assistance of RA I. 6.1.1.2 It was recognized that since the' production of this atlas in 1961, more adequate climatological data, with a better distribution and greater reliability had become available in many parts of the Region. In addition, a revision, in conformity with the WMO specifications for climatic maps, as given in the Guide to Climatological ,Pr~ctice~; would qualify it to be an integrated part of the World Climatic Atlas. 6.1.1.3 It was also stressed that there is an increasing need for reliable regional climatic maps for Africa, not only for scientific purposes, but also to meet the pressing requirements for development activities in the various sectors of economic development. 6.1.1.4 The Association agreed, therefore, that a revised atlas for Region-~~frica) should be prepared in accordance with the specifications laid down by WMO for that purpose. 6.1.1.5 The Association agreed with the proposal of the rapporteur that the rev~s~on of the maps in the existing atlas and/or the preparation of additional maps should be undertaken in the following sequence: First set: Maps of mean monthly and annual temperature and precipitation Map of mean annual range of temperature Maps of extremes of temperature. 34 GENERAL SUMMARY Second set: Maps of mean monthly and annual amounts of cloud Maps of mean monthly and annual vapour pressure Maps of mean monthly and annual atmospheric pressure with wind roses for selected stations. Third set: Maps of mean monthly and annual sunshine duration Maps of mean monthly and annual number of days with precipitation~ 1.0mm and ~lO.Omm, respectively Maps of other parameters, as required. 6.1.1.6 In this connexion, the Association decided to reappoint Dr. M. S. Harb (Arab Republic of Egypt) as Rapporteur on the Revision of the Climatic Atlas for Region I (Africa). 6.1.1. 7 The Association considered that action should be taken, as soon as possible, to start the preparation of the first set of maps in accordance with the following plan: (a) To determine the basic climatological network required for the preparation of the revised or additional regional climatic maps; (b) To request the Sectetary-General to collect the required clima tological data from the Members concerned in the appropriate forms; (c) To request the Secretary-General, in consultation with the president of the Association and the rapporteur, to prepare a detailed project for scrutinizing of data, processing the data, as necessary, drawing and printing the mapso 6.1.1.8 To implement stage (c) of the plan mentioned in the previous paragraph, the Association requested the Secretary-General to investigate ways and means for appro priate collaboration with ECA, UNDP and Unesco. In this connexion, the Association considered that high priority should be given to any inter-country project that might be formulated for this purpose. 6.1.1.9 As regards the second and third sets of climatological maps mentioned in paragraph 6.1.1.5 above, the Association authorized its president to approve, in consultation with the Secretary-General and the rapporteur, the plans for their preparation in the light of the experience to be gained in preparing the first set of climatological maps. 6.1.1.10 The decisions of th~ Association on this subject are given in Resolu~ tion 20 (VI-RA I). 6.1.1.11 The Association further decided that its Rapporteur on the Revision of the Climatic Atlas should represent it on the CoSAMC Working. Group on Climatic Atlases. 6.1.2 Network------of reference climatological stations 6.1.2.1 In compliance with Resolution 27 (V-RA 1), Members had been invited to sub mit the list of their reference climatological stations to the Secretariat, with a- GENERAL SUMMARY 35 view to circulating the information to all concerned. The Association noted that considerable difficulties had been experienced in interpreting the existing defini tion of a reference climatological station and, during the discussion, problems relating to desirable density, siting criteria and homogeneity of observations were mentioned. 6.1.2.2 The Association therefore invited its president to refer the matter to the Commission for Special Applications of Meteorology and Climatology (CoSAMC) at its next session for further clarification. It also requested the Secretary-General to inform Members of RA I of any further guidance developed by CoSAMC, which would facilitate the selection of their reference climatological stations. 6.1.2.3 It was suggested that the network of CLIMAT stations could be considered as a basis for the compilation of the list of climatological reference stations in RA I. 6.1.2.4 The decisions of the Association on this subject are given in Resolution 21 (VI-RA I). 6.1.3 ------Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Region 6.1.3.1, The Association reviewed the network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations. While recognizing that, by applying He density criteria for the CLIMAT and CLIMAi iEMP reporting station~ as given in theOWMO Technical Regulations~ 121 CLIMAT and 30 CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations would meet the requirements for a regional network for the continent of Africa, it took note of the necessity not to overload the GTS circuits by keeping the network at its present level. The Association was of the opinion that for these reasons only a selection of stations in this network should be retained in a revised regional network. 6.1.3.2 On the other hand, a majority of Members of the Association expressed their concern at the possible loss of valuable climatological data that might result from the necessary selection. It was agreed that provisionally the network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations should be kept as it is at present, that a selection of stations based on the recommended geographical distribution would continue to transmit their messages on the GTS circuits and that the remaining stations would send their messages only by mail. 0.1.3.3 The Association was cognizant that in addition to the aerial distribution criteria, the choice of these stations had to be governed by considerations of long series of climatological records, as well as characteristic climatic conditions. As it was evidently impossible to perform such a selection at the session, the Association decided to appoint a rapporteur with the task of recommending a revised network established in close co-operation with all Members of RA I, the Secretariat and the ~ditor of the Monthly Climatic Data for the World. 6.1.3.4 The decisions of the Association on this subject are included in Resolution 22 (VI":'RA I). 6.1.4 Catalogue of climatological stations The Association was informed of the increasing need for information about the existence of climatological meteorological data for various application purposes. 36 GENERAL SUMMARY The Association recognized that to meet the needs, it would be useful for Members to have available an inventory of climatological stations of the different categories. The information to be included could be based on the up-to-date directories of clima tological stations which, in co~formity with the Technical RegulcitiQns, each Member shouid maintain for its territory. The Association accordingly requested the Secretary General to consider the possibility of compiling such an_~nventory. 6.1.5 ~~'!!.i'l'l~_~'lJi~ci~~'lJi~!h.~cil!._'l'lci_s 6.1.5.2 The Association gave its full support to the conclusion that Meteorological Services in Africa should introduce, if this had not already been done, modern methods and equipment, suth as electro-m~ch~nibal machines and electronic computers for clima tological data processing. To this end, the Association adopted Resolution 23 (VI-RA I). 6.1.5.3 The Association agreed to recommend that the Commission for Special Applica tions of Meteorology and Climatology should consider the requirement for publications on statistical forecasting and scrutinizing of climatological data. 6.1.5.4 The Association stressed the need for the study of extreme climatological conditions, particularly those affecting national economy. In this connexion, it was noted with appreciation that the Commission for Special Applications of Meteorology and Climatology and the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences would contribute to the development of a long-term plan for the study of such phenomena as the exceptional drought in the Sudano-Sahelian zone, and related problems of climatological prediction. 6.2 Operational hydrology 6.2.1 The Association considered under this item the report of the RA I Working Group -on Hydrometeorology, presented by the working group's chairman, Mr. E. 0-. Adubifa (Niger'ia). Besides initiating a number of activities included in its terms of re ference and covering a wide field in operational hydrology of the Region through col lection and analysis of inform~tion and data from Members, the working group iden tified problems requiring further action, thus facilitating the preparation of the programme of work for tne implementation of vadous recommenaatTons submitted- by the working group for the Association's consideration. The Association endorsed the report of the working group and expressed its appreciation to the chairman and members for accomplishing its assignments satisfactorily and-effectively. 6.2.2 The Association noted with satisfaction that, in accordance with its Resolution 43 (V-RA I), a Technical Conference on Hydrology and Hydrometeorology for the Economic Development of Africa was held in Addis Ababa from 13 to 23 September 1971. Seveial of the recom~endations of the tonference ~ere i~cluded in the report-of the working group. In_addition to recommendations considered by the Association as in dicated below, some of the recommendations, in view of their importance, were included in Resolution 24 (VI-RA I). GENERAL SUMMARY 37 6.2.3 The Association noted that there is a need in the Region for facilities for the repair and calibration of hydrological instruments. It invited the Members to take appropriate steps to satisfy this need in connexion with the regional centres for comparison and calibration of meteorological instruments (see paragraph 4.1.8.2 above and Resolution 6(Vi-RA I). 6.2.4 In this connexion,the Association noted with great appreciation the offer by Upper Volta to set up a hydrological instrument repair and calibration centre in Ouagadougou in co-operation with WMO, and requested the Secretary-General to consider appropriate steps to promote this project. 6.2.5 The Association noted that the results obtained by the Piche atmometer for the measurement of evaporation for hydrological purposes were very unsatisfactory, and requested the president to arrange that appropriate WMO technical commissions state clearly the advisability of the continued use of th~ Piche atmometer. for these purposes. 6.2.6 The Association noted the need for close co-ordination between national Hydrological and Meteorological Services in operational hydrological forecasting and warning systems. It therefore agreed with the suggestion of the working'_gr9~p that it would be convenient to have in each country concerned one team composed of experts from various disciplines responsible for real-time hydrological forecasting. All relevant data and funds could be pooled in this unit, established within the agency responsible for such services. 6.2d7 In this connexion the Association noted that a good practical arrangement which had proved very profitabl~ in some countries is to second experts as and when needed from one service to the other. Q~~~~~~!~~~~_!~~~~~~!!~~~L_e~~c~!sing and storage of hydrolo~ical data ------6.2.8 The Association endorsed the approach adopted by the working group to carry out case studies in specific regions in order to define priorities of operational hydrology for which the use of WWW facilities could prove efficient and economical. Accordingly the Association agreed that: (a) Members should be invited to make available to the Hydrological Services facilities in NMCs; (b) Members of the Association sharing international river basins should study their requirements to make maximum use of the WWW facilities in order to obtain the hydrological and meteorological information required for hydrological forecasting and warnings; (c) The countries of the Region should consider the possibilities of using facilities provided by the Regional Meteorological Centres of WWW for the processing of hydrological data. 38 GENERAL SUMMARY 6.2.9 In connexion with (b) above specific action was taken under agenda item 4.2 (see paragraph 4.2.2.2 above and Resolution 8 (VI-RA I). ~~~:~!~~!~~!_~~~~_~i_!~:_~:~!~~ 6.2.10 The Association concurred with the views of the working group that if hydrological maps were to serve any practical purpose they would have to be prepared on a fairly large scale, not less than I : 2,000,000 (37 sheets to cover the continent). It considered that to undertake such a project would be extremely difficult at present and beyond the financial capabilities of WMO. It agreed, however, that small-scale maps, which should be published as part of the Climatic Atlas or separately, should be prepared according to the priorities indicated below: First priority 1. Mean actual evaporation (by water balance method) 2. Annual surface runoff Second priori ty 1. Annual precipitation variability 2. Global annual radiation 3. Precipitable atmospheric water 4. Rainfall intensity frequency 5. Drought duration and frequency. 6.2.11 In order to facilitate network design on a regional basis, the Associa- tion agreed that Members should prepare maps of hydrological station networks on the scale recommended by the WMO Secretariat. 6.2.12 The Association agreed that the shortage of suitably trained personnel was a major reason for the unsatisfactory operation of existing hydrological networks in the Region. It stressed the importance and need for the training of hydrological personnel, particularly at the sub-professional level. In this connexion, the Association expressed the view that the existing and planned permanent WMO training centres should also provide facilities and courses for training hydrologists and hydrometeorologists (see paragraph 5.1.26 above and Resol-ution 14 (VI-RA I). 6.2.13 The Association noted that the UN ECA had incorporated in its own pro- gramme and had requested WMO collaboration in the implementation of the proposed following seminars: (a) A seminar in 1974 for senior personnel on the utiliza_tion of meteorological data and meteorological forecasts for hydro logical purposes and the \echniques of information transfer and hydrological network design; GENERAL SUMMARY 39 (b) A seminar for middle-grade personnel in the last quarter of 1976 on hydrological instruments and methods of observation and applica tion of WMO standard practices in operational hydrology. In this connexion, the Association noted with appreciation the generous offer of Upper Volta to host the seminar under ( b) above (see Resolution 35 (VI-RA I)). 6.2.14 The Association expressed its appreciation that WMO was sponsoring the postgraduate courses in operational and applied hydrology for French-speaking specialists in the Polytechnic University, Lausanne, Switzerland, in which many experts from French-speaking countries of Africa participate. It recommended to the Secretary-General to consider the possibility of similar courses, particularly for sub-professional personnel, to be sponsored by WMO in Africa. ------Droughts 6.2.15 A number of delegates pointed out the importance of hydrological observa- tions and data in the assessment and forecasting of droughts, especially on a short term operational basis, and hoped that hydrological aspects would be studied in the WMO programme on droughts in the Sudano-Sahelian and other regions of Africa. Co-operation between countries with common hydrological problems, and international ~~:~e~~~!!~~------ 6.2.16 In compliance with Resolution 42 (V-RA I) a hydrometeorologist was seconded by WMO to the ECA. The Association noted that, besides the preparation of plans for the planning and development of hydrological and hydrometeorological networks in Africa, the hydrometeorologist had assisted a number of countries in developing their Hydrological Services. His collaboration with the Association's working gro p has been of particular importance. 6.2.17 The Association, in general, agreed with the plan of action submitted by the WMO hydrometeorologist for carrying out his assignments -(se~ Annex V to this ~eport). It noted that- the plan include~ shori~~ medium- and long-t~r~ ~easures. 6.2.18 The Association was informed that WMO is co-operating with various inter- national bodies in Africa, in particular with the Comite interafricain d'etudes hydrauliques (CIEH) which had formally decided to establish a working agreement with WMO. Similarly WMO co-operation had recently been sought by the~Niger River Commission. The Association fully endorsed this co':'operation -an-d requested the Secretary-General to consider the conclusion of working arrangements with these and other similar'bodies in Africa. 6.2.19 The Association noted with con.cern that the delegations of Members to the present session included very few experts from their Hydrological Services. In order to discuss satisfactorily the regional problems related to operational hydrology, it was considered that Members should ensure, as appropriate, representation of national agencies responsible for Hydrological Services in their delegations to the Regional Association in the spirit of Resolution 12 (Cg-VI). Such a step would also help to institute practical co-operation and mutual understanding between the Hydrological 40 GENERAL SUMMARY and Meteoroiogical Services in the Region. 6.2.20 In view of the successful development of regional activities in opera- tional hydrology by the working group appointed at the fifth session of RA I and in view of several tasks that are to be carried out in the future,the Association establi'shed the Working Group on Operatio'nal Hydrology by its Resolution 24 (VI-RA 1). 6.3 Applications of meteorology and climatology to agriculture, aviation ocean. activities environmental ollution and other human activities Agenda item 6.3) 6.3.1 General 6.3.1.1 The Association was aware of the fact that, at present, the main pre- occupation of the African Governments was the management, exploitation and conserva tion of natural resources particularly vegetation, water, marine and energy ~~ sources. In this connexion, it was recognized that climate is one of the basic factors to be considered in the development of other natural resources and that climate has an all-prevailing effect on almQst all of man's activities. 6.3.1.2 The Association reiterated its view that weather and climate information was Q prerequisite for sound short-term and long-term planning of socio-economic development and for the rational exploitation of natural resources on a scientific basis. 6.3.103 The Association stressed its considered view that the Meteorological Services in Africa should pursue end strengthen their activities to further the application of meteorology to the socio-economic development of their countries ond to the related environmental problems. 6.3.1.4 In this connexion, the Association considered: (a) That the national Meteorological Services should be developed and geared to serve the socio-economic development of their countries as discussed under agenda item 8; (b) That more attention be given to the essential requirements for climatological data which constitute a basic resource for the national economy of any country; (c) There is a need to organize in Africa a regional ~eminar on the application of meteorology and climatology for socio-economic development and the human environmental problems (see Resolu tion 35 (VI-RA I). 6.3.1.5 To this effect, the Association adopted Resolution 25 (VI-RA I). 6.3.2 ,Applications to aaricul ture ------6.3.201 ~he As~ociation noted with interest the progress made by the Meteorologi- cal Services 1n the1r e~forts to further the application of meteorology to agriculture in pursuance of Resoluhon 31 (V-Rt I) and Resolution 15 (Cg-vI). GENERAL SUMMARY 41 6.3.2.2 It was stressed that Members should ensure that collaboration should be established at all levels between agrometeorological staff of the Meteorological Services and the agricultural authorities, including agriculture research institutes as well as between the WMO and FAO experts in any country in order to ensure maximum use of agrometeorological information and services. 6.3.2.3 The Association noted the difficulties encountered by some Members ~n establishing agrometeorological services in their countries and recommended: (a) That Members should request, where necessary, UNDP assistance in establishing national agrometeorological programmesin support of food production; particularly for the purpose of improving meteorological networks in food production as recommended by Resolution 15 (Cg-VI); (b) That a regional adviser in agricultural meteorology should be provided under the UNDP inter-country programme for a period of two to three years to give the necessary advice and assist ance on request to the Members as recommended by Resolution 36 (VI-RA I); (c) That more efforts be made to train different classes of agro meteorological personnel especially of category Class II as discussed under agenda item 5.1; (d) That the regional seminars or technical conferences be organized in Africa on the following subjects: (i) Application of agroclimatology in land-use planning and agriculture practices. This seminar to be held on the level of the whole Region as a follow-up of the Technical ConferenceS on Agroclimatology in the Semi-arid Areas in Africa, South of the Sahara (Dakar, 1971) and on Agro climatology of the highlands of Eastern Africa (Nairobi, 1973) ; (ii) Co-operation of meteorologists, agronomists and agricultural research experts in the development of agriculture. 6.3.2.4 The Association emphasized the increasing need of the application of meteorological and climatological information for planning land use and agricultural practices in the Region and in particular in marginal land areas which are frequently exposed to natural disasters of a meteorological origin such as droughts, floods an~ tropical cyclones,with the aim that the economy of these areas be adapted to the ecology. 6.3.2.5 In this connexion, the Association was informed of the close co-operation bet\-leen WMO an-d the Unesco "Man and the Biosphere" Programme which is compatible with the agrometeorological activities of WMO. The Association therefore recommended that the Meteorological Services should be represented on the National Committees for this programme. 42 GENERAL SUMMARY 6.3.2.6 The decisions of the Association on this subJect are given in Resolution 26.(VI:-RA I) •. 6.3.3 6.3.3.1 In the review of this subjectD. the Association affirmed that for many Members the provision of meteorological service to aviation contintied to be a very large part of their activities and either had provided, or, was providing. the base for the expansion of their services. The planning guidance given in Resolution 10 (EC-XXIV) - Future trends in the provision of meteorological service to aviation, was of value and more than adequately covered the needs of the Association over the next intersessional period. In particular, the Association stressed the importance of the increasing emphasis on the services needed at aerodromes and, in this respect noted the need for increasing automation of meteorological instruments and that these systems should be considered as forming part of the general operational equip ment. It also noted that there was a demand for an increasing amount of aeronautical climatological data for aerodromes for use in planning and in pollution studies. The foreseen increase in staff and the necessity for proper training, including flight experience, was considered as most important o 6.3.3.2 It was ·emp~asized tbatthe provision of meteorological service to aviation was costly and that any duplication of facilities shotild be avoided. In this respect. the action by the ICAO AFI Regional Air Navigation meeting earlier in the year calling for co-ordination of the planned Area Forecast System with the WWW was noted with ap preciation. 6.3.4 Ocean activities and marine meteorology 6.3.4.1 The Association noted with great interest the views of Sixth Congress and of the sixth session of the Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM) regarding the role of Meteorological Services in their marine meteorological function in support of the rapidly developing ocean activities. The realization 'hat such activities are a very significant element of the development of national economies having become a global feature of the sixties, the Association agreed that it was necessary for its maritime Members to take immediate steps to put Meteorological Services in a position to meet the gradually increasing requirements for data and services that will be expected from them. Such services, besides the traditional warnings for safety of life at sea include the provision of information on sea-surface conditions (e.g. temperature, waves) including statistical information essential for the efficient planning of ocean activities and related infrastru<::tures. 6.3.4.2 The Association also noted that the Commission for Marine Meteorology was preparing a Guide to the Marine Meteorological Services System and that it would contain highly useful guidance material for maritime developing countries. It therefore wished the early publication of the manual. 6.3.4.3 It also considered that the Members of the Association should be more and more in a position to take part in major international oceanic projects. In addition to increa.ed national resources to be invested to develop the marine meteo rological capabilities, the exi.ting potentials for iMternational support should be fully explored. GENERAL SUMMARY 43 6.3.4.4 The decisions of the Association on this subject are given in Resolutio~ 27 (VI-RA I). 6.3.4.5 The relevant regional telecommunication and training aspects of marine meteorology were deal~ with under agenda items 4.3 and 5.1 respectively. 6.3.5 ------Environmental pollution 6.3.5.1 The Association was informed of the decision of the different bodies of WMO concerning the establishment by Members of stations to measure background air pollution and the contribution to marine pollution monitoring. Particular reference was made to Resolution 12 (EC-XXII) which defines the programme for measuring background air pollution. 6.3.5.2 The Association noted that ten Members have established or are plan ning to establish 16 regional air pollution stationst while two Members have pro vided locations for establishing four baseline air pollution stations. 6.3.5.3 The Association was further informed that WMO had submitted a request to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for support for establishing background air pollution stations in developing countries by giving expert advice and equipment. 6.3.5.4 The Association agreed that Members should make every effort to es- tablish regional and baseline air pollution stations in their countries. To this end t they may request assistance from the Secretary-Generalt as necessarYt for expert . advice as well as for equipment through the WMO Voluntary Assistance Programme (VAP) or otherwise. The Association adopted Resolution 28 (VI-RA I) to this effect. ~aEi~e_P£llu!i~n_m£nit£rin~ 6.3.5.5 The Association noted with inter~st the work being carried out by WMO and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) in respect of marine pollution monitoring.witbin the framework of the Integrated Global Ocean Station System (IGOSS), ·a .system which, by decision of IOC and WMO governing bodies, is being planned jointly by IOC and WMO. It expressed the hope that when the Pilot Project on Marine Pollution Monitoring was approved and its implementation planning started, maritime countries in Africa would be put in a position to co-operate in the scheme. At this stage, the Association is particularly interested to partici pate in the pilot project through existing coastal meteorological observing stations. It also noted with interest the plans to convene training seminars directed to marine pollution monitoring activities, in particular oil and oil components. 6.3.5.6 The Association noted also with interest involvement of meteorological services in the nationally co-ordinated activities of some countries of the. Region in the field of marine pollution monitoring, and encouraged those Members who were not yet engaged in such projects to start taking, without delay, the preparatory steps that would permit the active participation of their Meteorological Services in the field of marine pollution monitoring. Accordingly, the Association approv ed'Resolution 29 (VI-RA I) on marine pollution monitoring. 44 GENERAL SUMMARY 6.3.6 ~Q=QQ~fQ!!QD_Q~!~~~D_DQ!!QD~!_~~!~Q!Q!Q9!£Q!_~~!Yi£~~_QD~_Q!b~E DQ!lQDQ1_Q9~D£~~~_lD_~D~lEQD~~D!Q!_EfQ~!~~~ 6.3.6.1 The Association was informed that the eleventh session of the Economic Commission for Africa (Accra, February 1973) recommended, by its Resolution 238 (XI), the establishment of national government machinery or commissions to co-ordinate the work of the various ministries whose portfolios encompass problems of the en vironment. 6.3.6.2 The Association considered that national Meteorological Services should be represented on such co-ordinating bodies when established due to the important role which meteorology could play in the different aspects of the en vironment as indicated in Resolution 25 (VI-RA I). 6.4 Meteorology in relation to social and economic development (Agenda item 6.4) 6.4.1 The Association was informed of the activities of the Executive Committee Panel of Experts on Meteorology and Economic and Social Development and noted with interest the intention of the panel to publish various guidance material regarding applications of meteorology. 6.4.2 The Association also noted with special interest the country case studies on cost/benefit relationship of meteorological services initiated by the panel. It stressed the desirability that experts having been actively engaged in the studies carried out in Switzerland and Hungary should participate and give advice in the studies to be carried out in Tunisia and Tanzania and, at a later stage, in any other Member country. 6.4.3 The Association agreed that the main problem with furthering the appli- cation of meteorology to economic development was to make governmental authorities and users aware of the economic benefit potentialities inherent in meteorological services. It was felt that the interview method for cost/benefit relationship studies to be developed through the above-mentioned country case studies would be very useful to Members both for their establishing of contacts with authorities and users and for assessing benefits of meteorological services in various sectors of the economy. The Secretary-General was requested to keep Members informed of any progress in developing methods for studies of cost/benefit relationships. In this connexion, the Association also noted that the establishment of national committees to give co~nsel-~o Meteorological Services and the issuing of national booklets on how meteorology is applied to economic ~evelopment would be a useful means of pro moting the establishment of contacts with authorities and users. 6.4.4 The Association was informed that since the first regional conference on the role of Meteorological Services in economic development in Africa, held in Ibadan (Nigeria) in 1968, such conferences had been or~anized successfully for Latin America in 1970 and Asia in 1973, in co-operation with the relevant UN Economic Commissions. 6.4.5 The Association agreed with the view of the EC Panel of Experts that as a follow-up it would be useful to organize regional or subregional conferences within GENERAL SUMMARY 45 the region on specific subjects of applications and proposed topics for such regional conferences as given in Resolution 30 (VI~RA I). 6.4.6 The Association finally reiterated its decision at its fifth session (1969) that WMO should continue to collaborate as fully as possible with ECA to foster the application of meteorology to the different sectors of economic development and in particular to the exploitation of natural resources. 6.4.7 The Association discussed in detail the applications of meteorology to socio-economic development in Africa under agenda items 6.3 and 8. 6.5 Meteorological aspects of droughts in the Sahelian zone and other regions in Africa (Agenda item 6.5) 6.5.1 The discussion on this item was based on a report by the Secretary- General and on a document presented by Algeria. The representative of the Secretary General explained that WMO had embarked on a programme relating to the Sudano-Sahelian drought in response to the resolutions adopted in Ouagadougou (Upper Volta) in March 1973 at a meeting of Ministers of the affected countries. A letter had been addressed to the Permanent Representatives of Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Upper Volta in July 1973 seeking their views on the suggested lines. of action by WMO. At an-informal meeting of these permanent representatives, convened in Geneva in con junction with the session of the Association, full approval had been given to the Secretary-General's proposals, and it had also been agreed that a WMO expert should visit the countries to discuss the matter in more detail. WMO would be represented at another meeting between the six countries to be held shortly in Ouagadougou. The activities of WMO in this field were being closely co-ordinated with those of the United Natio~s, the Food and Agriculture Organization and other interested internatio nal organizations. 6.5.2 In the ensuing discussion, general support was expressed for the Secretary-General's proposals. One of these proposals was that WMO might help the countries concerned "to build up their meteorological and hydrological services". In reply to a question, it was explained that this had been included in the thought that these countries might wish to consider the need for strengthening their meteorologi cal and hydrological services to enable them to make their full contribution to the efforts to solve the drought problems. It might for example be necessary to increase the numbers of climatological, precipitation and agricultural meteorological stations and to develop improved facilities for carrying out drought studies. The WMO expert would be prepared to give advice on this and other suggestions during his visits to the Sahelian countries. The session supported this idea and suggested that the measures to be taken might also include the improvement of networks of radiation and ozone stations and the trainin~ of personnel. 6.5.3 Several speakers referred to the use of meteorological data, including observations from special agrometeorological stations, for preparing warnings of crop failures due to drought, and it was noted with satisfaction that this item was included in the prQPosed WMO programme. Other delegates stressed that serious droughts occurred in other countries of Africa and expressed the hope that these countries could be covered,as appropriate, in the WMO programme. 46 GENERAL SUMMARY 6.5.4 It was reported that experiments on the artificial stimulation of pre- cipitation and the prevention of hail were being conducted or planned in several countries in Africa. Some success had also been achieved in the forecasting of seasonal precipitation and it was suggested that the methods used might be tried out in other countries. 6.5.5 The Algerian delegation presented a document on the question of droughts in th~ Sahelian zone and elsewhere in Africa. He indicated that the action suggested in this document was very much in line with that proposed by the Secretary-General',~ included in addition the preparation byWMO of a monograph on the Sahelian drought, dealing especially with its causes, and the convening of a symposium on droughts in tropical and subtropical Africa. In this latter connexion, he recalled that a similar proposal had been made at the fifth session of RA I and at the Conference on Meteorological Education and Training held in Algiers in 1970. Furthermore, during the Algiers Conference it was proposed that a centre should be established and equipped with powerful means for meteorological data processing. This centre would be called upon to conduct theoretical and applied studies relating to the understanding of meteorological problems specific to Africa. The document also described the action being taken in Algeria to combat droughts, including the establishment of two centres for the study of artificial precipitation and hail prevention. - 6.5.6 The meeting supported the proposals contained in the Algerian document and noted that the relevan~ aspects of drought would also be discussed at the sixth sessions of CoSAMC and of CAS. The main decisions of the Association are incorpo rated in Resolution 31-(VI-RA I). 7. TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME (Agenda item 7) 7.1 Technical co-operation activities in Africa since 1969 7.1.1 The Association noted with satisfaction the report presented by the Secretary-General on the development of technical co-operation activities in Africa since its fifth session. With regard to regional programmes the Association also took note of the detailed information and comments given by the president of the Association in hi~report to the session. 7.1.2 It was noted that the Members of the Association were taking the maximum advantage of the various sources of assistance, namely the Voluntary Assistance Programme, the United Nations Development Programme and the long-term fellowship programme under the regular budget of the Organization. 7.1.3 The paramount importance of training an adequate number of staff for the Meteorological Services was stressed by all delegates and in this connexion the assistance provided through the various training centres established with UNDP assist ance and the long-term fellowships made available through the VAP, regular budget and other sources was particularly appreciated. GENERAL SUMMARY 47 7.2 United Nations Development Programme 7.2.1 The Association heard with interest the information given by the Secretary General's representative on the new procedures introduced by the UNDP from January 1972 for the formulrition, submission and approval of country programmes of UNDP assistance. It was pointed out that according to these procedures,UNDP assistance is programmed for a period of three to five years coincident as far as possible with the period of the national development p16~s of the countries. If projects in the field of meteo rology are not included at the stage of formulation of the country programme, it will be difficult for any assistance to be received durin-g th-e whole period. 7.2.2 The permanent representatives were therefore urged to keep in contact with the national planning authorities and the UNDP resident representatives in their countries in order to ensure that the needs of assistance to th~ Meteorological Services are included in the country programme. In this connexion,it was realized that all efforts should be made to draw the attention of the planning authorities to the important role which Meteorological and Hydrological Services play in various sectors of economic development. It was suggested that another seminar on the role of Meteorological Services in economic development in Africa similar to that which was held in Ibadan in 1968 would be very useful. UNDP regional technical assistance programme ------ .Er£j~c!s_i!!lp1.e!!!e!!t~d_sin.£e_12.62. 7.2.3 The Association was gratified to note that practically all the regional projects recommended by it during its fifth session had been implemented. In addi tion to the continuation of the training centres in Lagos, Nairobi and Cairo, the implemented programme included the provision of a WMO hydrometeorologist in the Secretariat of the Economic Commission for Africa and the organization of the following training seminars and conferences: Regional training seminar in modern methods and equipment for data processing for climatological purposes in Africa, Cairo, 10-22 January 1970; Technical conference on meteorological education and training in developing countries ~n Africa, Algiers, 7-16 December 1970; Technical conference on agroclimatology in the semi-arid areas south of the Sahara, Dakar, 8-20 February 1971; Technical conference on the use of weather radar, London, 1-10 September 1971; Technical conference on hydrology and hydrometeorology in the economic development in Africa, Addis Ababa, 12-23 September 1971 48 GENERAL SUMMARY 7.2.4 When the consideration of this subject was taken u~ the Secretary-General's representative informed the meeting of the new procedures which were introduced by UNDP from January 1972 for "inter-country programming". According to these procedures all projects of UNDP assistance to a group of countries on a ,subregional, regional or global basis are called inter-country projects. The Governing Council of the UNDPd~ cid~d that not more than 18 per cent of the total resources 6vailable to UNDP ~hould~ allocated for inter-country projects, including global projects. This amount has been distributed between the four UNDP regions under what is known as the inter-country planning figure (IPF) for projects for the period 1972-1976. All projects including the old technical assistance type as well as the Special Fund type projects within the region have to be financed from the inter-country IPF for the region. When the programming for inter-country projects for 1972 and later years was commenced under the new procedures, it was found that the continuing regional Special Fund and regional technical assistance projects would absorb a large percentage of the IPF, at least during 1972 and 1973, with the result that there was little scope for approval of new projects during these years. This was particularly so in the African region with the result that as far as WMO is concerned no new seminars were approved during this period . . 7.2.5 According to the new procedures for the formulation of inter-country programmes the participating and executing agencies, like WMO, identify and submit to the Regional Bureaux proposals for projects to be considered for inclusion in the inter-country programme. All such proposals received from the different agencie~ as also proposals received from individual governments or groups of government~ are reviewed by the Regional Bureau concerned and, subsequently circulated to all tHe' governments in the Region to indicate their interest in and support for the proposed projects and also their order of priority. The final list of projects for inclusion in the inter-country programme within the funds available is made by the Regional Bureau on the basis of support received from the governments. While it is necessary for the Regional Association to express, requirem~nts for the reg'ional pro jects, formal support by the governments of the Regions concerned, through their international technical assistance co-ordinating body, is essential to secure the final UNDP approval. It is therefore necessary that after the Regional Association has adopted recommenda tions concerning inter-country projects, the permanent representatives should continue to contact regularly the resident representatives in their countries and the national planning authorities to ensure that these project proposals, whe,n referred to them by the UNDP, receive their full support and priority indications. 7.2.6 While being appreciative of the sympathetic attitude of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa to projects in the field of WMO, the Association realized the di fficul ties that lie ahead in getting UNDP support for all the important seminars and conferences which were noted for the Region during the coming period. In this connexion,a number of delegates supported the suggestion made by the president of the Association in his report to the session that alternative possibilities to finance regional seminars and technical conferences should be considered by the Association and appropriate recommendations made thereupon. GENERAL SUMMARY 49 R~gional project proposals 7.2.7 The Association noted that the training facilities established with UNDP/ WMO assistance in Nairobi (Department of Meteorology in the University of Nairobi for Class I training and Centre for Training of Class II meteorological personnel) and in Lagos (training of Class II meteorological personnel) have been very useful to Members of English-speaking countries for trdifiing their meteorolo~ical personnel, and expressed its appreciation both to UNDP and to the governments of these countries for providing the necessary support for these centres. 7.2.8 The Association considered that these dentres should be continued and the Secretary-General should take the necessary steps to secure for them the assistance required from the UNDP or other resources. It was noted that the assistance to the Institute for Meteorological Training and Research in Nairobi has been approved up to 1975 while that for the Training Centre in Lagos up to the end of 1974. The Secretary General was requeste4 at the appropriate time,to take up with the UNDP any follow-up assistance that will be required for these centres after the periods indicated. 7.2.9 The Association was pleased with the information provided to it by the Permanent Representative of Nigeria that a training programme for agrometeorological technicians will be introduced in the Regional Meteorological Training Centre in Lagos from 1974 and recommended that any UNDP assistance that might be required .for this purpose should be obtained under the UNDP inter-country programme. 7.2.10 The Association was also pleased to note that a number of Members ift RA I have taken advantage of the training facilities for instruments technicians provided at the Regional Meteorological Training Centre in Cairo. The representative of Egypt mentioned that further UNDP assistance in the form of equipment for this Training Centre was still required and the Association recommended that every effort should be made to obtain such support from the UNDP. 7.2.11 As regards the training facilities for French-speaking African countries, the Association noted that sufficient facilities exist already in respect of the train ing of Class III meteorological personnel, some of which may require strengthening. In this connexio~the Association was informed by the representative of Niger that some assistance would be required from UNDP in the form of equipment and fellowships for the training centre in Niamey and that a request has already been presented to the UNDP. The Association agreed that any assistance for strengthening the training centre in Niamey should be supported, and requested the Secretary-General to give full support to this proposal with the UNDP. 7.2.12 As for the training of Class II personnel, while taking note with apprecia- tion of the facilities generously offered by the Government of Algeria for training such personnel in the Institute in Oran, the Association considered that there is still a need for the establishment of a regional training centre for this category of personnel. 50 GENERAL SUMMARY 7.2.13 With regard to the training facilities for Class I French-speaking students, the Association noted that at present such facilities exist only in the Institute in Oran. It felt that there is a need to establish additional centres for this training. It requested the Secretary-General to study this question in consulta tion with the president and the Members concerned. If as a result of this study the need and the feasibility are established, the Secretary-General was requested to develop a project for creating such a centre and submit it to UNDP for assistance under the inter-country programme. !:~~~~~~-!~~~~~~~~~~ 7.2.J4 The fifth session of Regional Association I considered it desirable to develop a UNDP inter-country project in Africa under which fellowships coutd be offered to students from the different countries for training in institutions within the Region since many Members in the Region were handicapped by lack of refources for training an adequate number of their meteorological personnel.' Considerin~ the fact that a similar project had been approved by--th; UNDP for Latin America and had proved extremely useful for the training of meteorological personnel from the countries in Latin America, the Association strongly recommended that such a project for Regional Association I should be developed and presented to UNDP for approval. It requested the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps to present this project to the UNDP. 7.2.15 The above conclusions of the Association were recorded in Resolutions 32, 33 and 34 (VI-RA I). 7.2.16 The Association considered in great detail the various proposals for seminars and conferences made by the president of the Association; various working groups and other bodies and decided that the following seminars and conferences should be organized with UNDP assistance during the period 1974-1978: Symposium on drought in the Sahelian area and other parts of Africa (first priority); Seminar on the application of meteorology and climatology to socio economic development and the human environmental problems in Africa; Seminar on the operation and management of meteorological telecommunica tions, including procedures, for developing countries in Africa; Seminar on weather forecasting methods applicable in Africa including the forecasting of tropical cyclones; Seminar on specific aspects of operational hydrology. The Association accordingly adopted Resolution 35, (VI-RA I). GENERAL SUMMARY 51 Re~i£n~l_a~vis~r_i~ ~9Ei£ult~r~1_m~t~oEolo~y 7.2.17 The Associption, taking note of the great interest by its Members in the application of meteorology -to agriculture which continues to be the main source of national economy and of the requirements of the Meteorological Services for expert advice in this field, considered that such advice could best be given_by short visits of an expert to the countries on request. It therefore recommended to provide a regional adviser in a~ricultural meteorology for a p~riod of 2-- 3 yea~ under the UNDP inter-country programme to assist Members in Africa in developing their agro -meteorological activities. me Association adopted -Resolution 36 (VI-RA I) in this connexion. Actinometrfc------network 7.2.18 The Association took note with interest of the information provided by the representative of Niger that a request had been presented to UNDP on behalf of a number of countries in western and central Africa for assistance for the improve ment and further expansion of the existing actinometric network in this region. Recognizing the importance of actinometric data for meteorological purposes the Association requested the Secretary-General to give his support to this proposal when the request will be referred to him by the UNDP. ~. DEVELOPMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES IN AFRICA (Agenda item 8) 8.1 The Association deeply appreciated the introductory statement to this item delivered by Dr. D. A. Davies, the Secretary-General, which is given in Annex VI to this report. 8.2 The Association listened with much interest to a statement by Professor E. A. Bernard on this subject. He stressed that the future of Meteoro logical Services in developing countries, particularly those in Africa, would largely depend on whether or not governments concerned are determined to support and develop their Meteorological Services, rather than on the availability of external resources in the form of various assistance. 8.3 On the basis of previous estimates, which would soon be adjusted as a result of the WMO inquiry on the budgets of national Meteorological Services, Professor Bernard indicated that the average ratio of the total expenditure of the Meteorological ~ervice of a developing country to total government expenditure was of the order of 0.001, or 0.1 per cent of the State budget. For the African coun tries as a whole, that corresponded to about US $0.04 per head. That was far too little. In his view it should be trebled to reach a desirable minimum level. Although it was pointed out that in some countries in Africa where Meteorological Services are well developed, the said ratio reaches much higher than that referred to by Professor Bernard, this did not seem the case for the majority of African countries. 52 GENERAL SUMMARY 8.4 The Association, therefore, considered it essential to prepare arguments to convince governments of the importance of meteorology to socio-economic develop ment of the nation and to submit thereto plans for improvement and expansion of Services; the preparation of well-conceived programmes of different time scales, i.e. short-, medium- and long-term, is particularly important so that they could be adequately translated into relevant budgetary sections. 8.5 The Association was further advised by Professor Bernard on a series of actions required for the organization and development of national .-Meteorological Services. A summary of his advice is given in Annex VII to this report. 8.6 The session then considered a proposal submitted by the Arab Republic of Egypt for the expansion of WMO's co-operation with the developing countries with a view to assisting in the development of their national Meteorological Services. The Association fully supported the views expressed by the principal delegate of the Arab Republic of Egypt that the Organization should pay increased attention to the need for assisting developing countries. It was agreed that neither the UNDP nor the VAP could fully meet the pressing needs of the developing countries in the field of meteorology. It also felt the need to expand the scope of assistance and to take positive action to ensure the inclusion of necessary appropriations in the regular budget of WMO for the next financial period (1976-1979). The session adopted Resolution 37 (VI-RA I) to this end. 8.7 Successful cases of developing national Meteorological Services were reported by a number of delegates. The Association was informed that cos7!benefit studies, preferably presented in quantitative terms, had proved extremely useful for convincing governments of the importance of meteorology. It was also mentioned that the integration of meteorological programmes into the national plan for economic development facilitates the allocation of necessary funds to the Meteoro- logical Service. - 8.8 The Association was informed that IeAO had initiated studies on cost accounting and cost allocation of the various elements of the services supporting international civil aviation, including meteorological services and associated basic facilities, with a view to establishing those costs attributable to airport, en-route and non-aeronautical usage. In this connexion, the Association noted that some Meteorological Services in the Region obtain a share of air navigation and airport charges. The Secretary-Genercil was requested to study the matter and to take such action as was deemed necessary with leAO and to keep Members informed in the matter. 8.9 It was pointed out that problems common to a number of countries, such as drought, would require concerted action by the Members concerned. The Associa tion agreed that unique meteorological and climatic conditions in Africa should indeed involve subregionalized action on certain problems and that necessary com munication and conversation should be maintained among Members concerned. 8.10 Several delegates felt that the Organization should make its activities known to the governments. It was therefore suggested that the President of WMO, the president of RA I, the Secretary-General and senior officials of the Secretariat GENERAL SUMMARY 53 pay frequent visits to meet high-level officials of the Governments with a view to encouraging them to provide increased support to the national Meteorological Services. 9. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES AND DISCUSSIONS (Agenda item 9) 9.1 The following lectures were presented during the session: (a) Application of meteorology and climatology to.human environ mental problems - World and regional aspects, by Dr. K. Lang~o, Deputy Secretary-General of WMO (b) Some aspects of the application of meteorology and climatology for . human environmental prob~ems in Africa, by. Professor E. Bernard (c) GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), its goals, its operation and its expected results, by Dr. J. P. Kuettner, Director, International Scientific Management Group for GATE 9.2 The Association expressed its gratitude to the lecturers for their very interesting lectures which would be of great help to all Members, particularly when discussing these subjects with their national authorities. The Secretary-General was, therefore, reque$ted to distribute the text of the lectures given at the session to all Members of the Association as soon as possible after the session. 10. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION AND OF RELEVANT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS (Agenda item 10) 10.1 The Association examined those of its past resolutions and recommendations which were still in force at the time of the present session. 10.2 The Association noted that most of its past resolutions.have been replaced by new resolutions adopted during the present session. It also noted that other reso lutions have already served their purpose and become obsolete. 10.3 The Association further noted that the Executive Committee and the bodies of WMO, as well as Members concerned, took action on all the recommendations which were still in force at the time of the session. 10.4 The results of the revision of the previous resolutions and recommenda- tions are contained in Resol~tion 39 (VI-RA I). 10.5 The Association considered that Resolution 26 (EC-XXII) on the report of the fifth session of the Association need not be maintained in force. 54 GENERAL SUMMARY 11. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES BY THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND THE INTER NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UNITED NATIONS (Agenda item 11) 11.1 The Regional Association examined, in the light of the provisions of Article 18(d)(i) of the Convention, what action it could take or recommend to the Executive Committee and through it to Congress, with a view to promoting the execu tion of the decisions contained in paragraphs 5.3.10 to 5.3.19 of the general summary of the work of Sixth Congress, and to further implement the recommendations which the various organs of the United Nations had addressed to all specialized agencies. As a result of this examination, the Association adopted Resolution 38 (VI-RA I).- 11.2. In doing so, it expressed the wish that any draft amendment to the Conven tion approved by the Executive Committee as a result of the study requested in Resolu tion 38 (VI-RA I) be submitted to Seventh Congress by the Executive Committee itself. 11.3 With reference to the inclusion of Southern Rhodesia in the text of this resolution, the Association noted that the Secretariat had in fact ceased all communi cation with the illegal regime of that Territory. 11. It was noted that the Secretary-General will include the text of Resolution 38 : (V!,...RA I r in his report to the United Nations in this connexion. 12. ELECTION OF OFFICERS (Agenda item 12) The Association elected Mr. C. A. Abayomi (Nigeria) president of Regional Association I. Mr. R. H. Ranaivoson (Madagascar) was elected vice- president. . 13. DATE AND PLACE OF THE SEVENTH SESSION (Agenda item 13) 13.1 As no Member presented an invitation for the seventh session of the Association, it was decided that the date and place of the seventh session-should be determined later by the president of the Association in agreement with the President o~ the Organization, in ac~ordance with Article 18 (c) of the WHO Con vention. 13.2 In this connexion, the Association expressed its considered view that the seventh session should be held within the Region as stipul~ted by Regulation 164 of the WHO General Regulations and requested its president and the Secretary-General to take every possible measure to achieve this purpose. The Association further re commended that Congress and the Executive Committee should take the necessary action to this effect, if necessary. 14. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 14) Several-delegates expressed their satisfaction with the fruitful outcome of the session and of_~he far-reaching decisions which would enhance the develop- GENERAL SUMMARY . 55 ment of meteorology in Africa for the overall welfare of the African people as well as for the interest of international meteorology. The importance of fully imple menting these decisions was emphasized. They expressed their thanks to the president and vice-president of the Association for their excellent work since the fifth session of RA I. They also expressed their appreciation to the Secretary-General and his staff for the excellent facilities provided for the session and for their assistance during the session. The session closed at 11.30 p.m. on 31 August 1973. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE SESSION Res. 1 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORK THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 1 (V-RA I)- Regional basic synoptic network, (2) Resolution 2 (V-RA I) - Principal land stations in Region I (Africa), (3) LA.l.l~3.1, LA.l.2~1.1, LA.l.~2.1, LA.l.3~2~1 and LA·l.3~3.1 of the WHO Technical Regulations, and the definition of the regional basic synoptic network as given in the WHO Technical Regulations, (4) Recommendation 26 (CSM-V) - Priority of synoptic time for upper-air observations, (5) Resolution 14 (EC-XXII). - Report of the fifth session of the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology, CONSIDERING that the maintenance of a regional basic synoptic network of surface and upper-air stations, necessary to permit Members to fulfil their respon sibilities in the application of meteorology, constitutes one of the most important functions of the Association, DECIDES: (1) That the stations and the observational programmes listed in Part A of the annex* to this resolution shall constitute the basic synoptic network of the Region; (2) That the surface land stations included in the basic synoptic network of Region I shall conform to the specifications laid down for principal land sta tions in the WHO Technical Regulations; (3) That the regional basic ~ynoptic network shall be reviewed at each session of the Association; URGES Members: (1) To spare n~ effort in their endeavours to secure full implementation of the network of·stations and observations set forth in Part A of the annex* at the earliest date possible; RESOLUTION 2 57 (2) To comply fully with the standard observation times as well as with the time range within which the coded observations should be ready for transmission as laid down in the WMO Technical Regulations; (3) To carry out upper-air observations at 1200 GMT at their stations when only one observation can be made per day; AUTHORIZES the president of the Association to approve, at the request of the Member concerned and in consultation with the Secretary-General, minor changes to the regional basic synoptic network as may be required if they do not adversely affect the density criteria and the required programmes and to bring them to the attention of Members of WMO by means of the procedure described in Part B of the annex* to this resolution. *See Annex VIII. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolutions 1 and 2 (V-RA I), which are no longer in force. Res. 2 (VI-RA I) - RECRUITMENT. OF VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) World Weather Watch - The plan and implementation programme 1972-1975, paragraph 70, (2) Recommendation 19 (CMM-VI) - Support to maritime developing countries, CONSIDERING: (1) That the acquisition of ships' observations from sea areas surrounding Africa will greatly improve if ships sailing under the flag of African countries are recruited as Voluntary Observing Ships, (2) That the merchant fleet of African countries indicates large potential for a substantial increase of Voluntary Observing Ships, (3) That Port Meteorological Officer services are essential for the organi zation of a Voluntary Observing Ships' scheme, 58 RESOLUTION 3 INVITES Members: (1) To make every effort to recruit as many merchant ships as possible sailing under the flag of their countries and to submit requests for required YAP support for the provision of meteorological instruments to recruited ships; (2) To organize or strengthen Port Meteorological Officer services at main ports in their countries; (3) To take the appropriate action to ensure the rapid and reliable dis tribution of ship weather reports in accordance with the regional meteorological tele communication plan; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to assist and advise Me.mbers on the procedures for recruiting ships and obtaining assistance from YAP and other sources. Res. 3 (VI-RA I) - AIRCRAFT WEATHER REPORTS FOR SYNOPTIC PURPOSES THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) World Weather Watch - The plan and implementation programme 1972-1975, (2) Ll2.1~2.3 and L12.~2.3 of the Technical Regulations, (3) Recommendations 10/5 to 10/9 of the ICAO AFI-V RAN meeting, CONSIDERING: . (1) The importance of aircraft weather reports as a source of upper-air data, especially over the oceans and other sparsely inhabited areas, (2) The value of exchanging post-flight weather reports, (3) That very few AIREPs are disseminated as basic data on the GTS, partly due to the non-compliance with the existing procedures for making and reporting air craft observations and partly due to the non-receipt of AIREPs at regional collecting centres (RTHs), INVITES Members: (1) To continue their efforts to implement fully the system of distributing aircraft weather reports for synoptic purposes; (2) To arrange for the regular distribution of information obtained from post-flight reports for synoptic purposes; RESOLUTION 4 59 REQUESTS the Secretary-General: (1) To study, in consultation with ICAO, IFALPA and lATA, ways and means of increasing the number of post-flight weather reports available for exchange in Region Ii (2) To invite ICAO to ~x;peditethe action to ensure the transmission of AIREPs over the AFTN to the regional collecting centres (RTHs). NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 4 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 4 (VI-RA I) - GROUND WEATHER RADAR OBSERVATIONS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Report of the first session of the CBS Working Group on the Global Observing System (Geneva, June 1973), (2) Report of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean (Tananarive, May 1973), CONSIDERING the value of ground weather radar observations for forecasting purposes, especially in areas affected by tropical cyclones, INVITES Members which have not already done so to establish and maintain ground weather rada~-station~ for synoptic purpos~si SUPPORTS the proposal of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South west Indian Ocean for establishing a subregional network of 10 cm wavelength radar stations; DECIDES that the observations obtained from weather radar stations should be exchanged on a bilateral or multilateral basis as required. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 7 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. 60 RESOLUTIONS 5, 6 Res. 5 (VI-RA I) -AUTOMATIC PICTURE TRANSMISSION (APT) SYSTEM IN REGION I (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 3 (Cg-VI) - World Weather Wat~h (2) Resolution 5 (V-RA I) - Automatic Picture Transmission (APT), system in Region I (Africa), (3) . The plans for the European METEOSAT satellite, CONSIDERING: (1) That a number of Members are already operating APT stations in their respective countries and many others have plans to install such stations in the near future, (2) That requests for APT stations under the YAP programme have received very favourable support by donor countries, RECOGNIZING that the reception of cloud pictures directly from satellites by means of the Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system has proved particularly useful in synoptic weather analysis, INVITES Members to continue their efforts to install at least one APT station in the territories for which they ar~ responsible; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to provide Members with the technical specifi cations concerning APT systems as well as their respective amendments. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 5 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 6 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS CENTRES IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 9 (V-RA I) - Regional centres for comparison and calibration of routine meteorological instruments, (2) Recommendation 10 (CIMO-VI) - Regional meteorological instruments centres, RESOLUTION 6 61 CONSIDERING: (1) That there is a need for regional meteorological instruments centres in the Region, (2) That Kinshasa/Binza (Zaire) and Cairo (Arab Republic of Egypt) have al ready been designated as regional centres for the comparison and calibration of routine meteorological instruments, (3) That there are meteorological instruments centres at Oran, Cairo and Nairobi which are meeting the criteria recommended by ClMO, (4) That there is also a need in the Region for centres with facilities for the repair and calibration of hydrological instruments, DECIDES: (1) To establish in Region I (Africa) regional meteorological instruments centres with the following main functions: (a) To conduct training courses for instruments specialists of all categories; (b) To undertake comparisons and calibration of meteorological instru ments within the Region; (c) To provide guidance upon request to Members from the Region on matters concerning meteorological instruments including the choice of sites and installation; (2) To recognize Oran, Cairo and Nairobi as regional meteorological instru ments centres in Africa; (3) That it is desirable that other such centres should be set up in the Region, preferably so located as to provide a regular geographical distribution of the centres in the Region; (4) To encourage Members operating regional meteorological instruments centres to consider taking appropriate steps to provide at these centres similar facilities for the repair and calibration of hydrological instruments; AUTHORIZES the president of the Association, in consultation with the Member concerned and the Secretary-General, to recognize the existing Kinshasa/Binza centre for the comparison and calibration of routine meteorological instruments as a regional meteorological instruments centre in the Region, if this centre meets the relevant requirem~nts; 62 RESOLUTION 7 URGES Members to take full advantage of the possibilities offered by the regional meteorological instruments centres in Africa. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 9 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 7 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL COMPARISON OF BAROMETERS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 8 (V-RA I) - Regional comparison of barometers, (2) LA.l.2~4.4.1, LA.l.2~4.4.6 and LA.l.~4.4.7 of the Technical Regulations, (3) WMO Guide to Meteorological Instrument and Observing Practices, Section 3.5, CONSIDERING: (1) That it is desirable to continue the standardization of all barometric networks in the Region so as to conform with the norms established by the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, (2) That there exist absolute barometers at Cairo, Casablanca, Dakar, Douala, Kinshasa/Binza, Nairobi and Oran, with which it is possible to compare sub-standards, DECIDES: (1) That any Member of the Region whose Meteorological Service has not yet done so should establish a fixed sub-standard barometer which will serve as a standard for all the networks under its control; (2) That each Member should ensure that the barometers at each synoptic station in its territory be compared with its fixed sub-standard by means of travel ling sub-standards, preferably every time the station is inspected; (3) That each fixed sub-standard barometer should be compared, by means of travelling sub-standards, with anyone of the absolute standard barometers recog nized as such by WMO within or outside the Region, at least once every ten years. (It is understood that several sub-standards may be linked by means of the same travelling sub-standards before the latter is brought to an absolute standard for comparison); (4) That the barometers at Cairo, Casablanca; Dakar, Douala, Kinshasa/Binza, Nairobi and Oran shall be recognized as absolute standard barometers (A ) for the r Region; RESOLUTIONS 8, 9 63 (5) That it is desirable that other absolute standard barometers should be set up in the Region, so as to provide an adequate geographical distribution of absolute standard barometers within the Region. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 8 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 8 (VI-RA I) - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORLD WEATHER WATCH IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING the World Weather Watch plan for 1972-1975, CONSIDERING that the implementation of the WWW, in particular the GDPS and GTS, require an increased co-ordination between Members directly concerned with the establishment of these WWW facilities and services, URGES Members to increase their co-ordination in the implementation of GDPS services and GTS facilities; DECIDES that the following types of implementation co-ordination meeting should be held in Africa: (0) In the field of GDPS, between RMCs and the NMCs requesting their output products; (b) In the field of GDPS, betw.een experts of RMC/NMCs and hydrologists to define assistance required from the WWW for the implementation of projects in operational hydrology relating to specific inter national river basins in Region I; (c) In the field of GTS, between RTHs in the Region, between each RTH and the NMCs in the zone of its responsibility, and for the co ordination with RTHs located in neighbouring Regions; REQUESTS the president of the Association: (1) To bring the above decision to the attention of the Executive Committee with the request that appropriate budgetary provisions be made; (2) To arrange, in consultation with the Secretary-General, for such meetings to be held as required. Res. 9 (VI-RA I) - AMENDMENTS TO CODING PROCEDURES FOR REGION I (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING paragraph 1.6.3 of Annex C of the final report of the first session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean, 64 RESOLUTION 10 CONSIDERING that there is a need for inclusion of all synoptic reports from stations within .500 km of a cyclone centre giving information about the direction of movement of low clouds, DECIDES: (1) To amend Chapter I, Region I - Africa of Volume II of the Manual on Codes, WMO Publication No. 306 as indicated in the annex* to this resolution; (2) To bring this amendment into force on 1 January 1974. *See Annex IX. Res. 10 (VI-RA I) - RAPPORTEUR ON CODES THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING the report of the chairman of RA I Working Group on Codes, CONSIDERING: (1) That there is a need for further study of a number of regional code problems in Region I, (2) That there will be a need for the co-ordination of some coding procedures before the introduction of the new SYNOP and SHIP codes, DECIDES: (1) To appoint a Rapporteur on Codes with the following terms of reference: (a) To keep under review the existing regional meteorological codes for Region I and to develop new codes or recommend changes to existing regional codes, as required; (b) To take action on coding problems assigned by the president of Regional Association I; (c) To represent RA I on the CBS Working Group on Codes; (2) To invite Mr. M. E. Mlaki (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) to serve as Rapporteur on Codes. RESOLUTIONS 11, 12 65 Res. 11 (VI-RA I) - REVISION OF REGIONAL INTRODUCTION, PARTS I, II AND III OF WMO PUBLICATION No.9, VOLUME C - CHAPTER II, REGION I THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING the decision of Sixth Congress recorded in paragraph 2.6.2.1 of the general summary of its abridged report concerning the status of the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, DECIDES that Parts I, II and III of the Introduction to Region I, Chapter II of WHO Publication No.9, Volume C, be revised as given in the annex* to this reso lution; AUTHORIZES the president of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary-General of WMO, to approve minor changes to WMO Publication No.9, Volume C - Chapter II, Region I, Introduction; REQUESTS the Secretary-General of WHO to make the appropriate changes in the 'presentation of the contents of WMO Publication No.9, Volume C - Chapter II, Region I, Introduction, for insertion in the Manual on the Global Telecommunicaion System. *See Annex X. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolutions12, 14, 15 (V-RA I) and 48, 49 and 50 (72-RA I), which are no longer in force • . Res. 12 (VI-RA I) - WORKING GROUP ON METEOROLOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) With appreciation the report of the Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications established by Resolution 18 (V RA·I),· (2) Resolution 3 (Cg-VI) - World Weather Watch, (3) That the Members' requirements for collection, exchange and distribu tion of meteorological information are undergoing constant change due to the progress in atmospheric science and data-processing technology, (4) That the technology in the.field of telecommunications is progressing at an ever-increasing rate, I -I 66 RESOLUTION 13 I CONSIDERING that these developments require constant review and adjustments of the meteorological telecommunication arrangements in Region I, DECIDES: (1) To establish a Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications with the following terms of reference: (a) To formulate recommendations on regional activities relating to the World Weather Watch telecommunication system in Region I; (b) To co-ordinate the implementation of telecommunication facilities and techniques, if required; (c) To study problems relating to the inter-regional exchange of observational and processed information with neighbouring Regions; (d) To keep abreast with the development of new telecommunication technology and to study its possible adaptation to the require ments for an efficient regional meteorological telecommunication system in Region Ii (e) To establish any group considered necessary for studying special problems; (f) To advise the president of the Association on regional meteoro logical telecommunication problems, as assigned to the grouPi (2) That the working group should be composed of experts in meteorological telecommunications nominated by Members of RA I wishing to participate actively in the work of the group, taking into consideration Resolution 38 (VI-RA I)i (3) To select, in accordance with Regulation 31 of the General Regulations, Mr. K. A. Khalil (Arab Republic of Egypt) as chairman of the working group. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 18 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 13 (VI-RA I) - TROPICAL CYCLONE COMMITTEE FOR THE SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) With appreciation the final report of the first sess~on of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean, RESOLUTION 13 67 (2) The technical plan established by the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean, and supported by the sixth session of RA I, (3) Regulations 31 and 158 of the General Regulations, CONSIDERING: (1) The need for the countries in the south-west Indian Ocean area affected by tropical cyclones to join together and develop further a programme to accelerate action to reduce the loss of human lives and damage caused each year by tropical cyclones, (2) The need for co-ordination in the implementation of the action pro gramme and the technical plan adopted by the committee. (3) The view expressed by the Executive Committee Panel of Experts on Tropical Cyclones that such regional programmes are of critical importance to the WMO Tropical Cyclone Project, DECIDES: (1) To re-establish a working group to be known as the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Ocean with the following terms of reference: (a) To promote and co-ordinate the planning and implementation of the measures required to minimize tropical cyclone damage in the south west Indian Ocean. (b) In carrying out its functions under (a) above, the committee should: (i) Review regularly the progress made in the various fields of tropical cyclone damage prevention; (ii) Recommend those measures which should be taken to improve the tropical cyclone warning system in the south-west Indian Ocean, especially with regard to meteorological, telecom munication, hydrological and other facilities, distribution of warnings, community preparedness and disaster prevention, disaster relief planning, training and research; (iii) Advise on the possible sources of financial and technical support for such measures; (iv) Co-ordinate the activities for which it is responsible in the south-west Indian Ocean with those undertaken through other regional tropical cyclone programmes, as well as with all other activities carried out as part of the WMO Tropical Cyclone Project; 68 RESOLUTION 14 (2) To invite the following Members affected by tropical cyclones to be represented on the committee: Comoro Islands Madagascar France Malawi Kenya, United Republic of Mauritius Tanzania, and Uganda United Kingdom (3) To designate, in accordance with Regulation 31 of the WMO General Regulations, Mr. R. H. Ranaivoson (Madagascar) as chairman of the committee; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to-take the necessary steps to assist the committee and to provide appropriate Secretariat support to its activities. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 34 (V-RA I) and Resolution 47 (72-RA I), which are no longer in force. Res. 14 (VI-RA I) - METEOROLOGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 36 (V-RA I) - Meteorological training in Africa, (2) The "Compendium of meteorological training facilities" (WMO Publication No. 240), (3) The current status of the "Plan for the development of professional meteorological training in Africa" prepared originally in 1962 by Professor J. Van Mieghem in his capacity as consultant to the Secretary-General, (4) The conclusions of the Conference on Meteorological Education and Training in Developing Countries in Africa (Algiers, 1970), EXPRESSES its deep appreciation to Members of the Association hosting the regional training facilities, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Secretary-General of WMO for their support and efforts in furthering the plan re ferred to in paragraph (3) under NOTING; RECOGNIZES the urgent need for: (a) Regional facilities for the training of Class I and Class II personnel from French-speaking countries in Africa; (b) Specialized courses in fields such as agrometeorology, operational hydrology, meteorological telecommunications and the applications of meteorology to economic and social development; RESOLUTION 15 69 URGES Members: (1) To make maximum use of the regional meteorological training facilities in the Region; (2) To include in their training programmes for all classes of meteorological personnel,specialized courses in fields such as those mentioned in paragraph (b) under RECOGNIZES; REQUESTS the Secretary-General: (1) To arrange for a comprehensive survey of training facilities in the Region, bearing in mind the requirements mentioned under paragraphs (a) and (b) under RECOGNIZES; (2) To arrange for a revision of the "Plan for the development of professional meteorological training in Africa" in the light of the conclusions of the afore mentioned survey; AUTHORIZES the president of the Region to approve the revised plan in con sultation with the Members of the Association and take speedy action for its im plementation; DECIDES to review the question of meteorological education and training in Africa at its next session. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 36 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 15 CVI-RA I) - NATIONAL RADIATION NETWORKS IN REGION I (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 19 (V-RA I) - National radiation networks in Region I (Africa), (2) !f..l.Y3.4.3, jf..l.l.J3.4.4 and jf..l.l;]4.6.1i fj..1.2.J1.4.1 and [Ao1.2.J 1.4.2 of the Technicat Regulations, (3) Resolution 20 (EC-XVIII) - National and regional radiation centres, (4) Paragraph 9.2.7.2 of the WMO Guide to Meteorological Instrument and Observing Practices, (5) With satisfaction the efforts so far made by its Members to establish national radiation networks in their respective countries, 70 RESOLUTION 16 CONSIDERING the importance of radiation data, not only for ga~n1ng a better knowledge of meteorology, but also in relation to economic development, in particular to agriculture, engineering, use of water resources, and the use of -solar energy for domestic and industrial purposes, DECIDES: (1) That Members should establish and maintain national radiation networks, taking into consideration the relevant provisions of theWMO Technical Regulations re ferred to in paragraph (2) under NOTING; (2) That Members should enhance the use of radiation data for the economic development of their respective countries as appropriate; (3) That Members who have not yet designated nationa~ radiation centres should endeavour to do so as soon as possible in accordance with the WMO procedures referred to in paragraphs (3) and (5) under NOTING; (4) That Members should train qualified personnel to staff their radiation stations adequately and to be able to make maximum use of radiation data for economic development. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 19 (V-RA I), which is no longer- in force. Res. 16 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL RADIATION CENTRES IN REGION I (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 20 (V-RA I) - Regional radiation centres in Region I (Africa), (2) Resolution 20 (EC-XVIII) - National and regional radiation centres, (3) Paragraph 9.2.7.3 of-t~e WMO Guide to Meteorological Instrument and Observing Practices, (4) The offer of the Arab Republic of Egypt to establish a regional radia tion centre which meets the WMO standards for that purpose, DECIDES to designate the following centres as regional radiation centres for Region I (Africa): RESOLUTION 17 71 Cairo (Arab Republic of Egypt) Khartoum/Shamba~ (Sudan) Kinshasa/Binza (Zaire) Tamanrasset (Algeria) Tunis/Sidi Bou-Said (Tunisia) URGES the Members of the Association responsible for these centres to keep them up to the standards referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3) under NOTING; INVITES these Members to submit full reports on the facilities and activities of their regional centres to the next session of the Association. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 20 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 17 (VI-RA I) - COMPARISON OF RADIOMETERS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 20 (EC-XVIII) - National and regional radiation centres, (2) Resolution 23 (EC-XXII) - Development and comparison of radiometers, (3) With satisfaction that the regional radiation centres in Africa parti cipated in the third WHO International Comparisons of Regional Working Standard Pyrheliometers (Davos/Locarno, 1970), (4) Resolution 16 (VI-RA I) - Regional radiation centres in Region I (Africa) , CONSIDERING: (1) That the quality of radiation measurements in RA I can be maintained only if the radiometers used are regularly compared with standard instruments, (2) That many Members in RA I have not ~ompared their national standard instruments against a regional standard, DECIDES: (1) That Members who maintain regional radiation centres designated by Resolution 16 (VI-RA I) should participate in the fourth WHO International Pyrhelio meter Comparisons; to be held at the World Radiation Centre, Davos, in 1975; 72 RESOLUTION 18 (2) That Members should ensure that their national standard radiometers are compared at least once every five years with regional standard instruments; (3) That radiometers used in national networks should be compared regularly with the national standard instruments; (4) That the instrumental characteristics of radiometers should, as far as possible, be determined by laboratory tests before comparisons with higher standard instruments are conducted; (5) That, in selecting cnmparison equipment and in conducting comparisons, Members should adhere to the recommendations and instructions given in the relevant sections of the WMO Guide to Meteorological Instrument and Observing Practices; REQUESTS the president of the Association to take the necessary measures to organize, in consultation with the Secretary-General and with the assistance of the RA I Working Group on Radiation, a regional comparison of national standard pyrhelio meters in Africa during 1975 or 1976. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 21 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 18 (VI-RA I) - RA I WORKING GROUP ON RADIATION THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) With appreciation the report of the Working Group on Radiation established by Resolution 23 (V-RA I), (2) Resolution 17 (VI-RA I) - Comparison of radiometers, DECIDES: (1) To establish a Working Group on Radiation with the following terms of reference: (a) To advise the Members of the Association through the president of the Association on the development of their national network of radiation stations in order to co-ordinate their efforts; (b) To set up the criteria for regional compa'risons of national standard pyrheliometers in Africa referred to in paragraph (2) under NOTING; (c) To take measures for the intercomparison of the primary standard pyrheliometers installed at the regional radiation centres and to classify the results of these comparisons; RESOLUTION 19 73 (d) To comply with requests from Members of the Association/as far as practicable, in connexion with the supply of specialized informa tion on radiation for the Region; (e) To keep abreast of developments of techniques for the measurement of the vertical flux of radiation in the atmosphere and, as far as practicable, advise Member~on request,about these techniques; (2) To invite the following experts to serve on the working group: Mr. M. Merouchi Algeria Mr. N. A. Gb~ckor-Kove Ghana Mr. A. F- E! So"bban Egypt (Arab Republic of) Mr. S. B. Mpata Malawi Mr. K. Rufai Nigeria Mr. H. S. Adam Sudan Mr. M. Allouche Tunisia Mr. J. P. Ouedraogo Upper Volta Mr. B. Ikwa Zaire (3) To select, in accordance with Regulation 31 of the WMO General Regula-" tions, Mr. M. Aliouche (Tunisia) as chairman of the working group; (4) To request the chairman of the working group to forward the final report of the group to the president of RA I not later than six months before the next sess~on of the Association. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 23 (V-RA 1), which is no longer in force. Res. 19 (VI-RA I) - OBSERVATIONS OF OZONE IN REGION I (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 24 (V-RA I) - Observations of ozone in Region I (Africa), (2) Paragraphs 7.21 to 7.29 of the general summary of the abridged report of V-RA I, (3) Resolution 13 (EC-XII) - Regional ozone activities, (4) Resolution 29 (EC-XVIII) - Total ozone networks, (5) Resolution 10 (EC-XXII) - Vertical distribution of ozone, 74 RESOLUTION 19 NOTING with appreciation that some Members have established ozone stations, CONSIDERING: (1) That measurement of ozone on a world-wide basis ha.s become of increasing importance in investigating different meteorological problems, (2) That there is an urgent need for tropical and su_b:tropical_ observa tions of total ozone as well as observations of its vertical distribution in Africa, especially for the purpose of studying the radiation processes and the problems of global atmospheric circulation and for calibrating satellite data, BEING AWARE that the International Ozone Commission (roC) of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP) has repeatedly expressed its great concern about the present coverage of ozone-observing stations in tropical and equatorial areas, particularly within Africa, and pointed out that there is an urgent need for the establishment of a sufficient number of ozone stations in Africa, DECIDES: (1) l'hat the network of ozone observations .in Africa should include at least the following stations to measure total ozone and, as far as possible, its vertical distribution: Ac::cra Kinshasa/Binza Cairo lagos/Oshodi Casablanca Nairobi Dakar 'Famanrasset Khartoum Tunis .(2) To designate Cairo as a regional ozone centre -to function as. a c::emtre for .intercpmpP.ii:sonof the ozone instruments· within the Region and training of specialists; INVITES: (1) M~mbers concerned to establish and/or maintain the stations included ~n this network; . (2) All Members making measurements of total ozone, its vertical distribu- t~on and concentration at the~arth's surface at selected stations to serid their data promptly and regularly to the Meteorological Service of Canada for inclusion in the . hMO-sponsored publication "Ozone data for the world"; RESOLUTION 20 75 (3) All Members concerned to provide the Secretary-General, before the next session of the Association, with detailed information on the facilities, observation programmes, and personnel of their respective stations; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to prepare a consolidated report on the basis of the information supplied by the Members in accordance with paragraph (3) under INVITES, to be distributed not later than six months before the next session of the Association; URGES Members to do their utmost to establish additional ozone stations to attain an adequate coverage of ozone observations and to train qualified meteorologists in the fields of ozone; DECIDES to review at the next session of the Association the question of ozone observations in the light of the progress achieved and the experience gained in the meantime. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 24 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 20 (VI-RA I) - REVISION OF THE CLIMATIC ATLAS FOR REGION I (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) With appreciation the report of the Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas for Region I (Africa) designated by Resolution 26 (V-RA I), (2) Paragraph 3.3.7.2 of the general summary of the abridged report of Cg-VI, (3) Resolution 7 (71-CoSAMC) - Working Group on Climatic Atlases, CONSIDERING: (1) That more adequate climatological data with a better distribution and greater reliability have become available in many parts of the Region since the Climatological Atlas for Africa was published in 1961 as a joint project of the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa, South of the Sahara/Scientific Council of Africa, South of the Sahara (CCTA/CSA), with the collaboration and assist ance of RA I, (2) That there is a need for reliable regional climatic maps for Africa, for both scientific and development purposes, 76 RESOLUTION 20 (3) The need to prepare regional climatic maps in accordance with relevant WMO specifications given in the Guide to Climatological Practices to qualify as an integrated part of the World Climatic Atlas, (4) The interest expressed by ECA, Unesco and UNDP- for a reliable regional Climatic Atlas for Africa, DECIDES: (1) That the atlas referred to in paragraph (1) under CONSIDERING should be revised in accordance with WMO specifications laid down for regional atlases in the Guide to Climatological Practices; (2) That the revision of the maps in the existing atlas and/or the prep aration of additional maps should be undertaken in the following sequence: First set: Maps of mean monthly and annual temperature and precipitation Map of mean annual range of temperature Maps of extremes of temperature Second set: Maps of mean monthly and annual amounts of cloud Maps of mean monthly and annual vapour pressure Maps of mean monthly and annual atmospheric pressure with wind roses for selected stations Third set: Maps of mean monthly and annual sunshine duration Maps of mean monthly and annual number of days with precipitation ~ 1.Omm and ~ lO.Omm, respectively Maps of other parameters, as required; REQUESTS the Secretary-General: (1) To take the necessary steps to collect the required climatological data from the Members concerned; and (2) To prepare a detailed project, in consultation with the president of RA I and co-operation with ECA, UNDP and Unesco, as appropriate, for the preparation of the revised Climatic Atlas for Region I (Africa); DECIDES FURTHER to reappoint Dr. M. S. Harb (Arab Republic of Egypt) as Rapporteur on the Revision of the Climatic Atlas for Region I (Africa) with the following terms of reference: (a) To prepare details of the basic climatological information required for the preparation of the revised regional climatic maps; (b) To advise on the suitable forms for collecting the climatological data from Members; and RESOLUTION 21 77 (c) To advise and assist, as necessary, in the different steps for the preparation of the revised climatic maps; INVITES Members to give their full support to the preparation of the revised regional climatic maps; APPEALS to non-Member countries to co-operate in the preparation of the revised regional climatic maps. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 26 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 21 (IV-RA I) - NETWORK OF REFERENCE CLIMATOLOGICAL STATIONS IN REGION IN (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 27 (V-RA I) - Network of reference climatological stations in Region I (Africa), (2) Recommendation 1 (CC1-V) - Reference climatological stations, (3) The difficulties encountered by its Members in selecting reference climatological stations which conform to the present specifications of such stations, as contained in the WMO Technical Regulations, CONSIDERING the importance of identifying and maintaining in the Region a network of reference climatological stations which would be representative of the main climatic regimes of the Region, INVITES the president of the Association to draw the attention of CoSAMC to the difficulties experienced by Members of RA I in selecting their reference clima tological stations and to request the commission to develop additional guidance which would facilitate the identification of such stations; INVITES Members to take the following action after the clarification of the present definition of the reference climatological stations: (a) To draw up a list of their reference climatological stations which satisfy the provisions of the WMO Technical Regulations; (b) To send their lists to the Secretary-General before a date to be fixed by the president of the Association; 78 RESOLUTION 22 REQUESTS the Secretary-General to compile the lists submitted by the Members of the Association and circulate them together to all Members of the Association, as well as the other Members and bodies concerned. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 27 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 22 (VI-RA I) - RAPPORTEUR ON THE NETWORK OF CLIMAT AND CLIMAT TEMP REPORTING STATIONS IN REGION I THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 28 (V-RA I) - Networks of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP stations in Region I, (2) !J..lY2.4, !f..2.Y3.l.l, !f..2.Y3.1.1.l and !f..2.Y3.1.2 of the Tech nical Regulations, (3) Paragraph 11.4 of the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO Publica tion No. 100), (4) WMO Technical Note No. III - The planning of meteorological station networks, CONSIDERING: (1) That the density of the network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in Africa is not uniform, (2) That the number of stations included in the network is much higher than is required to meet the spacing criteria set forth in the WMO Technical Regulations, (3) That a rev~s~on of the network could result in saving of work and time spent on 'transmission on the GTS, (4) That experience shows that this would have no significant influence on the processing of monthly mean charts for the standard isobaric surfaces, DECIDES: (1) That the network of stations transmitting CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports in Region I shall provisionally include those stations listed in the annex* to this resolution until such time as a revised network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations is adopted by the Association on the basis of the recommendations of the rapporteur on this subject; RESOLUTION 23 79 (2) That a selection of these stations indicated by an asterisk in the list given in the annex* to this resolution shall continue to transmit their messages on the GTS circuits while the remaining stations shall send theirs by mail only; (3) To appoint a Rapporteur on the Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP Reporting Stations in Region I, with the following terms of reference: (a) To conduct a study on the optimum density of the network of CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reporting stations in Region I, taking into account the density stipulated in the WMO Technical Regulations and the requirements of Members of the Association; (b) To formulate a recommendation for a revised network of CLlMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in Africa which should not contain more than 160 CLlMAT and 40 CLlMAT TEMP reporting stations; (c) To report to the president of RA I not later than 1 January 1975; (4) To select Mr. P. A. 8yarugaba (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) as Rapporteur on the Network of CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP Reporting Stations in Region I; INVITES the president of the Association to take all measures required, in accordance with the WMO General Regulations, for the early adoption by the Associa tion of the revised network; INVITES all Members of RA I to give their support to the rapporteur, and appealsto interested non-Member countries to co-operate, in order that the rapporteur may carry out his task in the most favourable circumstances. *See Annex XI. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 28 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 23 (VI-RA I) - USE OF MODERN METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR DATA PROCESSING FOR CLIMATOLOGICAL PURPOSES IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING the conclusions of the Seminar on Modern Methods and Equipment for Data Processing for Climatological Purposes in Africa, CONSIDERING: (1) The increasing demands for climatological information for the different sectors of national economic development, particularly of the planning stages of the development projects, 80 RESOLUTION 24 (2) That eventually electronic computers would be indispensable for clima tological data processing, (3) The high costs of electro-mechanical machines and electronic computers for climatological data processing, (4) That some countries may consider the possibility of having joint data processing centres, URGES Members: (1) To introduce, if this has not already been done, modern methods and equipment such as electro-mechanical machines and electronic computers for climato logical data processing; (2) To train qualified meteorological personnel on climatological data processing; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to investigate different ways to assist the Members of the Association in this field from different possible resources. Res. 24 (VI-RA I) - WORKING GROUP ON OPERATIONAL HYDROLOGY THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) With appreciation the report of the Working Group on Hydrometeorology established by Resolution 25 (V-RA I), (2) Resolutions 12, 13 and 16 (Cg-VI), (3) Resolutions 12 and 15 (EC~XXIV), (4) The developments that have taken place in the implementation of the operational hydrology programme in the Region since its last session, (5) The report on the status of hydrological networks in Africa and proposals for their improvement and development by the WHO hydrometeorologist with ECA, CONSIDERING that the Regional Association I has an important and active role in strengthening activities in the field of operational hydrology, in particular with respect to those regional aspects of the WWW which could be used beneficially by Services dealing with hydrological matters, INVITES MEMBERS: (1) To encourage co-ordination between Meteorological and Hydrological Services, if they are separate; RESOLUTION 24 81 (2) To prepare lists of hydrological stations along the lines recommended in the Technical Regulations for operational hydrology and in the Guide to Hydro logical Practices; (3) To install more automatic recording raingauges to measure rainfall in tensity and duration, in order to meet hydrological requirements, particularly in areas where hydrological forecasting is needed or some water project is earmarked, and to carry out essential studies on rainfall depth-area-frequency-duration, probable maximum precipitation, and rainfall-runoff relationship; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to consider the possibility of increasing translations into French of WMO publications in operational hydrology particularly to satisfy the expressed needs of the French-speaking countries in Africa; DECIDES: (1) To establish a Working Group on Operational Hydrology with the following terms of reference: (a) To finalize for publication the analytical report on the status of hydrological networks in Africa and proposals on their design and development and improvement, in particular with respect to the improvement of their adequacy for international purposes and to assist in the preparation of the master plan of hydrological net works in the Region; (b) To assist other WMO bodies in collecting information on hydrological data-transmission facilities in the Region, particularly in inter national river basins, and to prepare a report on the needs and possible use of the regional meteorological telecommunication network for transmission of hydrological data; (c) To co-operate with other WMO bodies in collecting information on hydrological data-processing facilities and data banks, and to prepare a report on the requirements of national Hydrological Services and of bodies operating international river basins for data-processing, storage and retrieval facilities; (d) To co-operate with appropriate WMO bodies in the development of specific studies on the practical use of WWW systems for hydro logical purposes in selected international river basins in the Region; (e) To examine, on the basis of a study of available data, the pos sibility of preparing hydrological maps of Africa; (f) To provide advice to the president of RA I on all regional questions concerning hydrology and water resources; 82 RESOLUTION 25 (g) To collaborate with the UN ECA and other international bodies in the Region in the field of operational hydrology, in particular in such regional st0dies as'droughts, desert advantement, and tropical cyclone problems; (2) To invite Members in the Region to nominate experts belonging to their Meteorological and/or Hydrological Services (or equivalentorganJ,z,ations), taking into consideration Resolution 38 (VI-RA I), to participate in the work of the group and attend the session of the group, when convened; (3) To select, in accordance with Regulation 31 of the General Regulations, Mr. I. Yaya (Upper Volta) as chairman of the ~orking group; REQUESTS the chairman of the working group to submit a report on the activities of the working group to the president of RA I by the end of each year. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 25 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 25 (VI-RA I) - ROLE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Article 2(.d) of the WMO Convention, (2) Resolution 29 (V-RA I) - Application of meteorology to various human' ac~iviti~s In Africa, (3) Resolution 30 (V-RA I) - Development of Meteorological Services in Africa, (4) Resolution 17 (Cg-VI) - Role of meteorology in social and economic development, (5) Resolution 1728 (lIII) - Part C, adopted by the fifty-third session of the United Nations Economic and Social Council,* (6) ECA Resolution 196 (IX) - World Weather Watch and the economic develop ment in Africa, RESOLUTION 25 83 (7) Recommendations of the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, June, 1972), (8) Africa's strategy for development adopted by Resolution 238 (XI) of the eleventh session of the Economic Commission for Africa, paragraph 19 recommending the establishment of national government machinery or commissions to co-ordinate the work of the various ministries whose portfolios encompass problems of the environment, BEING AWARE that some of the main preoccupations of the African Governments are the management, exploitation and conservation of natural resources, particularly vegetation, wate~ marine and energy resources, CONSIDERING: (1) That the rational exploitation and conservation of natural resources including human resources, plant and animal resources, agriculture, animal husbandry and hydro-electric resources are closely related to meteorological processes; (2) That climate is one of the basic factors to be considered in the develop ment of other natural resources and/in particular,that the intensive utilization of climatic conditions in agriculture would open the way to substantial socio-economic growth in Africa; CALLS UPON its Members to take urgent measures to further the application of meteorology ana climatology to enhance the economic development of Africa as well as to the other relevant human environmental problems; and to this end INVITES Members: (1) To assess the assistance that can be given to the various branches of the national economy to which meteorology can be applied and to point out to all concerned the nature and scope of this assistance; (2) To endeavour to introduce as an urgent measure suitable teaching of meteorology at all stages of education; (3) To ensure that meteorological advice is given at the pre-investment survey stage ~n the planning of various human activities; (4) To establish or strengthen the institutional links between their national Meteorological Services and the national organs responsible for their economic deve lopment planning as well as the rational exploitation of natural resources, for example in city planning, building industry and other aspects of human environment, as well as in the more traditional fields of agriculture, water resources, aviation and shipping; (5) To ensure that the national Meteorological Services be represented on the national co-ordination machinery for the human environment to be established as envisaged in paragraph 8 under NOTING; 84 RESOLUTION 26 NOTING FURTHER that a governmental structure that enables national Meteoro logical Services to serve all branches of society and various human activities is a prerequisite in each country for the efficient application of meteorology to social and economic development, URGES Members to arrange, where necessary, for the national Meteorological Services to have an appropriate" place in the government structure to enable them to play their full role in the applications of meteorology and climatology to social and economic development and to provide them with the adequate personnel, equipment and financial ~eansfor that purpose. *See Part A of Annex XII. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolutions 29 and 30 (V-RA I), which are no longer in force. Res. 26 (VI-RA I) - APPLICATION OF METEOROLOGY TO AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 31 (V-RA I) - Application of meteorology to agriculture in Africa, (2) Resolution 15 (Cg-VI) - Agrometeorological services in aid of food production, (3) Resolution 25 (VI-RA I) - Rule of meteorology and climatology in economic development and human environmental problems in Afri.ca," RECOGNIZING: (1) That in most countries of the Region, agriculture continues to be the main source of national economy, (2) That for the efficient development and expansion of agricultural activities, meteorological advice and information are indispensable, (3) That the introduction of promising new varieties of crops, especially the high-yield varieties of rice and wheat of the green revolutio~ is greatly facilitated by giving proper consideration to meteorological and climatological factors, RESOLUTION 26 85 (4) That marginal land areas in many countries of the Region are frequently exposed to natural disasters of a meteorological origin such as droughts, floods and tropical cyclones, (5) That the occurrence of such disasters calls for special planning of agricultural activities and managemen~ taking into consideration the basic climat ological factors, (6) That many of the agrometeorological activities of WMO are compatible with the Unesco "Man and the Biosphere" programme, CONSIDERING: (1) That the first step for any country wishing to develop its meteorological services to agriculture is to establish and maintain a network of agrometeorological stations, (2) That better knowledge should be acquired of the water balance of various crops, and that observations of evaporation, evapotranspiration, radiation and soil moisture should accordingly be made by at least one agrometeorological station in each country, (3) The need for agrometeorological services to be established or strengthened within the national Meteorological Services in Africa, (4) That the availability of trained agricultural meteorologists is a pre requisi te for any development in the field of agricul tural meteorology, (5) That close collaboration between meteorological and agricultural personnel, at both the national and regional levels, is important and essential for the development of agricultural meteorology in Africa, (6) That in all the Meteorological Services of the Region, there are data which are of prime importance to technical assistance expert~ and particularly to those specializing in agricultural development, URGES Members: (1) To establish or strengthen agrometeorological services within their national Meteorological Services; (2) To establish and maintain networks of agrometeorological stations in accordance with the provisions of the WMO Technical Regulations and the Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices; (3) To designate at least one station of the network as a principal agro meteorological station; (4) To db everything possible to disseminate promptly the basic climato logical data of their agrometeorological stations as well as selected derived 86 RESOLUTION 27 elements therefrom in a form best suited to the needs of users such as the agronomists or engineers of rural agricultural services; (5) To give particular attention to the training of their agricultural meteorologists in accordance with the syllabi and instructions prepared by the Commission for Agricultural MeteorologYi (6) To ensure that the study of weather and climate and their effect on plant as well as animal resources is included in agricultural training courses, including those of extension workers; (7) To ensure collaboration at all levels between members of their staff and the agricultural authorities including agriculture research institutes, to ensure maximum use of agrometeorological information and services; (8) To set up, where these do not already exist, ~ational co-ordinating committees composed of representatives of meteorological, agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry, hydrological and soil-science agencies; INVITES Members: (1) To request, where necessary, UNDP assistance in establishing or strengthening their national agrometeorological services and networks; (2) To ensure that the national Meteorological Services are represented on the national committees of the Unesco "Man and the Biosphere" programme; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to draw the attention of the Director-General of FAO as well as the appropriate UNDP authorities to the necessity for FAO experts to establish and maintain regular contact with the Meteorological Service of the country in which they are active. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 31 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 27 (VI-RA I) - OCEAN ACTIVITIES AND MARINE METEOROLOGY THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) The decision of Sixth Congress concerning the need for the Organization to assist developing countries in the development of their marine meteorological capability (general summary, paragraph 3.3.2.6), RESOLUTION 27 87 (2) Recommendation 19 (CMM-VI) - Support to maritime developing countries, (3) Resolution 25 (VI-RA I) - Role of meteorology and climatology in eco~0mic development and human environmental problems in Africa, AWARE of the significance of the ocean as an element of rapidly growing importance in support of the economic and social development of nations, CONSCIOUS of the traditional role of marine meteorology in support of shipping and its broadening range of applications in support of new types of ocean activities such as fisheries, harbour development, coastal development works, and otf-shore operations. CONSIDERING: (1) That the arrangements required to enable Meteorological Services to ser vice their growing national ocean activities need to be prepared in a timely fashion, (2) That countries in the Region should acquire the capability of increas1ngly being involved in the various aspects of international oceanic projects, REQUESTS the Secretary-General to arrange for the completion of an information pamphlet on the support which marine meteorological services are expected to provide to various uses of the oceans, and their economic significance; URGES Members: (1) Who are already engaged in marine activities to develop their national Meteorological Service to meet the growing demands for combined meteorological and selected oceanographic information in support of their marine activities; (2) Who are not yet significantly engaged in marine activities but who plan to do so in the medium or long term, to start taking without delay the preparatory steps that will permit their Meteorological Services to provide the requested services in the field of marine meteorology; ENCOURAGES Members concerned to follow to the fullest extent possible the provisions of Recommendation 19 (CMM-VI) and in particular~ (a) To submit requirements for assistance in developing their marine meteorological services to the national planning authorities and the UNDP resident representatives to ensure that these requirements are included in the UNDP country programme for thair countrYi (b) To ask whenever necessary for assistance from the Secretary General of WMO in preparing such submissions as well as in im plementing Recommendation 19 (CMM-VI)i INVITES Members to study ways and means of developing their capability to participate in the various aspects of the Integrated Global Ocean Station System (IGOSS). 88 RESOLUTION 28 Res. 28 (VI-RA I) - ESTABLISHMENT OF NETWORKS OF BACKGROUND AIR-POLLUTION STATIONS IN REGION I (AFRICA) THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 33 (V-RA I) - Problems of the human environment, (2) Resolution 16 (Cg~VI) - WMO activities in the field of environmental pollution, (3) Resolution 12 (EC-XXII) - Measurement of background air pollution, (4) Resolution 3 (Cg-VI) - World Weather Watch, (5) Resolution 25 (VI-RA I) - Role of meteorology and climatology in economic development and human environmental problems in Africa, CONSIDERING: (1) The gradual increase of pollution in the air on a local, regional and global scale, (2) The need to follow, through an adequate monitoring system,the regional and global trends in background pollution in view of both the possible impact on climate and other environmental factors, (3) The need for assistance to many countries in order to make possible the establishment of background pollution stations, INVITES t1embers: (1) To establish background stations in their countries, in accordance with the specifications given in Resolution 12 (EC-XXII), and inform the Secretary-General on any development in this respect; (2) To inform the Secretary-General,. as appropn.a"te and when necessary, of the need for assistance through VAP or otherwise for the establishment of background pollution stations; (3) To request, as necessary, from the Secretary-General technical advice of WHO experts for the establishment of background pollution stations. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 33 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. RESOLUTION 29 89 Res. 29 (VI-RA I) - MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) WMO Sixth Congress conclusion concerning the role of IGOSS in respect of marine pollution monitoring, (2) IOC Executive Committee Resolution 11 (EC-II) requesting IPLAN to pursue the planning of a Marine Pollution Monitoring Programme Pilot Project, addressed at oil and petroleum hydrocarbons, (3) Recommendation 90 of the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, (4) Recommendation 13 (CMM-VI) - Marine pollution monitoring, (5) Resolution 25 (VI-RA I) - Role of meteorology and climatology in economic development and human environmental problems in Africa, (6) That the monitoring- of marine pollution, in particular observa tions of oil slicks, should be accompanied by observations of the standard meteoro logical variables such as wird, air and sea-surface temperature, and atmospheric pressure, CONSIDERING: (1) That the Mediterranean Sea and the ocean areas around Africa are heavily traversed by tankers, (2) That existing coastal meteorological facilities suitably developed could significantly support the implementation of the Pilot Project and that some Members have already expressed their willingness to give such support, URGES Members: (1) To ensure that their Meteorological Services are represented on national environment-monitoring bodies; (2) To take, without delay, the preparatory steps that will permit their Meteorological Services to provide the requested services in the field of marine pollution monitoring; (3) To make their coastal meteorological observing stations avail able for marine pollution monitoring purposes, including the taking of water samples, as well as a more extensive monitoring of the relevant ocean-atmosphere physical parameters; 90 RESOLUTION 30 WELCOMES the arrangements made byWMO and IOC to promote the training of technical personnel in developing countries in observational aspects of marine pollution monitoring. Res. 30 (VI-RA I) - METEOROLOGY AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 29 (V-RA I) - Application of meteorogy to various human activities in Africa, (2) Resolution 35 (V-RA I) - Co-operation with the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, (3) Resolution 17 (Cg-VI) - Role of meteorology in social and economic development, (4) Resolution 6 (EC-XXII) - Meteorology and economic development, (5) Resolution 25 (VI-RA I) - Role of meteorology and climatology in eCOn omic development and human environmental problems in Africa, CONSIDERING: (1) That there is a continuous need to promote the Dpplication of meteorology to social and economic development in Africa, (2) That the EC Panel of Experts on Meteorology and Economic and Social Development has initiated a series of country case studies on cost/benefit relation ship of meteorological services, of which two will be carried out in Member countries of the Region, (3) That is desirable to organize additional conferences on economic benefit of the applications of meteorology in the Region, (4) That continued co-operation with ECA in the field of application of meteorology to economic development is essential, INVITES Members: (1) To keep the Secretary-General informed of any important development within their territories in the field of application of meteorology to economic development including studies of cost/benefit relationship of meteorological services; (2) To establish national committees with membership drawn from the various users to give advice to Meteorological Services on the application of meteorology to different sectors of the economy; RESOLUTION 31 91 (3) To issue national booklets on how meteorology is, or may be, applied to various activities within their countries; REQUESTS the Secretary-General: (1) To keep Members of the Region informed of any progress in the develop ment of methods for studies of cost/benefit relationship of meteorological services; (2) To make every effort to organize, with the support of the UNDP or other wise, regional or subregional conferences or sessions on one or more of the following topics: Economic benefit relating to the application of meteorology to the problem of bush fires; Economic benefit relating to the application of meteorology to water resources development; Economic benefit relating to the application of meteorology to industries; Methods for studies of cost/benefit relationship of meteorological services; Economic benefits derived from the application of meteorology to the improvement of rice yields; (3) To continue to collaborate as fully as possible with ECA to further the application of meteorology to the different sectors of the economy and in particular to the exploitation of natural resources. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 35 (V-RA I) which is no longer in force. I Res. 31 (VI-RA I) - DROUGHT IN THE SUDANO-SAHELIAN ZONE AND OTHER PARTS OF AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, CONSIDERING: (1) The widespread human suffering and serious economic consequences of the prolonged droughts in the Sudano-Sahelian zone and other parts of Africa, (2) The many useful contributions which national Meteorological and Hydro logical Services can make towards mitigating the harmful effects of droughts (3) The information provided by countries seriously affected by drought, 92 RESOLUTION 32 EXPRESSES its deep sympathy with the governments and pe,oples of the Sudano Sahelian region in the major disaster which has struck them; URGES Members concerned to take all possible steps to ensure that their Meteorological and Hydrological Services are able to play their full role in studies of the causes of drought, in the development of improved methods of drought fore casting and in efforts to mitigate the effects of droughts; and NOTING with satisfaction the plans being developed by the Secretary-General for helping the countries in the Sudano-Sahelian zone in their efforts to overcome the drought problem, EXPRESSES the hope that these plans may be extended, on request, to other countries in Africa affected by droughts; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to keep Members informed of the development and implementation of the WMO programme on drought. Res. 32 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IN AFRICA UNDER THE UNDP - TRAINING OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING METEOROLOGICAL PERSONNEL THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) That the Regional Meteorological Training Centres in Nairobi (Kenya) and Lagos (Nigeria) and the Department of Meteorology in the University of Nairobi con tinued to function effectively with the assistance from WMO under the UNDP programme and that at these places a number of meteorological personnel of English-speaking countries in Africa have been trained to Classes I and II standard, (2) That the two training facilities in Nairobi have been combined into a single project, namely the East African Institute for Meteorological Training and Research, with increased UNDP assistance and government contribution to provide additional training courses and research facilities, (3) That assistance to these projects in Nairobi and Nigeria has been approved by the UNDP under the inter-country programme up to 1976 and 1974 respecti vely, EXPRESSES its appreciation to the Governments of Kenya, United Republic of· Tanzania·, UgCll1da and Niger:ia for the support they have given to tFie traimng centres in Nairobi and Lagos; r.ONSIDERING that there is still a great need for basic training of meteoro logical personnel of all categories for the Meteorological Services in Africa in order that these Services can play an effective role in the economic development of these countries, RESOLUTION 33 93 RECOMMENDS: (1) That the institute in Nairobi and the training centre in Lagos should be continued as UNDP projects for a number of years until the needs of the Members can be fully satisfied; (2) That assistance to these institutions which is being provided at present under the UNDP inter-country programme should be continued as necessary under the same programme until such time as the countries can themselves take over full res ponsibility for the institutions; NOTING FURTHER that the training courses for agrometeorological technicians are proposed to be introduced in the training centre in Nigeria from 1974 and that UNDP assistance may be required for this purpose, RECOMMENDS that the necessary assistance should be sought under the UNDP inter-country programme; NOTING FURTHER with satisfaction and appreciation that the training facilities for instruments technicians generously offered by the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt have been taken advantage of by many Members to train their instrument tech nicians, EXPRESSES its conviction that any further assistance required in the form of equipment to supplement the equipment already available in the Cairo centre should be provided under the regional programme of the UNDP; REQUESTS Members: (1) To support and give adequate priority to the continuation and expansion as necessary of the training projects indicated above when the UNDP refers such projects to the governments for their comments; (2) To derive the maximum benefit from these institutions by sending their personnel for training in the different courses; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to continue to provide the maximum technical support to the training institutions in Africa and to present to the UNDP proposals as required for continued assistance to these institutions. Res. 33· (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IN AFRICA UNDER THE UNDP - TRAINING OF FRENCH-SPEAKING METEOROLOGICAL PERSONNEL THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING ~ith appreciation that the Government of Algeria has offered facilities in the Hydrometeorological Institute for Training and Research in Oran to train 94 RESOLUTION 34 students from other African countries at Class I and Class II levels, AGREEING with the conclusion of the Conference on Meteorological Education and Training in Developing Countries in Africa, held in Algiers in 1970, that the facilities existing at present for the training of Class II meteorological personnel of French-speaking countries in Africa are inadequate and that there is an urgent need for additional regional facilities for training such personnel in Africa, NOTING FURTHER that discussions are going on between the WMO Secretariat and the Organisation Commune Africaine Malgache at Mauritienne (OCAM) for the establish ment with the assistance of UNDP of a regional centre for French-speaking meteoro logical personnel, and that other governments are also interested in creating a centre for French-speaking meteorological personnel, REQUESTS the Secretary-General: (1) To pursue his efforts with the governments concerned to develop a project for the establishment of a training centre for Class II personnel; (2) To submit to the UNDP at the appropriate time a proposal for assistance to such a centre under the UNDP inter-country programme for Africa; REQUESTS Members to give their full support to such a project when it is referred to them by the UNDP for comments; NOTING FURTHER that a pressing need exists for training Class I meteorological personnel in the French-speaking countries in the Region and that the only centre pres ently available for such training is the institute in Oran, RECOGNIZING that additional centres for such training might be needed to meet the requirements of the Members, REQUESTS the Secretary-General: (1) To study this question in consultation with the president of the Associa tion and the Members concerned; (2) If the study establishes the need and feasibility of creating new centres for Class I training of French-speaking students, to formulate a project for this purpose and submit it to the UNDP appropriately for approval. Res. 34 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IN AFRICA UNDER THE UNDP - FELLOWSHIPS FOR TRAINING OF METEOROLOGICAL PERSONNEL THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) That a number of training facilities already supported by WMO and the UNDP exist at present in the Region for the training of all categories of personnel, RESOLUTION 35 95 (2) That the Meteorological Services have been handicapped in getting an adequate number of personnel trained due to inadequacy of financial resources for such training, (3) That the existing resources for fellowships under the UNDP and the YAP do not meet the requirements, NOTING FURTHER that this problem has been solved satisfactorily in Latin America by the establishment of an inter-country project under the UNDP consisting mainly of fellowships for training within the Region, CONSIDERING that there is still a great need for training of meteorological personnel of all categories for the Meteorological Services in Africa in order that these Services can provide the maximum advice and assistance in the economic develop ment of their countries, EXPRESSES its conviction that the requirements of Members of Regional Associa tion I can be met only by the development of a fellowships project for Africa; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to formulate and submit to the UNDP a suitable project for this purpose; REQUESTS Members to give the necessary support and priority when this project proposal will be referred to them by the UNDP for their comments. Res. 35 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IN AFRICA UNDER THE UNDP - ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING SEMINARS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) That the national Meteorological and Hydrological Services of most Members of the Region are making great efforts to extend their activities in different fields of meteorology and operational hydrology-to provide information and advice to the various sectors of economic development of their countries, (2) That several Members of the Association have installed or envisage the installation of modern meteorological, telecommunications and electronic computer equipment, (3) That rapid advances are being made in different fields of meteorology and hydrology, CONSIDERING: (1) That there is a pressing need to make the staff of the Meteorological Services familiar with the advanced knowledge and latest techniques used in meteoro logy and hydrology, 96 RESOLUTION 36 (2) That this aim can most economically be achieved through the organization of training seminars on specific topics on a regional basis, EXPRESSES its conviction that there is an urgent need for the organization of regional training seminars in Africa on the following subjects: Symposium on drought in the Sahelian area and other parts of Africa (first priority); Seminar on the application of meteorology and climatology to socio economic development a~d the human environmental problems in Africa; Seminar on the operation and the management of meteorological telecommuni cations, includi~g procedures, for developing countries i~ Africa; Seminar on weather forecasting methods applicable in Africa including the forecasting of tropical cyclones; Seminar on specifit aspects of operational hydrology; REQUESTS the Secretary-General in collaboration with the president of Regional Association I to formulate detailed proposals for each of these seminars and submit them at the appropriate time to the UNDP for approval, and to organize the seminars after their approval; REQUESTS Members: (1) To give their full support to the seminar proposals when they are referred to them for comments by the UNDP; (2) To offer host facilities as required for the approved seminars. Res. 36 (VI-RA I) - REGIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IN AFRICA UNDER THE UNDP - REGIONAL ADVISER IN AGRICULTURE METEOROLOGY THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 26 (Cg-V) - Agrometeorological services in support of the world campaign against hunger, (2) Resolution 15 (Cg-VI) - Agrometeorological services in aid of food pro- duction, (3) The .relevant activities of the FAO/Unesco/UNDP/WMO Inter-agency Group on Agricultural Biometeorology, particularly the agroclimatological surveys of the semi arid zone in Africa south of the Sahara, and of the highlands of eastern Africa, RESOLUTION 37 97 RECOGNIZING: (1) That in most countries of the Region, agriculture continues to be the main source of national economy, (2) That for the efficient development and expansion of agricultural activi ties meteorological advice and information are indispensable, (3) That marginal land areas in many countries of the Region are frequently exposed to natural disasters of a meteorological origin such as droughts, floods and tropical cyclones, (4) That the occurrence of such disasters calls for special planning of agricultural activities and management taking into consideration the basic clima tological factors, (5) That many of the Meteorological Services of the Region are not yet sufficiently equipped to provide the necessary advice and information to the govern ments in this field and are in need of expert advice and training facilities in this regard, RECOMMENDS: (1) That a regional adviser in agricultural meteorology should be provided under the UNDP inter-country programme for a period of two to three years to give the necessary advice and assistance on request to Members in the Region; (2) That Members should take advantage of all available fellowship possi bilities to have their agrometeorological personnel trained; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to formulate a project for the prOV1S10n of a regional adviser in agricultural meteorology and submit it to the UNDPi REQUESTS Members to give their full support to this project when it is re ferred to them by the UNDP for comments. Res. 37 (VI-RA I) - WMO MAXIMUM EXPENDITURES FOR THE SEVENTH FINANCIAL PERIOD THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, RECOGNIZING: (1) The increasing significance of meteorology in the economic development of the African countries, (2) That many natural disasters which affect the African continent, such as prolonged drought in the Sudano-Sahel ian region, involve meteorological factors, (3) That the basic input of meteorological knowledge and advice at the national level is through the national Meteorological Services, 98 RESOLUTION 37 (4) . That the efficiency and effectiveness of the national Meteorological Services is considerably enhanced by support and co-operation at the international level and thatWMO is the appropriate medium through which .. such interna"tional. action should be taken, CONSIDERING: (1) That the present financial resources of the Organization are inadequate to enable it to play an adequate role in support'of African countries, especially in such fields as the award of training fellowships, the sponsoring of regional technical conferences, the availability of specially recruited short-term consultants and ad visers, the provision of conference facilities for sessions of RA I and its working groups, etc., (2) Article 23 of the WMO Convention and Article 3 of the Financial Regula tions, which require the Secretary-General to submit to Congress estimates of the maximum expenditures for the subsequent financial period, NOTING: (1) Resolution 1728 (lIII), Part C, of the Economic and Social Council, the operative paragraphs of which are reproduced in Part A of the annex*to this resolu tion, (2) Resolution 31 (VI-RA I) - Drought in the Sudano-Sahelian zone and other parts of Africa, COMMENDS the Secretary-General for his efforts: (1) To give every possible assistance in respect of the above-mentioned disaster; (2) To make the most effective use of available resources in all other ways; INVITES the Secretary-General to take into consideration, when preparing his proposals for the maximum expenditure for the seventh financial period, the needs of the Association during this period, as indicated in P6rt B of the annex* to this resolution; URGES all Members of the Regional Association: (1) To give due attention to the views expressed by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in the above-mentioned resolution and particularly the section reproduced in Part A of the anne~to this resolution when considering all questions relating to their national Meteorological Services; (2) To ensure that at the Seventh Congress of the Organization their delega tions support the proposals contained in Part B of the annex* to this resolution and any other similar proposals which are aimed at enabling the Organization to give RESOLUTION 38 99 fuller support to the African countries in the efforts they are making for economic and social progress. *See Annex XII. Res. 38 (VI-RA I) - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 2555 (XXIV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations and subsequent resolutions of the United Nations on the implementation of the Decla ration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples by the specialized agencies and the international institutions associated with the United Nations, (2) The views expressed ,by Sixth World Meteorological Congress on this sub ject in paragraphs 5.3.10 to 5.3.19 of the abridged report of that Congress, (3) Paragraphs 9.2.2.8 to 9.2.2.11 of the abridged report of the twenty fourth session of the Executive Committee, (4) The views expressed in this connexion by the Organization of African Unity, (5) The action already taken by the Secretary-General with a view to pro viding meteorological training to refugees from colonial countries, NOTING ALSO WITH DEEP CONCERN- that the Governments of Portugal, South Africa and the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia have in no way changed the policies and practices which were categorically condemned by the United Nations and by the Congress, ENDORSES FULLY the views expressed in the above-mentioned resolutions and decisions of the United Nations and the World Meteorological Congress; COMMENDS the Secretary-General for his efforts in providing meteorological training to refugees from colonial countries; REQUESTS the Executive Committee to re-examine the whole question of the implementation of the United Nations Assembly Resolution 2555 (XXIV) and other reso lutions on the same subject with a view to clarifying what steps need to be taken: (a) To permit the expulsion of a Member of the Organization or the suspension of a Member including, if necessary, the drafting of and appropriate amendment to the WMO Convention; and 100 RESOLUTION 39 (b) To ensure, in consultation with the Organization of African Unity, representation of the colonial territories in Africa by the national liberation movements concerned and the United Nations Council of Namibia, in an appropriate capacity; when dealing with matters pertaining to those territories, as appropriate; ALSO REQUESTS the Executive Committee to explore the possibilities of estab lishing in the southern part of Africa alternative regional centres to replace those existing at present in South Africa and in particular the Regional Meteorological Centre and the Regional Telecommunication Hub; DECIDES that, pending the above examination, Portugal, Portuguese East Africa, Portuguese West Africa, South Africa and the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia shall be: (1) Excluded from participating in the work of all subsidiary bodies of the Association; (2) Excluded from any consideration when the Association is allocating re gional responsibilities to individual Members, whenever such action does not affect the interests and needs of the Meteorological Services of certain Member countries, as well as the essential requirements of the international meteorDlogical systems; REQUESTS Members of Regional Association I not to exchange with these coun tries meteorological experts, advisers or fellows (trainees), if such exchanges still exist. Res. 39 (VI-RA I) - REVISION OF THE RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED BEFORE THE SIXTH SESSION OF RA I THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING paragraph 3.7.1 of the general summary of EC-IX, CONSIDERING: (1) That a number of its resolutions adopted before its sixth session have been revised and incorporated in resolutions of the sixth session, (2) That other of its previous resolutions have been incorporated in ap propriate WMO publications or become obsolete, (3) The action taken by the competent bodies of the Organization and the Members on the recommendations adopted before its sixth session, RESOLUTION 39 101 DECIDES: (1) To keep in force the following resolutions which were adopted before its sixth session: Resolution 15 (65-RA I) Resolutions 16, 17 and 32 (V-RA I); (2) Not to keep in force the other resolutions and recommendations adopted before its sixth session; I (3) To publish the text qf the resolutions kept in force in the annex* to this resolution. *See Annex XIII. ,NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 45 (V-RA I), which is no longer in force. ANN E X I Annex ·to paragraph 4.1.2.3 of the general summary RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL STATIONS Members are urged to obtain observations from these areas, whenever practicable Index Station Surface Radio'vind Radiosonde Nu...TJlber . (area) 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 (200 23'N, 07°10'''') x x x x x x x x (220 26 1U; 01 0 02'E) x x x x x x x x (200 23'N, 08 0 12'E) x.x x x x x x x (27°30'1-1, 03°05 'y1) x x x x x x x x· x x x x (23°26 1 1I, 12014'E) .x x x x x x x x (210 23'U, 16V 18'E) x x x x :x. x x x x x x x (25°27 'U, 17°19'E) x x x x x x x x 0 (20 22'U, 31 0 33'E) x :r.: x x x x x x x x· x x 0 0 (10 13'H, 21 23 1 E) x x x x x x x x x x x x (23°25'U, 150 17'E) x x x x x x x x (15°1'l'U, 100 12'E) x x x x X x x x (16°18'N, 15°17 I E) x x x x x x x x (21 0 23'U, 19°22'E) x x x x xx xx (200 22 I U, 23°25'E) x x x x x x x x ( 0003'N, 24°27 I E) x x x x x x x x x x x x (25°27'N, 25°27 I];;) x x x x X y. X X (17°-9'H_ ,l ", 24°26 lj:;) x x x x x ·x x x 0 (2~U25'8, 20 22. ' r:) x x x x 0 (15°17 I N, 28 301 E) x x :--: x x x x x 00nn,~ 0807nrJ~) (1 t,,) ~\,J i.); c_ .,JV J, :x x x x FARQUAHAR (lOoS, 52°E)* x x x x x x x x or alternatively PROVIDENCE (09°5, 52°E) x x x x x x x x ------COETIVY (07°S, 57°E)** (*) = already included in the regional basic synoptic network (**) = during cyclone periods only ANNEX II Annex to paragraph 4.1.7.2 of the general summary MEMBERS' PLANS OF GEOSTATIONARY METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES ------..;;-----_... -----_ ... ANN E X III Annex to paragraph 4.2.1.4 of the general summary LIST OF PRIORITIES FOR DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESSED INFORMATION BY RTHs (i) Prioritl I Validi tz Eeriod (hours) 1. Area forecast system charts (or charts prepared by HMOs and xequired for providing meteorological .assistance to aviation) 2. WHO 500-mb prognosis 24 3. WMO 500-mb prognosis 48 4. WMO 500-mb prognosis 72 5. WHO surface prognosis 48 6. WHO surface prognosis 72 7. WHO surface prognosis 24 8. RMO 500-mb prognosis* 24 ) 9. RMO 500-mbprognosis* 36 ) 10. RMO 500-mb prognosis* 48 ) 11. RMO surface prognosis 24 12. RMO surface prognosis 36 13. RMO surface prognosis 48 14. RMO surface prognosis 72 15. RMO. 850-mb analysis .16. RMO 850-mb prognosis 24 17. RMO 300-mb analysis 18. RMO 300-mb prognosis 24 19. RMO 500-mb analysis 20. RMO surface analysis 21. RMO sea-surface prognosis 24 22. RMO sea-wave prognosfs 48 23. RMO 700-mb analysis 24. RMO nephana1yses * If, for example, an NMO required items 8 and 10, the necessity for item 9 might not exist. ANNEX III 105 (1) Priority I (contd.) Validity period (hours) 25. HMO 1000/500-mb thickness prognosis 24 26. HMO 1000/500-inb thickness prognosis 48 27. HMO sea ioe and isotherl!ls 28. WMO quantitative precipitation p;rognosis (ii) The priorities II, III and IV are those stated in the report of Study P.27 (A) - Priorities and forms of presentation of WHO and HMO and output products required by Members in RA VI (March 1968). 106 ANN E X IV Annex to paragraph 4.2.5.4 of the general summary PROCEDURES FOR THE USE IN REGION I (AFRICA) OF GROUPS OF INTERNATIONAL CODE FORMS FM l4.E - SYNOP and FM 24.E - SHIP Section 1 1. The group 4PPPP Low-level stations (elevation less than 500 geopotential metres) report sea-level pressure for 4PPPP. Stations at an elevation of or exceeding 500 gpm but not exceeding 2300 gpm, report instead the group 4a3hhh the geopotential of the 850 mb pressure level, in geopotential metres. Stations between 2300 gpm and 3700 gpm report 4a3hhh the geopotential of 700 mb pressure level, in geopotential metres. Stations above 3700 gpm report 4a3hhh the geopotential of 500 mb. The group 5ap p p 2. v v v Stations situated in areas North of 20 0 N or South of 20 0 S use this group to report pressure tendency during the three hours preceding the time of observation. Stations between latitude 20 0 N and 20 0 S use this group to report the 24-hour pressure change in accordance with code 0200, except when a large portion of the country lies outside these limits when 3-hour tendency may be reported instead. Section 2 Code form FM l4.E The following groups should be included in this section: 333 (k T T T T ) (3N Ch h ) s x x n n s s s 8S S s s 9 P P P P (d d P P ) p p, p p w w w w w w w w The group (k T T T T ) Maximum and minimum temperature s x x n n This group should be used once a day at 0600 GMT only. T T indicates the maximum temperature recorded during 0600 to 1800 GMT x x the previous day. ANNEX IV 107 2. The. group (3N s Ch s h s ) - Individual cloud layers or masses This group should be used as agreed bi- or multilaterally. 3. The Group 7j.j j j - Supplementary information ~ s s s This group is used in the following form: j . Element For inclusion in ~ jsjsjs , ii • (0-3) d' d' f' f' g d" d , f"f" Wind changed in period SHIP, SYNOP 0 covered by WW (island stations) 5 f f g Mean maximum wind SHIP, SYNOP x x 0 speed in period covered by WW d'd'f'f' - Direction in tens of degrees and speed in units indicated by i (Code l853)of wind before the change. u d" d"f"f" - Direction in tens of degrees and speed in units indicated by i (Code l853)of wind after the change. u - Period, in whole hours, between the time of observation and the time of change or the occurrence of maximum mean wind speed (Scale from 0 to 5). For a change of wind to be reported the change in direction shall be 30 0 or more in less than 30 minutes when the wind speed before or after the change is 15 knots (8 m/s) or more and/or change in wind speed of 15 knots (8 m/s) or more. The maximum mean wind speed in the period covered by WW shall be reported only when f f is equal or greater than 30 knots (16 m/sec). x x If the speed is in knots and the value exceeds 99 knots f f = 99, the x x actual value shall be indicated in an additional group 77f f f_. x x x 4. The group 8S S s s p p. p p The group may be used by all stations capable of doing so. The regional code established is code 169. 108 ANNEX IV Any Member who requires to have code figures available for reporting a phenomenon for which no code has been specified selects a vacant number in the appropriate decade for SpSp (00-89) and submits_a proposed speci fication to the president of RA I for approval by circular letter before its adoption. In the event of no appropriate decade being available any Member or group of Members may adopt groups in the decade 90-99 without regional approval. The group (843D D ) shall be reported by all stations in the south-west L L Indian Ocean area lyi-ngbetween latitudes 0 and 400 S and between longi tudes 30 and 800 E during the tropical cyclone season. Change in Code 169 - First figures 9 to read 8 all the way. _ Reference to numbers 06 and 07 and notes thereafter to be deleted as this is now covered_ by the__ group 6apv p v p. v Thus the vacant numbers in the decade 00-09 now include 06 and 07.- Decade 10-19: now not allocated, since the maximum wind speed is now included in the group 7j.j j j • ~ s s s - Decade 80-89: Supplementary description of past and present weather. _ Delete the group 980W D as presentation for past weather will have changed to ww. a - Change all reference to past weather W to read WW. 5. Additional groups with indicator figures 6 and 9 The group (6 R24R24R24R24) shall be used for reporting 24-hour preci pitation to the nearest one-tenth of a millimetre. _ The group 9 P P P P (d d P P ) shall be used to report wind waves and/ w w w w w w w w or swell when observed by coastal stations and light ships in accordance with the relevant international specifications. ANN E X V Annex to paragraph 6.2.17 of the general summary RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN AND DEVEL'OPMENT OF HYDRQOGICAL NETWORKS IN RA I (by the WMO hydrometeorologist with ECA) The recommendations for the design and development of networks in Africa are categorized into short-, medium- and long-term measures as follows: (a) Short-term measures (i) Urgent steps should be taken for improvement of existing network stations. (ii) The .deficie~cies in ,the existing networks as indicated by the analysis of ~nformat~?n obta~ned by the questionnaire of the RA I Working Group on Hydrometeorology,. establishecf by Resoiution 25(V-RA n shol!ld be ' rectified. , (iii) Comparison of instruments should be carried out for conversion of data to uniform standards. (b) Medium-term measures The development of hydrological networks should be pursued on the basis of the master plans as soon as they are ready. This would help countries to reach le~els of data acquisition networks where major deficiencies of data in developing and managing their water resources would be rectified. The countries should expedite the supply of information requested on forms already sent to them, and on any forms which may be sent to them in future, to obtain further information. This will greatly help in expediting the preparation of the master plans. (c) Long-term measures (i) The countries where the network densities have reached or will reach the minimum network standard should start planning thei_r net works to reach the levels of optimum networks. (ii) Co-operation ~hould be established between national Services, where it does not exist, for planning of networks, publication of data, etc. 110 ANNEX V (iii) A complete survey of manpower requirements - present,and futu:e - for maintaining the MYdrological and Hydrometeorolog~cal Serv~ce~ of African countries should be-60nducted._ A programme for creat~ng necessary training facilities and training of personnel should be prepared on the basis of the survey. (iv) Suitable facilities should be created for scrutiny, processing and publication of past and future data with the minimum time lag. (v) Hydrological maps should be prepared on scale 1:2 000 000 for the whole of Africa. (vi) Sub-regional and regional co-operation should be arranged for publication of data, preparation of hydrological maps, regional and sub-regional hydrological studies, standardization of instru ments and methods of observation, training of personnel, hydro logical surveys of international rivers and so on. ANN E X VI Annex to paragraph 8.1 of the general summary INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT GIVEN BY DR. D. A. DAVIES, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF WMO ON AGENDA ITEK 8 Mr. Chairman, My dear Colleagues, Before I speak on Agenda item 8, may I first say what pleasure it is to have the opportunity which is afforded by this session of RA I to meet so many old friends and colleagues - and to meet some new ones too. I have I believe already greeted each one of you either in the corridors or at various social functions" but I felt I should nevertheless repeat these words in the more formal atmosphere of this meeting. Turning now to the agenda item under discussion, I would like to begin by saying that I have no intention of taking up much of your time by making a long statement. I fel~ howeve~ that this was a subject which is of such fundamental importance that a few remarks from me might perhaps be helpful. I believe the Association is to be congratulated on having given special attention to the question of the development of national Meteorological Services both at its last session and again at this present session. This is because it seems to me, that in the whole ~omplex structure of what might be called world meteorology involving governments and ministries of governments; involving also WMO and its relations with the United Nations and other specialized agencies; involving technical assistance programmes of various kinds; involving also meteorological research projects on the national and international levels - this whole complex structure has one simple objective - namely, that each country should be able to obtain the maximum benefit from the most advanced meteorological knowledge techniques, skills and advice, and that it should do so in every field of human activity in which meteorology has a role to play - and that means virtually every major field of economic development. The key element in achieving this objective is the national Meteorological Service and the key figure in each national Meteorological Service is the director - that is to say, as far as the African continent is concerned very largely yo~ gentleme~ sitting around this table. If the director is not given the resources to organize and operate a national Meteorological Service which will ensure that all these meteorological benefits are made available to the appropriate authorities and institutions in his country, then to that extent the country is denying itself assistance and support which it needs. 112 ANNEX VI The final decision in each case must of course rest with the-governm~nt but WMO also has a responsibility in this respect. In addition to providing the basic foundation for internatiDnal co-operatiDn, WMO has a responsibility to assist and advise those countries who so wi~h on the organiza~ion and opera{i~n of their meteorological services. The means whereby WMO endeavours to meet this responsibility are of course the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) our own WMO Voluntary Assistance Programme (VAP) and to a smaller, but nonetheless valuable extent, the regular budget itself. I need hardly say that we in the Secretariat do our utmost to provide such assistance to the maximum possible extent and we would like to do more. But we are of course limited by the resources which are made available to us. Mr. Taha, in his statement at the opening ceremony of this session stressed the need for providing in the future greater possibilities for such assistance within the regular budget of the Organization a~d I believe you will be considering further this question at a later stage. At this time, the point I wish to make is that the Organization recognizes it has a responsibility to assist the developing countries in building up their national Meteorological Services and a discussion on this subject is therefore entirely appropriate at this present session. In this connexion it is important to recognize moreover that in giving such assistance WMO is not just helping the recipient country - it is in most cases also assisting in the overall implementation of the WMO global programmes and hence is helping all other countries. The establishment of a radiosonde station for example, in one country obviously helps that country, but it also constitutes a contribution to the overall WMO Global Observing System. The establishment of an electronic computer or other facility at a Regional Meteorological Centre or Regional Telecommunication Hub helps all the countries connected to that centre or hub. And so on. Technical assistance is therefore not a one-sided affair and this is one reason why the term technical cq-operati~~ is, in my view, a better term. At this stage you may perhaps be thinking that all of us here as meteorologists are well aware of the importance of our work, but what we have to do is to persuade others (and particularly Finance Ministers) of the importance of our work. This is correct of course and it is part of our job in WMO to help as far as possible in this aspect of the problem also. For my part I naturally do what I can in this respect during visits to Member· countries, in discussions with the diplomatic representatives of Member··countries in Geneva, during my participation in United Nations meetings - and so on. And I know all the staff of the Secretariat d~ the same. To give one example of a useful outcome of these efforts, I w~uld like to refer you to a resolution adopted last year by the Economic and Social ~ouncil of the United Nations which is reproduced in Document 20 of this. session. Let me read out the two operative paragraphs. ANNEX VI 113 "The Ecorromic and Social Council, Draws the attention of governments of Member Sirites to the need for recognizing the vital character of their atmospheric and hydrological resources in maintaining progress in economic and social development, including the protection of life and property against weather-related disasters; Urges governments of Member States to support the balanced developments of their national Services in these fields, thereby ensuring that these Services can make their fullest contribution to national economic and social development and, at the same time, implement the various pro grammes of the World Meteorological Organization, thus contributing to the well-being of mankind." This resolution sho~clearly that the delegates to ECOSOC who, let us recall, are not meteorologists, but who are high-ranking diplomats and administra tors with long experience with the world's economic problems, also recognize full well the importance of our work and, in particular, the importance of national Meteorological Services. I have no doubt that all of you will use this resolution on the national level, if you have not already done so. I think you will find it very useful in your discussions with your governmental authorities. There is one final point I wish to mention, Mr. Chairman, and that is to refer again to Document 20 in which some ideas are put forward on a possible multi national approach to some of the difficulties being experienced. I will not take up your time in describing in detail the points raised in the document, but I would commend them for your earnest attention. In saying this, however, I must add that I realize full well there may be difficulties. Each Member State is a sovereign State with its own overall policies and principles and, for that matter, its own financial rules, and it may not be easy for a particular proposal for a multi-national approach to a problem to be approved by governments, however desira ble it may be from a purely meteorological point of view. Nevertheless, we should, I suggest, at this present session, examine carefully this idea as a possible solu tion to our common problems. That concludes all I wish to say, Mr. Chairman. I believe the resolution adopted by RA I at its last session invites delegations to report at this session on the development of their respective national Meteorological Services, and I am sure we shall hear some very interesting and constructive ideas. As a final word, let me repeat that it is the earnest wish of the WMO Secretariat to be of every possible assistance to you in the development of your national Meteorological Services. ANN E X VII Annex to paragraphS.5 of the general summary SUMMARY OF A STATEMENT MADE BY PROFESSOR E. A. BERNARDI WMO INVITED EXPERT Development of Meteorological Services in Africa I. In order that the Meteorological Services in Africa may be in a position to play their full part in national development, they should fulfill a set of conditions as set out below: 1. Terms of reference defining the competence of a modern Meteorological Service focused on national development and with due regard to the con solidation of dispersed activities falling within its province. 2. Attachment to a ministry and an administrative status Guaranteeing appropriate means for action and the free exercise of acti vities in the interests of every ~ocial and economic sector. 3. An internal organization comprising an administrative group, joint and gene:cal services, departments, technical divisions or sections commensurate with the international and national obligations to be met. 4. A policy aimirtg at an expansion of managerial staff and raising their pro fessional level, based on a long-term expansion plan and the distribution of staff of Classes I, II, III and IV to correspond with the functions for which provision is made in the organizational chart of the Se.rvice. 5. Meteorologists for development - high-ranking staff specializing in the applications rif meteorology to development, such as agronomists, hydro logists or geographers who have had further meteorological training follow ing their basic university training. The presence of such specialists is a prerequisite :to ensure the efficient application of meteorology to n_ational economic development. 6. Career conditions that are not under:rated in relation to the other civil services and that are equitable for all categories of meteorologists, so as to ensure quality of recruitment and continuity of careers within the framework of the Service. ANNEX VII 115 7. A National Meteorological Centre uniting all administrative, scientific and technical activities in a complex of functional buildings standing in wide grounds with lawns, on an open site not far from the ~apital. 8. Regional Meteorological Centres corresponding to the regional structure of the Service and responsible for meteorological activities at the level of the major administrative sub-divisions of the country. The centres should be responsible for the operation of the st,ations forming the observa tional network. These stations should be well distributed, have adequate personnel, be well-equipped, inspected regularly and be reorganized with a view to the unification of meteorological activities. 9. Joint supporting services for well-organized, scientific and technical activities (documentation service, laboratories, printing press, workshops, stores, archives, transport). 10. A programme of activities designed for the long-term and implemented by annual instalments, the items on the programme being determined in accor dance with the priorities of requirements for development. The programme laid down for the financial yea~ should justify the forthcoming budgetary allocation requested and should be forwarded to the government in the re port on the activities of the preceding financial year. A Meteorological Service in a developing country has other obligations than those of a public service. Such a Service should take the initiative in conducting studies and basic research which would be useful for development. These are undertakings which require careful arrangement and a distribution of the roles to be played, in accordance with the competence of those con cerned. 11. Active co-ordination of activities on the initiative of the director, at three levels: internal, national and international. Co-ordination at internal level should consist of periodic meetings of the professional staff, in the course of which reports on progress in the programme are presemed and discussed. Co-ordination at the national level should be undertaken by the necessary attendance at meetings concerned with the planning of development. The creation of a higher council for meteorology, responsible at the inter-ministerial level for laying down the annual programme and budget for the Service, is the best way of safeguarding the role of meteorology in the State. Meetings with the Meteorological Services of neighbouring countries and active participation in the WMO conferences and meetings will ensure co-ordination at the international level. 12. The existence of a Liaison Office for liaising with users, and which, as far as possible, should be placed under an economist with meteorological training. 13. One final condition which takes precedence over all those so far mentioned: confidence in the future and in the role of a Meteorological Service at the various governmental and administrative levels, but also, and above all, within the Service itself there should be a conviction of the im~ortance 116 ANNEX VII of its role in development, in order to be able to convince others. As movement is best demonstrated by moving, so the welcome dynamic action and successes of the Meteorological Service will best prove to the responsible authorities the increasing social and profitability which is commensurate with the facilities granted. II. It is of importance that, in countries in which this set of conditions is still far from being fulfilled in the Meteorological Service, a long-term plan for ex~ansion or renovation of the Service should be prepared as a basic document to be submitted to the authorities empowered to implement the plan. This plan should be prepared in detail in accordance with the following suggested sub-divisions: 1. Introduction (a) Statement of the situation with regard to meteorological activities (b) Requirements in matters concerning meteorological activities, re sulting from independence and plans for development. 2. Statement of the plan (a) Institutions, responsible minister, organization; (b) Programmes for study and research, arranged in order of priority; (c) Requirements: buildings, land, equipment, personnel; (d) Budgetary problems: operational budget, investment budget; (e) Justification of the social and economic profitability of the pro posed Meteorological Service. III. Apart from the few exceptions of countries which are fortunate enough to possess already a Meteorological Service having a sound structure and which is well-proportioned, the majority of countries in Africa need to renovate their Service on the basis of the principles set out in paragraphs I and II. IV. On the whole, it can be said that the budgets of the Services are, on average, too low by a coefficient of two to four. An analysis of the inquiry conducted in this connexion by the WMO Secretariat, in accordance with the wishes of Sixth Congress, will soon provide some useful details, although the number of replies to this questionnaire is hardly sufficient to provide significant statistical data. V. We may assert, with figures to prove it, that the problem of building up meteorology in Africa is fundamentally a problem of internal aid: aid by governments to their Meteorological Services. External aid by bilateral and "multilateral co-operation remains of a much lower order of magnitude than the ANNEX VII 117 total budgetary expenses which are necessary to renovate meteorology in Africa. Up-to-date technological facilities provided by co-operation can only be really useful, without increasing obligations, if they are built on the solid infra structures of the Meteorological Services benefiting from such co-operation. ANN E X VIII Annex to Resolution 1 (VI-RA I) Part A STATIONS AND OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAMMES COMPRISING THE BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORK IN REGION I (AFRICA) 1. All stations listed in this annex should make and disseminate surface synoptic observations at the four main synoptic hours, viz. 00, 06, 12 and 18 GMT, and at the four intermediate synoptic hours, viz., 03, 09, 15 and 21 GMT. Observations at the main synoptic hours should be given first priority. 2. All radiowind stations should make and disseminate upper-wind measurements up to 10 mb at 00 and 12 GMT. 3. All radiosonde stations should make and disseminate observations of pressure, temperature and humidity up to 10 mb at 00 and 12 GMT. 4. Any radiowind and radiosonde stations that cannot make at pres ent their full programmes should give preference to making and disseminating the observation at 12 GMT. * * * ANNEX VIII 119 LIST OF STATIONS BELONGING TO THE BAsIC SYNOPTIC NETWORKS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING PROGRAMME LISTE DES STATIONS DU RESEAU SYNOPTIQUE DE BASE ET LEUR PROGRAMME D'OBSERVATION Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio- Indicatif Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00·12 00 12 08521 Funchal (Madeira) x x x x x x x x x x x x 524 Porto Santo (Madeira)· · x x x x x x x x 583 Mindelo (Cabo Verde) · · x x x x x x x x 589 Praia (Cabo Verde) x x x x x x x x 594 Sal (Cabo Verde) · · · · x x x x x x x x x x x x 60005 La Palma/Buenavista x x x x x x x x 015 Tenerife/Tenerife • x x x x x x x x 020 Santa Cruz de Tenerife x x x x 030 Las Palmas/Gando. x x x x x x x x 040 Arrecife · · · · x x x x x x x x 06A Approx. 27°00'N-llo00'W· · · · · · · ·• x x x x x x x x 06B Approx. 24°00'N-14°00'W • x x x x x x x x 096 Villa Cisneros · · · · · x x x x x x x x x x 60060 Sidi Ifni x x x x x x x x 101 Tanger (Aerodrome)· · · x x x x x x x x 105 Laroche x x x x x x x x 107 Al Hoceima· · · x x x x x x x x. 115 Oujda • x x x x x x x x 127 Taza-Touahar· · · · · · · x x x x x x x x 135 Rabat-Sale · · · · x x x x x x x x 141 Fes-Sais x x x x x x x x 150 Meknes · · · · x x x x x x x x 155 Casablanca x x x x x x x x x x x x 156 Nouasseur • · · · · · x x x x x x x x 185 Safi . x x x x x x x x 190 Kasba-Tadia· · · · · · · x x x x x x x X :. · · · · x 191 Beni Mellal · · · · · x x x x x x x 120 ANNEX V~LI Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 60195 Midelt ...... x x x x x x x x 210 Ksar es Souk (Approx. 31 0 58'N-04°25 I W) •• x x x x x x x x x x x x 220 Essaouira (ex Mogador) •• x x x x x x x x 230 Marrakech • • • • • x x x x x x x x. 250 Agadir • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 265 Ouarzazate x x x x x x x x 275 Zagora x x x x x x x x 285 Tan Tan (Approx. 28~00'N-I0056'W) • x x x x x x x x 289 Tarfaya (App~ox. 27°50' N-13.o00'W) • x x x x x x x x 318 Tetuan_ •••• x X x x x x x x 338 Melilla •••• x x x x x x x x 340 Nador-Taouima x x x x x x x x x x 60355 Skikda ...... x x x x x x x x 360 Annaba •• • • • • x x x x x x x x x x 390 Alger/Dar el Beida x x x x x x x x x x x x 402 Bejaia ••• x x x x x x x x 419 Constantine • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 425 AI-Asnam x x x x x x x x 445 Setif (Approx •. 36°11'N-05020'E) • x x x x x x x x 465 Boghari • •• •••• x x x x x x x x 475 Tebessa • • • • . • • • • x x x x x x x x 490 Oran/es Senia x x x x x x x x x x 498 Djelfa x x x x x x x x 525 Biskra ••• x x x x x x x x 545 Laghouat· • • • •• x x x x x x x x 549 Mecheria (Approx. 33031'N-000 20'W) • x x x x x x x x 555 Touggourt Oued x x x x x x x x 566 Gharda!a-Noumerate • • • x x x x x x x x 571 Be.char • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 580 Ouargla • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 121 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 60590 El Golea x x x x x x· x x 594 Tinfouchy (Approx. 28055 1 N-05048 1 w) x x x x x x x x 602 Beni Abbes • • • • • x x x x x x x x 607 Timimoun •• • • • x x x x x x x x 608 Fort Flatters (Approx. 28°08'N-06°49 i E) •• x x x x x x x x 611 In Amenas • • • • . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 620 Adrar • • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 625 Aoulef (Approx. 26° 58' N-Ol" 05' E) • x x x x x x x x .630 In Salah • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 635 Bou Bernous (Approx. 27° 22' N-02" 53' W) x x x x x x x x 640 Illizi •••••••••• x x x x x x x x 650 Amguid (Approx. 26° 24' N-05"22' E) x x x x x x x x 656 Tindouf (Ville) • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 670 Djanet. • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 678 In Amguel • • • • • x x x x x x x x 680 Tamanrasset • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 690 In Guezzam (Approx. 19034'N-05007'E) • x x x x x x x x 60710 Tabarka (Approx. 36°56'N-08°45'E) x x x x x x x x 714 Bizerte • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 715 Tunis Cartage·. • x x x x x x x x x x x x 720 Kelibia (Cap Bon) • • • • x x x x x x x x -725 Jendouba x x x x x x x x 735 Kairouan •• • jp • • x x x x x x x x 738 Thala •••• . . . . x x x x x x x x 740 Monastir • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 745 Gafsa • • • x x x x x x x x 748 Gammouda . . . . . x x x x x x x x 750 Sfax ...... x x x x x x x x 760 Tozeur • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 765 Gabes • • • • • • x x x x x x x x Z69 Djerba • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 775 Remada ••••• • • • • x x x x x x x x 122 ANNEX VIII Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 61017 Bilma •• . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 024 Agades x x x x x x x x x x x x 036 Tillabery • x x x x x x x x 043 Tahoua •• x x x x x x x x 049 N'Guigmi x x x x x x x x 052 Niamey-Aero x x x x x x X x x x x x 075 Birni-N'Konni • x x x x x x x x 080 Maradi • • • • • x x x x x x x x 090 Zinder-Aero • . . . . x x x x x x x x 096 Marne-Soroa x x x x x x x x 099 Gaya x x x x x x x x 61202 Tessalit ...... x x x x x x x x x x x x 205 Araouane (Approx. 18°53'N-030 31 I W) •••• x x x x x x x x 207 Taoudeni (Approx. 22°45'N-03°45'W) •• x x x x x x x x x x x x 214 Kidal • • • • · .. x x x x x x x x 223 Tombouctou x x x x x x x x x x x x 226 Gao • . . . x x x x x x x x ~230 Nioio du Sahel . . . x x x x x x X x 240 Hombori x x x x x x x x 250 Menaka x x x x x x x x 257 Kayes x x x x x x x x 265 Mopti ...... x x x x x x x x 270 Kita ...... x x x x x x x x 272 Segou · . x x x x x x x x 277 San • • • • • • • . . . . x x x x x x x x 285 Kenieba . . . . x x x x x x x x 290 Bamako • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 293 Koutiala. x x x x x x x x 296 Bougouni x x x x x x x x 297 Sikasso • x x x x x x x x 61401 Bir-Moghrein · . x x x x x x x x 402 Atn ben TilL • . . . xxxxxxx-x ANNEX VIII 123 -- ····---fb-t Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonae Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 61403 Fiderich • • •••••• x x x x x x x x x x 40A Approx. 25000'N-06°00'W • x x x x x x x x 40B Approx. 25000'N-09000'W • x x x x x x x x x x x x 40C Approx. 21°00'N-06°00'W • x x x x x x x x 415 Nouadhiboy '. x x x x x x x x x x x x 421 Atar • • • • x x x x x x x x 437 Akjoujt •• x x x x x x x x 442 Nouakchott x x x x x x x x 450 Tidjikja x x x x x x x x 461 Boutilimit x x x x x x x x 489 Rosso • . . x x x x x x x x 497 Nama x x x x x x x x 498 Kiffa x x x x x x x x 499 Atoun-el-Atrouss x x x x x x x x :It X x x 61600 Saint-Louis • x x x x x x x x 627 Linguere . . . . x x x x x x x x 630 Matam •••• x x x x x x x x .. 641 Dakar/Yoff ••• x x x x x x x x x x x x .679 Kaolack • • x x x x x x x x 687 Tambacounda • x x x x x x x x x x 695 Ziguinchor x x x x x x x x 61701 Bathurst/Yundum x x x x x x x x 61766 Bissau Airport x x x x x x x x 781 Bafat6 ••••• x x x x x x x x 61809 Laba x x x x x x x x 811 Siguiri x x x x x x x x 816 Boke • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 818 Kindia x x x x x x x x 829 Kankan •••• x x , x x x x x x 832 Conakry/Gbessia x x x x x x x x x x x x 847 Macenta • • • • • x x x x x x x x 124 ANNEX VIII Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 61856 Lungi • x x x x x x x x 866 Bonthe x x x x x x x x 881 Bo x x x x x x x x 886 Kabala x x x x x x x x 891 Daru x x x x x x x x 61901 St. Helena Is. x x x x x x x x x x x x 902 Wide Awake Field (Ascension Island) x x x x x x x x x x x x 931 S. Tome • • • • x x x x x x x x x x .. . 934 Pr~nc~pe x x x x x x x x 967 Diego Garcia x x x x x x x x x x x x 968 Iles Glorieuses x x x x x x x x 970 Ile Juan de Nova. • • x x x x x x x x 972 Ile Europa x x x x x x x x 974 Agalega • • • • x x x x x x x x 976 Serge-Frolow (Ue Tromelin) x x x x x x x x x x 980 Saint-Denis/Gillot (Reunion) •••• x x x x x x x x x x 986 St. Brandon (St. Raphael x x x x x x x x x x 988 Rodrigues • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x 995 Vacoas (Mauritius) •••• x x x x x x x x • x x 996 Ile Nouvelle-Amsterdam x x x x x x x x x x x x 997 Ile Crozet • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 998 Port~aux~Fran~ais (Ues Kerguelen) . . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 62002 Nalut • ...... x x x x x x x x 007 Zucre • • • . • • • • • • x x x X x x x x 010 Tripoli International Airport • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 016 Misurata • • x x x x x x x x 019 Sirte • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x 053 Benina ...... x x x x x x x x x x 055 Agedabia · . . . . . x x x x x x x x • 056 Shahat · . . . x x x x x x x x 059 Derna •• · . . . . . x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 125 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 62063 Jamal Abdel Nasser • x x x x x x x x 103 Ghadames • • • • • x x x x x x x x 120 Garia-el-Sharghia x x x x x x x x 124 Sebha • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 131 Hon x x x x x x x x 161 Gial0 •••• x x x x x x x x 176 Giarabub • x x x x x x x X 259 Tazerbo x x x x x x x x 271 Kufra x x x x x x x x x x x x Approx. 30000'N-18°30.30'E x x x x x x x x 62300 Sallounm • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 306 Mersa Mat~uh • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 318 Alexandria/Nouzha. x x x x x x x x 333 Port Said/El Gamil • x x x x x x x x -336 El-Arish • x x x x x x x x 338 Ghazza • x x x x x x x x 366 Cairo • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 378 Helwan • • • • • • • • • x x x x 387 Minya •• • • x x x x x x x x 393 Manqabad/Asyut ••••• x x x x x x x x 405 Luxor • • • • x x x x x x x x 414 Asswan • x x x x x x x x x x x x 417 Siwa •• x x x x x x x x 420 Baharia x x x x x x x x 432 Dakhla • . . . . . x x x x x x x x 435 Kharga •• x x x x x x x x 459 El Tor. x x x x x x x x 462 Hurghada x x x x x x x x 465 Kosse'ir . . . . x x x x x x x x 62600 Wadi HaIfa •••• x x x x x x x x 60B Approx. 2JoOO'N-29030'E x x x x x x x x 60C Approx. 18°30' N-27°00' E x x x x x x x x 620 Station No. 6 . . . x x x x x x x x 126 ANNEX VIII Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sond~ge 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 62640 Abu Hamed • x x x x x x x x 641 Port Sudan x x x x x x x x x x x x 650 Dongola • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x· 660 Karima x x x x x x x x 670 Haiya • • x x x x x x x x 671 Tokar • • • • • · . x x x x x x x x 680 Atbara x x x x x x x x 681 Derudeb • • x x x x x x x x 700 Shendi x x x x x x x x 721 Khartoum x x x x x x x x x x x x 730 Kassa1a • x x x x x x x x 740 Kutum • • • x x x x x x x x 750 Ed Dueim • • • • x x x x x x x x 751 Wad Meddni x x x x x x x x 752 Gedaref • x x x x x x x x x x 760 El Fasher • x x x x x x x x x x x x 770 Geneina • x x x x x x x x 771 El Obeid x x x x x x x x 772 Kosti • x x x x x x x x 773 Singa . . . x x x x x x x x 780 Zalingei . . . . x x x x x x x x 781 En Nahud x x x x x x x x 790 Nyala •• x x x x x x x x 801 Renk x x x x x x x x 805 Damazine . . . . x x x x x x x x 810 Kadugli · ...... x x x x x x x x 820 Kurmuk x x x x x x x x 840 Ma1aka1 · ...... x x x x x x x x x x x x 850 Aweil • · . . . . . x x x x x x x x 855 Bentiu · . . . x x x x x x x x 860 Nasir ...... x x x x x x x x 871 Raga · . . . x x x x x x x x 880 Wau • ...... x x x x x x x x 881 Akobo · . . . x x x x x x x x 900 Rumbek ...... x x x x x x x x .. 910 Bor •• · ...... x x x x x x x x 931 Maridi · . . . . x x x x x x x x 940 Yambio · . . . x x x x x x x x .' 941 Juba · ...... x x x x x x x x x x x x 951 Nagishot . . . . x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 127 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 63006 Nacfa •• x x x x x x x x 013 Agordat • x x x x x x x x 021 Asmara x x x x x x x x x x x x 043 Assab • • x x x x x x x x 330 Quiho/Makale x x x x x x x x 331 Gondar x x x x x x x x 332 Bahar Dar • • • x x x x x x x x 333 Dessie/Combolcha x x x x x x x x 334 Debre Marcos x x x x x x x x 340 Lekemt ...... x x x x x x x x 402 Jimma . . . x x x x x x x x 403 Gore •• • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 450 Addis Ababa • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 453 Awash • • • x x x x x x x x 460 Awassa . . . . x x x x x x x x 471 Dire Dawa x x x x x x x x 474 Goba • • • . . . x x x x x x x x 475 Gabre Dare . . . . . x x x x x x x x 478 Gode x x x x x x x x x x x x 533 Neghelli x x x x x x x x 63125 Djibouti x x x x x x x x x x 63150 Borama •••• x x x x x x x x 160 Berbera • x x x x x x x x 170 Hargeisa x x x x x x x x 175 Burao • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 180 Erigavo • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 190 Las-Anod • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 200 Alula • • . . • • • • • ~ x x x x x x x x 210 Bosaso . . x x x x x x x x 220 Scusciuban x x x x x x x x x x x x 225 Gard& • x x x x x x x x 227 Garoe • • ...... x x x x x x x x 228 Eil •• . . . . x x x x x x x x 230 Galcayo • x x x x x x x x 235 Obbia •• . . . x x x x x x x x 128 ANNEX VIII Index Name Surface ·Rodiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 63237 El Bur • • x x x x x x x X \ 240 Belet Uen •••• X X X X X x' x x 245 Hoddur • • • x x x x x x x x 247 Iscia Baidoa • • x x x x x x x x 248 Lugh Furandi • x x x x x x x x 250 Bardera x x x x x x x x 260 Mogadiscio x x x x x x x x x x x- x 270 Chisimaio x x x x x x x x 63602 Arua •• . . x x x x x x x x 630 Gulu •• x x x x x x x x 635 Moroto • x x x x x x x x 654 Masindi x x x x x x x x 658 Soroti . x x x x x x x x 674 Kasese • x x x x x x x x 702 Mbarara x x x x x x x x 705 Entebbe Airport x x x x x x x x x x 726 Kabale . • . . . x x x x x x x x 63612 Lodwar ... x x x x x x x x 619 Moyale . •••• x x x x x x x x 624 t1Qndera •••• x x x x x x x x 661 Kitale •• x x x x x x x x. 671 Wajir x x x x x x x x 694 Nanyuki . ... x x x x x x x x 708 Kisumu • x x x x x X x x 714 Nakuru • x x x x x x x x 723 Garissa x x x x x x x x x x x x 740 Nairobi Airport x x x x x ·x x x x x x x 766 Makindu . . x x x x x x x x 793 Voi x x x x x x x x 799 Malindi ...... x x x x x x x x 820 Mombasa •• • • • • x x x x x x x x Approx. 02600'N:37000'E. x x x x x x x x 63729 Bukoba • x x x x x x x x 733 Musoma • x x x x x x x x 756 Mwanza x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 129 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 63791 Kilimanjaro Airport. x x x x x x x x 801 Kigoma • 0 • • x x x x x x x x 832 Tabora Airport x x x x x x x x x x x x 844 Tonga • • • x x x x x x x x 862 Dodoma x x x x x x x x 866 Morogoro x x x x x x x x 887 Iringa x x x x x x x x 894 Dar es Salaam Airport • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 919 Kilwa Masoko (Approx. o8 ° 56'S-39 0 31 'E) x x x x x x x x 932 Mbeya •• x x x x x x x x 962 Songea • • • • x x x x x x x x 971 Mtwara • • • • x x x x x x x x Sumbawanga (Approx. 070 58 1 S-31036 I E) • x x x x x x x x 61971 Aldabra • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 63980 Mahe • • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x- x x x Farquhar (Approx. 100 00'S-51°00'E) • x x x x x x x x 64005 Mbandaka x x x x x x x x x x x x 006 Gemena ••• · . . x x x x x x x x 008 Basankusu • • · . . x x x x x x x x 014 Lisala x x x x x x x x 018 Basoko · . . . . . x x x x x x x x 021 Bondo • x x x x x x x x 034 Buta . . . x x x x x x x x 040 Kisangani • . . . . x x x x x x x x 052 Ango x x x x x x x x 056 Bafwasende x x x x x x x x 062 !sire • x x x x x x x x 074 Watsa • • • x x x x x x x x 076 Bunia ••• . . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 108 Bandundu x x x x x x x x 115 Inongo •• • x x x x x x x x 122 Monkoto (Approx. 01 0 37 r S-20040' E) . . . . x x x x x x x x 130 ANNEX VlII Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 64126 Boendo • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 142 Lomela (Approx. 02°18'S-23017'E). x x x x x x x x 146 Lodja ••••••• x x x x x x x x 152 Opala (Approx. 0003S'S-24021'E) x x x x x x x x 155 Kindu ••••••• x x x x x x x x 162 Lubutu (Approx 00045'S-26°34'E) x x x x x x x x 180 Bukavu x x x x x x x x 184 Goma • x x x x x x x x 203 Kitona x x x x x x x x 207 Matadi x x x x x x x x 210 N'Djili •••••• x x x x x x x x x x x x 222 Kikwit • x x x x x x x x 223 Kahemba (Approx. 07°20'S-19000'E) x x x x x x x x 224 Ilebo • • • • x x x x x x x x 235 Kananga x x x x x x x x x x x x 247 Bakwanga • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 248 Luputa • • • • • x x x x x x x x 262 Sentery (Approx. 05018'S-25045'E) x x x x x x x x 276 Kongol0 • • • • • x x x x x x x x 282 Manono • • • • • x x x x x x x x 285 Kalemie x x x x x x x x 291 Moba (Approx. 07°03'S-29043'E) . . . x x x x x x x x 301 Dilolo •• . . x X x x x x x x 302 Kapanga . . . . x x x x x x x x 303 Sandoa • ...... x x x x x x x x 315 Kamina Baka . . x x x x x x x x 328 Kolwezi • • • • • x x x x x x x x 348 Mitwaha •••• x x x x x x x x 360 Lubumbashi • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 64387 Kigali • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 64390 Bujumbura ••••• x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 131 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 64400 Pointe-Noire • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x 40+ Dolisie •• • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 450 Brazzaville/Maya-Maya x x x x x x x x 452 M'Pouya •• x x x x x x x x 453 Ojambala • • • • • x x x x x x x x 456 Makoua • • . x x x x x x x x 458 Ouesso •• · x x x x x x x x x x 459 Impfondo • x x x x x x x x 460 Souanke x x x x x x x x 64500 Libreville • x x x x x x x x x x 501 Port-Gentil . . x x x x x x x x 503 Mayumba •••• x x x x x x x x 510 Bitam x x x x x x x x 550 Mouila • x x x x x x x x 551 lambarene x x x x x x x x 552 Mitzic • x x x x x x x x 556 Makokou x x x x x x x x 565 Moanda • • x x x x x x x x · . ~ . . 64600 Berberati. x x x x x x x x 601 Bouar · . x x x x x x x x 605 Bossembele • • x x x x x x x x 610 Bossangoa x x x x x x x x Kouang~ (Approx •. ,050 00'N, 14°00'E) x x x x x x x x 650 Bangui ...... x x x x x x x x x x x x 654 N'Oele ...... x x x x x x x x 655 Brie • . • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x 656 Bangassou .••• 0 ••• x x x x x x x x 658 Birao . • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 659 Obo • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 660 Bambari •••••••• x x x x x x x x 661 Yalinga • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 662 Alindao· •••••••• x x x x x x x x Ouadda (Approx. 08°09'N-22°20 I E) x x x x x x x x 64700 Fort-lamy • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 702 Bol-Berim x x x x x x x x 132 ANNEX VIII Index· Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 64704 Zouar x x x x x x x x 705 Bousso • x x x x x x x x 706 Moundou x x x x x x x x 707 Moussoro • x x x x x x x x 708 Bokoro • . . . . x x x x x x x x 709 Palo • x x x x x x x x 720 Bardo! x x x x x x x x x x x x 750 Sarh ••. x x x x x x x x· x x 751 Ati. •• x x x x x x x x 753 Faya-Largeau • x x x x x x x x x x x x 754 Am-Timan •••••• x x x x x x x x 755 Goz - B~ida • • • x x x x x x x x 756 Abeche x x x x x x x x 757 Fade • • • • • x x x x x x x x 758 Mongo • • • • x x x x x x x x Approx. 16°N-18oE . . . x x x x x x x x 64810 Santa Isabel x x (Fernando Poo) · . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x x X x x 820 Bata (Rio Muni) · . . . 64851 Maroua-Salak • • x x x x x x x x 860 Garoua • • x x x x x x x ~ 870 Ngaoundere • • • • • x X x x x x x x x x 880 Banyo • • • • x x x x x x x x 882 Meiganga • • x x x x x x x x 890 Mamfe • • • • x x x x x x x x 893 Koundja · . . . x x x x x x x x 900 Yoko •• . . . . . x x x x x x x x 901 Betare-Oya • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 910 Douala • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 911 Nkongsamba • • • • x x x x x x x x 920 Bafia x x x x x x x x ·931 Batouri . . . x x x x x x x x 950 Yaounde . . . x x x x x x x x 960 Abong-Mbang x x x x x x x x 961 Lomie ...... x x x x x x x x 971 Kribi . . . . . x x x x x x x x 65001 Yelwa . . . x x x x x x x x 010 Sokoto x x x x x x x x 015 Gusau ...... x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 133 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 65019 Kaduna x x x x x x x x 028 Katsina • x x x x x x x x 046 Kano x x x x x x x x x x x x 055 Bauchi x x x x x x x x 064 Nguru • . . . . x x x x x x x x 073 Potiskum x x x x x x x x. 082 Maiduguri • x x x x x x x x 101 Ilorin x x x x x x x x 123 Minna • . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 134 Jos • x x x x x x x x 145 Ibi •• x x x x x x x x 167 Yola x x x x x x x x 201 Lagos/Ike ja • • x x x x x x x x 202 Lagos/Oshodi ••••• • x x x x 208 Ibadan • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 222 Ondo x x x x x x x x 229 Benin City x x x x x x x x 236 Warri • • • x x x x x x x x 243 Lokoja x x x x x x x x 250 Port Harcourt • x x x x x x x x x x x x 257 Enugu • x x x x x x x x 264 Calabar •• x x x x x x x x 271 Makurdi • • • • • · ., . . x x x x x x x x 65306 Kandi • • • • x x x x x x x x 319 Natitingou . . x x x x x x x x 330 Parakou • • · . . . x x x x x x x x 335 Save ...... x x x x x x x x 344 Cotonou • x x x x x x x x 65352 Mango •••• ...... x x x x x x x x 361 Sokode • • · . . . x x x x x x x x x x 376 Atakpame . . . . . x x x x x x x x 387 Lome x x x x x x x x 65401 Navrongo ...... x x x x x x x x 404 Wa . . . . . x x x x x x x x 416 Bole ...... · . . . x x x x x x x x 418 Tamale . . . · . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 134 ANNEX VIII Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indic.ati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 ·00 12 65432 Wenchi ...... x x x x x x x x 437 Kete-Krachi • • x x x x x x x x 442 Kumqsi ••••• x x x x x x x x 445 Sefwi Bekwai x x x x x x x x 453 Ho x x x x x x x x 457 Akim Oda x x x x x x x x 467 Tokoradi x x x x x x x x 472 Accra • • • • • x x x x x x x x x X 475 Ada • • • • • x x x x x x x x 65501 Dori x x x x x x x x 502 Ouahigouya x x x x x x x x 503 Ouagadougou x x x x x x x x x x 507 Fada N'Gourma • x x x x x x x x 510 Bobo-Dioulasso x x x x x x x x 516 Boromo x x x x x x x x 522 Gaoua • • • • • x x x x x x x x 65528 Odienne • . . . x x x x x x x x 536 Korhogo • x x x x x x x x 548 Man •• x x x x x x x x x x 555 Bouake x x x x x x x x 557 Gagnoa x x x x x x x x 562 Dimbokro • • • • x x x x x x x x 578 Abidjan •••• x X x x x x·x x x x x x 592 Tabou ••• x x x x x x x x 599 Sassandra • x x x x x x x x 65660 Roberts Field • • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x 66130 Ambrizete • • x x x x x x x x 142 Negage • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 152 Dundo • . . . x x x x x x x x 160 Luanda . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 215 Halange • x x x x x x x x 226 Henrique de Carvalho x x x x x x x x 240 Porto Amboim x x x x x x x x 270 Cela • • • • • x x x x x x x x 285 Luso x x x x x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 135 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicatif Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 66310 Benguela • • • x x x x x x x x 318 Nova Lisboa • • • • x x x x x x x x 325 Silva Porto x x x x x x x x 390 Sa da Bandeira • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 410 Serpa Pinto x x x x x x x x. 422 Mo~amedes . . . . x x x x x x x x 447 Mavinga . . . x x x x x x x x 67001 Moroni (Grande-Comore) • x x x x x x x x x x 004 Ouani (Anjouan) •••• x x x x x x x x 005 Dzaoudzi/Pamanzi (Mayotte) ••••••• x x x x x x x x 67009 Diego-Suarez • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 012 Fascene (Nossi-Be) x x x x x x x x 019 Analalava. • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 025 Antalaha • • • x x x x x x x x 027 Ma j unga. • •• x x x x x x x x 045 Maevatanana x x x x x x x x 072 Sainte-Marie Aerodrome • x x x x x x x x 073 Maintirano • • • • • x x x x x x x x 083 Tunanarive/Ivato •••• x x x x x x x x x x x x 095 Tamatave • • x x x x x x x x 113 Mahanoro • • • x x x x x x x x 117 Morondava x x x x x x x x 137 Fianarantsoa • x x x x x x x x 143 Mananjary x x x x x x x x 152 Ranohira • • • x x x x x x x x 157 Farafangana x x x x x x x x 161 Tulear .'. • x x x x x x x x 194 Faux-Cap • • • x x x x x x x x 197 Fort-Dauphin . . . x x x x x x x x x x x 67205 Mocimboa de Praia x x x x x x x x 215 Porto Amelia • x x x x x x x x 217 Vila Cabral . . x x x x x x x x 221 Marrupa . . . . x x x x x x x x 223 Montepuez x x x x x x x x 237 Nampula ...... x x x x x x x x x x x x 136 ANNEX VIII Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicatif Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 67241 Lumbo • • x x x x x x x x 243 Zumbo • x x x x x x x x 261 Tete ...... x x x x x x x x 273 Antonio Enes x x x x x x x x 279 Mutarara x x x x x x x x 283 Quelimane • • • x x x x x x x x 297 Beira/Sacadura Cabral x x x x x x x x x x 305 Massangena x x x x x x x x 315 Vilanculos • • • • x x x x x x x x 323 Inhambane ••• x x x x x x x x 335 Jo'Oo Belo • • • x x x x x x x x 341 Louren~o Marques/ Gago Coutinho • • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 67413 Mbala • • • • • x x x x x x x x 441 Mwinilunga •• x x x x x x x x x x 461 Mansa • . . . x x x x x x x x 475 Kasama x x x x x x x x x x x x 477 Mpika • • x x x x x x x x 531 Balovale x x x x x x x x 541 Kasempa • x x x x x x x x 561 Ndola • • x x x x x x x x '581 Chipata • x x x x x x x x 633 Mongu • x x x x x x x x x x x x 641 Mankoya • • x x x x x x x x 663 Kabwe • • x x x x x x x x x x x x 665 Lusaka International Airport x x x x x x x x 743 Livingstone • x x x x x x x x 753 Choma • • • x x x x x x x x 67489 Mzuzu ••• x x x x x x x x 587 Lilongwe •••• x x x x x x x x x x x x 693 Chileka • x x x x x x x x 67765 Karoi • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 774 Salisbury (Belvedere) . . ,j, x x x x 775 Salisbury Airport (Kutsaga Obsy). • • x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIII 137 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 67853 Dett x x x x x x x x 861 Gokwe • x x x x x x x x 867 Gwelo •••• x x x x x x x x 885 Grand Reef • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 964 Bulawayo (Goetz Obsy) •• x x x x 965 Bulawayo Airport x x x x x x x x 975 Fort Victoria • x x x x x x x x 983 Chipinga x x x x x x x x 991 Beitbridge •••• x x x x x x x x 68002 Ohopoho x x x x x x x x 004 Omatjenne ••••• x x x x x x x x 006 Ondangwa.· • • • x x x x x x x x 014 Grootfontein x x x x x x x x x x 016 Move Point x x x x x x x x 018 Runtu • • • • • x x x x x x x x 104 Walvis Bay x x x x x x x x 112 J. G. Strijdom_ x x x x x x x x x x 116 Gobabis • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 174 Pieters burg • x x x x x x x x 190 Phalaborwa •••• x x x x x x x x 212 Mariental • • x x x x x x x x 242 Mafeking • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 262 Pretoria ••••••• • x x x x x x x x x x x x 288 Nelspruit • • •••• x x x x x x x x 300 Luderitz •••• x x x x x x x x 312 Keetmanshoop x x x x x x x x 322 Twee Rivieren • x x x x x x x x 332 Kuruman • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 338 Vryburg •••• x x x x x x x x 346 Welkom x x x x x x x x 350 Potchefstroom • x x x x x x x x 368 Jan Smuts • • x x x x x x x x 388 Piet Retief . • . . • x x x x x x x x 406/408 Alexander Bay/Port Nolloth x x x x x x x x x x x x 416 Pofadder- •••• x x x x x x x x 424 Upington •••• • • • • x x x x x x x x 438 Kimberley • x x x x x x x x Note: The upper-air observing programmes of stations 68014 and 68112 are complementary. Les programmes d'observation en altitude des stations 68014 et 68112 se completent l'un l'autre. 138 ANNEX VIII Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 68442 Bloemfontein x x x x x x x x x x x x 462 Bethlehem • • . . x x x x x x x x 478 Estcourt x -X x x x x x x 496 Cape St. Lucia x X x x x x x x 524 Vanwyksvlei • x X x x x x x x 528 Prieska • • • x X x x x x x x 536 De Aar ...... x X x x x x x x 546 Aliwal North x X x x x x x x 564 Sheeprun x x x x x x x x 580 Cedara x x x x x x x x 584 Port Sheepstone • x x x x x x x x 588 Durban/Louis Botha x x x x x x x x x x x x 618 Calvinia •••••• x x x x x x x x 638 Middelburg (Cape)(31029'S x x x x x x x x 25002'E) 648 Queenstown • • x x x x x x x x 712 .Cap~ Columbin~ ••••• x x x x x x x x 722 Sutherland •••• x x x x x X x x 728 Beaufort West • x x x x x x x x 742 Somerset East • x x x x x x x x 816 Cape Town • • • x x x x .x x x x x x x x 842 Port Elizabeth x x x x x x x x x x x x 858 East London • • x x x x x x x x 902 Tristan da Cunha •••• x x x x 906 Gough Island • • • • x x x x x x x x x x x 920 Cape Agulhas • • • • x x x x x x x x 928 Mossel Bay x x x x x x x x 992 Bouvet Island x x x x x x x x x x x x (approx. 54°26'S, 03 024'£) 994 Marion Island • x x x x x x x x x x x x 68024 Ghanzi x x x x x x x x 026 Shakawe •• . . x x x x x x x x 032 Maun . . . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 054 Francistown • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 148 Mahalapye • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 226 Tshane ••••••• x x x x x x x x 244 Gaberones • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x 328 Tsabong • • • • • • • • • x x x x x x x x Approx. 22 0 30'S-240 30·E • x x x x x x x x ANNEX VIn 139 Index Name Surface Radiowind Radiosonde Number Radio- Indicati f Nom Surface Radiovent sondage 1 2 3 4 5 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 12 00 12 68454 Maseru • ...... x x x x x x x x 68396 Manzini (Matsapa) ...... x x x x x x x x Ocean Areas Such mobile or fixed observation platforms as are required to meet the spacing criteria as set forth in the WMO Technical Regulations and which will also meet the requirements of the WWW Global Observing System. In particular surface and upper-air data from the locations 4005 100E, 050N 300W, and 11°5 75°E are required by operating ocean ships at these stations. Zones oceaniques Plates-formes d'observations mobiles ou fixes necessaires pour que les normes d'espacement definies dans Ie Reglement technique de l'OMM soient appliquees et pour satisfaire aux besoins du systeme mondial d'observation de la VMM. En particulie~ des donnees d'observation en surface et en altitude sont necessaires aux trois stations 40°5 100E, 05°N 300W et 11°5 75 0E qui devraient etre tenues par des navires. * * * 140 A~EX VIn Part B PROCEDURES FOR MINOR CHANGES IN THE REGIONAL BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORK The Association recognizes that certain minor changes in the regional basic network, which do not affect the requirements of the Region as a whole, are inevitable from time to time. To provide a simple and rapid means of effecting such changes the Association decides that the procedure given below should be followed: (a) The ~esident of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary General, shall approve minor changes, as proposed by Members responsible for the stations concerned, without a formal consultation with the Members of the Region, it being understood that_any change 9' substance, i.e., one adversely affecting the d~nsity of the_network within the Regio~, or pro ~osing a change-in-obseivational houis, w6uld still require the formal agree ment of Members through-the adoption of a resolution by postal ballot; (b) The Secretary-General shall notify all Members of WMO by circular letter of changes agreed with the president of the Association. A NN E X IX Annex to Resolution 9 (VI-RA I) AMENDMENT TO CHAPTER I, REGION I - AFRICA - OF VOLUME II OF THE MANUAL ON CODES (WMO PUBLICATION No. 306) p{lgeII-R.I-A-2 FM 11.E - SVNOP ~ the followin_9 'text: It _ The group (943D D ) shall be reported by all stations in the L L south-west Indian Ocean area lying between latitudes 00 and 400 5 and between longitudes 300 and SooE during the tropical cyclone season.-It ~nnex to Resolution 11 '(Vl-:RA :1) REGIONAL INTRODUCTION TO ~ :PUBLICATION 'No .• '9~ VOLUMEC -CHAPTER II -REGION I (AFRICA} IMPORTANT NOTE: The implementation of the decisions contained in this "INTRODUCTION" is governed by the provisions of Resolution 17 (V-RA I). According to the above resolution, it has been decided: "(I) That NMCs shall do their utmost to complete, as soon as possible but not later than 15 December 1970, their national telecommunication network which would permit the collec tion of observational data originating within their territory and from appropriate coastal radio stations within 15 minutes from the time of observation; (2) That the RTHs and NMCs concerned establish the regional circuits as soon as possible but not later than 15 December 1970, to ensure that the observational data being transmitted to the associated RTHs within the time delay described in the .regional telecommunication plan and that the telecommunication facilities used would permit repetition of data if requested by the RTHs concerned; (3) That the RTHs in Region .1 shall: (a) Establish as soon as possible in.accordance with the regional telecommunication plan: (i) The main regional circuits; (li) An exclusive RTT broadcast until such time as the point-to-point regional circuits mentioned in (2) above are fully established anG satisfactorily operational; (iii) An exclusive facsimile broadcast; (iv) Terminal equipment facilities to permit implementation of the RTH functions o'utlined iii _the plan; (v) Inter-regional circuits as required in the plan; (b) . Be fully operational by 15 December 1970 in respect ta (a) above; (4) That Nt1Cs in Region I shall install appropriate telecommunication equipment for simultaneous receipt of RTT broadcasts and facsimile, as soon as possible but not later than 15 December 1970;"~ ANNEX·X 143 PART I - ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIONAL METEOROlOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATION PLAN FOR REGION I FOR THE WORLD WEATHER WATCH WWW CONTENTS 1. General 2. National telecommunication networks 2.1 Principles 2.2 Telecommunication functions of NMCs 2.3 National collection of Qbservational data 2.4 Connexions between NMCs and associated RTHs 2.5 Transmission• programmes of NHCs to RTHs 3. Regional teleCOmMunication network 3.1 Principles 3.2 Designation of RTHs in Region I 3.3 Functions of RTHs (AFHET centres) 3.4 Zones of responsibility of RTHs 3.5 Configuration of the regional meteorological telecommunication network 3.6 Transmission.programmes of RTHs to NMCs 3.7 Transmission programmes between RTHs 3.8 Collection and transmission time of observational and processed information exchanged by RTHs 3.9 Transmission of output products of WMCs and RMCs 3.10 Regional facsimile plan 3.11 Areas in which reception of the RTHs' broadcasts should be ensured 4. Inter-re~ional exchanges 4.1 Exchanges o~meteorological information between Regions I and II 4.2 Exchanges .f meteorological information between Regions I and VI Figure I Target regional m.eteorological telecommunication network for Region I (Africa) Figure II Regional meteorological telecommunication plan for Region I (Africa) - Exchange programmes of observational data on the main regional circuits Table I RTH/AFMET - Radio broadcasts of coded data Table II Routeing of traffic in case of breakdown .f a main regional circuit in RA I. 144 ANNEX X PART I - ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATION PLAN FOR REGIoN I FOR THE WORLD WEATHER WATCH ,WWW '. 1. General 1.1 The growing needs of countries in Region I for rapid and reliable reception of a large amount of various types of meteorological information from all over Africa, adjacent ocean areas and other regions call for the establishment of 0 telecommu nication. network in the Region that wiIl satisfy these requirements. This network will have to be linked to and co-ordinated with the World Weather Watch Globol Telecommunication System. Therefore, the telecommunication, network in the Region - will have to cope with the WWW requirements, and comply with the organizational and engineering principles adopted for the Global Telecommunication System. 1.2 The following telecommunication centres shall operate in Region I: (i) National Meteorological Centres or centres with similar functions, which are the interfaces between national telecommunication networks. For brevity all these centres will be referred to hereafter as NMCs; (H) Regional Telecommunication Hubs (RTHs) called AFMET centres; (Hi) Supporting RTH. 2. National telecommunication networks 2.1 2.1.1 The national telecommunication networks should be organized to ensure the rapid and reliable collection of observational data and distribution of data as required-to meet the WWW requirements. 2.1.2 Each Member ehall designate a National Meteorological Centre, or other centres as appropriate to perform the telecommunication functions indicated in paragroph 2.2 below. 2.1.3 The National Meteorological Centre should be responsible for the meteorological checking of the collected observational data. 2.2 Telecolllmunicotion functions of Nt1:s 2.2.1 The telecommunication functions of National Meteorological Centres (NMCs), the location and meteorological functions of which are a matter for decision by the Meteorological Services concerned, should be as defined in paragraph 2.4 of Part I of Chapter I of this publication. 2.2.2 Subject to agreement of the Members concerned, NMCs may perform such additional functions as collection and relay of observational data from other NMCs and/or isolated stations (including island stations). ANNEX X 145 2.3 National collection of observational data 2.3.1 The choice of telecommunication facilities for the collection of information from stations located within a territory or country is a matter for decision by the Member concerned. The arrangements should comply with the provisions made in paragraph 6.1 of Part I of this publication. 2.4 Connexions between NMCs and associated RTHs 2.4.1 Each NMC should be connected with the associated RTHs (see paragraph 3.4.1 below) by point-to-point circuits to transmit its collected observational data and to receive required observational data as well as processed information both in alpha-numerical and pictorial form. NMCs may be connected to more than one RTH. 2.4.2 If the point-to-point circuits are not available, and until such circuits are established, the exchange of meteorological information between the NMCs and the associated RTH should be made by radio broadcasts. In this case: (a) The NMC should beam its territorial radio transmission to the associated RTH to ensure more reliable reception of its collected data at the associated RTH; (b) Each NMC should be equipped with at least two RTT and one facsimile receiving sets complete with directional antennae to be able to receive the required information primarily_ from the associated RTH (see paragraph 3.6 below). 2.4.3 The NMC may be connected to the associated RTH via another NMC subject to the agreement of the Members concerned. 2.5 2.5.1 The programmes tronsmitted by NMCs, or centres with similar functions to the associated RTH should be composed of the following data: (a) Surface synoptic reports for main and intermediate standard hours and all upper air data, TEMP and PILOT, Parts A, B, C and D from all stations included in the regional basic synoptic network of the respecti~e country. Reports from additional stations may be included as agreed between Members concerned; (b) All weather reports received from ships and aircraft; (c) CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP once per month; (d) Priority messages, such as warnings of dangerous weather conditions; (e) Other types of information as agreed. 2.5.2 The transmission of observational data to the associated RTH should start as soon os possible and in any case not later than 20 minutes after the observing station filing time. Every effort should be made to complete this transmission within 35 minutes after the observing station filing time to enable the RTHs/RMCs to-meet their obliga tions in implementing the WWW. 146 ANNEX X 3. Regional telecommunication network 3.1 3.1.1 The regional telecommunication network should ensure rapid and reliable collection, exchange and distribution of meteorological information in such a way as to satisfy the needs of Members of WMO and in particular of Members of RA I. For this purpose, reliable modern telecommunication facilities should be employed. 3.1.2 T~e regional telecommunication network for Region I (Africa) should conform with the WWWplan and, therefore shaH-perform the functions defined in.paragraph 5.1 of Part I of Chapter I of this publication. 3.2 3.2.1 The designated RTHs in Region I arer (a) RTHs with receiving and transmitting capabilities on the Main Trunk Circuit and its branches: Cairo (AFMEl i) Nairobi (AFMET II) (b) Other Regional Tel.ecommunication Hubs: Pretoria (AFMET III) Kano (AFMET IV) Dakar (AFMEl V) Algiers (AFMET VI) (c) Supporting Regional Telecommunication Hub: Casablanca 3.3 3.3.1 Regional Telecommunication Hubs in Region I should be capable of performing the functions defined in paragraph 2.2 of Part I of Chapter I of this publication. 3.3.2 In particular, each Regional Telecommunication Hub in the Region should have the following duties: (a) Collection of observational and· processed data within its zone of responsibility; (b) Exchange on point-to-point circuits of meteorological information with WMCs, RMCs and RTHs as agreed; (c) Distribution .on point-to-point circuits and/or by radio broadcasts of meteo rological information from its own zone of responsibility and retrarismission of data received from WMCs, RMCs or other RTHs to meet primarily the requirements of the NMCs within its zone of responsibility; ANNEX X 147 (d) Checking and correction in order to maintain standard telecommunication trans mission procedures. 3.3.3 In particular, the supporting RTH in the Region should have the following duties: (a) Reception of observational data as required; (b) Dissemination of the output products of the RMC Tunis/Casablanca (joint operation) in pictorial form; (c) Reception of output products from WMCs and other RMCs as required. 3.4 3.4.1 The RTHs in the Region will have the following zones of responsibility for collection of observational data from NMCs, centres with similar functions or island stations: Cairo Egypt (the Arab Republic of), Sudan, Libyan Arab Republic, ships and (AFMET I) aircraft reports. Nairobi Kenya, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Ethiopia, Somalia, (AFMET II) French Territory of the Afars and Issa, Madagascar, Rwanda, Burundi, Mauritius, Reunion, Indian Ocean Islands (Seychelles, Kerguelen, Comoro and New-Amsterdam), ships and aircraft reports. Pretoria South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Namibia, Botswana, Malawi, (AFMET III) Zambia, Mozambique, Angola, Zaire, Southern Rhodesia, Ocean Islands (Marion, Gough), ships and aircraft reports. Kano Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial (AFMET IV) Guinea (Rio Muni and Fernando Poo), Gabon, Ghana, Sao Tome, Ascension Island, St. Helena, ships and aircraft reports. Dakar Senegal, Rio de Oro, Mauritania, Niger, Dahomey, Morocco, Togo, Gambia, (AFMET V) Portuguese Guinea, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Mali, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Cape Verde Islands, Canary Islands, Madeira, ships and aircraft reports. Algiers Algeria, Tunisia, Libyan Arab Republic, Morocco, ships and aircraft (AFMET VI) reports. 3.5 3.5.1 The regional meteorological telecommunication network interconnecting the centres is composed of the types of circuits defined in paragraph 5.2 (3) and (4) of Part I of Chapter I of this publication. 148 ANNEX X 3.5.2 To make use of the exi!1ing facilities. main regional circuits may be ~stoblished through relay centres sublect to an agreement between the Members responsible for the centres concerned and provided'that the efficiency of the exchange is not impaired. 3.5.3 Figure I shows the target regional meteorological telecommunication network for Region I (Africa). 3.6 3.6.1 Each RTH is responsible for providing the NMCs within its zone of responsibility (see paragraph 3.4.1 above) with the observational and processed data required by the Members concerned on point-to-point circuits and/or by radio broadcasts. For this purpose the transmission programmes of the RTH should be established jointly by the Members responsible. for the RTH and associated NMCs, and included in WMO Publication No.9, Volume C - Transmissions. 3.6.,2 To meet the requirements of the Members who are not yet connected with the osso ciated RTHs by point-to-point circuits, each RTH should establish and maintain a radid broadcast where transmission programmes are based on the following principles: (a) Each NMC should be able to receive the observational and processed data it needs primarily from the associated RTH; (b) If this is not feasible, the NMC should be able to receive the data it needs from not more than two RTHs; 3.6.3 The supporting RTH is responsible for the distribution in pictorial form of output products of the RMC it serves, to meet the requirements of the Members. 3.6.4 The six RTHs (AFMET centres) shall be jointly responsible for the broadcast of all coded information from Region I and retransmission of selected data from other Regions, to meet the requirements of the Members. 3.6.5 Table I gives in general terms the contents of transmission programmes of the RTHs (AFMET centres) by radio broadcasts. 3.7 3.7.1 RTHs should exchange observational and, as appropriate, processed data in order to meet the, needs of the Members of Region I as well as the WWW. 3.7.2 Figure II shows the exchan~e programme of the observational data on the main regional circui ts. 3.7.3 In the event of a breakdown of a main regional circuit~ the traffic shall be routed through other main regional circuits, as indicated in Table II. ANNEX X 149 3.8 ~~~~~:!!~~_~~~_!:~~~~!~~!~~_!!~:_~i_~~~::~~!!~~~~_~~~_e:~::~~:~_!~i~:~~!!~~ :~:~~~~:~-~~-~!~~ 3.8.1 The transmission times for exchange of data for RTHs should be as follows: (a) The regional exchange and distribution of observational data should start as soon as possible but not later than 20 minutes after the observing station's filing time; (b) The transmission of observational data to the RTHs on the Main Trunk Circuit and its branches in Region I should be completed not later than 45 minutes after the observing station's filing time. 3.8.2 The schedules for transmission of processed data in pictorial (facsimile) or digital form should be established in consultation between Members concerned, taking into account the requirements set forth in WWW plan. 3.9 3.9.1 The regional telecommunication network should be capable of exchanging and distri buting the output products of WMCs and RMCs to meet the requirements of Members. 3.9.2 The exchange of output products (processed information including satellite data) between centres should be carried out in pictorial form or in alphG-numeric -(grid point) form on point-to-point circuits as agreed between centres. 3.10 ~:~!~~~~_i~:~!~!~:_E~~~ 3.10.1 In addition to the point-to-point transmissions, the designated RTHs and RMCs should establish and maintain facsimile broadcasts as follows: (0) Coiro Products of RMC Cairo - WMCs and other RMCs products as (AFMET I) required; (b) Nairobi Product of RMC Nairobi - WMCs and other RMCs products as (AFMET II) required; (c) Pretoria Products of RMC Pretoria - WMCs and other RMC~ products as (AFMET III) required; (d) Kano WMCs and RMCs products as required; (AFMET IV) (e) Dakar Products of RMC Dakar - WMCs and other RMCs products as (AFMET V) required; (f) Alaiers Products of RMC Algiers, WMCs and other RMCs products as (AFMET VI) required; (g) Casablanca Products of RMC Tunis/Casablanca (joint operation), WMCs and other RMCs products as required. 150 ANNEX X 3.ll ~E:~~_~!!_~~~:~_E:::E!~~~_~i_~~:_~!~=~_~E:!~~:~~!~_~~~~! ~_~:_:~~~:::~ ;l.ll.l Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3.6.1 above, the designated RTHs (AFMET centres) and RMCs should ensure reliable rea~ption of the coded information and facsimile radio broadcasts within the following areas: (a) Cairo 05°5. - 450 N (AFMET I) OOP ..,. 550 E (b) Nairobi 350 N 30°5 - 0 (AFMH II) 00° - 60 E (c) Pretoria lOoN 50°5 0 - 0 (AFMET III) 15 W - 70 E (d) Kano 200 N - 20°5 (AFMET IV) 300 E - 200 W (e) Dakar 350 N 15°5 0 - (AFMET V) 30 E - 300 W (f) Al iers, 00° 450 N AFMET VI) 300 E - 200 W, 3.11.2 The supporting RTH should ensure reliable reception of the facsimile broadcast within the following areas: Casablanca: at all centres requ1r1ng the products of the RMC Tunis/Casablanca (joint operation). 4. Inter-regional exchanges 4.1 ------Exchanges of meteorological information betweeh R.gions I and II Exchanges of meteorological information between Regions I and II are made: (0) lhrough the segment of the Main Trunk Circuit Cairo-New Delhi; (b) Through the supplementary inter-regional circuits connecting: (i) Cairo-Baghdad; (ii) Cairo-Jeddah; (iii) Cairo-Sanaa; , Exchanges of meteorological information between Regions I and VI are made: {a} Through the segment of the Main Trunk Circuit Cairo,-Moscow; (b) Through the branch of the Main Tru,nk Circuit Nairobi-Offenbach; ANNEX X 151 (c) Through the inter-regional circuits connecting the RTHs (i) Algiers-Paris (by cable); (ii) Algiers-Rome (as standby circuit); (iii) Dakar-Paris; (iv) Casablanca-Paris* (d) Through the supplementary inter-regional circuits connecting: (i) Cairo-Amman; (ii) Cairo-Damascus; (iii) Casablanca-Madrid; (iv) Casablanca-Lisbon; (v) Tunis-Rome; * Subject to agreement between Members concerned. * * * I-' 01 I\) FIGURE I • TARGET REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK FOR REGION 1 (AFRICA ) FIGURE I. RIESEAU OBJECTIF 01, TELECOMMUNICATIONS METEOROLOGIQUES DE LA REGION 1 (AFRIQUE I RIO DE ORO \ NOUAKCHOTT\ » 'A'HURST z Z IIISSAU IT! COIIAIIAY X FREETOWN >< MONIIOVIA SAL Ia. CANARY I •. ~: CWMC II II RTH D-,.. RTH S~DENIS MORONI \ _ IIIrC I GABEFlOJ\,II::C;1 1 __ ( REUNION) (COMORES) _ MAIN I,.IC.... TC L elKUH I -=-__ ....,,,aNAl "".. cllteU'T ~ k NEW \ - • - a.r[.I(IiMMlAL Clltt"., ---- _. \ KERGUELEN AMSTERDAM _+ - SPECIAL CIICUIl M toMNECT LUAINDA ~ANZINI SALISBURY LUSAKA THI tUM1~ I CAS. ILANe...JO., "Nt L:"• .• -, ---- SU",-,Mt.rAIIY INY[I-REGIONAl tlleUif • OP""''''L ONLY DutlN' CYCLONE StUON ANNEX X 153 FIG.II. REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATION PLAN FOR REGION I (AFRICA Exchange programme's of observat ional data on the Main Regional Circuits FIG. II. PLAN DES TELECOMMUNICATIONS METEOROLOGIQUES POUR LA REGION I (AFRIQUE) Programmes des echanges de donn~es d' observat ion sur les circu its regionaux pr incip aux SELECTION FROM RA II AND RA VI II ALGIERS CAIRO VI AF MET VI AFMEr I VI V VI SELECTION RA II, RA III RA VI V SElECTION FROM RAIII II DAKAR AFMETV V V IV IV V VI LEGEND: RTH D BRAZZAVILLE VI [ J SUPPORTING R T H V IV o RELAY CENTRE SELECTION OF RAIII, RA IV AND * RA VI DATA WILL Bt RECEIVED PRETORIA AF'M£T III FROM RT H PARIS 154 ANNEX X RTH/AFMET - RADIO BROADCASTS OF CODED DATA Cairo RTH/AFMET I _ All data from the zone of responsibility of AFMET I. Global data from AFMET~ II, III, IV, V and VI. _ Global data from RA II and RA VI. Ships and aircraft reports. Nairobi RTH/AFMET II _ All data from the zone of responsibility of AFMET II. Selection of data from AFMET I. Selection of data from other AFMETs as required. Global data from RA II, RA III and RA V. Ships and aircraft reports •. Pretoria RTH/AFMET 111* _ All data from the zone of responsibility of AFMET III. Ships and aircraft repor{s. Kano RTH/AFMET IV _ All data from the zone of responsibility of AFMET IV. Selection of data from AFMETs I, II, III, V and VI. _ Global data from RA II, RA III and RA VI as required. Ships and aircraft reports. Dakar RTH/AFMET V* _ All data from the zone of responsibility of AFMET V.· Selection of data from AFMETs IV and VI. Ship and aircraft reports. Algiers RTH/AFMET VI _ All data from the zone of responsibility of AFMET Vr'. Selection of data from AFMETs ·1, IVandV. Selection of data from RA VI. Ships and aircraft reports. * Selection of the data from other AFMETs and other Regional Associations are included in the regional circuits connecting the AFMET with the associated National Meteorological Centres. ANNEX X 155 Table II ROUTEING OF TRAFFIC IN CASE OF BREAKD0WN OF A MAIN REGIONAL CIRCUIT IN RA I Interrupted main Routeing of traffic regional circuit Programmes Main regional circuit Algiers - Cairo v + VI Kano - Cairo Cairo - Algiers I + II + Selection from RA II and RA VI Kano - Algiers Cairo - Nairobi I + VI + Selection from RA II and RA V Kano - Nairobi Nairobi - Cairo II + III Kano - Cairo Nairobi - Kano II + Selection from RA III Cairo - Kano Kano - Nairobi IV + V Pretoria - Nairobi Cairo - Kano I + Selections from RA VI : Algiers - Kano Selections from RA II and RA III Nairobi - Kano Kano - Cairo IV Algiers - Cairo Nairobi - Pretoria I + II + Selection from RA II, III and V Kano - Pretoria Pretoria - Nairobi III Kano - Nairobi Pretoria - Kano III Nairobi - Kano Kano - Pretoria IV + V + VI Nairobi - Pretoria Kano - Dakar II + III + IV Algiers - Dakar Dakar - Kano V Algiers - K!lno Kano - Algiers III + IV Dakar - Algiers Algiers - Kano VI Dakar - Kano Dakar - Algiers V Kano - Algiers Algiers - Dakar I + VI Kano - Dakar Dakar - Casablanca III + IV + V Algiers - Casablanca Algiers - Casablanca I + II + VI Dakar - Casablanca 156 ANNEX X PART II ,.. TELECOMMUNICATION PROCEDURE_S FOR REGION I (AFRlCA) CONTENTS 1. General procedures 1.1 Compilation of bulletins 1.2 Optimum length of message 1.3 Exchange of global data 1.4 Identification of global data of Region I 1.5 Transmission of upper-air reports in Region I 2. Filing time of meteorological reports from synoptic stations 3. Supplementary telecommunication procedures 3.1 Message format for routine transmission of alpha-numeric data 3.2 Correction of errors in routine meteorological messages 3.3 Transmission of CLIMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports 4. Dissemination of ships' reports 5. Aircraft reports for synoptic purposes 6. Ground weather radar observations 7. Meteorological satellites 8. Operation of the national collection system using the public telecommunication system 9. Monitoring of meteorological broadcasts 10. Reception reports 11. METNO and WIFMA messages 12. Checking and preparing of meteorologic·ol bulletins ANNEX X 157 CHAPTER II - REGION I PART II - TELECOMMUNICATION PROCEDURES FOR REGION I (AFRICA) 1. General procedures 1.1 ~~~~~~~!~~~-~!-~~~~:!~~~ 1.1.1 The National Meteorological Centres (NMCs) should compile and edit their data and trans mit them in standard message format. (See paragraphs 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 of Part II of Chapter I of this publication.) Separate bulletins should be compiled for the global and regional exchanges and, as agreed between RTHs and NMCs concerned, for the exchange of data for national use or bilateral use. 1.2 1.2.1 The optimum length of message should be as defined in paragraph 2.5 of Part II of Chapter I of this publication. 1.3 1.3.1 In order to facilitate the rapid exchange of global data, the data from a given area (or country) should be transmitted to the appropriate RTH of Region I by the originat ing NMC as separate messages as soon as possible. The further relay of these messages should also be given top priority. 1.4 1.4.1 For identification Nlrposes, the letter "N" for Northern and the letter "S" for Southern Hemisphere data should be placed in the abbreviated heading just before the date/time group of the bulletins containing global data of Region I (e.g. SMUBI HECA N 091200, SMEA2 HKNC S 120600). NOTE Lists of stations to be included in global exchanges are found in the annex to Part I of Chapter I of this publication. 1.5 1.5.1 The transmission to the extent permitted by the available circuits, of Parts A, B, C and D of upper-air reports (TEMP, TEMP SHIP, PILOT, PILOT SHIP, etc.) over the regional telecommunication network of Region I and in the RTH/AFMET broadcasts of Region I is mandatory. Parts A, B, C and D of these reports shall be transmitted separately. 2. Filing time of meteorological reports from synoptic stations 2.1 Meteorological reports from surface and upper-air synoptic stations should .be filed immediately upon completion of the observation including coding. Under normal condi tions, the filing time should not exceed five minutes. 158 ANNEX X 3. Supplementary telecommunication procedures 3.1 ~~~~~~!_i~:~~!_i~:_:~~!~~!_!:~~~~~!!~~~_~i_~!e~~:~~~::~~_~~!~ 3.1.1 The use of the following groups in the world-wide message format relating to routine transmission of alpha-numeric data, as given in CHAPTER I - Part II of this publication, shall be as follows: (a) The use of the transmission sequence number "nnn" in Region I shall be as agreed bilaterally in the International Telegraph Alphabet No.2. The use of the catalogue number CLLLL will be mandatory for use in both alphabets in Region I. (b) The transmission sequence number "nnn" in the starting line shall be cyclic 000 through 999 regardless of time. (c) The insertion of the catalogue number CLLLL shall be made by the NMC responsible for the compilation of the meteorological bulletin. (d) In both alphabets (International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 and in the International Alphabet No.5) the use of the "ii" number in the abbreviated heading shall be mandatory for all bulletins compiled within Region I and based on all the data designators listed in Chapter I - Part II, Table A of this publication. 3.2 3.2.1 The starting line and the abbreviated heading of a routine meteorological message shall be completely free from all telecommunication errors. Any form of correction, such as use of the error sign or overpunching of errors by use of the letter-shift character (Signal No. 29 of the International Telegraph Alphabet No.2) is prohibited. 3.3 (a) CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports should be transmitted as soon as possible after the end of the month and not later than the fifth day of the following month; (b) CLlMAT gnd CLlMAT TEMP reports should be included by NMCs and RTHs at the end of the transmission schedule at main synoptic hours; (c) A "Nil" report is transmitted whenever a CLIMAT or CLIMAT TEMP report is not avail able at the scheduled time; (d) The transmission schedules of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports should be published in Volume C. 4. Dissemination of ships' reports 4.1 Members shouid take appropriate action with the authorities responsible for t~e opera tion of designated coastal radio stations with a view to ensuring that all sh1ps' weather reports received at the coastal radio stations are transmitted without delay ~o ANNEX X 159 the National Meteorological Centre so that the transit time between the reception of the message from the ship at the coastal radio station and the reception at the National Meteorological Centre does not exceed 15 minutes; 4.2 ~ ships' weather reports received at the National Meteorological Centres should be sent as soon as possible to the appropriate Regional Telecommunication Hubs (RTHs). 4.3 Members responsible for the operation of RTHs and NMCs in Africa shall ensure that all ships' reports which they receive up to 24 hours after the time of observation are I;: cluded in their respective transmissions and broadcasts. 4.4 Every possible effort should be made to bring to the attention of ships' masters the considerable value of weather reports from all ships in the ocean areas around Africa, no matter how brief, noting that if reports at the synoptic hours are not possible, they may be made at other times convenient to themselves. 4.5 To ensure and facilitate adequate contact with ships, Members operating coastal stations, not making a 24-hour watch, shall take into consideration the watch hours of radio offi cers aboard ships when fixing watch hours for their coastal stations. 4.6 Members operating coastal stations shall take the necessary measures to ensure prompt response of those stations to ships calling them and arrange to forward the received ships reports to the relevant NMC without delay. 4.7 The RTHs should exchange and distribute without delay within Region I and on the inter regional circuits, all ships' weather reports received. 5. Aircraft reports for synoptic purposes 5.1 Each collecting centre transmits aircraft reports to the appropriate regional collecting centre. The appropriate regional collecting centre is the RTH in Region I (AFMET centre) in whose zone of responsibility the collecting centre is located. 5.2 Aircraft reports received in the RTHs acting as regional AIREP collecting centres are disseminated at three-hourly intervals on the main regional and regional circuits and also included in the RTH/AFMET broadcasts. 5.3 Members making meteorological reconnaissance flights over the Region shall include the resulting observations as soon as possible in the appropriate point-to-point trans missions or broadcasts. 5.4 The NMCs should convert aircraft reports used for synoptic purposes into CODAR form prior to their transmission to the associated RTHs. 160 ANNEX X 6. Ground weather radar observations 6.1 Ground radar observations should be exchanged by arrangements made between Members con cerned and by their inclusion in national transmissions and, where there is a need, in transmissions and broadcasts made by RTHs. 7. Meteorological satellites 7.1 Satellite data should be exchanged ~y Qr~QngQments made between Members concerned anp by their inclusion in national transmissions and, where there is a need, in transmissions and broadcasts made by RTHs. 7.2 Members operating RTHs in Region I should include the APT Predict messages as available in the respective transmissions and broadcasts. 8. Operation of the national collection system using the public telecommunication system 8.1 Members using the public telecommunication system for the collection of observational reports should: (i) Make periodical checks on the regularity and efficiency of the collection of meteorological reports from their synoptic stations; (ii) Take full advantage of the provision of the Telegraph Regulations which accords priorities to the transmission of meteorological messages; (extract from these regulations is in attachment to Part II); (iii) Keep close liaison at all levels with the responsible telephone and telegraph authorities (e.g. PTT) with a view to ensuring expeditious handling of meteoro logical traffic. 9. Monitoring of meteorological broadcasts 9.1 Members of RA I should monitor their meteorological broadcasts by intercepting the radio emission. Provisions should also be made for an easy changeover of monitoring from one frequency to another. 10. Reception reports 10.1 Members of RA I should send once a week on Wednesday a consolidated reception report to those broadcast centres in Region I whose broadcasts are regularly intercepted, concern ing the receipt quality of all scheduled broadcasts monitored during the preceding 24 hours. ANNEX X 161 10.2 Where a station is receiving poor traffic, it should send to the originating station as soon as possible a report of the receipt quality in SINPO code. This SINPO report should be repeated every 24 hours until traffic improves. 10.3 The originator should arrange for the SINPO message to be sent to the addressees by meteorological, AFTN or PTT circuits. 10.4 Reception reports should be transmitted in the RECEP code which is given in Chapter I, Part II, paragraph 2.15.3 of this publication. 10.5 In the case of persistent poor reception, a report giving details of the conditions experienced should be sent by post to the Meteorological Service concerned. 11. METNO and WIFMA messages 11.1 The RTHs Algiers, Cairo, Dakar and Nairobi should make arrangements to obtain advance notifications of changes in valumes A and C of WMO Publication No.9. TP.4 (METNO messages) and in Volume D of the same publication (WIFMA messages) through their inter regional circuits with Region VI. These messages should be disseminated to the RTH Kano by Cairo and to the RTH Pretoria by Nairobi. 11.2 Members operating RTHs in Region I should disseminate the METNO and WIFMA messages to the NMCs in the Region through the respective transmissions and broadcasts. 12. Checking and preparing of meteorological bulletins 12.1 Each NMC is responsible for the meteorological checking of all the meteorological re ports it collects before they are included in bulletins for dissemination. 12.2 The meteorological reports referred to in paragraph 12.1 should be prepared on a pre printed form with stations in sequential order according to the station index numbers. 162 ANNEX X Attachment to Part II PRIORITY OF METEOROLOGICAL TELEGRAMS (Extract from the Telegraph Regulations - Geneva, Revision, 1958) CHAPTER XI Transmission of telegrams Article 36 Order of transmission 1. The transmission of telegrams sholl toke place in the following order: (0) SVH telegrams (see Article 61); (b) Government telegrams priorite Notions; (c) Service advices relating to serious interruption of channels of telecommunication; (d) Government telegrams for which the sender has requested priority of transmission; (e) Meteorological telegrams; (f) Urgent service telegrams, urgent service advices and paid service advices; (g) Urgent private telegrams, urgent RCT telegrams and urgent press telegrams; (h) Non-urgent service telegrams, non-urgent service advices and acknowledgements of receipt; (i) Government telegrams other than those indicated in litt. (b) and (d) above; ordinary private telegrams, ordinary ReT telegrams and ordinary press telegrams; (j) Letter telegrams (ELT, ELFT, LT and LTF). 2. Any office which receives, by on international channel of communication, a telegram presented as on SVH telegram, as a government telegram, as a service telegram, or as a meteorological telegram, shall reforward it as such. 3. Except where technically impracticable, telegrams of the some rank sholl be transmitted by the sending office in the order of their time of handling in and by intermediate offices in the order of their time of receipt. 4. At intermediate offices, originating telegrams and transmit telegrams which are to be transmitted over the same routes shall be, except where technically impracticable, placed together and trans mitted according to the time of handing in or receipt, subject to the order laid down in this article. * * * ANNEX X 163 PART III - ENGINEERING OF CENTRES AND RADIO CIRCUITS IN REGION I (AFRICA) CONTENTS 1. Introductory note 2. General radio engineering principles 2.1 Signal to noise ratio 2.2 Frequencies 2.3 Siting 2.4 Antennae 2.5 Transmitted power 2.6 Diversity systems 3. Guidelines for planning the installations 3.1 Main regional circuits 3.1.1 Transmission 3.102 Reception 3.1.3 Error detection and correction systems 3.2 Regional circuits 3.3 Inter-regional and supplementary inter-regional circuits 3.4 RTH/AFMET broadcasts 3.4.1 Transmission 3.4.2 Reception 4. Engineering of RTH/AFMET centres in Region I 5. Engineering of NMCs in Region I 164 ANNEX X PART III - ENGINEERING OF CENTRES AND RADIO CIRCUITS IN REGION I (AFRICA) 1. Introductory note In addition to the "Technical Characteristics and Specifications of Meteorological Transmissions" contained in Part III of Chapter I of this publication, this material is intended to provide further information and guidance relating to the establishment of radio point-to-point telegraph circuits and radio broadcasts in Region I in accordance with good engineering practice. 2. General radio engineering principles The signal to noise ratio should not be less than that recommended by the CCIR for the mode of operation. The factors contributing to a satisfactory signal to noise ratio are: (a) Choice of frequency; (b) Selection of receiving site; (c) Type of antennoe; (d) Adequate transmitted power. Transmitter and receiver facilities should be provided with radio frequencies necessi tated by diurnal and seasonal variations as well as solar activity. The receiving stations should be located ~n an area relatively free from locol radio and electrical interference so that a signal of reasonable field strength will provide the desired signal to noise ratio. 2.4 Antennae Efficient directional antennae for the frequency bands concerned should be employed at both transmitting and receiving stations. The power output of a transmitter should be adequate to the circuit it is used for. The power should be calculated by the methods given in standard publications taking into con sideration the following: (a) The location of the transmitter and the distance from the receiving station; ANNEX X 165 (b) The noise level at the receiving site; (c) The type of transmission and system of reception used; (d) The gain of the transmitting and receiving antennae; (e) The time of transmission; (f) The allowances to be made for the fading of the received signal; (g) The frequency used. To improve the average signcl strength and to minimize effects of fading, diversity systems should be employed. Of the various systems, space diversity offers the great est advantages and should be employed wherever possible. However, if space is limited polarized diversity should be employed. 3. Guidelines for planning the installations In order to ensure reliable and efficient communication on HF radio circuits connecting RTH/AFMET centres and reliable reception of RTH/AFMET broadcasts the CCIR specifications should be applied. The following guidelines were established in order to help the Members of the Regional Association for Africa to plan the installations. 3.1 3.1.1 (a) Mode of operation 158. On one side band, low speed or medium speed data channels, and on the other side band one or two facsimile channels. For the establishment of VFT equipment, two tone keying should be used; (b) The transmitter output power should be adequate to provide the proper signal to noise ratio at the receiving side according to the CCIR Recommendation; ~ : The Association felt that an average example is 5kWPEP. (c) Modulation rate 50 bauds (alternative higher modulation rate may be used as agreed bilaterally); (d) Directional antennae system (e.g. rhombic, log periodic or dipole arrays). 3.1.2 ~e£e£tio~ Receivers for 158 operation with the necessary VFT equipmen~ (channelling to be agreed bilaterally). 166 ANNEX X 3.1.3 Error detection and correction systems should be employed as agreed bilaterally. 3.2 ~:~~~~~!_:~::~~!:_ The technical specifications for the mairr regional circuits should be applied, as far as practicable, to the regional circuits. 3.3 ------Inter-regional and supplementary inter-regional circuits The technical specifications for the main regional circuits should be applied, as far as practicable, to the inter-regional and supplementary inter-regional circuits. 3.4 3.4.1 (a) Employing at least 2 radio frequencies simultaneously; (b) The transmitter output power should be adequate to provide the proper signal to noise ratio at the receiving centres in the area in which the broadcast is intended to be intercepted. An average example is about 10kW PEP; (c) Mode of operation F1 for telegraphy and F4 for facsimile according to WMO standards; (d) Modulation rate 50 bauds (alternative higher modulation rate 75 bauds subject to agreement by all Members concerned); (e) Signal distortion of outgoing signals less than 10%. 3.4.2 Receivers for Fl and F4 mode of operation, preferably diversity systems should be used for Fl receptio~. 3.5 Multiplexing of point-to-point channels on the same radio circuits. The standards em ployed should conform with the CCIR specifications and be subject to an agreement be tween the two terminals concerned. 3.6 It should De noted that when new equipment has to be purchased for the recommended scheme, such equipment. should be capable of being easily adapted to ISB operation. ANNEX X 167 ~ Engineering of RTH/AFMET centres in Region I 4.1 The RTHs in Region I should be capable of performing the functions defined in para graph 3.3 of the Introduction to Region I, Chapter II, Part I of this publication. 4.2 As an ultimate target, RTHs in Region I should be equipped for automatic editing and switching. 5. Engineering of NMCs in Region I 5.1 The NMCs in Region I should have the capability and equipment necessary to perform the functions defined in paragraph 3 of Part III of Chapter I of this publication, as re quired. 5.2 The following m~n~mum telecommunication equipment should be available at an NMC having one HF point-to-point radio circuit to its associated RTH. This list does not include standby equipment. 1 directional transmitting antenna system for the frequency bands concerned; 1 transmitter with minimum power of 3-5 KW PEP*. 1 diversity directional receiving antenna system for the frequency bands con cerned; 2 receivers for diversity operation*; 1 VFT equipment, equipped for the number of channels to be received; 1 FM/AM converter. 1 receive teleprinter with reperforator attachment on the receive line; 1 receive teleprinter with auto-transmitter attachment on the ~end line; 1 send/receive teleprinter with reperforator and auto-transmitter attachments, as standby; 1 perforator with back spacing·facilities; 1 facsimile recorder. * See paragraph 3.6 above ANN E X XI Annex to Resolution 22 (VI-RA I) NETWORK OF CLIMAT AND CLlMAT TEMP REPORTING STATIONS IN REGION I Annexe au resolution 22 (VI-AR I) RESEAU DE STATIONS CLlMAT ET CLlMAT TEMP DANS LA REGION I Index No.1 Chiffre CLlMAT CLlMAT TEMP indicatif 08521 * Funchal (Madeira) x x 594 * Sal (Cabo Verde) x x 60020 * Santa Cruz de Tenerife x x 030 Las Palmas x 096 * Villa Cisneros x 150 * Meknes x 155 * Casablanca x x· 190 Kasba-Tadla x 230 Marrakech x 250 Agadir x x 265 Ouarzazate x 360 * Annaba x 390 * Alger/Dar el Beida x x 490 * Oran/Es Senia x 571 * Bechar x x 580 * Ouargla x x 590 El Go19a x 611 * In ,Amenas 625 Aoulef x 630 * In Salah x x 656 * Tindouf x x 670 Djanet x 680 Tamanrasset x 690 In Guezzam x 715 "* 'i-unis/Carthage x 725 J"endouba x 735 Kairouan x 160 * Tozeur x x 169 * Djerba/me11ita x x 61011 * Bilma x x 024 * Agades x x 036 Ti 11 abe ry x 043 Tahoua x 049 * }l'guigmi x 052 * Niamey x 075 Birni-}l'konni x 080 Maradi x 090 Zinder x 096 Maine-Soroa x ANNEX XI 169 61202 * TessaU t x x 205 Araouane x 207 * Taoudeni x x 214 Kidal x 223 * Tombouctou x x 226 Gao x 230 Nioro du Sahel x 240 Hombori x 257 Kayes x 265 Mopti x 270 Kita x 272 Segou x 277 San x 285 Kenieba x 290 * Bamako x x 293 Koutiala x 296 Bougouni x 297 Sikasso x 401 Bir-Moghrein x 403 F'derik x 40B (approx. 25°00'N, 09°00' w) x 415 Nouadhibou x 421 * Atar x 437 Akjoujt x 442 * Nouakchott x 450 Tldjlka x 461 BoutiUmit x 489 Rosso x 497 * Nema x 498 * Kiffa x 499 Aioun el Atrouss x· x 600 Saint-Louis x 627 Linguere x 630 Matam x 641 * Dakar/Yof! x x 679 Kaolack x 687 * Tambacounda x 695 Ziguinchor x 698 Kolda x 701 Bathurst/Yundum x 809 Labe x 811 Siguiri x 816 Boke x 818 Kindia x 829 Kankan x: 832 * Conakry/Gbessia x x 847 * Macenta x 856 Lungi x 866 Bonthe x 886 Kabala x 891 Daru x 901 St. Helena Is. x 902 * Wide Awake Field (Ascension Is.) x: x 931 * Sao Tome :x: 967 * Diego Garcia x x: 972 * Ile Europa :x: 974 * Agalega :x: 976 It Serge-Frolow (lIe Tromelin) x 980 * Saint-Denis/Gillot (La Reunion) x 986 * St. Brandon (st. Raphael) ]( 170 ANNEX XI 61988 * Rodrigues x 990 * Plaisance (Mauritius) X 995 * Vacoas (Mauritius) x 996 * lIe Nouvelle Amsterdam x x 997 * lIe Crozet x 998 * Port-aux-Frangais (lIes Kerguelen) x x 62001 Zuara x 010 * Tripoli/International Airport x 016 Misurata x 053 * Benina x 063 * Jamal Abdel Nasser x 103 Ghadames x 124 * Sebha x. 131 * Hon x 161 * Gialo x 259 Tazerbo x 211 * Kufra x x 300 Salloum x 306 Mersa Matrub x 318 Alexandria/Nouzha x 333 Port Said/E1 Gamil x 338 Ghazza x 366 * Cairo x 378 * He1wan x x 381 Minya x 393 Mankabad/Asyut x 405 Luxor x 414 * Asswan x x 417 * Siwa x 420 Baharia x 432 * Dakh1a x 435 Kharga x 462 Hurghada x 600 Wadi Haifa x Abu Hamed x 641 * Port Sudan x x 650 * Dongola x' x 660 Karima x 680 * Atbara x 721 * Khartoum x x 130 Kassala x 751 Wad Medani x 160 * E1 Fasher x 170 Geneina x 711 El Obeid x 712 Kosti x 181 * En Nahud x 790 Nyala x x 805 Damazine x 840 * Ma1aka1 x 880 * Wau x 941 * Juba x x 63021 * Asmara x x 125 Djibouti x 170 * Hargeisa x 175 Burao x 200 Alula x 210 Bosaso x ANNEX XI 171 225 Gardo x 230 Galcayo :x: 237 El Bur x 260 * Mogadiscio x 270 * Chisimaio x 331 Gondar x 333 Dessie/Combolcha x 402 * Jimma x 403 Gore x 450 * Addis Ababa x x 471 * Dire Dawa x 475 * Gabre Dare x x 533 Neghelli x 612 * Lodwar x 624 * Mandera x 630 Gulu x 671 Wajir x 705 * Entebbe/Airport x x 723 Garissa x 741 * Nairobi/Dagoretti x x 789 Arusha x 818 Mombo x 832 * Tabora/airport x x 887 Iringa x 894 * Dar es Salaam/Airport x x 962 * Songea x 971 Mtwara x 980 * Seychelles/International Airport x x 64005 * Mbandaka x x 014 Lisala x 034 * Buta x 040 * Kisangani x 062 Isiro x 076 * Bunia x x 115 Inongo x 126 * Boende x 146 Opala x 155 * Kindu x 162 Lubutu x 180 Bukavu x 203 Kitona x 207 Matadi x 210 Kinshasa/N'djili x x 222 * Kikwit x 235 * Kananga x x 247 Mbuji-Mayi x 276 Kongolo x 282 Manono x 285 * Kalemie x 360 * Lumumbashi/Luano x x 387 Kigali x 390 Bujumbura x 400 Pointe-Noire x 401 * Doliaie x 450 Brazzaville/Maya-Maya x 452 M'pouya x 456 Makoua x 460 Souanke x 172 ANNEX XI 64500 Libreville :x: 501 Port-Genti1 x 503 Mayumba x 510 Bitam x 550 Moui1a x 551 Lambarene x 556 Makokou x 600 Berberati x 601 Bouar :x: 605 Bossembe1e x 610 Bossangoa x 650 * Bangui x x 654 N'de1e x 655 Bria :x: 659 Obo :x: 660 Bambari x 661 * Ya1inga x 662 Alindao x 700 * Fort-Lamy :x: x 705 Mao -x 706 MoundQu x 707 Moussoro :x: 708 Bokoro x 720 * Bardai x x 750 Sarh x 751 Ati x 753 * Faya-Largeau :x: 754 Am-Timan x 755 Go z-Be ida x 756 * AbecM x 757 Fada x 758 Mongo x 851 Maroua-Sa1ak x 860 Garoua x 870 * N'gaoundere x 893 Koundja :x: 900 Yoko x 910 * Douala x 931 Batouri x 950 Yaounde x 65010 Sokoto x 046 * Kano x x c·082 * Maiduguri x 101 I10rin x 123 Minna x 134 Jos x 167 Yo1a x 201 Lagos!Ikeja x 202 * Lagos/Oshodi 250 Port-Harcourt x 257 Enugu x 271 * Makurdi x 306 * Kandi x 319 Natitingou x 330 Parakou x 335 Save x 344 Cotonou x 352 Mango x 361 * Sokode x 376 Atakpame x 387 Lome x 418 * Tamale x x ANNEX XI 173 65442 Kumasi x 467 Takoradi x 472 Accra x 501 Dori x 502 Ouahigouyp. x 503 * Ouagadougou x 507 Fada N'gourma x 510 Bobo-Dioulasso x 516 Boromo x 522 Gaoua x 528 Odienne x 536 Korhogo x 548 Man x 555 Bouake x 557 Gagnoa x 562 Dimborko x 578 * Abidjan x x 592 Tabou x 599 Sassandra x 66160 * Luanda x x 215 Malange x 226 He nri que de Carvalho x 285 Luso x x 305 Lobito x 318 * Nova Lisboa x 390 * Sa da Bandeira x x 410 Serpa Pinto x 422 M09amedes x 441 * Mavinga x 61001 * Moroni (Grande-Comore) x 005 Dzaoudzi/Pamanzi (Mayotte) x 009 Diego-Suarez x x 019 Analalava x 025 Antalaha x 027 Majunga x 073 Maintirano x 083 * Tananarive/Ivato x x 095 Tamatave x 143 Mananjary x 161 Tulear x 197 * Fort-Dauphin x x 215 Porto Amelia x 211 Vila Cabral x 237 Nampula x x 261 * Tete x 283 Quelimane x 297 * Beira/Sacadura Cabral x 323 Inhambane x 341 * Lourengo Marques/Gago Countinho x x 475 Kasama x x 587 * Lilongwe x x 633 Mongu x x 663 * Kabwe x x 693 Chileka x 743 * Livingstone x 774 Salisbury/Belvedere :x: 775 Salisbury/Kutsaga Obs. x 964 * BUlawayo/Goetz Obs. x x 983 Chipinga x 174 ANNEX XI 68014 * Grootfontein x x (68112) 112* J.G. Strijdom x 114 * Pietersburg x 262 * Pretoria x x 312 Keetmanshoop x 368 Jan Smuts x 406 * Alexander Bay x x 424 * Upington x 438 Kimberley x 442 * Bloemfontein (J.B.M. Hetzog) x x 588 * Durban (Louis Botha) x x 816 * Cape Town (D.F. Malan) x x 842 * Port Elisabeth x x 858 East London x 906 Gough Is. x x 994 Marion Is. x x * Stations whose CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports are to be transmitted on the GTS circuits / Stations dont les messages CtlMAT et CLlMAT TEMP doivent etre transmis sur les circuits du SMT. ANN E X XII Annex to Resolution 37 (VI-RA I) Part A PAR1. C OF ECOSOC RESOLUTION 1728 (LIII) '- . REPORTS OF _ACC, .SPECIALIZED AGENCIES AND IAEA The Economic and Social,Council, Considering that many aspects of World Meteorological Organization programmes have been ~ndertaken in response to requests addressed to it by the United Nations, and in particular in r.espOr)se to Ge'neral Assembly. resolutions on i~ternational co 'opertihori ~n the peaceful. uses of outer space, namely Resolution 1721 (xvI) of 20 Decembe~ 196~, wh~ch led to the World Weather Wotch, Resolution 1802.(~VII) of 14 December 1962, whlch led to the Global Atmospheric Research Programme, and Reso~ lutio~ 2733 (~XV) of 16 December 1970~ which led. to th~ T~opical Cyclone Project, 1. Draws the attention of Governments of Member States to the need for recognizing the vital character of their atmospheric and hydrological resources in maintaining progress. in_ econpmic .and social d.evelppmerit,including the protection of li fe. g]1_~ property against weather-related disasters; 2. Urges Governments of Member States to support the balanced development of their national Services in these fields, thereby ensuring that these Services can make their fullest contribution to national economic and social development and, at the same time, implement the various programmes of the World Meteorological Organization, thus contri buting to the well-being of mankind. * * * 176 ANNEX XII Part 8 PROPOSALS OF RA I TO SEVENTH CONGRESS The Regional Association considers that the programme and budget of the Organization for the next financial period,· 1976-1979 should include provision for the following items: (l) The award of a substantial number of long-term and short-term fellow ships, these awards to be made when the resources available from other technical assistance programmes (e.g. UNDP, VAP) are inadequate or inappropriate; (2) The holding of one major technical conference each year on a meteoro logical problem of particular relevance to the African region; (3) Resources to enable short-term consultants and advisers to be re cruited by the Secretary-General to assist African countries individually or col lectively, as and when necessary, particularly in connexion with natural disasters (actual or potential) in which meteorological factors are involved; (4) Full conference facilities for sessions of RA I and in particular full language facilities for two working committees operating simultaneously; (5) The convening each year of an average of two sessions of working groups of the Regional Association; (6) Strengthening of the Secretariat to enable the Secretary-General to give increased assist·ance, advice and support to developing countries in RA 1. ANN E X XIII Annex to Resolution 39 (VI-RA I) RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED PRIOR TO THE SIXTH SESSION OF RA I AND MAINTAINED IN FORCE Res. 15 (65-RA I) - RESEARCH IN TROPICAL METEOROLOGY IN AFRICA THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING Resolution 27 (Cg-IV), CONSIDERING: (1) The urgent need for research work in tropical meteorology in Africa, (2) The necessity of establishing at least one research institute for tropical meteorology in Africa, NOTES with satisfaction the action taken by the Members of the Association: (1) To establish research institutes for tropical meteorology in their countries; (2) To conduct research programmes in tropical meteorology at existing Meteorological Institutes and Meteorological Services; URGES Members of the Association: (1) To continue and to intensify their activities in this field; (2) To keep the Secretary-General informed of any development in this field in their respective countries. Res. 16 (V-RA I) - COLLECTION, EXCHANGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SHIPS' WEATHER REPORTS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING, (1) WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4 - Volume D, Part A, Chapter I, Section 2, (2) Recommendation 21 (CMM-V) - Requirements for transmission 01 ships' weather messages, 178 . ANNEX XIII (3) Resolution 16 (Cg-V) - World Weather Watch, (4) Resolution 12 (V-RA I) - Regional Meteorological Telecommunication Plan for Region I (Africa) for the World Weather Watch (WWW), (5) Resolution 15 (V~RA I) - Telecommunicotion procedur~s for Region I (Africa) , CONSIDERING: (1) The need for prompt reception of ships' weather reports by meteoro logical centres inside and outside Region I, (2) The need for making the appropriate telecommunication arrangements to meet the expressed requirements of countries in Region I and of the WWW as a whole, DECIDES: (1) That Members concerned should take appropriate action with the authori ties responsible for the operation of designated coastal radio stations with a view to ensuring that all ships' weather reports received at the coastal radio stations are transmitted without delay to the National Meteorological Centre so that the transit time between the reception of the message from the ship at the coastal radio station and the reception at the National Meteorological Centre does not exceed 15 minutes; (2) That all ships' weather reports received at National Meteorological Centres should be sent as soon as possible to the appropriate Regional Telecommunica tion Hubs (RTHs)i (3) That the Regional Telecommunication Hubs should exchange and distribute without delay within Region I and on the inter-regional circuits all ships' weather reports received; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to conduct, in consultation with the president of RA I and the chairman of the RA I Working Group on Meteorological Tele communications, a survey on the implementation of this resolution. Res. 17 (V-RA I) - IMPLEMENTATION DATES THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) Resolution 16 (Cg-V) - World Weather Watch, (2) Resolution 17 (Cg-V) - World Weather Watch implementation programme, (3) Resolution 12 (V-RA I) - Regional Telecommunication Plan for Region I (Africa) for the World Weather Watch (WWW), ANNEX XIII 179 (4) Resolution 14 (V-RA I) - Engineering of centres and radio circuits in Region I (Africa), (5) Resolution 15 (V-RA I) - Telecommunication procedures for Region I (Africa), CONSIDERING: (1) The technical and financiai implications in setting up circuits and equipment, (2) The necessity of operational trials and training of personnel, (3) The desirability of implementing the WWW as quickly as possible to ensure that all Members in Region I obtain meteorological information they require, (4) The need to implement the notional telecommunication network fully, thus ensuring the prompt and reliable collection of the observational data at NMCs, DECIDES: (1) That NMCs sholl do their utmost to complete, as soon as possible but not later than 15 December 1970, their national telecommunication network, which would permit the collection of observational data originating within their territory and from appropriate coastal radio stations within 15 minutes from the time of observation; (2) That the RTHs and NMCs concerned establish the regional circuits as soon as possible but not later than 15 December 1970, to ensure that the observational data being transmitted to the associated RTHs within the time delay described in the Regional Telecommunication Plan and that the telecommunication facilities used would permit repetition of data if requested by the RTHs concerned; (3) That the RTHs in Region I shall: (0) Establish as soon as possible in accordance with the Regional Telecommunication Plan: (i) The main regional circuits; (ii) An exclusive RTT broadcast until such time as the point to-point regional circuits mentioned in (2) above are fully established and satisfactorily operational; (iii) An exclusive facsimile broadcast; (iv) Terminal equipment facilities to permit implementation of the RTH functions outlined in the plan; (v) Inter-regional circuits as required in the plan; 180 ANNEX XIII (b) Be fully operational by 15 December 1970 in respect to (a) above; (4) That NMCs in Region I shall install appropriate telecommunication equipment for simultaneous receipt of RTT broadcasts and facsimile, as soon as possible but not later than 15 December 1970; REQUESTS the Secretary-General to assist Members in the implementation of the regional telecommunication network in Region I. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 64 (68 RA I), which is no longer in force. Res. 32 (V-RA I) - FAO/UNESCO/WHO PROJECTS IN AGROCLIMATOLOGY THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR AFRICA, NOTING: (1) With satisfaction the FAO/UNESCO/WMO inter-agency projects in agro climatology stemming from the desire of the three organizations to make a common effort to investigate the basic climatological conditions for agriculture in parts of the world where an extension of cultivated land an increase of agricultural production might be possible, for instance, in semi-arid and arid zones, (2) With enthusiasm and fruitful results of the projects concerning the study of the agroclimatology in semi-arid and arid zones of the Near East and in the summer rainfall semi-arid zone of West Africa south of the Sahara, (3) With interest the intention of the three organizations to continue their common efforts in this field, NOTING FURTHER: (1) Resolution 26 (Cg-V) - Agrometeorological services in support of the world campaign against hunger, (2) The formation of the FAO/UNESCO/WMO Inter-agency Co-ordination Group in Agricultural Biometeorology to develop and implement an agrometeorological pro gramme in aid of world food production as well as to ensure the best possible inter agency co-operation in agrometeorological and agroclimatological projects concerning agricultural production, (3) The collaboration of the United Nations Development Programme with this Inter-agency Co-ordination Group, ANNEX XIII 181 BEING CONVINCED that such inter-agency efforts assist the Members directly involved, as well as other Members with similar climatological and agricultural condi tions, in planning their economic development in the field of agriculture, REQUESTS the Secretary-General to give his full support and to implement those projects to be formulated for Africa by the Inter-agency Co-ordination Group. NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 34 (66-RA I), which is no longer ~n force. LI5T OF DOCUMENTS 1. "DOC" series Doc. Agenda Title Submitted by No. item 1 Provisional agenda 2.2 Rev. 1 2 Explanatory memorandum 2.2 relating to the provisional agenda -3 Report by the president 3 President of the of the Association Association 4 Review of previous resolutions and 10 Secretary-General recommendations of the Association and of relevant Executive Committee resolutions 5 World Weather Watch Programme - 4.3 Chairman, Regional aspects working group Telecommunication system Report by the chairman of the RA I Working Group on Meteorolo gical Telecommunications 6 World Weather Watch - Regional 4.3 Secretary-General aspects Telecommunication system Add. 1 7 World Weather Watch programme - 4.1 Secretary-Genero 1 Regional aspects Observing system Corr. 1 Add. 1 LIST OF DOCUMENTS 183 Doc. Agenda Title Submitted by No. item 8 Climatology 6.1 Rapporteur Report of the Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas for Region I (Africa) 9 World Weather Watch Programme - 4.2 Chairman, Regional aspects working group Data-processing system (including regional codes and support to the Area Forecast System) Report of the chairman of RA I Working Group on Codes 10 World Weather Watch Programme - 4.4 Chairman of the Regional aspects committee Mitigation of tropical cyclone damage in the south-west Indian Ocean Report of the chairman of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-west Indian Oce~n 11 Atmospheric radiation and ozone 5.2 Chairman, working group Report of the chairman of the RA I Working Group on Radiation 12 World Weather Watch Programme - 4.2 Secretary-General Regional aspects Data-processing system .13 Operational hydrology 6.2 Chairman, working group Report of the RA I Working Group on Hydrometeorology App. B 14 Meteorology in relation to 6.4 Secretary-General social and economic development 184 LIST OF DOCUMENTS Agenda Doc. Title Submi tted by No. item 15 Technical Co-operation Programme 7 Secretary-General 16 Programme on Education, Training 5.2 Secretory-General and Research - Regional aspects Atmospheric radiation and o'zone Ozone observations in Region I 17 Application of meteorology and 6.3 Secretory-General climatology to agriculture, aviation, ocean activities, environmental pollution and other human activities Application to environmental problems Add. 1 18 Programme for Education, Training 5.1 Secretary-General and Research - Regional aspects Education and training 19 Climatology 6.1 Secretary-General 20 Development of Meteorological 8 Secretory-General Services in Africa 21 The Global Atmospheric Research 5.3 Secretary-General Programme and its Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) 22 Ocean activities 6.3 Secretory-General 23 Atmospheric radiation and Qzone 5.2 Secretary-General Regional radiation centres in Region I LIST OF DOCUMENTS 185 Doc. Agenda Title Submitted by No. item 24 Meteorological a.pects of 6.5 Algeria droughts in the Sahelian zone and other regions in Africa Application to environmental problems Droughts in the Sudano-Sahelian zone Corr. 1 25 Education and training 5.1 Algeria Hydrometeorological Training and Research Institute (Oran) 26 Implementation of the Declaration 11 Secretary-General on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples by the specialized agencies and the international institutions associated with the United Nations 27 Development of Meteorological 8 The Arab Republic of Services in Africa Egypt Expansion of WMO technical co operation through its regular budget IIo "PINK" series Chairman of the 1 First report of the Credentials 2.1 Committee Credentials Committee 2 Report of Committee B to Plenary 5.2 ChairmanJ on item 5.2 Committee B Atmospheric Radiation and Ozone 186 LIST OF DOCUMENTS Doc. Agenda Title Submitted by No. item 3 Draft Report of Committee B to 6.5 Chairman, Plenary on Item 6.5 Committee B Meteorological aspects of droughts in the Sahelian zone and other regions in Africa 4 Report to Plenary of working group 11 Chairman, on item 11 working 'group 6 Report of Committee A to Plenary 4.4 Chairman, on item 4.4 Committee A Mitigation of tropical cyclone damage in the south-west Indian Ocean 6 Election of officers 12 Chairman of the Nomination Committee Report of the Nomination Committee to Plenary on agenda item 12 - Election of officers 7 Report of the president of the 3 President of the Association Association 8 Scientific lectures and 9 President of the discussions Association 9 Organization of the session 2 President of the Association 10 Report of Committee B to Plenary 6.1 Chairman, on item 6.1 Committee B Climatology 11 Report of Committee B to Plenary 5.3 Chairman, on item 5.3 Committee B The Global Atmospheric Research Programme and its Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) LIST OF DOCUMENTS 187 Doc. Agenda Title Submitted by No. item 12 Report of Committee A to Plenary 4.2 Chairman, on item 4.2 Committee A Data-processing system (including regional codes and support to the Area Forecast System) 13 Opening of the session 1 President of the Association 14 Review of previous resolutions 10 Rapporteurs of and recommendations of the Committees A and B Association and of relevant Executive Committee resolutions - Item 10 15 Report of Committee A to Plenary 4.3 Chairmanl on item 4.3 Committee A Telecommunication system 16 Report of Committee A to Plenary 4.1 Chairman, on item 4.1 Committee A Observing system 17 Report of Committee 8 to Plenary 7 Chairman, on item 7 Committ<;le 8 Technical Co-operation Programme 18 Report of Committee 8 to Plenary Chairman, on item 6 0 4 Committee B Meteorology in relation to social and economic development 19 Report of Committee B on item 5 0 1 Chairman, Committee B Education and training 188 LIST OF DOCUMENTS Doc. Agenda . Title Submitted by No .. item 20 Report of Committee B to Plenary on Chairman, item 8 Committee B Development of Meteorological Services in Africa 21 Report to Plenary on item 6.3 6.3 Chairman, Committee B Application of meteorology and . climatology to agriculture, aviation, ocean activities, environmental pollution and other human activities 22 Report af Committee B to Plenary on 6.2 Cl,airman, item 0.2 Committee B Operational hydrology 23 Election of officers 12 President of the Auociation