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Home , Baglamas, Bouzouki, Cura (instrument), Davul, Dilli kaval, Heligonka

MUSICAL

INSTRUMENTS CATALOGUE

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TURKEY

Saz (Turkish Long Neck )

The Saz is the grandfather of the Greek . It's originated in where Turks lived before their westward migration. Like the in Spain and the bouzouki in , the Saz is the most popular stringed instrument in . Although similar in shape to the Greek Bouzouki, the construction, size and sound of the Saz is different. You need a baglama saz to be able to play the microtones (Perde) of . These instruments have traditional tied that are movable, and 3 courses of strings. Baglama

Baglama is the most commonly used string in Turkey. It takes different names according to the regions and according to its size such as Baglama, Divan Sazi, Bozuk, Çögür, Kopuz Irizva, , Tambura, etc.

Cura is the smallest member of the baglama family with the highest pitched sound. The member one size bigger than cura which gives a sound that is one octave lower than cura is the tambura. And the one with the deepest sound is the Divan sazi whose sound is one octave lower compared to tambura.

Baglama has three main parts called Tekne, Gögüs and Sap. Tekne part is generally made from mulberry trees as well as from woods of juniper, beech, or walnut. The gögüs part is made from spruce and the sap section from homespun or juniper.

There are pieces called burgu (screw) at the end of the sap which is opposite to tekne part to which the strings are tied. These screws are used for tuning. There are pitches on the sap tied with fish line. Baglama is played with a Mizrap or Tezene made from cherry wood bark or plastic and fingers are used in some regions. The later technique is called Selpe.

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Tar

Tar is a Turkish folk instrument played with a (tezene). It is widely used in the Kars region. It is also a commonly used instrument in , , and . Its body is composed of two bowls of different size and is generally made from mulberry trees. The gögüs section is covered with a membrane taken from the heart of water buffaloes or cattle. Sap section is from hard wood and fish line pitches are tied onto it.

There are two main groups of strings on tar. Those in the first group are used in playing the tune and consists of three groups of two strings. The other group of strings are called Kök and Zengi and are tuned according to the mode to be used and enhance the tone. Kabak

Kabak Kemane is a bowed Turkish folk instrument. Shows variation according to regions and its form. It is known that instruments known as Kabak, Kemane, Iklig, Rabab, Hegit at Hatay province, Rubaba in Southeastern Turkey, KemanÁa in Azerbaijan and Gicak, Giccek or Gijek among the central Asian Turks all come from the same origin.

Karadeniz Kemencesi

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Karadeniz Kemencesi is a bowed Turkish folk instrument. As can be surmised from its name it is an instrument widely used in the Black Sea Region. Its body is made from mulberry, plum and juniper woods. The wooden part of the bow generally rose wood or box wood. Horse hair is tied to the ends of the bow.

Kemence is a three-. While kiris strings from gut used be put on kemences, these days mostly metal strings are used.

Kemence is an instrument without pitches and and it is possible to get from it all types of chromatic sounds easily. It is generally played by pressing two strings at the same time and getting parallel quarter notes. It is furthermore played with a special technique which is achieved with wrist movements.

Zurna

Zurna is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. Because of its strong sound it is generally played in the open air, on occasions such as village weddings, sending off the boys to military service, sport encounters, folk dances and similar ceremonial events. It was the first melody instrument of the Mehter teams ( Band) in the Ottoman period. It was also used in some traditional theater (orta oyunu) performances. It is generally accompanied with a . Because of the difficulty of its intonation and its high sound level, it is not used in musical groups. However, in the recent years it started to be used by some groups.

Zurna has a sound range of nearly two octaves and has eight melody keys with seven of them on the front and one on the back. The key at the back is so located as to come between the first two notes towards the section at the front. The keys are generally round with 6-8mm diameters. The length of the instrument changes between 30 - 60 cm and widens out like a funnel starting from the part the melody holes end. This section is called the kalak. At the blowing end there is a thin pipe like rod over which the reed goes. This rod is called Metem. A separate circular piece with a hole in the middle is put over the Metem to help the breathing technique. This piece is called Avurtluk. The most common zurna playing technique is the continuous playing technique where while the air collected in the cave of the mouth is blown out from the reed, inhaling through nostrils occurs simultaneously.

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Kaval

Kaval is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It is known as the instrument of the shepherds. It is also called Guval and Kuval in different regions. The belief that the shepherd leads his sheep flock with his kaval is a wide spread belief among the people. The word kaval is probably a derivative from the word "kav" which means hollow on the inside.

Its sound range is about 2.5-3 octaves. It is widely used instrument in the folk music groups of today and can be used as a solo instrument within an ensemble. Kaval preserves its sound characteristics when played together with other instruments.

Kavals are divided into two main types as and Dilsiz Kaval and are generally made from the wood of the plum tree.

Çigirtma

Cigirtma is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. Cigirtma is made from the wing bone of the eagle. It is known to be used mostly by the shepherds and is an almost forgotten instrument today. It has a total of seven melody keys with six on the top and one underneath It is about 15-30 cm long.

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Mey

Mey is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It consists of three parts . Ana Gövde (main part), Kamis (reed) and Kiskac (clip). The clips mounted to the end of the reed and can be pushed up and down on the reed and thus enabling tuning by providing one note variation in the sound.

Mey which is made of wood from plum walnut, beech etc. has sound distance of about one octave. It has a total of eight melody keys with seven on top and one underneath. There are three types of Mey: Cura Mey, Orta Mey and Ana Mey. Mey is called in Azerbaijan.

Tulum (bagpipe) is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It consists of three parts with Deri Kismi (leather section), Nav and Agizlik (mouth piece). The air is stored in the leather section and is let into the nav section by pressing the bag under the arm. Nav is the part where the melody is played. It also has two parts called Analik and Dillik. Agizlik is the section which sends the air to the leather bag of the pipe.

Sipsi which is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type is made from bone, wood or reed. The reed ones are more common. It has a second smaller part at the end which is made of reed that produces the sound. This part is completely taken into the mouth and the air is blown.

It is most widely used in the Aegean Region the instrument has a total of six melody keys with five on the top and one underneath

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Çifte

Cifte is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It is made by tying two reed pipes side by side. Two small reed pieces which produce the sound are added to the ends of both reeds. These two small reeds are taken into the mouth cavity and it is played by blowing the air at the same time.

There are two cifte types known as Demli cifte and Demsiz cifte. In demli Cifte one of the reeds does not have any pitch keys and it just produces a background sound. There are melody keys on the other red and the main melody is played through them.

Cifte is also known as Argun, Argul, Kargin or Zambir at different regions.

Davul

Davul (drum) is the oldest known . It can be in different sizes and is generally used in open spaces on occasions such as weddings, folk dances or different ceremonies. It consists of a circular wooden frame and a hoop made from two skins and covered with skin which is put on the frame with the help of strong strings or leather ribbons.

Davul is especially used during Ramadan to wake people up before beginning the fast.

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Nagara

Nagara (Koltuk Davulu) is a Turkish folk drum or percussion instrument. It is placed under the arm and beaten with hands. It is longer compared to the regular and its diameter is smaller.

Tef

Tef () is a Turkish percussion instrument. It consists of a metal or wooden hoop over which a skin is stretched. There are two types of , with or without the .

Kasik

Kasik (spoon) is a Turkish percussion instrument. The ones made from boxwood are particularly favored. The handles are taken between the fingers and the oval parts are held towards the inside of the hand in a back to back position. There are also different holding styles.

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SPAIN The SPANISH GUITAR

is similar to the classical guitar, but of lighter construction, with a cypress body and spruce top. Tuning pegs like those of a are traditional. A distinguishing feature of all flamenco is the tapping plates (golpeadores) glued to the table, to protect them against the fingernails that are an essential feature of the flamenco style.

The

is a Spanish instrument in the family. It has a conical shape and is the equivalent of the Breton bombarde. Often replaced by an oboe or double reeded , as seen in Armenian and Ukrainian folk music.

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The TIMBAL

is a of cylindrical drum with two membranes, usually of leather. Come in all sizes, although the drum is usually a medium-sized drum, which can be hung on the neck, which can integrate comfortably in street parades and other events.

CASTAÑUELAS

. The instrument consists of a pair of concave shells joined on one edge by a string. They are held in the hand and used to produce clicks for rhythmic accents or a ripping or rattling sound consisting of a rapid series of clicks. They are traditionally made of hardwood of chestnut tree; Spanish: castaño).

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The ZAMBOMBA

is a friction. In Spain, the zambomba is a very typical instrument at Christmas, often accompanying the singing of carols and popular songs. It is also used in traditional music in many other countries.

The PANDERETA

is a musical instrument of the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called "zils". Classically the term PANDERETA denotes an instrument with a , though some variants may not have a head at all. Tambourines are often used with regular percussion sets.

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GREECE

The LYRA of the of Pontos (Black Sea region of Asia Minor) is also known as the Kementse. It is played like a violin (violi) with a primitive style bow, but the musicians hold the lyra in an upright position. Sometimes they rest the instrument on their knee when they are sitting, and sometimes it is held out in front of them. They sometimes even dance in front of the dancers while holding the lyra in that way. The lyra usually has three strings. There are several tunings. Common tunings include: a-a-d, e-a-d, and many others. Since the instrument was often played alone, the tuning was often done according to the preference of the musician and his voice's range. Sometimes percussion instruments like a defi or daouli might be played to accompany the lyra. The musicians usually play two or all three strings at the same time, utilizing the open string(s) as a sort of drone to the melody. Sometimes they play the melody on two strings at once, giving a primitive harmony in fourths. They tend to play with many trills and embellishments, and with the unusual harmonies, the Pontian music has a very unique sound.

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• The Cretan lyra is the most popular melody instrument on the island of Crete (Kriti). It is a bowed instrument similar to the violin (violi), and it usually has three strings which are tuned in fifths. The lyra players play the lyra in an upright position. They sometimes rest it on the kneee, or, if they are standing, they will put one foot up on a chair and rest the lyra on the thigh. They have an unusual way of fingering the strings. Instead of pressing the strings with the finger tips (like violinists or guitarists do), they press against the sides of the strings with the tops of their finger nails.

• The outi (ud) is a stringed, lute type instrument that is used throughout the Arabic world. It originated with the . The Greek outi has mainly been used by the Greeks from Thrace and Asia Minor, which is now part of Turkey. When the Greek population was forcibly moved from their homelands in Asia Minor such as Smyrni (Izmir), Konstantinoupoli (Istanbul), and Kappadokia, musicians brought these instruments into mainland Greece. It is very popular in the music of Smyrna and the Poli, and is often played along with a violi (violin), a kanoni, and a hand drum like the toumbeleki. Sometimes it is played along with a klarino and a santouri also.

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• The was often favored in the early part of the 20th century as a solo instrument for men in jail or for a small group of "rebetes" to play for singing and dancing. It is a smaller version of the bouzouki and is tuned re, la, re (D, A, D), but an octave higher than the bouzouki's tuning.

• The baglamas can be used as a melody instrument and can be easily made from wood or other material for the back (including tortoise shells, gourds, or carved solid wood).

• The is a long necked string instrument which is in the bouzouki family of instruments. The tzouras is also called a , and is similar to the ancient and Byzantine forms of the long necked stringed instruments. The body of the tzouras is smaller than that of a bouzouki.

• In the past, the body of the tzouras was carved from a solid piece of wood, often mulberry wood, and they are still made this way today, although the body of the instrument is often made of separate staves (called "douyies" in Greek) just as the bouzouki is made.

• Like the bouzouki and the baglamas, the tzouras (tambouras) was a favorite instrument of the rebetes in music. For several years it was not as popular, but it has had a renaissance in the past few years.

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• The bouzouki is the main or lead folk instrument found in the taverna style or rebetiki music of the seaports and urban areas of Greece. The bouzouki is the descendent of ancient Greek and eastern instruments. In ancient times the name of this long-necked string instrument was the "trichordo" or "three stringed instrument." During the Byzantine period, it had many names including "tambouras," "yiongari," "pantouri," and others. It has three pairs of strings tuned re, la, re (D, A, D). In the 1950's, a bouzouki with four pairs of strings tuned to the intervals of the high four strings of the guitar was developed. It is tuned down one key from the guitar's tuning to (C, F, A, D).

• The Santouri is a type of . It probably evolved from -like instruments such as the lyra of the ancient Greeks. It is a form of the psalterion of Byzantine times, and some ethnomusicologists attribute the name, santouri, to the word psalterion. It is played with two

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"hammlike" sticks whose ends are wrapped in cotten.

• The lavouto (, lagouto) is a stringed instrument in the lute family. It is related to the Arabic ud or the Greek outi, as well as to the European . In , it is the largest plucked string instrument, followed by the tambouras/bouzouki, the tzouras, and the baglamas, from largest to smallest.

• This instrument has 4 courses of strings, or four double strings. It is tuned (from lowest to highest strings) C, G, D, A. The lower three pairs of strings consist of one wound, heavy metal string, and one unwound string. The highest strings, the A, consists of a pair of unwound strings of the same diameter.

• There are three sizes of lavouta. The largest is found on the island of Crete, and it is often tuned lower than the tuning found in other parts of Greece. The medium size is the most common and is found all over Greece. There is also a slightly smaller size which is not as common. It is very good for playing melody along with the lead melody instruments.

• The lavouto is used in most regions of Greece, including the mainland and the islands. It can be used as a melody instrument or as a chord, rhythm instrument to accompany a melody instrument such as the klarino or violi. Sometimes the lavouto players will strum the rhythm by striking all of the strings while playing the melody on the higher strings.

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• The floyera is the Greek shepherd's . It is not a "whistle" type flute where the musician puts the flute into his mouth and blows like blowing a whistle. Instead, the musican blows across the open end or rim of the upper part of the floyera. In most areas of mainland Greece including Roumeli and Peloponnisos, the instrument is called the floyera.

• It can vary in length, but commonly the flolyera is about 12 inches long, more or less. In northern Greece they also have longer floyeres. In Epiros, northwestern Greece, these longer are called tzamara. In Greek Thrace, northeastern Greece, they are sometimes called gavali (similar to the Bulgarian kaval). These longer flutes are usually around thirty (30) inches or so in length.

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• The Greek is similar to other found in Balkan countries. According to Anthony Baines, the bagpipe has been used by the Greeks since ancient times. The gaida has a single chanter pipe and one drone pipe. The reeds are single (like a clarinet reed). Gaides like this one can be found today mostly in northern Greece, including Greek Macedonia and Thrace. At one time it was found even in southern Greece. According to my grandmother, Kaliopi Petimeza Pappayiorga, she remembers the gaida when she was young (circa 1890's) in Arkadia (Peloponnisos). She pronounced the

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name as "gazhda." The gaida can be played unaccompanied, but percussion instruments are played when another musician is available. The favorite accompaniment for the gaida varies. In Greek Macedonia the daouli or toumbano (large drum) accompanies the gaida. In Greek Thrace, the defi or daires (small hand drum like a tambourine) accompanies the gaida.

• The Daouli is the two headed drum. The daouli player usually hangs the drum from a belt or strap over his left shoulder. The right side of the drum has a lower pitched skin, while the left side has a higher pitched skin. Goatskins are Usually used for the . In my family's village of Kandyla, the tradition in the old days was to use wolf skin for the heads of the daouli. A friend from Epiros told me they used to use wolf skins for the defi (hand drum similar to a large tuned tambourine), and today they still favor dog skin.

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SLOVAKIA

„Drumbľa“ – Jaw Harp

„Drumbľa“ - Jaw harp - is a lamellophone instrument, which is in the category of plucked idiophones. The tongue/reed is placed in the performer's mouth and plucked with the finger to produce a note.

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Fujara

Fujara is a unique Slovak long flute (up to 2 m), that creates a long, resonant timbre. The playing techinque is a combination of using finger holes and changing the intensity of blowing (for achieving higher harmonics - overtones). The sound is harmonically rich, that is why this instrument has a very charming sound color. It is included in the UNESCO list as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Fujara was originally played by shepherds; now it can be heard in folk festivals, such as those in Východná and Detva.

Fujara trombita

Fujara trombita is a Slovak instrument (up to 6m long) similar to the Alpine . It is an instrument compared to the first mobile phone. Shepherds in the hills used the fujara trombita to send information from place to place.

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Ozembuch

“Ozembuch” - is a medieval folk instrument. It is a long stick with jingle , bells and similar things, which beats the ground. Often, it contains also a string with the function of resonator.

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Different types of wooden flutes

„Koncovka“ (overtone flute) - is an end-blown overtone flute without finger holes, based on the natural harmonic scale, that you reach when you blow it at different strengths. In that way, it is very easy to get started with, and it offers small melodies almost by itself, if you let it sound.

Six – hole shepherd´s flute - for the fingering technique and sound device (which is a recorder-type ), it is almost identical with the Irish whistle. Range is more than 2 octaves, simple fingering plays a diatonic scale, but with (fork) cross-fingering, the instrument is fully chromatic.

„Dvojačka“ (double flute) - is a traditional combination of a 6-hole shepherd's flute with an overtone flute. A player blows simultaneously to both pipes, one of them having a function of a melodic pipe, the other playing a constant dr

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POLAND

Kozioł (bagpipe)

Kozioł refers to several variants of bagpipes native to a region of Poland surrounding the city of Zbąszyń. Kozioł biały The kozioł biały features a drone with a projecting horn, and is inflated with bellows rather than the mouth.

Cimbalom Cimbalon is striking plate stringed musical instrument. The earliest records of instruments of this type in Europe date back to the 15th century from Germany, Italy, Poland, Czech ... During the 17th and 18th centuries, the cimbalom spread beyond Europe.

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Suka

The Suka was a unique that was played vertically. The body of the instrument was very similar to the modern violin, but the neck was very wide. . It died out, and was known only from drawings of a single specimen displayed at an

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PORTUGAL

HURDY GURDY

This instrument is from Portugal. The Hurdy Gurdy or Hurdy-Gurdy is a stringed instrument. Hurdy Gurdy is make from wood. The wheel functions like a violin. Melodies are played on a keyboard.

Cavaquinho

It is a small string instrument of the European guitar family with four wire or gut strings. It is also called machimbo, machim, machete , manchete or marchete, braguinha or braguinho, or cavaco and ukulele. A cavaquinho player is called a cavaquista.

It is a very important instrument in Brazilian music, especially for samba and choro. The standard tuning in Brazil is D-G-B-D (although D-G-B-E and the tuning G-D-A-E are also used for soloing). Some of the most important players and

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composers of the instrument's Brazilian incarnation are: Waldir Azevedo, Henrique Cazes, Paulinho da Luciana Rabello, Alceu Maia, Mauro Diniz and Paulinho Soares.

The cavaquinho is also found in other places. In Cape Verde the cavaquinho was introduced in the thirties from Brazil. The present-day Cape-Verdean cavaquinho is very similar to the Brazilian one in dimensions and tuning. It is generally used as a rhythmic instrument in Cape-Verdean music genres (such as morna, coladeira, mazurka) but it is occasionally used as a melodic instrument.

In the Hawaii, it was introduced by Portuguese and became an important part of the popular music of that place. The Hawaiian Islands have an instrument very similar to the cavaquinho, called the ukulele, which is based on the machête or braguinha, brought to the islands by Portuguese immigrants. The Hawai'i an ukulele also has four strings, though tuned differently (usually G-C-E-A), and a shape somewhat similar to the cavaquinho. The machête was introduced into Hawaii by Augusto Dias, Manuel Nunes, and João Fernandes in 1879.

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CZECH

Heligonka

The or Helikónka (in Slovak: Heligónka) is a Czech and Slovak musical instrument similar to the Melodeon (organ) or . The Heligonka differs from the Melodeon by having a supplemented and amplified bass part.

Fidle

A fiddle is a bowed string musical instrument, most often called the violin.[1] It is also a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical music. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, which could refers to various styles of music. There are no real distinctions between and , but some say it is the style of music they play. It is not common for a classically trained violinist to play folk music, but today, there are many fiddlers with classical training. Many traditional (folk) styles are aural traditions, so are taught 'by ear' rather than with written music.

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Bock - bagpipe

Variants of the bock, a type of bagpipe, were played in Central Europe in what are the modern states of , Germany,Poland and the Czech Republic. The tradition of playing the instrument endured into the 20th century, primarily in the Blata, Chodsko, and Egerland regions of Bohemia, and among the Sorbs of Saxony.[1] The name "Bock" (German for buck, i.e. malegoat) refers to the use of goatskins in constructing the bag, similar to the common use of other goat-terms for bagpipes in other nations, such as the French cabrette.

Steirische Harmonika

The Steirische Harmonika (pronounced sht-irish-eh ) is a type of bisonoric diatonic button important to the alpine folk music of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, the German state of Bavaria, and the Italian South Tyrol. The Steirische Harmonika is distinguished from other diatonic button by its typically richer bass notes, and by the presence of one key per scale row that has the same tone on both compression and expansion of the bellows, called aGleichton.

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Cimbalom

The cimbalom is a concert hammered dulcimer: a type of chordophone composed of a large, trapezoidal box with metal strings stretched across its top. It is a musical instrument popularized in Hungary and commonly found throughout the group of Central-Eastern European nations and cultures which composed Austria- Hungary (1867–1918), namely contemporary Belarus, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, , Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is also very popular in Greece. The cimbalom is (typically) played by striking two beaters against the strings. The steel treble strings are arranged in groups of 4 and are tuned in unison. The bass strings which are over-spun with copper, are arranged in groups of 3 and are also tuned in unison.

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