The Formation of the European Healthcare Systems and Veterinary Medicine in Mongolia in the 19Th-20Th Centuries Sergey A

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Formation of the European Healthcare Systems and Veterinary Medicine in Mongolia in the 19Th-20Th Centuries Sergey A History of Medicine. 2017. Vol. 4. № 1. 10.17720/2409-5834.v4.1.2017.05e The formation of the European healthcare systems and veterinary medicine in Mongolia in the 19th-20th centuries Sergey A. Filin Plehanov Russian University of Economic 36 Stremyanny lane, Moscow 117997, Russia The author examines the evolutionary phases of the European healthcare systems and veterinary medicine in Mongolia in the 19th-20th centuries. He attempts to outline the background and the fundamental moments in the transition from Mongoliaʼs traditional system of providing the population with medical aid, which was based on the principles of Tibetan and folk medicine, to the European type. The article concludes that the new Mongolian healthcare system was established in consideration of the achievements of national medicine, combining traditional and European principles of providing the population with medical aid. In the first quarter of the 20th century most of the Mongolian population suffered from socially significant diseases, which resulted in a drastic decline of the indigenous population and the deterioration of social-hygienic conditions. Traditional Mongolian healing methods were ineffective in treating venereal and other extremely dangerous infectious diseases, which had become epidemic (in the cities at least 40% of the population had contracted syphilis and at least 50% had contracted gonorrhea). Russian doctors, who were employing the latest medical breakthroughs, were able to cure the Mongolian population of venereal diseases and chickenpox. As a result of the fruitful cooperation with the Russian specialists Mongolia established a European healthcare system, also using the achievements of Tibetan medicine. Together with the establishment of the European healthcare system Mongolia also undertook steps to create a modern veterinary service, whose breakthroughs were supposed to protect the people from animal-transmitted diseases. Keywords: history of healthcare, veterinary medicine, the Mongolian populationʼs recovery, Tibetan medicine For quotation: Filin S.A. The formation of the European healthcare systems and veterinary medicine in Mongolia in the 19th-20th centuries. History of Medicine. 2017. Vol. 4. № 1. P. 43–50. About the author Sergey Alexandrovich Filin – Doctor of Economical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of Plehanov Russian University of Economics (Moscow). E-mail: fi lin.sa@rea.ru One of the fi rst mentions of ties between Russia all Russia, (a position he held from 1354 to 1378) and Mongolia in the fi eld of medicine relates to the cured Taidula, mother of Jani Beg Khan of the 13th century. Berke Khan 1 of the Golden Horde 2 Golden Horde (who reigned from 1342 to 1357), (who ruled from 1255 to 1266) [1, p. 503–507] of blindness (“sickness of the eyes”) [2]. This asked Bishop Kirill of Rostov for help in curing episode is one of those illustrated on the icon “St. his sick son.3 In 1357, Alexius, Metropolitan of Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow, with Scenes from His Life” (in the image “A miracle of Saint 1 The Ulus of Jochi, known by its Turkic name “Ulu Alexius, who healed a Muslim queen with his Ulus” (“Great State”) in Eurasia, was part of the Mongol prayers”), a copy of which (dating from 1480) is Empire from 1224 to 1266. in the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow 2 Berke (1209–1266), called Berkai in Russian chronicles, was Kremlin. the third son of Jochi and a grandson of Genghis Khan, as well As we will see below, there were no specialised as the brother of Batu Khan. medical schools in Mongolia before the end of 3 The bishop consecrated some water at the shrine of Saint the 1920s. At certain large monastic institutions, Leonius in Rostov and brought it with him to the Horde. After sprinkling the Khan’s son with this water, Kirill read a prayer and the lamas studied medicine as well as theology said to the Khan “Your son will live and become as strong as you.” and astrology. There were three levels, or stages, 4 See The Life of Tsarevich Peter of the Horde URL: http://www. to their education. First, they studied general oocities.org/edinulus/ordyn_tsarevic.html [in Russian]. 4 Education at a monastic school in Mongolia could be Received: 29.12.2016 divided into three stages: lower, middle and higher. The lower © S.A. Filin stage lasted for 7–8 years, the middle for 10. There were 43 Sergey A. Filin medicine and theology. At the second stage, large monastery, obtained from Osipov everything they began specialising: general theology was required for bloodletting, then a popular method not compulsory for future emches (doctors). of treatment against many illnesses in Russia. Tibetan medicine was taught from books and Osipov was the fi rst person in Mongolia to from the personal experience of the emch doing vaccinate against smallpox. As he could not do the teaching. In 1869, the Mongolian lama all these vaccinations himself, he began training Choi-Manramba began to lead instruction in locals. Captain Boborykin asked for a doctor to Indo-Tibetan medicine at the Tsugol Datsan be sent to the Russian consulate, arguing that this (monastery). Special schools with faculties of would be “a kind and Christian act… with regard medicine (manba), philosophy (tsanid) and to this poor people”. Osipov was also assisted by tantrism (jüd) were opened, and the most talented Russian merchants, who carried out vaccinations and outstanding graduates were awarded the on their own initiative, taking pity on the Mongols, academic degrees of gebshi and gabju.5 who were helpless against serious diseases [4]. For The state of public health in Mongolia, and example, in 1892 G. N. Potanin wrote of a merchant the prevalence there of such serious diseases who “combined a cultural mission with his trading as typhoid, smallpox and syphilis, made a activity: he vaccinated anyone who wanted against discouraging impression on the Russians. For smallpox. Mongols everywhere greeted him example, Captain Konstantin Boborykin, like a dear friend.” When smallpox was raging adjutant to Emperor Alexander II’s chief of staff , through Kobdo (now Khovd) Province, one of the and, from 1861 to 1864, Russia’s fi rst consul in local lamas, who had heard about vaccinations, Urga (now Ulaanbaatar),6 wrote: “Whatever they proposed his own treatment method: he injected say about the medicine of Tibet and the art of the pus from a smallpox suff erer into a healthy person. lama doctors, that medicine is worthless, and the D. N. Yermolin, an agent for Nikolai Assanov, a lamas know-nothings and fraudsters.” [3]. The merchant from Biysk, brought some variolovaccine only remedy used in an outbreak of smallpox was from Russia and off ered to vaccinate people with isolation: the patient and their family members it, explaining that the lamas’ treatment would not were left alone on the steppe, and no one was save them from death, but his would help them to permitted to see the Khutugtu, the religious get better. Reports that Yermolin was saving people leader, and most respected fi gure, of the Lamaists. spread rapidly, and thousands of Mongols came to Russian doctors made a signifi cant contribution him. He spent whole days performing vaccinations, to the establishment and development of European seeing hundreds of people a day. They brought him medicine in Mongolia. As traditional Mongolian gifts and money,7 and he was famed as “the kind treatment methods were ineff ective against a range Russian saviour”.8 of illnesses (primarily acute infectious diseases), The Mongols were not afraid of the Russian when a feldsher (auxiliary health worker) by the health workers, and received treatment from them name of Osipov came to the Russian embassy he willingly: when Pyotr Kornievsky, a health worker was visited not only by sick Mongols, but also by at the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission, travelled lama doctors eager to learn from him (to “adopt from Peking (Beij ing) through Urga, Mongols best practices”). Some Mongol khans sent their queued up to be seen by him. relatives, lamas, and so on, to the consulate to The fact that Russian subjects were prohibited study Russian medicine; one lama, the head of a from having permanent shops, storage facilities and accommodation in Mongolia hampered exams at the end of each academic year. The higher stage them from providing healthcare support for lasted for 20 years. The most gifted pupils continued their their compatriots living in Mongolia, and from education in various specialist fi elds (studying individual organising medical services for the Mongolian aspects of theology and philosophy) and, on completing the course, received the religious title of agimba. 5 Equivalent to a PhD and a doctorate. 7 For example, in Kobdo Province a vaccination cost 1 ruble 43 6 The city was founded in the state of Mongolia in 1639 as a kopecks at the pre-revolutionary exchange rate, a considerable Buddhist monastery. (“Urga”, as it was known in Russian and sum for the Mongols [5]. European literature until 1924, derives from the Mongolian 8 See N. E. Yedinarkhova: “The Russians in Mongolia”. “Örgöö” (“palace” or “camp”.) URL: http://ricolor.org/rz/mongolia/mr/3/ [in Russian]. 44 History of Medicine. 2016. Vol. 4. № 1 population. Aleksandr Svechnikov, a veterinarian However, there was also a diff erent opinion: from Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta), wrote: Ivan Maisky believed that the Mongol population “People have been trading in Mongolia for had remained practically unchanged for centuries. decades; they live there almost permanently, According to his observations,
Recommended publications
  • Gender Guidelines to Be Distributed in All 330 Districts of Mongolia Pilot Study Supports National Roll-Out of Participatory Land Use Planning
    Gender guidelines to be distributed in all 330 districts of Mongolia Pilot study supports national roll-out of participatory land use planning By Dr. Elizabeth Daley, Mr. Batsaikhan, J. and Ms. Lkhamdulam, N. Dr. Elizabeth Daley is Team Leader of the global WOLTS project and a Principal Consultant with MokoroLtd, a UK-based not-for-profit organisation; she also serves independently as a Board Member of the Land Portal Foundation. Mr. Batsaikhan, J., is Director of the Land Management Department of Mongolia’s Agency for Land Administration and Management, Geodesy and Cartography (ALAMGAC). Ms. Lkhamdulam, N., is Managing Director of the Mongolian NGO, People Centered Conservation (PCC). Sound, sustainable land management is critical to the long-term viability of Mongolia’s traditional herding way of life. And careful planning at local level, in a participatory and gender-inclusive way, is needed to underpin that. In August 2018, Mongolia’s Agency for Land Administration and Management, Geodesy and Cartography (ALAMGAC), embarked on a formal collaboration to develop ‘gender guidelines’ for such local planning processes with the Women’s Land Tenure Security project (WOLTS) of Mokoro Ltd (UK) and Mongolian project partner, People Centered Conservation (PCC). At that time, the WOLTS team was carrying out research on the intersection of gender, land, mining and pastoralism in several soums (districts) of Mongolia. One of these – Dalanjargalan (in Dornogobi aimag (region)) – was one of the first soums taking part in ALAMGAC’s national roll-out of broader guidelines for medium-term land © WOLTS Team management planning, using a participatory approach to natural resource mapping already developed by ALAMGAC.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Corruption Reforms in Mongolia
    ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ANTI-CORRUPTION NETWORK FOR EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Anti-Corruption Reforms in Mongolia Assessment and recommendations Report The report was adopted at the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan plenary meeting on 18 April 2014 at the OECD Headquarters in Paris. This report is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. © OECD 2014 2 About the OECD The OECD is a forum in which governments compare and exchange policy experiences, identify good practices in light of emerging challenges, and promote decisions and recommendations to produce better policies for better lives. The OECD’s mission is to promote policies that improve economic and social well-being of people around the world. Find out more at www.oecd.org. About the Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Established in 1998, the main objective of the Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ACN) is to support its member countries in their efforts to prevent and fight corruption. It provides a regional forum for the promotion of anti-corruption activities, the exchange of information, elaboration of best practices and donor coordination via regional meetings and seminars, peer-learning programmes, and thematic projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: a Brief History and Current Issues Maria E
    Land Use and Land Tenure in Mongolia: A Brief History and Current Issues Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez Maria E. Fernandez-Gimenez is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship at Colorado State University. She received her PhD at the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 and has conducted research in Mongolia since 1993. Her current areas of research include pastoral development policy; community-based natural resource management; traditional and local ecological knowledge; and monitoring and adaptive management in rangeland ecosystems. strategies have not changed greatly; mobile and flexible grazing Abstract—This essay argues that an awareness of the historical relation- ships among land use, land tenure, and the political economy of Mongolia strategies adapted to cope with harsh and variable production is essential to understanding current pastoral land use patterns and policies conditions remain the cornerstone of Mongolian pastoralism. in Mongolia. Although pastoral land use patterns have altered over time in Similarly, although land tenure regimes have evolved towards response to the changing political economy, mobility and flexibility remain increasingly individuated tenure over pastoral resources, hallmarks of sustainable grazing in this harsh and variable climate, as do the communal use and management of pasturelands. Recent changes in Mongolia’s pasturelands continue to be held and managed as common political economy threaten the continued sustainability of Mongolian pastoral property resources in most locations, although these institutions systems due to increasing poverty and declining mobility among herders and have been greatly weakened in the past half century. The most the weakening of both formal and customary pasture management institu- recent changes in Mongolia’s political economy threaten the tions.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016/2017 Dzud Emergency Response, Mongolia Needs Assessment and Response Plan
    2016/2017 Dzud Emergency Response, Mongolia Needs Assessment and Response Plan Photo: Regis Defurnaux, 2016 People in Need January 2017 LIST OF FIGURES 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS 2 GLOSSARY 2 INTRODUCTION 3 CONTEXT 3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 5 CURRENT SITUATION 7 DORNOD PROVINCE 11 KHENTII PROVINCE 14 SUKHBAATAR PROVINCE 15 PIN RESPONSE PLAN 16 VULNERABILITY CRITERIA AND BENEFICIARY SELECTION PROCESS 16 1 ESTIMATES OF AFFECTED AND TARGET HOUSEHOLDS IN DORNOD, KHENTII AND SUKHBAATAR PROVINCES 17 AGRICULTURE 18 EARLY RECOVERY 21 COORDINATION & FUNDRAISING 22 UN CERF 22 UN HUMANITARIAN COUNTRY TEAM - AGRICULTURAL CLUSTER 22 ANNEXES 24 Annex 1. Data collection sheet 24 Annex 2: Beneficiary selection process 24 Annex 3: Photos 24 SOURCES 24 2016/2017 Dzud Emergency Response: Needs Assessment and Response Plan People in Need, January 2017 List of Figures FIGURE 1: DZUD CONTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ........................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 2: DATA COLLECTED DURING THE NEEDS ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 6 FIGURE 3: INDICATORS SIGNALLING THE SEVERITY OF 2016/2017 DZUD COMPARED TO LAST YEAR .................. 7 FIGURE 4: SOUMS EVALUATED AS WITH DZUD IN DORNOD, KHENTII AND SUKHBAATAR PROVINCES .................. 9 FIGURE 5: COMPARISON OF DZUD SITUATION IN MONGOLIA IN DECEMBER 2016 AND JANUARY 2017 ............ 10 FIGURE 6: SOUMS IN DORNOD PROVINCE ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Development Outline for Economic Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and Mongolia
    STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OUTLINE FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND MONGOLIA (PROJECT AREA: XINGANMENG PREFECTURE IN THE INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE PRC AND THE PROVINCES OF DORNOD, HENTIY, SUHBAATAR OF MONGOLIA ) i This publication was prepared by Asian Development Bank consultants under the guidance of Bank staff. The findings, interpre- tations, and conclusions expressed in it do not necessarily represent the views of the Bank or those of its member countries. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data in- cluded in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. @ Asian Development Bank 2002 ISBN No. 971-561-412-4 Stock No. 110501 Published by the Asian Development Bank P.O. Box. 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines For more information on ADB, visit http:\\www.adb.org ii STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OUTLINE FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND MONGOLIA (PROJECT AREA: XINGANMENG PREFECTURE IN THE INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE PRC AND THE PROVINCES OF DORNOD, HENTIY, SUHBAATAR OF MONGOLIA ) iii Message from the People’s Republic of China n line with the open door policy, the Government of options for economic cooperation in a specific project the People’s Republic of China regards promotion area covering Xinganmeng Prefecture of Inner Mongolia Iof economic cooperation with neighboring coun- Autonomous Region and the three eastern provinces in tries as a special means to accelerate growth and eco- Mongolia. As revealed by the strategic study, the two nomic development of the local economy in the provinces countries have good opportunity to cooperate in the and autonomous regions that share border with other project area in the sectors of agriculture, mining, tour- countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Наука Красноярья Krasnoyarsk Science
    ISSN 2070-7568 НАУКА КРАСНОЯРЬЯ Журнал основан в 2011 г. №6(17) 2014 Главный редактор – Я.А. Максимов Выпускающий редактор – Н.А. Максимова Ответственный секретарь редакции – О.Л. Москаленко Технический редактор, администратор сайта – Ю.В. Бяков Компьютерная верстка – Л.И. Иосипенко KRASNOYARSK SCIENCE Founded in 2011 №6(17) 2014 Editor-in-Chief – Ya.А. Maksimov Deputy Editor-in-Chief – N.А. Maksimova Executive Secretary – O.L. Moskalenko Support Contact – Yu.V. Byakov Imposer – L.I. Iosipenko Красноярск, 2014 Научно-Инновационный Центр ---- 12+ Krasnoyarsk, 2014 Publishing House Science and Innovation Center Издательство «Научно-инновационный центр» НАУКА КРАСНОЯРЬЯ, №6(17), 2014, 268 с. Журнал зарегистрирован Енисейским управлением Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (свидетельство ПИ № ТУ 24-00430 от 10.08.2011) и Международным центром ISSN (ISSN 2070-7568). Журнал выходит шесть раз в год Статьи, поступающие в редакцию, рецензируются. За достоверность сведений, изложенных в статьях, ответственность несут авторы публикаций. Мнение ре- дакции может не совпадать с мнением авторов материалов. При перепечатке ссылка на журнал обязательна. Журнал представлен в полнотекстовом формате в НАУЧНОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ БИБЛИОТЕКЕ в целях создания Российского индекса научного цитирования (РИНЦ). Адрес редакции, издателя и для корреспонденции: 660127, г. Красноярск, ул. 9 Мая, 5 к. 192 E-mail: sciences@list.ru http://nkras.ru/nk/ Подписной индекс в каталоге «Пресса России» – 33298 Учредитель и издатель: Издательство ООО «Научно-инновационный центр» Publishing House Science and Innovation Center KRASNOYARSK SCIENCE, №6(17), 2014, 268 p. The edition is registered (certificate of registry PE № TU 24-00430) by the Federal Service of Intercommunication and Mass Media Control and by the International cen- ter ISSN (ISSN 2070-7568).
    [Show full text]
  • Oyu Tolgoi Llc to Produce 692.3 Thousand Tons of Copper Concentrate in 2014
    user ID ••••••• Lo gin Forgot password? Sign up Home ABOUT MONGOLIA Statistics Politics Business & Economics Society Culture & Sport T V news Gallery Partner's news E-Learning Search here Your browser does not support the video tag. OYU TOLGOI LLC TO PRODUCE 692.3 THOUSAND TONS OF COPPER CONCENTRATE IN 2014 Home page Oyu Tolgoi LLC to produce 692.3 thousand tons of copper concentrate in 2014 Every Monday, Prime Minister N.Altankhuyag holds a "Development Hour" meeting with senior officials to get au fait on current works in progress E-LEARNING PRODUCT S and this time the meeting focused on Oyu Tolgoi (OT) Project held at the » Mongolian Language Lessons Government House on December 23, 2013. "Khicheel-1" » Japanese "Kanji-1006" Lessons The Executive Director of “Erdenes Oyu Tolgoi” LLC Davaadorj GANBOLD INFOMONGOLIA APPS introduced present situation of Oyu Tolgoi LLC and in his report, “Since its » Shagai - The Fortune Teller commencement of commercial shipments of its copper concentrate, the OT produced 252.3 thousand tons of copper in concentrates as of BUSINESS CATALOGUE - - 100% FREE - - December 18, of which 70.2 thousand tons were delivered to Huafang » Advertise your company, business bonded warehouse via Gants Mod (Ganqimaodu) border port in China, offers... and currently 16.9 thousand tons were conveyed to its last destination of copper mills. In 2014, it was BIZ c a t a lo gue estimated to produce 692.3 thousand tons of copper concentrate, and if this volume to be prepared and imported, it would impact positively to the economy of Mongolia next year.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibetan Studies in Russia: a Brief Historical Account
    Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences religieuses Résumé des conférences et travaux 126 | 2019 2017-2018 Religions tibétaines Tibetan studies in Russia: a brief historical account Alexander Zorin Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/asr/2498 DOI: 10.4000/asr.2498 ISSN: 1969-6329 Publisher Publications de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Printed version Date of publication: 15 September 2019 Number of pages: 63-70 ISBN: 978-2909036-47-2 ISSN: 0183-7478 Electronic reference Alexander Zorin, “Tibetan studies in Russia: a brief historical account”, Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences religieuses [Online], 126 | 2019, Online since 19 September 2019, connection on 06 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/asr/2498 ; DOI: https:// doi.org/10.4000/asr.2498 Tous droits réservés : EPHE Religions tibétaines Alexander ZORIN Directeur d’études invité Institut des Manuscrits Orientaux, Académie des Sciences de la Russie, Saint-Pétersbourg Tibetan studies in Russia: a brief historical account IBETOLOGY is one of the oldest branches of Oriental studies in Russia that used to Tbe closely connected with foreign and inner policy of the Russian State starting from the late 17th century. The neighborhood with various Mongolian politia and gradual spread of Russian sovereignty upon some of them caused the necessity of studying and using Tibetan along with Mongolian, Oirat, Buryat languages and also, from the 18th century, studying Tibetan Buddhism as the dominant religion of these people. Huge collections of Tibetan texts and Tibetan arts were gradually gathered in St. Petersburg and some other cities, and the initiator of this process was Peter the Great, the first Russian emperor.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian-Chinese Trade in Kyakhta — Trade Development and Volume Indicators 1727–1861
    Russian-Chinese Trade in Kyakhta — Trade Development and Volume Indicators 1727–1861 Michal Wanner This study is a follow-up to the author’s previous articles featuring the beginning of the Russian-Chinese diplomatic and trade relations, and the early forms of the Rus- sian-Chinese trade,1 as well as characteristic of the Russian-Chinese trade exchange organisation and practice in Kyakhta and May-ma-chen, or both Russian and Chi- OPEN ACCESS nese export commodity structure; but also to a few fundamental logistics issues hav- ing considerable impact on character of the trade in Kyakhta.2 The author focused this, third in row but last study, on portions of this broad topic, which had not been possible to include in the previous articles for the reasons of their size, specifically, the trade quantification and capturing single stages development in the monitored period, the trade influence on the overall advance of the region, and also the reasons that resulted in the decline and end of the Russian-Chinese trade in Kyakhta, more specifically, on other forms of the trade exchange as the replacement. THE TRADE DEVELOPMENT AND VOLUME In December 1728, shortly after The Treaty of Kyakhta had been entered into, Chinese merchants began to have complaints about the shortage of Russian merchants and their goods, but also because they had been only selling cloth and Russian leather. However, the situation would shortly change. Russian goods on 1,430 carriages and 96 sleighs were delivered to Kyakhta between 1736 and 1740, whereas Chinese goods were carried on 806 carriages and 37 sleighs.3 1 M.
    [Show full text]
  • Millennium Challenge Account of Mongolia (MCA-M) Property Rights Project (PRP) Registry Systems Process Study Baseline Report
    Millennium Challenge Account of Mongolia (MCA-M) Property Rights Project (PRP) Registry Systems Process Study Baseline Report Prepared by: Innovations for Poverty Action October 2014 Contents i. List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................. ii ii. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ iii I. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 II. Project Background .............................................................................................................. 5 A. Overview of Project Components and Activities ............................................................. 5 B. Project Sub-Activities for Institutional Strengthening ..................................................... 8 1. Evaluation of Legislative and Institutional Barriers ..................................................... 8 2. Upgrading Geospatial Infrastructure .......................................................................... 12 3. Capacity Building for Land Offices ........................................................................... 13 4. Upgrading Registry Offices ........................................................................................ 13 C. Project Logic .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 22 TAXON 65 (5) • October 2016: 1200–1207
    Marhold & Kučera (eds.) • IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 22 TAXON 65 (5) • October 2016: 1200–1207 IOPB COLUMN Edited by Karol Marhold & Ilse Breitwieser IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 22 Edited by Karol Marhold & Jaromír Kučera DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/655.40 Tatyana V. An’kova,1* Maria N. Lomonosova1 & BORAGINACEAE Victor V. Chepinoga2,3 Lappula anisacantha (Turcz. ex Bunge) Gürke, 2n = 12; Russia, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, ML & EN 879 (NS). 1 Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Zolotodolinskaya Str. 101, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia CAPRIFOLIACEAE 2 The V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS, Ulan- Patrinia rupestris (Pall.) Dufr., 2n = 22; Russia, Sakha (Yakutia) Batorskaya Str. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia Republic, ML & EN 849b (NS). 3 Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Str. 1, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia GENTIANACEAE * Author for correspondence: ankova_tv@mail.ru Halenia corniculata (L.) Cornaz, 2n = 22; Russia, Republic of Buryatia, E. Zolotovskaya & E. Gladkikh C168 (IRKU). All materials CHN; collectors: EN = E.G. Nikolin, ML = M.N. Lomonosova. GERANIACEAE Geranium sibiricum L., 2n = 28; Russia, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, The reported study was partially supported by Russian Founda- ML & EN 858 (NS). tion for Basic Research (RFBR), project no. 16-05-00783. PLANTAGINACEAE ALLIACEAE Linaria acutiloba Fisch. ex Rchb., 2n = 12; Russia, Krasnoyarskii Allium ramosum L., 2n = 32; Russia, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, ML Krai, ML 1141h (NS). & EN 831a (NS). Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill., 2n = 12; Russia, Samarskaya Oblast’, Allium splendens Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f., 2n = 16; Russia, Sakha ML 1068 (NS). (Yakutia) Republic, ML & EN 798 (NS). Plantago canescens Adams, 2n = 12; Russia, Sakha (Yakutia) Repub- lic, ML & EN 798 (NS).
    [Show full text]
  • Subject of the Russian Federation)
    How to use the Atlas The Atlas has two map sections The Main Section shows the location of Russia’s intact forest landscapes. The Thematic Section shows their tree species composition in two different ways. The legend is placed at the beginning of each set of maps. If you are looking for an area near a town or village Go to the Index on page 153 and find the alphabetical list of settlements by English name. The Cyrillic name is also given along with the map page number and coordinates (latitude and longitude) where it can be found. Capitals of regions and districts (raiony) are listed along with many other settlements, but only in the vicinity of intact forest landscapes. The reader should not expect to see a city like Moscow listed. Villages that are insufficiently known or very small are not listed and appear on the map only as nameless dots. If you are looking for an administrative region Go to the Index on page 185 and find the list of administrative regions. The numbers refer to the map on the inside back cover. Having found the region on this map, the reader will know which index map to use to search further. If you are looking for the big picture Go to the overview map on page 35. This map shows all of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes, along with the borders and Roman numerals of the five index maps. If you are looking for a certain part of Russia Find the appropriate index map. These show the borders of the detailed maps for different parts of the country.
    [Show full text]