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Home , Abri de la Madeleine, Amud Cave, Calico Early Man Site, Castel Merle, Charlie Lake Cave, Gibraltar 1

Timeline for Homo sapiens - 2nd Edition From 2.5M B.C.E. to 300,000 B.C.E. Hominid Species had organized the 1st Industrial Many Glacial Complexes making stone in quantities. By 1.6M B.C.E. hand and stone points and Interglacial that were flaked on two sides, hominids are demonstrating skill and technique. Epochs occur Undisputed evidence of a footprint that dates to 1.5M B.C.E. of a, "most likely", Homo over the 2.5 Erectus walking upright. have been dated from 1.8M B.C.E. to the million years 210,000 B.C.E. (12 discoveries are outside of Africa). Tools are found at the same B.C.E. to Epoch. From 1.5M B.C.E. to 790,000 B.C.E. evidence of and . The 1st 300,000 B.C.E.. Sea levels rise living species that took control of fire. 500,000 B.C.E. Hominid Species are hunting large and fall 300ft animals with . Four wooden spears dated circa 400,000 B.C.E. have been found in on average. in 1995. Use of for body adornment and painting developed next Average Global around 400,000 B.C.E. to 350,000 B.C.E.. Homo Neanderthalensis exists as a distinct temperatures species from 600,000 B.C.E. to around 26,000 B.C.E. and no fossils exist that are younger rise and fall 8 than this time. 570,000 years tops Homo Sapiens by 370,000 years of existence as a to 10 degrees distinct species. Over the course of the 2.58M B.C.E. to 9700 B.C.E., to the Celsius. The start of The 9700 B.C.E. to the present, there have been 14 glacial periods ebb and flow with the start of the Holocene signifying the end of the Quaternary Pleistocene Epoch. of the glacial cycles, seems From all hominid species, Homo Sapiens is the only homogeneous species to survive and to repeat in thrive to the present. And we are novel on the timeline scale. And in that modest 100,000 to amount of time, we have accomplished more in a short time, than any other species 120,000 year that has ever existed. The Genome Project evidence says that we are the intervals. descendants of a potential 2000 to 3000 survivors (high thousands maximum) of the last great extinction challenge. As Winston Churchill might say, " Some Bottle. Some Neck".

600,000 B.C.E. Mount Carmel () Human evidence of occupancy to Natufian cultures of 10,000 B.C.E. 500,000 B.C.E. - 250,000 B.C.E. Petralona 1 () or archaic Homo Sapien? 400,000 B.C.E. - 200,000 B.C.E. Altamura () Human skeleton still in situ. Difficult to access and date. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. End of Mindel/Pre-Illinoian/Elsterian/Anglian/Rio Llico - Glacial Period. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. has had full separation from human ancestors for 70,000 years. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. (Israel) with burnt animal and flint tools. Homo ???? Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. -125,000 B.C.E. Kabwe Cranium () . 1920 find makes it difficult to date. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. Y-chromosomal Adam 2013 Y-MRCA (95% confidence of an earlier rare DNA alleles). Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. Geminga Supernova Gama Ray Pulsar Responsible for interstellar medium in our Solar System. 300,000 B.C.E. 300,000 B.C.E. Swanscombe Skull (England) Homo Heidelbergensis - or archaic Homo Sapien - to 200,000 B.C.E. Glacial to W. & W. 290,000 B.C.E. Bhimbeta () oldest known art. Might be older. Who created…Homo ???? Warm & Wet 290,000 B.C.E. Start of Mindel-Riss/Pre-Illinioan/Holstein/Hoxnian/ S.A. (X) - Interglacial Period Warm & Wet 250,000 B.C.E. Ngandong 7 () Homo Erectus with new dating techniques 100,000 B.C.E. - 25,000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 250,000 B.C.E. - 200,000 B.C.E. Hueyatlaco () Human habitation. Multiple stone tools. Multiple occupations. Warm & Wet 230,000 B.C.E. Bontnewydd (Wales) Teeth and part of a jawbone, 11 year old Neanderthal. Warm & Wet 230,000 B.C.E. have spread through . Warm & Wet 230,000 B.C.E. of Berekhat Ram (Israel) . Confirmed hominid creativity. Oldest Art . Warm & Wet 209,000 B.C.E. Dali Skull () Ox teeth found on site date to +/- 23,000 years. Homo Erectus or Sapien?? W.&W to Glacial 208,000 B.C.E. - 200,000 B.C.E. Accelerated glaciation over the next 8000 years. Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. Start of Riss/Illinoian/Saalian/Wolstonian/Santa Maria - Glacial Period. Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. ( U.S.A.) Artifacts or Geofacts? Flakes - stone tools or natural? Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. - 45,000 B.C.E. (Israel) Predominantly artifacts in several stratified layers. Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. Neanderthals & Homo Sapiens co-exist to 30,000 B.C.E. (earliest evidence 190,000 B.C.E. ^^). 200,000 B.C.E. 200,000 B.C.E. Venus of Tan-Tan () Figurine. Made by Homo Erectus. Glacial 190,000 B.C.E. Omo 1 / Omo 2 ^^ (Ethiopia) Two specimens of early Homo Sapiens. Glacial 170,000 B.C.E. - 40,000 B.C.E. () Marine harvesting evidence exists for over 130,000 years. Glacial 164,000 B.C.E. Heat-Treated Stones for Tools (South Africa) several sites along the coast. Glacial 160,000 B.C.E. Mitochondrial Eve (Africa) The Human Genome Project. Glacial 158,000 B.C.E. 1,2,3,4 (Morocco) Four Homo Sapien fossils. Two Adults. Two Children. Glacial 158,000 B.C.E. Homo Sapien Idaltu (Ethiopia) Extinct subspecies of Homo Sapiens. Glacial 150,000 B.C.E. Origins of Language (South Africa) "Phonemic Diversity" "Serial Founder Effect" ??? Glacial 140,000 B.C.E.- 138,000 B.C.E. Global Temperature The average temperature is 8/9 degrees colder than today. Glacial 140,000 B.C.E. Sea Level Equal To 18,000 B.C.E. (Shoreline is 300ft lower) Coincides with . Glacial 132,000 B.C.E. Human Adornment (Israel) (Es Hafia). Glacial 130,000 B.C.E. () Neanderthal burial site. Two adults & five children. Glacial 130,000 B.C.E. Evidence of Sea Voyages (Crete) 9 sites near Plakais - Tools from Africa ~ Homo Erectus type. Glacial to W. & W. 130,000 B.C.E. End of Riss/Illinoian/Saalian/Wolstonian/Santa Maria - Glacial Period. Warm & Wet 129,000 B.C.E. Start of Riss-Wurn/Sangamonian/Eemian/Ipswichian/Valdivia - Interglacial Period Warm & Wet 128,000 B.C.E. -126,000 B.C.E. Global Temperature The average temperature is 2/3 degrees higher than today. Warm & Wet 126,000 B.C.E. +/- 5000 years : End of Ionian Stage, beginning of Tarantian Stage Warm & Wet 125,000 B.C.E. Sea Level Equal to Today's Levels To 115,000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 125,000 B.C.E. - 60,000 B.C.E. Klasies River Mouth (South Africa) Layers show that site was used for 60,000 yrs. Warm & Wet 120,000 B.C.E. - 90,000 B.C.E. Abbassia Pluvial (North Africa) 30,000 year of "Green Sahara". Warm & Wet 118,000 B.C.E. Tabun C1 (Israel) (Mt. Carmel Site) Female Neanderthal skeletal remains. Warm & Wet 113,000 B.C.E. C () Neanderthal skull. 1899 discovery. (+/- 7000 years). Warm & Wet 113,000 B.C.E. Krapina Caves (Croatia) Occupied by Neanderthal (900 fossils of young and old to 30,000 B.C.E.). W. & W. to Glacial 110,000 B.C.E. Start of Wurn/Wisconsin/Vistulian/Devensian/Llanquilhue - Glacial Period W. & W. to Glacial 110,000 B.C.E. Klasies River Mouth (South Africa) Cut marks on jawbone suggestive of cannibalism. Glacial 103,000 B.C.E. Scladena () Neanderthal jawbone and teeth. DNA…genetically diverse to Homo Sapiens. Glacial 100,000 B.C.E. Oldest Intentional Burial (Israel)(Qafzeh) 15 bodies in a cave (71 pieces of orcher & tools). Glacial 100,000 B.C.E. Oldest Paint Factory/Workshop (South Africa)(Blombos Caves) Making Red Paint. 100,000 B.C.E 100,000 B.C.E. - 30,000 B.C.E. of Dogs (Estimate when?) (*Who domesticated who?*). Warm & Wet 92,000 B.C.E. Skhul/Qafzeh 1 to 12 (Israel) Earliest representative of a modern human. 12 separate remains. 90,000 B.C.E. 90,000 B.C.E. Y-chromosomal Adam (Africa) The Human Genome Project. Warm & Wet 88,000 B.C.E. Katanda Bone (Rep. of Congo)(Katanda) Used for hunting large river fish. Warm & Wet 80,000 B.C.E. () Nine Neanderthal skeletons. Various ages. Shanidar 1 is 40 to 50 years old. 80,000 B.C.E. 80,000 B.C.E. Earliest Trade Route (Morocco)() Shell found 25 miles inland from the sea. Warm & Wet 78,000 B.C.E. Konigsaue (Germany) Bifacially made & hand axes. Hunting base camp. Warm & Wet 78,000 B.C.E. - 48,000 Genetic Evidence 2010 Neanderthal's & Homo Sapiens interbreed. 1% to 4% in . Warm & Wet 75,000 B.C.E. +/- 15,000 years Obi-Rakhmat 1 () Neanderthal teeth. 27 skull fragments. Warm & Wet 75,000 B.C.E. Blombos Caves (South Africa) Pressure Flaking of Tools. High level of delicate skill. Warm & Wet 75,000 B.C.E. Blombos Caves (South Africa) Recording Information. Organized markings on a plaque. Warm & Wet 74,000 B.C.E. La Ferrassie (France) Male/Female/Juvenile Neanderthal. (Image of a Vulva on a rock shelter). Warm & Wet 73,000 B.C.E - 27,500 B.C.E. - 11,500 B.C.E Adam's Calendar (South Africa) More research required!! 70,000 B.C.E. Lake Toba super volcano eruption. Altered the climate for a decade. Nuclear Winter. Population Plummets. W. W. to Glacial 70,000 B.C.E. Blombos Caves (South Africa) incised on two pieces of + shell beads. Glacial 68,000 B.C.E. Teshik-Tash (Uzbekistan) 8 to 11 year old Neanderthal child. Glacial 68,000 B.C.E. Compound Adhesives (South Africa)() A cognition skill required - evidence of! Glacial THE GAP IN THE TIMELINE: After the Lake Toba Eruption, evidence of Homo Sapien life is scant. Glacial The obvious assessment of educated reasoning would deduce that there were few of our ancestors around Glacial to procreate and create evidence for archeology to find today. Simple conclusion and the lack of evidence Glacial for the next 20,000 years, validates the catastrophic challenge for all life. The smartest and fittest survived. Glacial 63,000 B.C.E. 5 & 18 (France) Skulls of Neanderthal found in a Rock Shelter. Killing/Butchering site. Glacial 60,000 B.C.E. Saccopastore 1 & 2 (Italy) Skulls in the personal possession of Professor Sergio Sergei. Glacial 60,000 B.C.E. La Chapelle-aux-Saints a.k.a. The Old Man (France) 30 year old Neanderthal with no teeth. Glacial 60,000 B.C.E. Amud 7 (Israel) Adult Neanderthal and infant skeletal fragments. 60,000 B.C.E. 60,000 B.C.E. Out of Africa Homo Sapiens exit the Continent for the 1st time. The Human Genome Project. Glacial Over the next 10,000 years Homo Sapiens become very nomadic and the evidence suggests we travelled Glacial quickly across vast distances from the African continent. The world has recovered from the Lake Toba event Glacial and the bounty of life has recovered. Homo Sapien advancement throughout the habitable world will spell Glacial doom for Neanderthals over the course of the next 20,000 years. Genome evidence of cross breeding…Yes. Glacial 58,000 B.C.E. - 46,000 B.C.E. (Israel) Almost complete Neanderthal skeleton. 12,000 year occupation. Glacial 53,000 B.C.E. - 51,000 B.C.E. Pedra Furada () Site BPF 1 Radiocarbon dates on (ABOX-SC test Canberra). Glacial 50,000 B.C.E. Hazar Merd Cave (Iraq/Kurdistan) Mousterian occupation. Estimate age dating. 50,000 B.C.E. 50,000 B.C.E. Homo Sapiens H.G.P. have ventured to Near East/India///China// Glacial The South Pacific Islands combined with the lower sea level at this time would have created larger islands. Glacial This would have allowed for pioneering homo sapiens to populate more easily these islands. The Lost Glacial Continent of Mu Myth has a controversial foundation claim with a larger land mass throughout the Pacific. Glacial 48,000 B.C.E. Guattari Cave (Italy) Mt. Cireco 1. Neanderthal skull & forearm. Bone marks - cannibal or hyena? Glacial 48,000 B.C.E. Topper Site (USA) Al Goodyear's South Carolina site that has peer reviewed Carbon dating. Glacial 47,000 B.C.E. Barringer Crater (USA)(Winslow Arizona) 50 meter wide meteor. Pre Human in North America?? Glacial 47,000 B.C.E. - 41,000 B.C.E. Culture (Europe) 26 sites throughout Europe. Blades/Adornments. Glacial 47,000 B.C.E. - 15,000 B.C.E. Pataud Shelter (France) Aurignacian (47-27) (30-20) (20-15) B.C.E. Glacial 46,000 B.C.E. - 30,000 B.C.E. Pedra Furada (Brazil) Contested site. C-14 dating of charcoal in shelters (N. Guidon). Glacial 43,000 B.C.E. - 18,500 B.C.E. (Croatia) Neanderthal occupation to 30,000 B.C.E., H. Sapien to 18,500 B.C.E. Glacial 43,000 B.C.E. Mungo Lady LM1/Man LM2/Man LM3 (Australia) Old , multi- year debate +/- 15,000yrs). Glacial 43,000 B.C.E. Skull (France) 16 year old Neanderthal skull. Glacial 43,000 B.C.E. (Israel) Neanderthal Skull, much less robust versus European specimens. Glacial 43,000 B.C.E. Caves (England) Flint tools of Neanderthals. Glacial 42,000 B.C.E. Kent Cavern 4 (England) Homo Sapien jawbone. Earliest human in North-Western Europe. Glacial 42,000 B.C.E. - 28,000 B.C.E. Cave (France) Chatelperronian & Aurignacian occupation. Glacial 42,000 B.C.E. - 40,000 B.C.E. El Sidron Cave () 8 Neanderthal remains and 358 lithic artifacts. Glacial 41,500 B.C.E. Nerja Caves (Spain) Neanderthal art?? Seals painted on stalagmite one mile into cave. Glacial 41,200 B.C.E. +/- 700 years () Cave bear bone femur with pierced flute holes. Glacial 41,000 B.C.E. Cueva de El Castillo Cave (Spain)(Puenta Viesgo) New evidence - older. Homo or Neanderthal? Glacial 40,000 B.C.E. Bir el Ater () Aterian . Stone manufacturing with advanced shapes. Glacial 40,000 B.C.E. - 25,000 B.C.E. Beringia (Siberia & Alaska) Over 15,000 years, 100 to 1000 mile wide land bridge. Glacial 40,000 B.C.E. Kostenki () Non-stone artifacts, awls, mattocks, bone points and human . Glacial 40,000 B.C.E. + 10,000yrs Engis Skull (Belgium) 1829 discovery of an infant Neanderthal. Glacial 40,000 B.C.E. + 10,000yrs 1 (Gibraltar) 1848 discovery of an adult Neanderthal. 40,000 B.C.E. 40,000 B.C.E. Venus of (Germany)(Hohle Fels Cave) Female Ivory figurine. To 33,000 B.C.E. Glacial 39,000 B.C.E. Denisova Hominins (Siberia) Unknown species (Discovery 2010) 3 Genetically Distinct Samples!! Glacial 39,000 B.C.E. (France) Two skeletons that display traits. Glacial 39,000 B.C.E. - 17,000 B.C.E. Ucagizli Cave () 7 assemblages of occupation. Glacial 39,000 B.C.E. Carbon 14 Reversal I: (Earth) Serge in radiocarbon affects dating by many thousands of years. Glacial 39,000 B.C.E. Australian Animals Many go extinct. Cosmic Rays from a Supernova theory proposed. Glacial 39,000 B.C.E. Magnetic Field (Earth) almost reverses. Glacial 38,000 B.C.E. 1st Sturdy (Collective Study) The small toes getting smaller. Homo Sapien & Neanderthals. Glacial 38,000 B.C.E. Leang Timpuseng Rock Art (Indonesia) Hand stencil earlier than European timeline of the same. Glacial 38,000 B.C.E. Niah Cave (Malaysia) Skull of human found with many other artifacts. Glacial 38,000 B.C.E. (Germany) 1856 discovery is represented as the beginning of . Glacial 38,000 B.C.E. 325 Footprints in Ash (Mexico) Layer below 100,000/70,000BP - layer above 40,000/9000BP. Glacial 38,000 B.C.E. - 7000 B.C.E. Klisoura Cave (Greece) Occupation intervals for 30,000 yrs. 90 hearth, 54 basins. Glacial 35,000 B.C.E. - 18,000 B.C.E. Grotte du Renne Caves (France) Chatelperronian, Aurignacian to Gravettian occ.. Glacial 37,000 B.C.E. Cueva de El Castillo Cave (Spain)(Puenta Viesgo) "The Panel of Hands" Oldest . Glacial 37,000 B.C.E. - 12,000 B.C.E. Castel-Merle (France) Artifacts reveal a Neanderthal to Homo Sapien occupation. Glacial 37,000 B.C.E. - 32,000 B.C.E. Kostenki 12/III (Russia) Early occupation layer for this site. Glacial 36,000 B.C.E. - 22,000 B.C.E. Kostenki - Borshevo (Russia) 26 sites. bone foundations for . Glacial 36,000 B.C.E. Pestera cu Oase Cave () Skull displays modern anatomy versus archaic forms. Glacial 36,000 B.C.E. - 9500 B.C.E. Austurias Caves (Spain) 40 caves with various occupations and transitional art. Glacial 36,000 B.C.E. - 28,000 B.C.E. Baradostian Culture ( & Iraq) Pa Sangar, Gar Arjeneh, Zargos region. Glacial 35,000 B.C.E. Hofmeyr Skull (South Africa) Skull has a close affinity to Eurasian features. Glacial 35,000 B.C.E. - 26,000 B.C.E. Aurignac Caves (France) Name sake for Aurignacian culture. 25 sites in Europe. Glacial 35,000 B.C.E. Oldest Mathematical Artifact (Swaziland)(Lembombo Mountains) with 29 notches. 35,000 B.C.E. 35,000 B.C.E. Franchthi Caves (Greece) 11M/36ft of deposits. Continuous human occupation to 3000 B.C.E. Glacial 34,000 B.C.E. Abri Blanchard Phallus Carving (France) Carved from a bison horn. Glacial 34,000 B.C.E. St Cesaire (France) Evidence of co-existence of early modern and Neanderthal. Glacial 34,000 B.C.E. - 10,000 B.C.E. X (N. A.) Ojibwa, Sioux, & Nuu-Cha-Nulth. Old European DNA. Glacial 34,000 B.C.E. Pendejo Cave (USA) Human modified horse bone. A fingerprint in a clay hearth. 5 other artifacts. Glacial 34,000 B.C.E. Flute - Oldest Musical Instrument (Germany)(Hohle Fels Cave) Vulture Bone. To 33,000 B.C.E. Glacial 34,000 B.C.E. - 26,500 B.C.E. Neanderthals (Europe) Extinction happens sometime over this 7500 year epoch. Glacial 33,500 B.C.E. Leang Timpuseng Rock Art (Indonesia) Image of a female Babirusa. Glacial 33,000 B.C.E. - 29,000 B.C.E. Mladec Caves () 5 Aurignacian occupations. Transitional H.N. To H.S.? Glacial 33,000 B.C.E. Nazlet Khater () Complete Skeletal remains of a Palaeolithic human. Glacial 33,000 B.C.E. Circle Ranch Cave (USA) Two layers of Carbon dated charcoal. Created by humans or nature? Glacial 33,000 B.C.E. Ivory Carvings (Germany)() Mammoth figurine. 1st animal art. Glacial 33,000 - 28,000 - 21,000 - 15,000 - 11,000 B.C.E. Pedra Furada Cave Paintings (Brazil) various dates. Glacial 33,000 B.C.E. - 28,000 B.C.E. Cave (Iran) Lithic artifacts and charcoal reveal a 5000 years occupation. Glacial 33,000 B.C.E. Venus the Adorant (Germany) Mammoth ivory bas-relief of a human with raised arms. Glacial 32,000 B.C.E. Flax Fibers/Making Material Things ()(Dzudzuana Cave) & Sewing. Glacial 32,000 B.C.E. Mandu Mandu Creek Necklace (Australia) Aboriginal perforated shell necklace. Glacial 32,000 B.C.E. Carbon 14 Reversal II: Serge in radiocarbon affects dating by many thousands of years. Glacial 32,000 B.C.E. Magnetic Field (Earth) almost reverses again. Glacial 31,000 B.C.E. Horse Head/Water Bird/ (Germany)(Hohle Fels Cave)To 30,000 B.C.E. Glacial 31,000 B.C.E. Red Lady of Paviland Goat's Hole Cave (Wales) Oldest ceremonial burial of a now identified man. Glacial 31,000 B.C.E. Bismarck Archipelago (Papua ) Evidence for early inhabitants. Glacial 31,000 B.C.E. Monte Verde () Tom Dillehay's controversial dating of charcoal from a lower level hearth. Glacial 31,000 B.C.E. Razboinichya Cave (Russia) Evidence of an early incipient canine skull. Glacial 30,000 B.C.E. Lionheaded Figurine (Germany)(Stadel-Hohle in Hohlenstein Cave) Anthropomorphic Sculpture. Glacial 30,000 B.C.E +/- 1000 years Hohle Fels Miniature Lion Man (Germany) One arm missing. Glacial 30,000 B.C.E. Yamashita Cave Man (Japan) Several bones discovered in a cave of the same name. Glacial 30,000 B.C.E. Paintings (France) , , rhinoceroses, horses, leopard, etc. Glacial 30,000 B.C.E. Venus figure of Chauvet Cave (France) A bison figure with an exaggerated depiction of a vulva. Glacial 30,000 B.C.E. -23,000 B.C.E. Pedra Furada (Brazil) 4 of 560 artifacts display human techniques to create. Glacial 30,000 B.C.E. - 28,000 B.C.E. Creswell Crags Caves (England) Evidence of occupation in this period. 30,000 B.C.E. 30,000 B.C.E. Venus of Monpazier (France) Green Steatie figurine. (Approximate dating, found open field). Glacial 29,600 B.C.E. Venus of Galgenberg () sculptured from green Serpentine rock. (Dance posture?). Glacial 28,000 B.C.E. Sewing Tools (China)(Liaoning Province) Bone and ivory needles. Glacial 28,000 B.C.E. Pinza-Abu Cave (Japan) Bones of modern humans. No complete skeletons. Glacial 27,900 B.C.E. +/- 650 years. Toca do Boqueirao (Brazil) Charcoal and prepared orcher . Glacial 27,000 B.C.E. +/- 2000 years. The Vogelherd Venus (Germany) Crude and clumsily made ivory carving. Glacial 26,500 B.C.E - 20,000 B.C.E. Last Glacial Maximum Ice sheet reaches it maximum. 2 KM (+/-) thick in places. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site (Siberia) Oldest site above the Arctic Circle. Beads and symbolic objects. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. Bluefish Caves Yukon () Mammoth bone with human point evidence. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. Le Eyzies Rock Shelter (France) Cro-Magnon 1 male, 2 female & 3 male. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. Vilhonneur Cave (France) walls of red dots, black bars, hand stencil and human face. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. Venus of Dolni Vestonice () Early example of a figurine. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. Predmost 3 (Czech Rep.) Homo Sapien Skull destroyed in World War II by Nazi's. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. - 18,000 B.C.E. Venus of Frasassi (Italy) Carved from stalactite. Extended forearms unusual. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. - 24,000 B.C.E. (Gibraltar) Dorothy Garrod's discovery of a four year old Neanderthal skull. Glacial 26,000 B.C.E. - 24,000 B.C.E. Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar) Last known evidence of Neanderthal existence. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. ^ 50,000 B.C.E. NG 6 (Indonesia) The earliest fossil evidence of Homo Erectus. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. (France) Hand stencils. Cave entrance is 40 meters below sea level. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. Baked Clay Bear (Czech Rep.) Dolni Vestonice figurine. Non threatening pose. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. +/- 2000 yrs. Venus of Dolni Vestonice XV (Czech Rep.) Mammoth ivory head. Face fallen on left side. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. +/- 3000 yrs. Venus of La Poire (France) Edouard Piette adopted the term Venus (1892 torso fragment). Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. Venus of Savigano (Italy) Serpentine Stone figurine. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. The (Zaire)(Ishango) A six month . Glacial 24,000 B.C.E. - 22,000 B.C.E. (Austria) Infamous oolitic limestone figurine expertly carved. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. Venus of Polichinelle (Italy) Soapstone carving with pronounced buttocks and belly. Glacial 25,000 B.C.E. Venus of Die Rote von Mauren (Germany) Limestone figure covered with red ochre when found. 25,000 B.C.E. 25,000 B.C.E. Venus called La Manche (France) A handle attempt that failed. Glacial 24,000 B.C.E. Venus of Willendorf II & III (Austria) Two unfinished figurines. Glacial 24,000 B.C.E. +/- 5000 years. Venus of Sireuil (France) Found in rut by the side of a road. Translucent . Glacial 24,000 B.C.E. +/- 5000 years. Playing Card Venus (France) Engraving of a woman/woman or man/woman? Glacial 24,000 B.C.E. Burial at Brno (Czech Rep.) Ivory statuette of a Male with a stump for a penis. Glacial 24,000 B.C.E. Mammoth Ivory Head (Czech Rep.) Male portrait head with staring eyes and strong features. Glacial 23,500 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Venus of Moravany () Mammoth Ivory figurine. Found in plowed field. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Negroid Venus Head (Unknown) Head only of polished soapstone. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2000 years The Ostrava Venus (Czech Rep.) Cubic form carved from haematite. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. Huts of Mammoth Tusks & Rocks (Czech Rep.)(Dolni Vestonice) oldest permanent Settlement. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. Venus of (France) Ivory figurine (representation of face - unique). Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. Venus of Dolni Vestonice III (Czech Rep.) Mammoth ivory figurine with head turned sideways. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. a la Ceinture (France) figurine with a belt and slender legs and no feet. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. The Losange Venus (France) Unknown find spot. Green steatite figurine. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Venus of Savigano (Italy) Found by a workman digging a foundation. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. The (Unknown) Made from translucent green yellow chlorite. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Venus of Abrachiale (Italy) Brown Ivory not to be found in Italy. Came from afar. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. The Undescribed Venus of (Italy) Soapstone figurine missing legs. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. Venus of Kostenky (Russia) Limestone figurine. Head missing and bracelets on hands. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. Double Venus (France) One side is a woman, one side is an animal. Greenish-yellow serpentine. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. (France) Limestone figurine - carved relief on a rock (holding a horn). Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Venus of Chiozza (Italy) Sandstone figurine that could be . Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. The Nun Venus (Flattened Figure) (Italy) Oval pebble of dark green chlorite. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Figurine dressed in a Cape (France) Fragment of a torso wearing a cape. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. The Red Ochre Venus (France) Mammoth Ivory covered with red ochre. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. Venus of Lespuque (France) Mammoth Ivory figurine (unique abstract shape) skirt = thread Glacial 23.000 B.C.E. Venus of Mainz I & II (Germany) Reindeer hunters figurines. Glacial 23,000 B.C.E. - 12,000 B.C.E. Cougnac Caves (France) Animal mixed with human figures paint over 11,000 years. Glacial 22,500 B.C.E. +/- 500 years. Venus of Tursac (France) Translucent calcite with no head arms or breasts. Glacial 22,000 B.C.E. - 10,000 B.C.E. Coa Valley () 23 sites of engravings & paintings done over 12,000 yrs. Glacial 22,000 B.C.E. Venus of Garagino (Ukraine) Volcanic rock figurine (several found) Glacial 22,000 B.C.E. - 400 C.E. Hills () 4500 rock paintings. San people of the Kalahari. Glacial 22,000 B.C.E. Tlapacoya Site (Mexico) Pre-Clovis site with dating potentially affected by volcano tepra. Glacial 22,000 B.C.E. +/- 500 years Venuses of Kostenki (Russia) [8] other figurines found around this time period. Glacial 21,500 B.C.E. - 18,000 B.C.E. Venuses of Avdeevo (Russia) [14] figurines. Most depict the reproductive cycle. Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. +/- 5000 years. The Trasimeno Venus (Italy) Soapstone figure. Unknown where it exactly originated. Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. Two Children of Sungir (Russia) 1000+ Mammoth beads on clothing. Thousand of hours of work. Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. +/- 400 years. Venus of Kostenki I (Russia) Mammoth bone figurine. Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. Venus of Mal'ta I (Russia) Mammoth Ivory figurine. Cave at Lake Baikal. Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. - 14,000 B.C.E. Venuses of Mal'ta-Buret (Russia) [29] figurines found around dwelling foundations. Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. Cave (Indonesia) Fish hooks made from shells. Possibly earlier (16,000 B.C.E.). Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. - 13,000 B.C.E. Zaraysk (Russia) Bison carved from mammoth tusk is one of 15,000 artifacts. Glacial 21,000 B.C.E. The Bicephale Venus (Italy) Two heads on one body. Green-yellow serpentine pendant. Glacial 20,000 B.C.E. (France) Bison licking insect bite carving on an antler. Glacial 20,000 B.C.E. Solutrean Culture (Spain & France) Distinctive pressure flaking tool making. Highly advanced. Glacial 20,000 B.C.E. Cylcons - Aborigines (Australia)(New South Wales) Oval Message Stones. To 18,000 B.C.E. 20,000 B.C.E. 20,000 B.C.E. Global Temperature (Earth) the average temperature is 3C to 4C or more, colder than today. Glacial 19,800 B.C.E. +/- 300 years Venus of Gagarino (Russia) One of [7] Venus figurines found at this site. Glacial 19,500 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Venus of Menton (Italy) Soapstone figurine with typical features of other figurines. Glacial 19,000 B.C.E. +/- 3000 yrs. Venus of Predmost (Czech Rep.) Female geometric facsimile carving on an ivory staff. Glacial 19,000 B.C.E. Avdeevo (Russia) Semi-subterranean lodges & pits for fur hunters. Glacial 19,000 B.C.E. - 14,000 B.C.E. Beringia Standstill Hypothesis (Siberia) 5000+ years conducive for human habitation. Glacial 19,000 B.C.E. +/- 3000 years Venus Hermaphrodite (Italy) Figurine with a bulging crotch. Birthing representation? Glacial 19,000 B.C.E. Venus of L' (France) Carved on stone with contours. Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. +/- 500 years Sea Level at its Lowest (Land = to Europe) is above sea level (300ft lower than today). Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. - 16,000 B.C.E. (USA) Pre-Clovis artifacts. Site is a redeposit site (controversial). Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. Oldest Known (China)(Xainrendong Cave) Vessel fragments. Cooking Food. Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. - 8,000 B.C.E. Caves (China) Human occupations over 10,000 years. Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. +/- 2000 years Venus of Zaraysk I (Russia) A rare non-voluptuous figurine. Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. +/- 2000 years Venus of Zaraysk II (Russia) An unfinished figurine. Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. Halfan Culture (Egypt & Nubia) Nomad hunter gatherer evidence. Multitude of rock paintings. Glacial 18,000 B.C.E. Deep Water Atlantic Ocean Current flowed in reverse. Convection stronger in Southern Polar Ocean. Glacial 17,000 B.C.E. +/- 1000 years Venus of Krasnyy Yar (Siberia) Polished bone figurine. Glacial 17,000 B.C.E. & 10,000 B.C.E. Pendejo Cave (USA) Carbon dated human . No DNA link to the 4 N.A. lineages. Glacial 17,000 B.C.E. - 14,000 B.C.E. (USA) 2000 lithic artifacts, 150 fire pits, 3000 yrs of occupation. Glacial 17,000 B.C.E. Cave Paintings (France) Hall of Bulls, bison, shaft of the dead man. 600 abstract art forms. Glacial 16,000 B.C.E. Carbon 14 Reversal III: Serge in radiocarbon affects dating +/- up to 2000 years. Glacial 16,000 B.C.E. Doggerland (Scotland, Ireland & England) part of Europe. Became Islands after 7000 B.C.E. Glacial 16,000 B.C.E. ^ 38,000 B.C.E. LB 1 Hobbit (Indonesia) . 3'6" 30 year old female. 1 of 9 others. Glacial 16,000 B.C.E. - 14,000 B.C.E. Minatogawa 1 (Japan) 9 bodies mixed with animal bones, tossed in a fissure. Glacial 16,000 B.C.E. Solutrean Spear Point found in a Mastodon Skull (USA) Fisherman recovered edge of continental shelf. Glacial 15,500 B.C.E. +/- 1800 years The Bradshaw Rock Art (Australia) Unique distinctive style. Dating controversial. Glacial 15,000 B.C.E. Venus the Bust (Italy) Torso of soapstone missing legs and one breast. Glacial 15,000 B.C.E. +/- 2000 years Venus of Bedeilhac (France) Carved from a horse canine. Part of a necklace of teeth. Glacial 15,000 B.C.E. Venus the Janus (France/Italy) Face on both sides and perforated hole in neck. Glacial 15,000 B.C.E. Venus Flattened Figurine (Italy) Cut marks on stone figurine depict hair. Glacial 15,000 B.C.E. Venus I, II, III of Nebra (Germany) All three figurines appear to be facsimiles. Glacial 15,000 B.C.E. +/- 4000 years. Venus of Milandes (France) Phalliform female figurine. Glacial 15,000 B.C.E. Altamira Cave Paintings (Spain) bison, human hands, wild animals, all vivid and done. 15,000 B.C.E. 15,000 B.C.E. - 11,000 B.C.E. Coral Reefs (Barbados) Sea water rises 66 ft per century. Reef growth is stymied. Glacial 14,500 B.C.E. - 11,000 B.C.E. Gonnersdorf (Germany) Open air site yields many engravings and artifacts. Glacial 14,220 B.C.E. - 12,400 B.C.E. Debra L. Friedkin (USA) 15,000 lithic artifacts including 56 distinct tools. Glacial 14,000 B.C.E. Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet; Is melting at a faster rate. Glacial 14,000 B.C.E. Jomon Pottery (Japan)(Lake Anenuma - Honshu) Hand formed from clay and fibers. Glacial 14,000 B.C.E. - 500 C.E. Jomon Culture (Japan) 7 distinct cultural phases over 15,000 years. Glacial 14,000 B.C.E. - 13,000 B.C.E. Topper Site (USA) Pre-Clovis site. Bifacial flaking on points. Glacial 14,000 B.C.E. - 12,000 B.C.E. Gault Site (USA) Pre-Clovis & Clovis occupations through to 5600 B.C.E. 14, Glacial 14,000 B.C.E. Arctic Fox Teeth Necklace (Russia) Zaraysk site. 36 teeth in total. Glacial to W. & W. 13,900 B.C.E. - 10,450 B.C.E. Fukui Cave (Japan) 3 cultural layers, all Incipient Jomon tradition. Glacial to W. & W. 13,500 B.C.E. - 11,100 B.C.E. Meiendorf (Germany) Settlement of reindeer hunters. Hamburgian culture. Glacial to W. & W. 13,500 B.C.E. - 12,000 B.C.E. Venuses of Petersfels (Germany) [18] figures mostly carved from Mineraloid . Glacial to W. & W. 13,500 B.C.E. - 12,000 B.C.E. Petersfels (Germany) Over 15,000 bone and flint artifacts. Glacial to W. & W. 13,500 B.C.E. +/- 3500 years. Venus of Parabita I & II (Italy) Made from auroch bone. Glacial to W. & W. 13,500 B.C.E. +/- 500 years. Venus of Mas d'Azil (France) Horse incisor root dictates shape. Glacial to W. & W. 13,500 B.C.E. Buttermilk Creek (Texas USA) Pre-Clovis occupation. 15,528 stone artifacts. Glacial to W. & W. 13,200 B.C.E, Lake Tandou Skull (Australia) Found in lake with shell . Glacial to W. & W. 13,000 B.C.E. Mezhirich House Dnepr River (Ukraine) Mammoth house made from 70 tons of bones. Art as well. Glacial to W. & W. 13,000 B.C.E. - 11,000 B.C.E. Roc-aux-Sorciers (France) Amazing wall carvings and other artifacts. Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. - 10,000 B.C.E. Late Glacial Maximum Accelerated deglaciation over the next 3000 years. Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. - 11,000 B.C.E. Glacial Lake Missoula (Western USA) A glacial flood that created the Scablands. Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. Pre-Clovis Man Evidence in America Migrated across from Siberia or Solutrean from Europe? Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. +/- 1000 years. Venus of Kesslerloch () An unfinished piece of Jet. Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. Venus of Engen (Switzerland) Jet Lignite (semi-precious) stone figurine. Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. +/- 1500 years Venuses of Gonnersdorf (Germany) [17] Antler and Bone female figurines. Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. - 9000 B.C.E. Natufian Culture (Middle East) Dorothy Garrod coined term for Epipaleolithic culture. Warm & Wet 13,000 B.C.E. Wadi Hammeh 27 () Natufian Settlement. To 11,000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 12,900 B.C.E. Venus of Neuchatel-Monruz (Switzerland) Pendant made from Jet. Warm & Wet 12,900 B.C.E. Venus figure of Courbet (France) Figure is carved with a woman in a seated position. Warm & Wet 12,700 B.C.E. Gough's Cave (England) Ritual drinking cup skulls. 11,000 B.C.E. Mammoth carving. Warm & Wet 12,500 B.C.E. Sahara Desert (Africa) 500 years of W.& W. Weather has altered the desert savannah to lush green. Warm & Wet 12,500 B.C.E. - 12,000 B.C.E. (USA) 14 coprolites that date to this time range. and cordage. Warm & Wet 12,500 B.C.E. Meadowcroft Rockshelter (USA) Pre-Clovis site in Pennsylvania. Unfluted bifacial points. Warm & Wet 12,500 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Venus Impudique (Immodest Venus) (France) 1st figurine found in France (1864). Warm & Wet 12,500 B.C.E. Venus of Yeliseevichi (Russia) Carved from mammoth tusk. Found under a pile of mammoth skulls. Warm & Wet 12,110 B.C.E. +/- 150 years Venus with Goitre (Grimaldi)(Italy) Ivory carving with odd features (neck, breasts & legs). Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. Engravings (France) Human head portraits carved on stones. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. The Sorcerer Cave Painting (France)(Ariege) A cult object. Great Spirit or Shaman. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. Venus of Roc-aux-Sorciers (France) Distinct vulva and torso wall carvings. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. +/- 1500 years. Venus of La Madeleine (France) First thought to be a dagger or chisel. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. +/- 1500 years. Venus left & right wall of La Madeleine (France) Reclining pose for both engravings. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. +/- 2500 years. Venus of Placard (France) A blade with a vulva carved in the handle. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. Cave () Oldest plant remains of a bottle gourd. Stone points & choppers. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. Ain Mallaha (Syria) Natufian Settlement. To 10,000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. Natufian Tool Kit (Jordan) Slingshot stones, flint spearheads, grain sickle & gazelle toe bones. Warm & Wet 12,000 B.C.E. Monte Verde (Chile) Small band of people inhabited the area. Warm & Wet 11,850 B.C.E. Manis Mastodon (USA) Mastodon skeleton with a mastodon bone point embedded in a rib. Warm & Wet 11,300 B.C.E. - 9500 B.C.E. Tell Abu Hureyra I (Syria) Natufian Settlement. Semi-subterranean huts. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. Comet over Canada-Boom N.A. wide fire storm. Wipes out megafauna. Instant Glacial conditions. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. - 6200 B.C.E. Glacial Lake Agassiz (Canada) Multiple floods raise sea levels globally. (Flood Myths). Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. - 9500 B.C.E. Younger Dryas (Northern Hemisphere) Abrupt climate change. Ice core evidence. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. Carbon 14 Reversal IV: Serge in radiocarbon affects dating +/- up to 2000 years. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. Magnetic Field (Earth) wavers again. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. Paintings (France)(St. C. de Reilhac) Baby's hand. Child painting. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. Hallan Cemi (Turkey) Natufian Settlement. To 9300 B.C.E. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. Iwo Eleru Skull () ?Homo Sapien/Erectus/Heidelbergensis/Rhodesiensis/hybrid? Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. (USA) Clovis to 1500 C.E.. Continual occupation for 13,000 to 14,000 years. Cold & Dry 11,000 B.C.E. - 6000 B.C.E. Aki Site (USA) 5000 year Clovis & Folsom occupation. Cold & Dry 10,800 B.C.E. Creswell Crags Caves (England) The Ochre Horse carved on a bone. Cold & Dry 10,700 B.C.E. Tell Qaramel (Syria): Natufian Settlement. To 9400 B.C.E. Cold & Dry 10,600 B.C.E. Mureybet (Syria): Natufian Settlement. To 8000 B.C.E. Cold & Dry 10,500 B.C.E. The Two Reindeer (France) Mammoth tusk carved to depict two reindeer swimming. Cold & Dry 10,500 B.C.E. Ramah Bay Labrador Spear Point found in Vermont (USA-Canada) Watercraft is the only explanation. Cold & Dry 10,400 B.C.E. Venus of Las Caldas (Spain) Head of an Ibex and female genitals. Cold & Dry 10,260 B.C.E. +/- 40 years. Pedra Furada (Brazil) Three teeth dated (1987 find - Garrincho). Cold & Dry 10,150 B.C.E. - 7000 B.C.E. Hatula Site (Israel) Natufian site with burial evidence practises. Cold & Dry 10,100 B.C.E. - 9750 B.C.E. (Peru) Date for woven mat. 53 pieces of knotted cord. Cold & Dry 10,000 B.C.E. - 8000 B.C.E. Warm Mineral Springs (USA) Florida site with 20 Paleo-Indian skeletal remains. Cold & Dry 10,000 B.C.E. Oldest Map in the World? (Ukraine)(Mezhirich) Inscribed on a mammoth tusk, dwellings/river. Cold & Dry 10,000 B.C.E. Venus of Monruz/Neuchatel (Switzerland) Black Jet Lignite (semi-precious) stone figurine. Cold & Dry 10,000 B.C.E. - 6000 B.C.E. All (14) Skulls (Brazil) Non-Mongoloid. After 7000 B.C.E. all skulls are Mongoloid. Cold & Dry 10,000 B.C.E. Yonaguni Monument (Japan) Artificial or natural formation? Made when sea level was lower-Yes! 10,000 B.C.E. 10,000 B.C.E. 4 Million Homo Sapiens inhabit the planet. (Some estimate of only 1.3 Million) Cold & Dry 9900 B.C.E. Ayers Pond (USA) Evidence of a butchered buffalo. Cold & Dry 9750 B.C.E. - 7400 B.C.E. (Brazil) Engraved anthropomorphic figure. Cold & Dry 9700 B.C.E. End of Pleistocene / Start of Holocene - Interglacial Period. Warm & Wet 9670 B.C.E. - 9330 B.C.E. Upward Sun River Mouth Site (USA) Alaskan site with burnt remains of a child. Warm & Wet 9600 B.C.E. - 8200 B.C.E. Wadi Fayan 16 (Jordan) Settlement. 1 communal building, 2 storehouses. Warm & Wet 9600 B.C.E. Dahra (Jordan): Settlement. To 9200 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 9600 B.C.E. Jericho (West Bank): Settlement. Monumental Architecture. Ritual Art. To 7500 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 9600 B.C.E. - 3000 B.C.E. Backwater Draw (USA) Clovis, Folsom, Portales & Archaic occupation. Warm & Wet 9600 B.C.E. Gobekli Tepe (Turkey): Religious complex of stone pillars. Monumental archeological site. Warm & Wet 9550 B.C.E. +/- 200 years. Midland Skull (USA) Other artifacts found in same strata reveal similar carbon dates. Warm & Wet 9500 B.C.E. Eight Founding Crops (Fertile Crescent) flax, wheat (3 types), barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch. Warm & Wet 9500 B.C.E. Nemrik (Iraq): Settlement. To 7200 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 9500 B.C.E. Luzia (Brazil) Facial reconstruction demonstrates distinctly female Negroid features. Not Mongoloid. Warm & Wet 9300 B.C.E. Jerf el Ahmar (Syria): Settlement. To 8900 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 9200 B.C.E. - 3700 B.C.E. Norte Chico (Chile) Settlement. Monumental Architecture. Fish diet. No . Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. Clovis Radio Carbon Date (North America) The average date compiled from 15 sites (D. Stanford). Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. - 6000 B.C.E. Santana do Riacho (Brazil) 40 skeletons that are non-Mongoloid. Negroid African traits. Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. Ain Sakhi Lovers (Israel) Figurine carved from calcite. Phallic representation of copulation. Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. Friesack (Germany) Frequently used site by hunter gatherers. 140,000 artifacts, fish nets, etc. Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E American Megafauna Mastodons, Mammoths, Smilodon, Ground Sloths are extinct by this epoch. Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. Pulli - (Estonia) Settlement. Flint tools, , bone fish hooks, dog tooth. Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. (U.S.A.) Woman found with dog in the Lea Brea Tar Pits Los Angeles. Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. (Canada) Evidence of south to north migration. Following bison herds. Warm & Wet 9000 B.C.E. - 8000 B.C.E. Vermilion Lake (Canada) Lithic artifacts and a site used for many years. 9,000 B.C.E. 9000 B.C.E. Dendrochronology Limit (Germany) Dating science used to date river oaks in Main & Rhine rivers. Warm & Wet 8770 B.C.E. Star Carr (England) site. England's oldest structure. Hunting site used to 8460 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 8700 B.C.E. +/- 80 years Toca dos Coqueiros Burial (Brazil) Grave of a man, with date taken from hair with a flea. Warm & Wet 8660 B.C.E. +/- 100 years The Buhl Burial (USA) Well preserved 17 to 21 year old female Mongoloid Paleo-Indian. Warm & Wet 8600 B.C.E. Nevali Cori (Turkey): Settlement. Monumental Architecture. Ritual Art. To 7700 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 8500 B.C.E. Aswad (Syria): Settlement. Head removing and cleaning for burial. Over 100 individuals found. Warm & Wet 8500 B.C.E. Cramond (Scotland) Habituated by nomadic hunter gatherers. Warm & Wet 8500 B.C.E. Cayonu (Turkey): Settlement. Plant & Animal Domestication. Ritual Art. To 6300 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 8400 B.C.E. Ain Ghazal (Jordan): Settlement. Plant & Animal Domestication. Ritual Art. To 6200 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 8200 B.C.E. Beidha (Jordan): Settlement. To 7500 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 8200 B.C.E Gobekli Tepe (Turkey): 15 to 20 stone circles. Covered over. All Fall and no Rise. 90,000 Cu/m site. Warm & Wet 8040 B.C.E. - 7510 B.C.E. Pesse (Netherlands) canoe. Replica was built and paddled. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Mesolithic Postholes (England) Near site. Early wooden ritual structure. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Abu Hureyra II (Syria): Settlement. Plant & Animal Domestication. To 7000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Koelbjerj Woman (Denmark) oldest known bog body. Many more B.C.E. bog bodies on record. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Sawankhalok () Kilns and artifacts. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. - 7000 B.C.E. Sea Level Rises Globally by 50ft over a 1000 year Epoch. 500 + Flood story foundations. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Glyptodon (South America) Large 10 ft long shell used as a shelter. Hunted to extinction. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. +/- 2000 years (USA) Clovis site that has been poorly dated & excavated. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Tepexpan Man (Mexico) Skeleton found near mammoth remains. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Tassili n'Ajjer Caves (Algeria) 15,000 engravings and paintings of everyday life. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. - 7500 B.C.E. Plain Clay Tokens (Fertile Crescent) Several sites with evidence of token counters. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. - 4000 B.C.E. Knossos (Crete) Neolithic occupations that grew from 200 to around 1000 people. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Great Bear Lake (Canada) Spear points found to be similar to southwestern USA styles. Warm & Wet 8000 B.C.E. Ganj Dareh (Iran) Kurdistan area site reveals oldest evidence for goat domestication. 8,000 B.C.E. 8000 B.C.E. 5 Million Homo Sapiens inhabit the planet. Warm & Wet 7900 B.C.E. Olsen-Chubbuck Bison Kill Site (Colorado USA) Paleo-Indian site used to 6500/6000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 7780 B.C.E. +/- 60 years Tongass Cave (USA-Alaska) Human jaw bone and three other artifacts. Warm & Wet 7620 B.C.E. +/- 140 years. Dame d'Antoniao (Brazil) Robust female skeleton (Toca da Janela). Warm & Wet 7600 B.C.E. (USA- WSH state) Skeleton that is more closely related to Ainu/Polynesian descent. Warm & Wet 7600 B.C.E. Howick House (England) Hearth and signs of nut roasting. Large post hole interpreted as permanent. Warm & Wet 7750 B.C.E. Garrincho Cave (Brazil) Robust fragment of human skull and 2 robust incisors. Warm & Wet 7575 B.C.E. Combe Capelle (France) Skull of the transitional Epipaleolithic man. Warm & Wet 7500 B.C.E. - 5500 B.C.E Lapa do Santo Rock Shelter (Brazil) 27 human burials. Warm & Wet 7500 B.C.E. Ali Kosh (Iran): Settlement. To 6000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 7500 B.C.E. Jarmo (Iraq): Settlement. To 6000 B.C.E. Current Climate 7400 B.C.E. (USA) Facial reconstruction looks very Caucasian. mat shroud on body. Current Climate 7400 B.C.E. Tell Abu Hureyra II (Syria) Transitional Settlement grew to an estimated 4000 to 6000 villagers. Current Climate 7400 B.C.E. - 5600 B.C.E. Belbasi Culture (Turkey) Settlement. Transitional to agriculture. Rock paintings. Current Climate 7400 B.C.E. - 6200 B.C.E. Catal Hoyuk (Turkey): Settlement. Plant & Animal Domestication. 5000 inhabitants. Current Climate 7200 B.C.E. Wizards Beach Skeletal Remains (USA) Very sturdy man who ate very well. Current Climate 7200 B.C.E. Hohen Viechein (Germany) Unfinished hourglass shaped rock. Two artifacts. Current Climate 7200 B.C.E. Bay of Cambay (India) Side scan sonar reveals the foundations of two cities over five square miles. Current Climate 7150 B.C.E. Cheddar Man Gough's Cave (England) oldest complete skeleton in Britain. Current Climate 7100 B.C.E. - 6150 B.C.E. Tepe Asiab (Iran) Settlement. Plant & Animal Domestication. Intermittent inhabitants. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. - 5500 B.C.E. () early site. Later period 5500 B.C.E. to 2600/2000 B.C.E. Abandoned. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. Doggerland (Scotland, Ireland & England) are no longer connected to Europe. The new islands form. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. Dwarka (India) Underwater remains of a city. Wood, pottery, hearths, and stone structures. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. Henan (China) Evidence in pottery shards reveals the presence of fermented rice, honey & fruit. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. - 6000 B.C.E. Alby People (Sweden) Fishing, hunter gatherers and wooden Settlement. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. - 4800 B.C.E. Lepenski Vir () 1 large & 10 small Settlements. Geometrically similar architecture. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. Noyen-sur-Seine Canoe (France) Second oldest known boat. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. Mount Sandal (Northern Ireland) 6 circular huts and one smaller structure. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. Ythan Estuary (Scotland) River estuary Settlement. Hearth structures and other artifacts. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. - 1500 B.C.E. L'Anse Amour (Canada) Settlement. Funeral mounds and 5000 years of occupation. Current Climate 7000 B.C.E. - 6000 B.C.E. Plastered Human Skulls () Several skulls. Pre-Pottery Neolithic ritual. 7,000 B.C.E. 7000 B.C.E. - 5800 B.C.E. Jiahu Culture (China)(Wuyang) Site abandon because of flood. Current Climate 6900 B.C.E. - 6300 B.C.E. Atlit-Yam (Israel) 30ft of water, stone structures and a well. Abandoned suddenly. Current Climate 6700 B.C.E. - 5600 B.C.E Lepenski Vir (Serbia) Cone-shaped huts. Abstract engraving (human fish face). Current Climate 6600 B.C.E. Earliest Attempt at Writing (Possibly) (China)(Hefei) Symbols inscribed on Tortoise Shells. Current Climate 6500 B.C.E. ^ 11,000 B.C.E. Kow Swamp 1 (Australia) Ceremonial burial site used for 5000 years. 9 other remains. Current Climate 6500 B.C.E. - 1200 B.C.E. Dikili Tash (Greece) Settlement Several occupations over 5500 years. Current Climate 6350 B.C.E. +/- 115 years Gore Creek Skeleton (Canada) No skull of a very tall and slender individual. Current Climate 6300 B.C.E. Mt. Etna (Sicily) Eruption causes a 120ft high tsunami. Atlit Yam's sudden abandonment - plausible. Current Climate 6000 B.C.E. Bouldnor Cliff - Solent (England) Divers have found in 30ft of water remains of wooden buildings. Current Climate 6000 B.C.E. Dufuna Canoe (Nigeria) Third oldest known boat. Current Climate 6000 B.C.E. The Plow (/India) The animal driven plow most likely invented around this time. Current Climate 6000 B.C.E. Taperinha Pottery (Brazil) Pottery used for cooking and plant cultivation. Current Climate 6000 B.C.E. - 2000 B.C.E. (USA) Remains of 12 individuals with sketchy dating. 6,000 B.C.E. 6000 B.C.E Nineveh - Kouyunjik (Iraq) Early Settlement that evolves to a 15 gate walled city by 3000 B.C.E. Current Climate 5900 B.C.E. Vinca Culture (Serbia) The Lady of Vinca terracotta figurine. 10 sites of artifacts to 4200 B.C.E. Current Climate 5600 B.C.E. - 3900 B.C.E. Ubaid Culture (Sumer Mesopotamia) Early pottery/clay figurines/stamp seals/trade. Current Climate 5600 B.C.E. Mediterranean Floods Black Sea House Beam & Freshwater mollusks found at 300ft. Carbon D"+" Current Climate 5500 B.C.E. Copper Smelting (Serbia)(Plocnik) Evidence of the oldest Copper smelting hearth. Current Climate 5500 B.C.E. - 1000 B.C.E. Congdon I, II, III (USA) habitation debris, cremated human remains and artifacts. Current Climate 5500 B.C.E. - 3500 B.C.E. Megiddo (Israel) Traces of an early occupation before the renaissance of this site. Current Climate 5350 B.C.E. - 4900 B.C.E. Bylany (Czech Rep.) Settlement with 25 phases of occupation. 130 wooden long houses. Current Climate 5250 B.C.E. Hookworm Eggs in Coprolites (Brazil) Could only arrive in S.A. from a tropical source. Africa or Oceania. Current Climate 5030 B.C.E. - 4250 B.C.E. Wapekeka Skeletal Remains (Canada) Briefly studied. Site buried by airport. Current Climate 5000 B.C.E. +/- 500 years Thinker of Cernavoda (Romania) Terracotta sculpture of man with head in his hands. Current Climate 5000 B.C.E. +/- 500 yrs Seated Woman of Cernavoda (Romania) Terracotta sculpture found with the above artifact. Current Climate 5000 B.C.E. - 300 B.C.E. City of Ur (Iraq) Flimsy huts are the precursor to an infamous city of Mesopotamia. 5,000 B.C.E. 5000 B.C.E. Minoan Civilization (Crete) Early advanced agriculture. Pre-palatial. Great culture rising. Current Climate 4900 B.C.E. - 4700 B.C.E. Goseck (Germany) Lunar calendar observatory constructed of poles and ditches. Current Climate 4800 B.C.E. - 3000 B.C.E. Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture (Romania - Ukraine) Neolithic to evidence. Current Climate 4550 B.C.E. Coteau-du-Lac Skeletal Remains (Canada) Remains were covered in red ocher. Current Climate 4500 B.C.E. - 4000 B.C.E. Varna () 300 graves and some with gold artifacts. 990 in one grave alone. Current Climate 4500 B.C.E. - 3300 B.C.E. Carnac Stones (France) 3000 arranged stones. Only 700 still standing. Pre-Celtic culture. Current Climate 4500 B.C.E. - 3000 B.C.E. Vinca Cross Figurine (Serbia) Votive figure found in a burial mound. Current Climate 4004 B.C.E. Biblical Genesis (The Old Testament Creation Story) Staunch Creationist's Claim - Age of World? Current Climate 4000 B.C.E. - 3500 B.C.E. Sechin Alto (Peru) Pre Inca Settlement. Current Climate 4000 B.C.E. - 1000 B.C.E. Swiss Lake Dwellings (Switzerland) Hanging pots and handles. Post and platforms. Current Climate 4000 B.C.E. - 3650 B.C.E. Monte d'Accoddi (Italy) A step / alter or temple? Current Climate 4000 B.C.E. Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent (Iraq) The land is lush, but will be turned to desert by 2800 B.C.E. Current Climate 4000 B.C.E. The DeMoss Site (USA) Remains old 22 individuals and 236 burial blades. Current Climate 4000 B.C.E. Milton-Thomazi Skeleton (Canada) Oldest remains found in Ontario. Where are they now? 4,000 B.C.E. 4000 B.C.E. 7 Million Homo Sapiens inhabit the planet. Current Climate 3900 B.C.E. - 3100 B.C.E. Uruk Culture (Sumer Mesopotamia) Plow/ cart/early cuneiform/protoliterate. Current Climate 3900 B.C.E. 5.9 Kiloyear Event (Equatorial Mostly) Aridification initiated the Sahara Desert. Current Climate 3840 B.C.E. - 3600 B.C.E. & (England)(Somerset) remnants of wooden track. Current Climate 3800 B.C.E. - 3600 B.C.E. Mass Grave (Syria)(Tell Brak). Current Climate 3700 B.C.E. - 1500 B.C.E. (+/-) Stone Circles () Over 1000 sites created. Exact dating a challenge. Current Climate 3700 B.C.E. - 2600 B.C.E. Minoan Culture (Crete) Wiped out by a natural disaster. Flood cause by tsunami. Current Climate 3600 B.C.E. - 2300 B.C.E. Yamna Culture (Ukraine) Nomadic culture with modest agricultural practices. Current Climate 3600 B.C.E. Ggantija () Megalithic Temple. Mnajdra Solar Temple with stone benches and tables. Current Climate 3500 B.C.E. Megiddo (Israel) Temples and palaces. Walled city that went through many redevelopments. Current Climate 3400 B.C.E. - 400 C.E. Crescent Beach I, II, III (Canada) 18 burials found in / phases spanning 4000 years. Current Climate 3350 B.C.E. Ljubljana Marshes Wheel (Slovenia) Oldest wheel and axle artifact. Current Climate 3300 B.C.E. Iceman of the Alps- Otzi (Austria) Corpse had blackened lungs, worn teeth, frostbitten toes. Current Climate 3300 B.C.E. - 2800 B.C.E. Astuvansalmi () Settlement, rock paintings, Ukko & Akka statuettes. Current Climate 3200 B.C.E. - 2300 B.C.E. Los Millares (Spain) Settlement of 1000 people. Wall city and copper smelting center. Current Climate 3100 B.C.E. - 1600 B.C.E. Stonehenge (England) Monument had multiple variations of construction schemes. Current Climate 3100 B.C.E. - 2500 B.C.E. (Scotland) Flagstone construction settlement of farmers and fishers. Current Climate 3050 B.C.E. Narmer Palette (Egypt) Egypt's 1st Pharaoh that unified the north and south. 1st Dynasty. Current Climate 3000 B.C.E. Temple of Tarxien (Malta) Colossal female . Megalithic structures and alters. Current Climate 3000 B.C.E. Newgrange (Ireland) Large megalithic tomb. Advanced architecture. Cruciform burial chambers. Current Climate 3000 B.C.E. - 400 C.E. The Nine Cities of Troy (Turkey) Numerous finds. King Priam's treasure. Gold sauceboat. Current Climate 3000 B.C.E. - 1750 B.C.E. Tell Asmar (Iraq) Akkadian votive statuettes praying to the god Abu. Current Climate 3000 B.C.E. - 1600 B.C.E. Ebla Tell Mardikh (Syria) 18,000 complete and fragmented tablets at palace G. Current Climate 3000 B.C.E. - 2000 B.C.E. The Lost of (Peru) No battlements. & Drug Use. 1000 yrs of peace. Current Climate 3000 B.C.E. - 1900 B.C.E. Grimes Graves (England) antlers and wooden shovels pit mined 60 tons of flint. 3,000 B.C.E. 3000 B.C.E. 14 Million Homo Sapiens inhabit the planet. Current Climate From 3000 B.C.E. to the time of Jesus, the extent of archeological discoveries increases exponentially. Current Climate My efforts to fill in this portion of the Timeline will be a work in progress. I am more interested in filling in Current Climate the 300,000 B.C.E. to 3000 B.C.E. Epoch with Sites, Artifacts and other Climate and Glacial Epoch information. Current Climate 2600 B.C.E. - 1800 B.C.E. Mohenjo Daro (Pakistan) 100,000 resident city. Buddhist stupa/public baths/"Toilets". Current Climate 2600 B.C.E. Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan) large orderly planned Settlement. (bronze Dancing Girl statuette). Current Climate 2600 B.C.E. Enmebaragesi (Iraq) verifiable king on the "Sumerian King List". He is in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Current Climate 2200 B.C.E. - 440 B.C.E. Athenian Agora (Greece) Temples and famous . Roots of democracy in later years. Current Climate 2000 B.C.E. Bush Barrow (England) Burial mound site. 400 in the Wiltshire area. Gold ornaments of the elite. Current Climate 2000 B.C.E. - 100 C.E. Babylon (Iraq) Cultural and economic center of Mesopotamia. Nebuchadnezzar's Gate. Current Climate 2000 B.C.E. - 100 B.C.E. Stone Statues of the Steppes (Siberia) Hundreds of them. Saber shape & Face in middle. Current Climate 2000 B.C.E. - 1400 C.E. , Anasazi, (USA-Mexico) Agrarian Villages/Canals/. Current Climate 2000 B.C.E. - 1 B.C.E. The Atlatl Site (USA) Estimates of 5000 burials at this site. 2,000 B.C.E. 2000 B.C.E. 27 Million Homo Sapiens inhabit the planet. Current Climate 1900 B.C.E. Anyang Elite Burial (China) Oldest surviving fermented alcohol found in a bronze vessel. Current Climate 1830 B.C.E. First Babylonian Dynasty (11 - Kings) Babylon sacked in 1530 B.C.E. Current Climate 1800 B.C.E. - 1600 B.C.E. The Land of Cities (Russia) Sintashe River, 20 fortified centers. Chariot & horse burial. Current Climate 1700 B.C.E. - 400 B.C.E. Olmec Civilization (Mexico) Complex projects, pyramids, political government, blood letting. Current Climate 1700 B.C.E. Knossos (Crete) Settlement and palace destroyed by earthquake. Faience snake figurines. Current Climate 1630 B.C.E. Akrotiri (Greece) Two & three storey homes preserved by a volcanic eruption. Wall paintings. Current Climate 1600 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E. Lapita Culture (Polynesia/Micronesia) Pacific Islands habitation expansion. Current Climate 1600 B.C.E. Shaft Graves of Mycenae (Greece) Very rich male and female adornments & artifacts in graves. Current Climate 1365 B.C.E. - 967 B.C.E. Flag Fen (England) 60,000 timbers in five very long rows. Dendrochronological Dating. Current Climate 1305 B.C.E. Uluburun Shipwreck (Turkey) Cargo's origins - Northern Europe to Africa (149 Canaanite Jars) etc. Current Climate 1290 B.C.E. Tomb of Priestess Henutmehyt (Egypt) Sycamore box full of mummified whole ducks and meat. Current Climate 1200 B.C.E. - 1000 B.C.E. Teouma Site (Vanuatu) Oldest cemetery in Pacific Islands. 36 individuals. Current Climate 1200 B.C.E. - 800 B.C.E. Las Capas Canal/Irrigation System (USA) Tucson Arizona. Destroyed by huge flood. 1,000 B.C.E. 1000 B.C.E. 50 Million Homo Sapiens inhabit the planet. Current Climate 800 B.C.E. Imperial Fora of Rome (Italy) The Roman city founded by Romulus. The birth of the Roman Empire. Current Climate 700 B.C.E. Delphi (Greece) Sanctuary on the slopes of Mt. Parnassus. Doric Temple of Apollo. Re-built twice. Current Climate 700 B.C.E. +/- 300 years. Augustine Burial Mound (Canada) Twine woven mat shrouds the skull cap Current Climate 700 B.C.E. Biskupin () Fortified Settlement. 13 rows of houses. Timber streets. Ramparts & Gate. Current Climate 600 B.C.E. Hochdorf (Germany) Celtic Chief's burial mound. Never robbed. Bronze recliner and gold objects. Current Climate 600 B.C.E. - 300 B.C.E. Tombs of Tarquina (Italy) Exquisite tomb paintings. Sarcophagus of a deceased woman. Current Climate 500 B.C.E. The Dogs of Askelon (Israel) Remains of 800 dogs. Careful positioning suggests religious practice. Current Climate 450 B.C.E. The Parthenon (Greece) Temple of the goddess Athena. Lavishly decorated with paintings & statues. Current Climate 450 B.C.E. Statue of the Greek God Poseidon (Greece) Possibly created by the sculpturer Kalamis. Current Climate 400 B.C.E. Scythian Gold Horse & Rider (Kul-Oba Russia) A Chiefs burial artifact. Finely worked gold. Current Climate 220 B.C.E. - 5 C.E. Pyramids of China (China) Over 40 pyramids and mausoleum for many Emperors. Current Climate 100 B.C.E. Teotihuacan (Mexico) Famous Pyramid and City (pop 125,000) continually built & added to 250 C.E. Current Climate 1 B.C.E. 170 Million Homo Sapiens inhabit the planet. 1 B.C.E. 1 C.E. 4 C.E. JESUS the Nazarene (Israel) Crucified 28 C.E. or as late as 34 C.E.

Font & Cell Color Codes: Red - Artifact/Site/Culture/Civilization/Event/ or Other Green - Venus figurine/JESUS the Nazarene/Interglacial period Purple - Cave/Rockshelter/Rock Art Blue - Sea Level/Glacial Period Bold Black - Something Significant/Sometimes underlined Cell Colour - Timeline Events & Narratives Cell Colour - Other Significant Timeline Events & Narratives Cell Colour - Under the Ocean archaeological site Cell Colour - Global Temperatures at maximum and minimum Cell Colour - Very early and/or controversial sites that are outside the orthodox explanation