Timeline for Homo sapiens - 2nd Edition From 2.5M B.C.E. to 300,000 B.C.E. Hominid Species had organized the 1st Industrial Many Glacial Complexes making stone tools in quantities. By 1.6M B.C.E. hand axes and stone points and Interglacial that were flaked on two sides, hominids are demonstrating skill and technique. Epochs occur Undisputed evidence of a footprint that dates to 1.5M B.C.E. of a, "most likely", Homo over the 2.5 Erectus walking upright. Homo Erectus fossils have been dated from 1.8M B.C.E. to the million years 210,000 B.C.E. (12 discoveries are outside of Africa). Bone Tools are found at the same B.C.E. to Epoch. From 1.5M B.C.E. to 790,000 B.C.E. evidence of hearths and cooking. The 1st 300,000 B.C.E.. Sea levels rise living species that took control of fire. 500,000 B.C.E. Hominid Species are hunting large and fall 300ft animals with spears. Four wooden spears dated circa 400,000 B.C.E. have been found in on average. Germany in 1995. Use of pigments for body adornment and painting developed next Average Global around 400,000 B.C.E. to 350,000 B.C.E.. Homo Neanderthalensis exists as a distinct temperatures species from 600,000 B.C.E. to around 26,000 B.C.E. and no fossils exist that are younger rise and fall 8 than this time. 570,000 years tops Homo Sapiens by 370,000 years of existence as a to 10 degrees distinct species. Over the course of the Pleistocene 2.58M B.C.E. to 9700 B.C.E., to the Celsius. The start of The Holocene 9700 B.C.E. to the present, there have been 14 glacial periods ebb and flow with the start of the Holocene signifying the end of the Quaternary Pleistocene Epoch. of the glacial cycles, seems From all hominid species, Homo Sapiens is the only homogeneous species to survive and to repeat in thrive to the present. And we are novel on the timeline scale. And in that modest 100,000 to amount of time, we have accomplished more in a short time, than any other species 120,000 year that has ever existed. The Human Genome Project evidence says that we are the intervals. descendants of a potential 2000 to 3000 survivors (high thousands maximum) of the last great extinction challenge. As Winston Churchill might say, " Some Bottle. Some Neck". 600,000 B.C.E. Mount Carmel Caves (Israel) Human evidence of occupancy to Natufian cultures of 10,000 B.C.E. 500,000 B.C.E. - 250,000 B.C.E. Petralona 1 (Greece) Homo Heidelbergensis or archaic Homo Sapien? 400,000 B.C.E. - 200,000 B.C.E. Altamura Cave (Italy) Human skeleton still in situ. Difficult to access and date. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. End of Mindel/Pre-Illinoian/Elsterian/Anglian/Rio Llico - Glacial Period. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. Neanderthal has had full separation from human ancestors for 70,000 years. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. Qesem Cave (Israel) Hearth with burnt animal bones and flint tools. Homo ???? Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. -125,000 B.C.E. Kabwe Cranium (Zambia) Homo Rhodesiensis. 1920 find makes it difficult to date. Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. Y-chromosomal Adam 2013 Y-MRCA (95% confidence of an earlier rare DNA alleles). Glacial 300,000 B.C.E. Geminga Supernova Gama Ray Pulsar Responsible for interstellar medium in our Solar System. 300,000 B.C.E. 300,000 B.C.E. Swanscombe Skull (England) Homo Heidelbergensis - or archaic Homo Sapien - to 200,000 B.C.E. Glacial to W. & W. 290,000 B.C.E. Bhimbeta Petroglyphs (India) oldest known art. Might be older. Who created…Homo ???? Warm & Wet 290,000 B.C.E. Start of Mindel-Riss/Pre-Illinioan/Holstein/Hoxnian/ S.A. (X) - Interglacial Period Warm & Wet 250,000 B.C.E. Ngandong 7 (Indonesia) Homo Erectus with new dating techniques 100,000 B.C.E. - 25,000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 250,000 B.C.E. - 200,000 B.C.E. Hueyatlaco (Mexico) Human habitation. Multiple stone tools. Multiple occupations. Warm & Wet 230,000 B.C.E. Bontnewydd (Wales) Teeth and part of a jawbone, 11 year old Neanderthal. Warm & Wet 230,000 B.C.E. Neanderthals have spread through Europe. Warm & Wet 230,000 B.C.E. Venus of Berekhat Ram (Israel) Figurine. Confirmed hominid creativity. Oldest Art artifact. Warm & Wet 209,000 B.C.E. Dali Skull (China) Ox teeth found on site date to +/- 23,000 years. Homo Erectus or Sapien?? W.&W to Glacial 208,000 B.C.E. - 200,000 B.C.E. Accelerated glaciation over the next 8000 years. Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. Start of Riss/Illinoian/Saalian/Wolstonian/Santa Maria - Glacial Period. Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. Calico Early Man Site (California U.S.A.) Artifacts or Geofacts? Flakes - stone tools or natural? Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. - 45,000 B.C.E. Tabun Cave (Israel) Predominantly Mousterian artifacts in several stratified layers. Glacial 200,000 B.C.E. Neanderthals & Homo Sapiens co-exist to 30,000 B.C.E. (earliest evidence 190,000 B.C.E. ^^). 200,000 B.C.E. 200,000 B.C.E. Venus of Tan-Tan (Morocco) Figurine. Made by Homo Erectus. Glacial 190,000 B.C.E. Omo 1 / Omo 2 ^^ (Ethiopia) Two specimens of early Homo Sapiens. Glacial 170,000 B.C.E. - 40,000 B.C.E. Pinnacle Point (South Africa) Marine harvesting evidence exists for over 130,000 years. Glacial 164,000 B.C.E. Heat-Treated Stones for Tools (South Africa) several sites along the coast. Glacial 160,000 B.C.E. Mitochondrial Eve (Africa) The Human Genome Project. Glacial 158,000 B.C.E. Jebel Irhoud 1,2,3,4 (Morocco) Four Homo Sapien fossils. Two Adults. Two Children. Glacial 158,000 B.C.E. Homo Sapien Idaltu (Ethiopia) Extinct subspecies of Homo Sapiens. Glacial 150,000 B.C.E. Origins of Language (South Africa) "Phonemic Diversity" "Serial Founder Effect" ??? Glacial 140,000 B.C.E.- 138,000 B.C.E. Global Temperature The average temperature is 8/9 degrees colder than today. Glacial 140,000 B.C.E. Sea Level Equal To 18,000 B.C.E. (Shoreline is 300ft lower) Coincides with Last Glacial Maximum. Glacial 132,000 B.C.E. Human Adornment (Israel) (Es Skhul Cave Hafia). Glacial 130,000 B.C.E. La Ferrassie Rock Shelter (France) Neanderthal burial site. Two adults & five children. Glacial 130,000 B.C.E. Evidence of Sea Voyages (Crete) 9 sites near Plakais - Tools from Africa ~ Homo Erectus type. Glacial to W. & W. 130,000 B.C.E. End of Riss/Illinoian/Saalian/Wolstonian/Santa Maria - Glacial Period. Warm & Wet 129,000 B.C.E. Start of Riss-Wurn/Sangamonian/Eemian/Ipswichian/Valdivia - Interglacial Period Warm & Wet 128,000 B.C.E. -126,000 B.C.E. Global Temperature The average temperature is 2/3 degrees higher than today. Warm & Wet 126,000 B.C.E. +/- 5000 years Late Pleistocene: End of Ionian Stage, beginning of Tarantian Stage Warm & Wet 125,000 B.C.E. Sea Level Equal to Today's Levels To 115,000 B.C.E. Warm & Wet 125,000 B.C.E. - 60,000 B.C.E. Klasies River Mouth (South Africa) Layers show that site was used for 60,000 yrs. Warm & Wet 120,000 B.C.E. - 90,000 B.C.E. Abbassia Pluvial (North Africa) 30,000 year of "Green Sahara". Warm & Wet 118,000 B.C.E. Tabun C1 (Israel) (Mt. Carmel Site) Female Neanderthal skeletal remains. Warm & Wet 113,000 B.C.E. Krapina C (Croatia) Neanderthal skull. 1899 discovery. (+/- 7000 years). Warm & Wet 113,000 B.C.E. Krapina Caves (Croatia) Occupied by Neanderthal (900 fossils of young and old to 30,000 B.C.E.). W. & W. to Glacial 110,000 B.C.E. Start of Wurn/Wisconsin/Vistulian/Devensian/Llanquilhue - Glacial Period W. & W. to Glacial 110,000 B.C.E. Mandible Klasies River Mouth (South Africa) Cut marks on jawbone suggestive of cannibalism. Glacial 103,000 B.C.E. Scladena (Belgium) Neanderthal jawbone and teeth. DNA…genetically diverse to Homo Sapiens. Glacial 100,000 B.C.E. Oldest Intentional Burial (Israel)(Qafzeh) 15 bodies in a cave (71 pieces of orcher & tools). Glacial 100,000 B.C.E. Oldest Paint Factory/Workshop (South Africa)(Blombos Caves) Making Red Paint. 100,000 B.C.E 100,000 B.C.E. - 30,000 B.C.E. Domestication of Dogs (Estimate when?) (*Who domesticated who?*). Warm & Wet 92,000 B.C.E. Skhul/Qafzeh 1 to 12 (Israel) Earliest representative of a modern human. 12 separate remains. 90,000 B.C.E. 90,000 B.C.E. Y-chromosomal Adam (Africa) The Human Genome Project. Warm & Wet 88,000 B.C.E. Katanda Bone Harpoon (Rep. of Congo)(Katanda) Used for hunting large river fish. Warm & Wet 80,000 B.C.E. Shanidar Cave (Iraq) Nine Neanderthal skeletons. Various ages. Shanidar 1 is 40 to 50 years old. 80,000 B.C.E. 80,000 B.C.E. Earliest Trade Route (Morocco)(Taforalt) Shell beads found 25 miles inland from the sea. Warm & Wet 78,000 B.C.E. Konigsaue (Germany) Bifacially made knives & hand axes. Hunting base camp. Warm & Wet 78,000 B.C.E. - 48,000 Genetic Evidence 2010 Neanderthal's & Homo Sapiens interbreed.