SUMMARY OF ISSUES TO BE DISCUSSED AT THE TWENTY-EIGHTH MEETING OF

THE CITES COMMITTEE TEL AVIV, ISRAEL • 30 AUGUST-3 SEPTEMBER 2015

AC = Animals Committee ● PC = Plants Committee ● SC = Standing Committee ● RC = Resolution Conf. ● Dec. = Decision ● CoP = Conference of the Parties All meeting documents prepared by the CITES Secretariat unless otherwise indicated. All trade data from the CITES Trade Database.

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Opening of the Meeting  No document.  No comment.

No Document 2. Rules of Procedure  Contains Rules of Procedure (RoP) adopted at AC27  Regarding Rule 13, SSN recommends that AC adopt the first option: to (April-May 2014) with two recommended changes. elect the Chair and Vice-Chair following the CoP via postal procedure. AC28 Doc. 2  Proposes Rule 13 be changed to either: While SSN agrees that it is helpful to elect Chair and Vice-Chair as soon  That regional representatives or their alternates as possible after the CoP, all representatives should be provided the present at the CoP elect a Chair and Vice-Chair opportunity to stand for these positions and participate in any vote. immediately following the CoP and in case no  Regarding Rule 20, SSN urges the AC to reject the proposed changes. quorum is attained, by the postal procedure Documents should be required to be submitted by a firm deadline so that contained in Rules 32 to 34, in which case the duties Parties and Committee Members are provided sufficient time to review and of the Chair shall be discharged by the previous consider all documents fully in advance of the meetings. Chair or Vice-Chair ad interim; or  The previous Chair and Vice-Chair hold office until their successors are elected at the first meeting of the Committee after the CoP.  Proposes Rule 20 be changed to allow documents to be received after the document deadline (“Documents to be considered at a meeting shall normally be provided to the Secretariat by Parties, or by members of the Committee, at least the latest 60 days before the meeting…”) 3. Adoption of the agenda and working programme

3.1 Agenda  Provisional agenda for the meeting is presented for  No comment. consideration and adoption. AC28 Doc. 3.1 3.2 Working programme  Provisional working programme for the meeting is  No comment. presented for consideration and adoption. AC28 Doc. 3.2 1

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 4. Admission of observers  Not available at the time this document was prepared.  No comment.

AC28 Doc. 4 5. Preparation of the report of  No document.  No comment. the Chair of the Animals Committee for the 17th meeting of the Conference of the Parties 6. Cooperation with other biodiversity-related multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) 6.1 Intergovernmental  Prepared by the Chair of the SC Working Group on  SSN recommends that the AC note this document. Science-Policy Platform IPBES, in collaboration with the Secretariat. on Biodiversity and  Provides an update on implementation of Decisions Ecosystem services on IPBES since their adoption at CoP16. (IPBES) (Decision 16.15)  Notes that the deadline for submitting nominations of experts for the “sustainable use assessment” has AC28 Doc. 6.1 passed.  Invites AC to note progress and consider whether and how Chairs of the Scientific Advisory Bodies should coordinate more closely with each other. 7. Capacity-building 7.1 Report of the Secretariat  Dec. 16.29 directs the Secretariat to collaborate with  SSN encourages the AC to develop and consider proposals regarding new – overview AC and PC on relevant capacity-building activities, activities, harmonizing work and how the two groups can collaborate. inter alia to improve and expand the Secretariat’s AC28 Doc. 7.1 training materials on the making of non-detriment findings, including those available through the CITES Virtual College.  Reports on activities undertaken by the Secretariat under this and other Decisions to support this work, and proposes new targeted activities.  Invites the AC to consider: this report; suggestions for new targeted activities; harmonizing the work that could be taken under this and other Decisions and related Resolutions; and, how best the working groups on capacity- building and review of identification and guidance materials may communicate, collaborate, and align their work with each other. 7.2 Report of the joint  Prepared by the co-Chairs of the AC/PC Working  SSN recommends that the AC note this document. working group on Group on capacity-building. capacity-building  The mandate of the group is to, inter alia, provide 2

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS (Decision 16.29) guidance to the Secretariat on its relevant capacity- AC28 Doc. 7.2 building activities.  Provides the work plan of the group.  Invites AC/PC to note the document. 8. Extinct or possibly extinct  Prepared by the Co-Chairs of the Working Group on  SSN recommends that, should the definition of ‘Extinct’ in RC 9.24 (Rev. (Decision 16.164) Extinct or Possibly Extinct Species. CoP16) be revised to follow that of IUCN, then the words “where  Dec. 16.164 directs the AC and PC to review the appropriate” should be included to recognize that the IUCN definition may AC28 Doc. 8 provisions of RC 9.24 (Rev. CoP16) on Criteria for not always suit the precautionary approach of CITES. amendment of Appendices I and II as they apply to  Of the three options presented, SSN opposes adoption of Option 3 species that are either extinct or possibly extinct and (proposed by Mexico) as insufficiently precautionary. Of the remaining report to the SC on their findings. options SSN prefers the approach proposed by the United States, but is  Adopts the IUCN definition of ‘Extinct’ for CITES concerned by its need for 37 amendment proposals to apply the purposes; eliminates the category ‘Possibly Extinct’. annotation “Extinct” to all currently listed species listed as Extinct by IUCN  Provides three options: and asks the AC to consider if a simpler process for doing so might be  extinct species should not normally be included in available. the Appendices, but where these species are already  SSN recommends that the AC not rule out the possibility that there may be listed they should not be de-listed unless suggested a need, in future, to list a species considered to be extinct in order to precautionary criteria are met; regulate trade in an extant listed species.  (proposed by USA) retain extinct species in the Appendices with annotations and with restrictions on the types of trade that are permitted; or  (proposed by Mexico) delete extinct species from the Appendices unless there are good reasons to retain them.  Asks the AC to review the work of the group, comment on the options to move forward, forward these to the PC and then submit to the SC. 9. Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species [Resolution Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP13) 9.1 Evaluation of the  Prepared by the Co-Chairs of the CITES Advisory  SSN urges AC to ensure that any changes made should not weaken the Review of Significant Working Group for the Evaluation of the Review of purpose of the Review, which is to ensure that Parties exporting reviewed Trade [Decision 13.67 Significant Trade. species comply fully with Article IV. (Rev. CoP14)]  Provides draft guidance to the Secretariat on letters  Regarding the proposed changes to categorization of species and related sent to selected range States (Annex 1) and a action by AC/PC, SSN urges AC to maintain the current categories and AC28 Doc. 9.1 proposed annex to letters detailing information their definitions for the following reasons: requested (Annex 2).  With the revision, recommendations are formulated only for species  Provides revisions to RC 12.8 on Review of Significant

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS Trade (Annexes 3a and 3b), including, inter alia: categorized as “action is needed” for which trade is known to be  A vetting process by which species selected as unsustainable1, eliminating the ability of the scientific committees to take an exceptional case are first reviewed by the action when it is not clear whether the provisions of Article IV, Secretariat; paragraph 2 (a), 3 or 6 (a) are being implemented (previously "Possible  Fewer species are selected at each phase; Concern").  Consultation with range States at the same time  For species/country combinations categorized as ‘unknown status” by as compilation of information; range States will be WCMC, AC/PC are required to categorize these into one of two engaged in the compilation of the report; categories--“action is needed” or “”least concern”.2 Given that there is not  Revised categories (from ‘urgent concern’, sufficient information to determine that the requirements of Article IV are ‘possible concern’ and ‘least concern’) to ‘action is not being implemented for these combinations, by default, they will be needed’, ‘unknown status’ ‘least concern’; gives categorized as “Least Concern” and no action will be taken. greater power to the consultant to decide  AC27 developed recommendations for five species/country categorization than committee; recommendations are combinations of Urgent Concern and 19 species/country combinations of formulated only for species categorized as ‘action is Possible Concern. If the new process were applied, recommendations needed’; only would have been formulated for 5 species as, under the new  Problems related to issues other than process, recommendations are not formulated when it is not clear implementation of Article IV will be addressed by the whether non-detriment requirements are met. SC rather than the Secretariat;  SSN recommends that AC support the following proposed revisions:  Requirement that the Secretariat consult with  Consultation with range States at the same time as compilation of AC/PC (not only the Chair) on whether information would allow more timely completion. recommendations are fulfilled;  AC/PC to formulate recommendations to SC regarding problems other  Allows for recommendations to be updated when than implementation of Article IV. they have not been met or partially met (when new  SC to address problems other than implementation of Article IV. information is available that recommendations need  Consultation with AC/PC as to whether recommendations are fulfilled updating, AC/PC to prepare revised would allow greater input from the scientific committees. recommendation; otherwise, SC may make its own  Consultation with AC/PC when withdrawing recommendations to recommendations in addition to deciding appropriate suspend trade would allow greater participation from the scientific action); committees as to whether recommendations have been fulfilled.  Secretariat to consult with AC/PC when  SSN recommends that AC reject the following proposed revisions: withdrawing recommendations to suspend trade;  The vetting process by which species selected as an exceptional case  SC to consult with range States when are first reviewed by the Secretariat. The scientific committees are the suspensions have been in place longer than two appropriate body to review whether any species is an appropriate years; exceptional case, and there is no reason to add additional steps when  Directs AC/PC to undertake a regular review of urgency may be required. the outcomes, to “assess whether the desired result  Range State consultation in the preparation of the report on trade in was achieved” and revise the Review as necessary; the species. Reports should reflect the views of independent scientific and experts and not those of the exporting Parties; range States should be

1 Par. e) i) “…the available information indicates that the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 2 (a), 3 or 6 (a), are not being implemented” [emphasis added]. 2 Par. g) “For each selected species/country combination the Animals or Plants Committee shall reclassify species/country combinations of ‘unknown status’ and provide a justification for reclassification” [emphasis added]. 4

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS  Three additional annexes to the Resolution provided one opportunity to respond and these responses/information including timeline, selection of species, and standard from range States should be provided separately. recommendations.  SC making recommendations to Parties: SC should not make  Provides an explanation of the proposed revisions recommendations of a scientific nature. (Annex 4).  SSN urges AC to require full consultation with AC/PC if recommendations  Provides four draft Decisions directing: are updated or altered by SC as the scientific committees should be fully  Secretariat to develop a Review of Significant consulted on issues related to the making of science-based NDFs. Trade Tracking and Management database, a user-  SSN recommends that the text instructing a regular review of the friendly guide to the Review and a training module outcomes by AC/PC to “assess whether the desired result was achieved” on the Review; and be amended to read: “…assess whether the desired result was achieved  AC/PC to explore benefits and disadvantages of a compliance with Article IV was achieved.” country-based Review.  SSN recommends that AC reject the draft Decision regarding country-  Invites AC to endorse: revisions to RC12.8 (CoP13), a based Reviews. SSN strongly believes that the scientific committees are CoP17 side event on the revisions, draft Decisions not adequately equipped to address the implementation issues that provided, and guidance on the letter to the Parties invariably arise with a country-based review and that AC/PC’s greatest selected for the Review. success is dealing with scientific issues involving non-detriment findings on a species-by-species basis. For this reason, we recommend that country-based reviews be part of a systematic review of enforcement/implementation conducted by the SC.  SSN recommends that the text on principles for making recommendations be amended as follows: “A recommendation should be designed so that it will be possible to implement it in the time frame specified, in consideration of the range State’s capacity” (Annex 3, Annex B). Recommendations should be based on information necessary to determine non-detriment and not on capacity of range States.  SSN urges the AC to ensure that the Review be conducted in an open and transparent manner, particularly by making relevant documents, such as Party responses, available to observers. 9.2 Overview of the  Provides an update on the status of species selected  SSN recommends that AC note this information. species-based Review ongoing cases, indicating their current status in the of Significant Trade Review (Annex).  Invites AC to note this information. AC28 Doc. 9.2 9.3 Species selected  Provides an overview of the status of the review for  SSN recommends that AC note the information in the report. following CoP13 and species selected following CoP13, CoP14 and CoP16.  SSN recommends that AC bring to the attention of the SC that CoP14  Provides an update on actions related to Mantella Madagascar has not established a zero export quota in 2015 for M. crocea (Eastern mantella) and M. viridis (green crocea and M. viridis as directed by AC25. AC28 Doc. 9.3 (Rev. 1) mantella) from Madagascar.  Regarding H. amphibius, Cameroon was required to report to AC28 “on a  Notes that AC27 requested additional information from national population survey of H. amphibius and progress with the

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS selected range States for transmission to AC28 for establishment of science-based quotas and non-detriment findings for the review: Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaque) species”.3 In its report, Cameroon provides only one paragraph on status, for Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam; Trioceros stating that the effective population within the country is 3827-4424 quadricornis (four-horned chameleon) for Cameroon; individuals. SSN recommends that AC request that Cameroon provide to Ptyas mucosus (oriental ratsnake) for Lao PDR; the Secretariat and AC the report of the national population survey Python reticulatus (reticulated python) for Lao PDR; undertaken to estimate the country’s population of H. amphibious. In Podocnemis unifilis (yellow-spotted River turtle) for addition, the report should be made available to all observers through the Peru; and Kinixys homeana (Bell's hinge-back CITES website. tortoise) for Benin and Togo.  Regarding information on M. fascicularis from Cambodia and Viet Nam,  Annexes provide a document on the management of SSN is concerned that reports on national population surveys are not Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus) in provided and that there is illegal trade of live specimens from Cambodia to Cameroon (Annex 1) and information on M. Viet Nam to supply breeding centers. SSN urges AC to recommend to SC fascicularis from Cambodia (Annex 2) and Viet Nam that it suspend trade from Cambodia and Viet Nam until reports of national (Annex 3). population surveys have been provided and concerns regarding illegal  Invites AC to: note the information in the report; in the trade have been addressed. case of H. amphibius from Cameroon, review any  Regarding countries that did not respond to AC27 requests for additional report on a population survey of the species in that information, AC is urged to recommend that SC suspend trade in these country; and review the information provided by species until information is provided for transmission to AC. Cambodia and Viet Nam concerning M. fascicularis, and formulate its findings and recommendations for consideration. 9.4 Overview of the  Provides a list of 20 taxa selected following CoP16,  SSN recommends that AC maintain all of the species in the Review, species-based Review including: Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary), subject to consideration of the responses from range States. of Significant Trade Ursus maritimus (polar bear), Manis gigantea (giant  Ursus maritimus: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); From 2008-2013, wild pangolin), Manis tricuspis (three-cusped pangolin), specimens from primary exporting range States include: Canada (281 AC28 Doc. 9.4 Amazona festiva (festive amazon), bodies, 383 bones, 21 claws, 1884 skins, 350 skulls, 403 trophies); ornata (ornate spiny-tailed ), Uromastyx Denmark (18 skins, 2 skulls); Greenland (2 bodies, 35 carvings, 68 claws, aegyptia (Egyptian spiny-tailed lizard), Trioceros 111 skins, 3.5 kg skulls, 1 trophy); Norway (3 bodies, 2 claws, 36 skins, 1 montium (Cameroon two-horned mountain trophy), chameleon), Varanus ornatus (ornate monitor),  Manis gigantea: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); exports from Uganda (from Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra), Malayemys 2012-2013, 140 kg scales) and Togo (from 2011-2013, 68 live specimens, subtrijuga (Mekong snail-eating turtle), Notochelys 185 kg scales, 235 skins). platynota (Malayan flat-shelled turtle), Chelonoidis  Manis tricuspis: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); exports from Guinea (250 skins denticulata (yellow-footed tortoise), Geochelone in 2011) and Togo (990 live specimens from 2008-2012; 60 kg scales in sulcata (African spurred tortoise), Testudo graeca 2013). (spur-thighed tortoise), Hippocampus erectus (lined  Amazona festiva: Near Threatened (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, live seahorse), Ornithoptera croesus (Wallace’s golden specimens exported from Guyana (603 W). birdwing butterfly), Ornithoptera meridionalis  Uromastyx ornata: Least Concern (IUCN 2015); no exports from range

3 https://cites.org/sites/default/files/notif/E-Notif-2013-049.pdf

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS (southern tailed birdwing butterfly), Ornithoptera States from 2008-2013; significant exports of live specimens under C and rothschildi (Rothschild’s birdwing butterfly) and R codes by non-range States; alleged that many “captive” specimens are Hirudo medicinalis (European medicinal leech). in fact wild-caught.4  Lists which range States have responded and have  Uromastyx aegyptia: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, wild not responded to requests for information exports from UAE (830 live specimens, re-exports of unknown origin) and implementation of Article IV. also non-range State Jordan (1,600); captive exports from UAE (1846 live  Reports that responses will be made available and specimens, many re-exports originating from Syria); Jordan (5307); Mali invites AC to review the information and, if satisfied (1608); Syria (310). that Article IV is adequately implemented, eliminate  Trioceros montium: Near Threatened (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, 907 the species/range State from the Review. live specimens and 20 bodies exported from Cameroon.  Varanus ornatus: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, primary source for live exports was Togo (215 W, 2,234 R).  Ophiophagus hannah: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, primary source for live exports was Indonesia (475 W) and Malaysia (379 W).  Malayemys subtrijuga: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, primary source of live exports was Indonesia (881 W), Lao PDR (1,000 R), Viet Nam (20 C,10 R, 18 W) and one shipment of 5,000 live specimens re- exported from Viet Nam sourced from Lao PDR (original export not reported).  Notochelys platynota: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, live exports from Indonesia (1,083 W).  Chelonoidis denticulate: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, live exports from Guyana (3,283 W), Suriname (1,229 W), Peru (2034 F).  Geochelone sulcata: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-21013, exports of wild, live specimens from Ghana (372), Mali (422), Sudan (334), Togo (55); ranched from Ghana (200).  Testudo graeca: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015 from 2008-2016, live exports from range States Jordan (57,651 C, 15,245 W); Syria (12,852 C 19,001 R, 3,664 W); Turkey (25,715 C); also from non-range State Mali (1,077 C).  Hippocampus erectus: Vulnerable (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, wild exports from Brazil (350 fingerlings, 2,782 live), Mexico (1,100 kg bodies), USA (192 live).  Ornithoptera croesus Endangered (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2012, Indonesia primary exporting range State (24,229 bodies R).  Ornithoptera meridionalis Endangered (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, Indonesia primary exporting range State (2,609 bodies R).  Ornithoptera rothschildi Not assessed (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, Indonesia primary exporting range State (11,349 bodies R)

4 www.traffic.org/cites.../CoP15_Prop10_Analysis.pdf

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS  Hirudo medicinalis Near Threatened (IUCN 2015); from 2008-2013, wild exports include from Romania (1,000 live); Russian Federation (5,000 live, 45,484 medicine); Serbia (1,580 kg live, 25,800 live); Turkey (1,168 kg. bodies, 221 bodies, 5,644.5 kg live, 46,719 live). 10. Review of identification and  Prepared by the AC/PC Working Group on  SSN recommends that AC note this document. guidance material (Decision identification and guidance materials, in collaboration 16.59) with the CITES Secretariat.  Dec. 16.59 directs AC/PC to form an intersessional AC28 Doc. 10 working group to, inter alia, assess the need for additional identification materials, increase accessibility to Parties and make recommendations to CoP17.  Provides a summary of activities of the working group and reports that an oral update will be provided at AC28.  Invites the AC/PC to note in this report. 11. Identification of sturgeons  Dec. 16.137 directs the AC to review a study on  SSN recommends that AC note this document. and paddlefish specimens methods to identify sturgeon products in trade and in trade (Decision 16.137) provide its recommendations to the SC.  Reports that the Secretariat has contacted experts for AC28 Doc. 11 the study but has not secured the necessary funds for this study.  Invites the AC to note this document. 12. Production systems for  Decision 15.53 directs AC/PC to review and provide  SSN recommends the following changes to the Guide: specimens of CITES-listed feedback on a guide to advise the Parties on the  Emphasize in the Introduction, the need for evidence to be provided to species (Decision 15.53) appropriate use of source codes. the authorities in order to prove that requirements for application of a  Guide provided in Annexes 1, 2 and 3. specific code are met; and AC28 Doc. 12  Invites AC to provide feedback on the guide.  Clarify, in Annex 1, 3. Source Code Dichotomous Key that meeting the Annexes 1, 2, 3 requirements in the key for a certain source code does not necessarily mean the shipment meets all requirements for application of that source code but merely indicates which code is likely to be most appropriate. 13. Implementation of the Convention relating to captive- bred and ranched specimens (Decision 16.65) 13.1 Report of the  Provides document, REVIEW: Sharing information  SSN recommends that AC note this document. Secretariat about captive-breeding and ranching operations (Annex) that describes existing information systems AC28 Doc. 13 for captive-bred animals.  Reports that draft checklists or guides for the inspection of captive-breeding and ranching facilities 8

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS and reviewing permit applications for captive-bred and ranched specimens will be available at SC66.  Reports that the Secretariat will provide its report on these issues to SC.  Invites AC to prepare recommendations to SC. 13.2 Report of the  Prepared by Co-Chairs of the Intersessional Working  SSN recommends that AC support the efforts of the Working Group. intersessional working Group on Captive-breeding Issues.  SSN also recommends that AC propose the preparation of a new group  Provides options and an outline for a possible Resolution modeled on the Review of Significant Trade (RST). If the two compliance mechanism for reviewing trade in processes were combined into one, the resulting resolution would be specimens claimed to be produced in captivity: cumbersome and unnecessarily complex. Further, this will avoid the need  AC identifies at its first post-CoP meeting the to expand the current RST resolution to cover non-Range States (a specimens in trade under source codes C, F, R & D necessity if fraudulent claims of captive breeding are to be properly that are of concern; addressed) and trade in captive-bred Appendix I specimens.  Selection of species including opportunity to  SSN recommends that AC support the proposed outline of the Working select species of urgent concern; Group with the following changes:  Parties concerned are asked to provide  Paragraph 17 (vi): Also should refer to RC 9.20 (Rev.) on Guidelines information; Secretariat commissions short review of for evaluating marine turtle ranching proposals submitted pursuant to species; RC. 11.16 (Rev. CoP15), RC 11.16 (Rev. CoP15) on Ranching and trade  Responses and reviews are provided to AC at 2nd in ranched specimens of species transferred from Appendix I to meeting; AC drafts recommendations to Appendix II and RC 12.10 (Rev. CoP15) on Registration of operations species/country combinations remaining; that breed Appendix-I species in captivity for commercial  SC reviews AC recommendations and provides purposes, in addition to RC 10.16 (Rev.) as these resolutions relate to additional recommendations outside AC mandate; codes C, F, R and D; and these are transmitted to Parties;  Paragraph 17 (vii): recommendations made by AC within its mandate  Secretariat, in consultation with the Chair and should be transmitted directly to the Parties (not reviewed by SC) along members of SC and AC (final decision of the with recommendations from the SC. Committees to rest with the Chairs), determines if recommendations were complied with and reports back to SC;  If recommendations not complied with, SC considers further action.  Describes means and criteria to detect cases of concern and potential recommendations.  Asks AC to consider conclusions of the Working Group, consider options for a compliance mechanism and forward outcome to SC66. 14. Snake trade and conservation management (Serpentes spp.) 14.1 Review of studies and  Dec. 16.103 directs AC to review the results of studies  SSN is concerned that three of the four studies do not correctly reflect activities [Decision undertaken by the Secretariat, develop guidance and CITES requirements and do not reflect a balanced point of view on trade 9

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 16.103, paragraphs a) recommendations for consideration by SC, and report issues. SSN recommends that AC direct the authors of these three studies and d)] on this work to SC65 and SC66. to address the following comments:  Provides the following studies:  Regarding An assessment of the commercial production of CITES- listed AC28 Doc. 14.1  An assessment of the commercial production of snake species in Viet Nam and China: CITES- listed snake species in Viet Nam and China  CITES Decision 16.102 called on the Secretariat to “develop guidance (Annex 1); to assist Parties in monitoring and controlling captive-breeding operations  Developing CITES non-detriment findings for and other production systems.” Nonetheless the document appears snakes (Annex 2), which suggests that whenever primarily descriptive, and no guidance has been provided. there is not enough information on the species, trade  The focus of the report is too narrow, focusing only on “meat and would by default be regarded as non-detrimental; medicinal” purpose trade, ignoring the vast production system for skins.  An assessment of the impact of the pet trade on Consequently, its conclusions may be inappropriately applied to other five CITES- Appendix II-listed snakes (Annex 3); and production systems not covered in the report.  Methodologies for differentiating between wild  Fails to cite previous reports highlighting major issues with and captive-bred CITES-listed snakes (Annex 4). farming, e.g. general practicality, and the various welfare impacts of  Reports that Secretariat plans to conduct a workshop farming. for range States of Asian snake species in  Fails to address illegal trade and laundering of claimed captive-bred international trade in order to promote and test the specimens guidance for monitoring and controlling captive-  Regarding Developing CITES non-detriment findings for snakes: breeding operations.  Suggestion that NDFs be turned into a “finding of detriment”  Invites AC to review the studies and develop guidance disregards the precautionary principle and reverses burden of proof for and recommendations for consideration by SC66. NDFs in the Convention text.  Fails to take into account other relevant factors such as species status, other takes, habitat loss or threats.  Ignores the fact that annual harvest levels may be highly destructive for rare (sub-) species such as local island endemic sub-populations.  Ignores recent comprehensive reviews of snake . An increasing number of and morphs are now recognized as distinct species, needing special analyses and NDFs based on extensive biological knowledge specific to locally exploited populations.  Places significant emphasis on livelihoods, while the purpose of the guidelines is to ensure “non-detriment” to species in trade.  Regarding An assessment of the impact of the pet trade on five CITES- Appendix II-listed snakes:  Recommends addressing pervasive illegal trade by legalizing it.  Report’s concept of sustainability is not in line with NDF requirements, as trade is questioned only where there is evidence of decline.  Fails to fulfill Decision 16.102 calling on Secretariat “to provide information required for making non-detriment findings for trade in these species”.  Fails to address other available options such as the Review of Significant Trade and the Periodic Review. 10

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 14.2 Reptile sourcing and traceability systems [Decision 16.103, paragraphs b) to d)] 14.2.1 Report of the  Dec. 16.103 directs AC to, inter alia, examine the  While SSN agrees that marking and tracing systems are feasible and Secretariat study undertaken by the UNCTAD Biotrade Initiative’s desirable, and that such systems should be standardized across all Working Group on reptile skin sourcing and advise SC Parties, SSN is concerned that efforts described here to broaden the AC28 Doc. 14.2.1 on the feasibility of marking and tracing systems which current work on reptile skin sourcing to address business requirement might be applicable to snakes. specifications for international trade in all CITES-listed wildlife are not  Reports that Switzerland and the Secretariat being taken under the direction of any mandate from the CITES CoP or developed a project on traceability of python skins; Committees and are therefore premature. Secretariat discussed with the UN Centre for Trade  SSN agrees that CITES might explore developing a resolution on track Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) and trace systems for all CITES species, but we suggest that AC consider possible development of a business requirement providing a draft Decision to SC/CoP on this issue so that such a specification for international trade in wildlife. resolution could be developed during the next intersessional period,  States that AC may consider recommending that SC allowing experts in various taxa to collaborate in this effort. draft a resolution on track and trace systems to provide general guidance in the development of such systems for CITES-listed species.  Invites AC to develop recommendations for SC66. 14.2.2 Identification  Submitted by Italy and Mexico; prepared by the  SSN recommends that the AC note this document and request Italy and carrier for a global Responsible Ecosystems Sourcing Platform (RESP). Mexico to provide updates on the testing of this traceability system. traceability information  Provides Identification carrier for a global traceability system for reptile skins information system for reptile skins, Main findings and recommendations (Annex 1) that, inter alia, AC28 Doc. 14.2.2 recommends AC support development and testing of biometric image recognition for reptile skins and calls for funding to be made available for this work.  Provides a description of RESP (Annex 2).  Recommends AC forward outcome of discussions to the SC. 14.3 IUCN Red List  Prepared by the Global Species Programme of IUCN.  SSN is concerned that the report, in comparison to information available assessments of Asia  Dec. 16.104 directs AC28 to consider the final IUCN on the IUCN Red List, provides little information on the species concerned; snake species Red List assessments for Asian snake species and without this information, it is impossible evaluate the conclusions of the [Decision 16.104] other information and make relevant authors. recommendations to the SC.  SSN urges AC to consider making recommendations for CITES listings AC28 Doc. 14.3  Provides an analysis of Asian snake species included (including Appendices I, II and III) to range States of species that are in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the identified in the report as “may be” or “likely to be” affected by trade. threat posed by international trade (Annex).  Recommends that AC, inter alia,: 11

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS  Encourage Parties to conduct detailed assessments of species for which trade is likely a threat;  Request range States of Popeia buniana (Pulau Tioman pit viper), Popeia nebularis (Cameron Highlands Pit viper), Cryptelytrops kanburiensis (Kanburi Pit viper), and Orthriophis moellendorfi (Moellendorff's trinket snake), to evaluate possible CITES listings;  Ask Parties to implement precautionary management measures for aquatic snakes; and  Encourage research on Asian snake species. 15. Tortoises and freshwater  Dec. 16.109 directs the Secretariat to undertake a  SSN recommends that AC support distribution of this report to the Parties, turtles (Testudines spp.) study to identify factors that are of relevance to with the following changes: (Decision 16.111) making NDFs for tortoises and freshwater turtle  Emphasize that NDFs should be based on the harvested population. species, and Dec. 16.111 directs AC to review the  While SSN recognizes the importance of flagging those species AC28 Doc. 15 study and make recommendations to the SC. known to be of conservation concern according to the IUCN Red List, we  Provides an executive summary (Annex 1) and note that species not of conservation concern can also be at risk if trade complete report (Annex 2) of Non-Detriment Findings is significant. In addition, IUCN has not considered and Trade Management for Tortoises and Freshwater threatened/endangered subspecies or national populations. Turtles - a guide for CITES Scientific and Management Authorities.  Invites AC to review the report and make recommendations to SC66. 16. Sturgeons and paddlefish [Resolution Conf. 12.7 (Rev. CoP16)] 16.1 Report of the Secretariat  RC 12.7 (Rev. CoP16) on Conservation of and trade  SSN recommends that AC note this document. AC28 Doc. 16.1 in sturgeons and paddlefish contains procedures for the establishment of export quotas for shared stocks of Acipenseriformes.  Reports that the Secretariat published zero export quotas for caviar and meat of wild origin from Acipenseriformes species of all shared stocks since none of the range States had established export quotas.  Invites AC to note this document. 16.2 Implementation by the  RC 12.7 (Rev. CoP16) on Conservation of and trade  No comment. Animals Committee of in sturgeons and paddlefish directs AC to carry out an relevant provisions in evaluation of the assessment and the monitoring Resolution Conf. 12.7 methodologies used for shared stocks of 12

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS (Rev. CoP16) Acipenseriformes species that are subject to catch quotas and export quotas for caviar and meat; and, AC28 Doc. 16.2 provide its recommendations to the SC.  Invites AC to consider how to implement its mandate. 16.3 Sturgeon management in  Submitted by the Sturgeon Management Authority of  SSN recommends that AC note this document. the Russian Federation the Russian Federation.  Provides an update on measures taken by the AC28 Doc. 16.3 Russian Federation and other Caspian Sea range States to manage Caspian Sea sturgeon including a new Agreement on conservation and rational use of the aquatic biological resources of the Caspian Sea.  Reports that Centers for the molecular genetic studies of sturgeons and products are functioning in Russia and offers their use to CITES bodies. 17. Conservation and management of sharks 17.1 Implementation of Resolution Conf. 12.6 (Rev. CoP16) 17.1.1 Report of the  RC 12.6 (Rev. CoP16) on Conservation and  SSN urges AC to adopt these recommendations and to recognize the Secretariat management of sharks directs the AC to, inter alia, substantial amount of work that has been done and progress made on examine new information on trade and other data and implementation of the Appendix II listings of sharks and rays by the AC28 Doc. 17.1.1 information, report its analysis at CoPs, and make Parties, the CITES Secretariat and the FAO Secretariat. species-specific recommendations at CoPs, if  SSN encourages Parties to use the CITES shark and ray web portal, a necessary, on improving the of central location with resources for implementation of the shark and ray sharks. listings, and to provide the CITES Secretariat with additional information  Provides information from range States (in response for this portal as appropriate. to Notification to the Parties No. 2015/027), and  SSN urges Parties to consider the CITES Secretariat’s recommendation information submitted by Parties relating to the on the development of guidelines for NDFs for sharks and rays in implementation of the listings agreed at CoP16, situations where data are lacking. including from (Annexes 1-6): Argentina, Canada,  SSN notes that additional information on NDFs for sharks and rays is China, Greece Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, New Zealand, provided in AC28 Doc. 17.2 (see below) as well as in Inf. 10 from Japan. Singapore, USA. Related information documents were  SSN welcomes reports submitted by Parties but continues to be submitted by Nicaragua (AC28 Inf. 12) and Panama disappointed by the lack responses on this issue from some of the top (AC28 Inf. 12). shark and ray exporting and importing Parties as identified in the report by  Provides information on NPOA-Sharks and regional TRAFFIC. plans and, information on the making of NDFs.  Suggests that AC consider encouraging development of guidelines for making NDFs for sharks and rays species in situations where little or no biological information is available, and trade or fisheries data are 13

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS poor.  Invites AC to examine the information, consider its reporting on shark and ray activities to CoP17, which should also contain an analysis of information provided by range States on trade and other available relevant information, and if necessary, species- specific recommendations for improving the conservation status of sharks. 17.1.2 Conservation and  Prepared by Israel.  SSN recommends that AC note this document. management of sharks –  Provides a list of species of concern.  SSN welcomes the important information on shark and ray conservation species of concern  Invites AC to: and encourages AC to endorse it for discussion by its Shark Working  Note the document and the potential use of the Group. AC28 Doc. 17.1.2 M-Risk assessment method developed by TRAFFIC  SSN encourages the Shark Working Group to endorse the use of the M- for determining priority species; Risk assessment method.  Recommend that the Shark Working Group and the Parties review the role of trade in contributing to the threatened status of the Mobula devil rays, guitarfishes, threshers and tope shark; and  Add angelsharks (Family Squatinidae), and the smoothhounds (Mustelus spp.), to the list of species of concern. 17.2 Non-detriment Findings for  Prepared by Germany.  SSN recommends that AC note this document and adopt the CITES-listed sharks and  Provides references to information available on recommendations. manta rays making non-detriment findings (NDFs) for shark and  SSN welcomes the considerable amount of work that the German manta ray species. Scientific Authority has done to provide guidance to Parties on developing AC28 Doc. 17.2  Invites AC to: NDFs for sharks and rays.  Note the document;  SSN welcomes the translation of the NDF guidance into Spanish and  Make use of an offer from Germany to present looks forward to the French translation. NDF guidance at future shark workshops; and  SSN urges Parties that trade in shark and ray products listed on Appendix  Recommend that Parties report back to Germany II to work closely with Germany on the relevant NDFs and to share for further improvements of the guidance. information and seek guidance as appropriate.

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 18. Freshwater stingrays (Family  Dec. 16.131 directs the AC to establish a working  SSN recommends that AC note this document and adopt the Potamotrygonidae) (Decisions group comprising the range States of freshwater recommendations. 16.131 and 16.132) stingrays in order to evaluate and prioritize species of  SSN notes that information from Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, freshwater stingrays for inclusion in Appendix II. Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela on these species is AC28 Doc. 18  Dec. 16.132 directs the AC to consider all information included in Annex I. submitted on freshwater stingrays in response to the  SSN recommends that AC consider the proposals presented in the report request made under Dec. 16.131, and provide in Annex I for including freshwater stingrays in the CITES Appendices. recommendations to the range States and submit a  SSN encourages the working group to hold a follow up meeting in the report to CoP17. margins of AC28 and for all range states to participate in this meeting.  Invites the AC to:  Note this document  To implement Dec. 16.131 and 16. 132  Consider how to report on the progress of the working group at CoP17  Consider proposals to include freshwater stingrays in CITES Appendices (found in Annex I) 19. Regional cooperation on the  Prepared by Colombia.  SSN recommends that the AC note this report. management of and trade in  Decisions 16.141 to 16.146 direct the range States of queen conch (Strombus gigas) Strombus gigas (queen conch) to, inter alia, implement recommendations of the Queen Conch Expert Workshop, participate in the development of national, subregional and regional plans for the management and conservation of the species, and provide information to the Secretariat for reporting to CoP17.  Reports on activities of the Queen Conch Working Group and range States in fulfilling the mandate of Decisions 16.141-16.146.  Invites AC to note progress made. 20. Periodic review of animal species included in the CITES Appendices

20.1 Overview of species  RC 14.8 on Periodic review of the Appendices, inter  SSN recommends that AC note this document and decide on retaining or under review alia, directs the Secretariat to maintain a list of species removing species for which no range State proposed to review. previously reviewed by AC. AC28 Doc. 20.1  Provides replies from range States on the 11 species that remain to be reviewed between CoP15 and CoP17.  Provides a list of species selected for review between CoP13 and CoP15 (Annex 1) and CoP15 and CoP17 15

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS (Annex 2).  Invites AC to note this document and consider the replies of the range States of the 11 species selected for review between CoP15 and CoP17, as indicated in paragraph 5, and decide on retaining or removing species for which no range State proposed to review. 20.2 Report of the  Prepared by the Co-Chairs for the intersessional  SSN continues to believe that the Periodic Review is not necessary for the intersessional working working group on the periodic review of species operation and implementation of the Convention, and that the time and group included in Appendices I and II. resources dedicated to it would be better directed elsewhere.  Proposes revisions (Annex) to RC 14.8 Rev. CoP16)  However, if the review is to be retained SSN recommends that AC support AC28 Doc. 20.2 on Periodic Review, including, inter alia,: the proposed revisions and recommend them to the PC.  Clarifying the timeline of the review;  Directing the Secretariat to transmit to range State(s) the scientific committee’s recommendation on the appropriateness of the proposed change in status under CITES; and  Directing the Secretariat to invite range States to submit proposal(s).  Invites AC to endorse the proposed revisions and recommend them to the PC. 20.3 Species reviews

20.3.1 Periodic review  Dec. 13.93 (Rev. CoP16) directs AC to complete its  SSN recommends that AC considers the 2015 IUCN assessment for of Panthera leo Review of the Appendices for Felidae and report on Panthera leo5 which infers a 42% reduction in the continental African lion this issue to CoP17. population over the past 21 years (3 generations), with much higher No document reductions across much of the species range in west, central and east Africa. The assessment also estimates that lions now occupy only 8% of their historic range across Africa. While the IUCN assessment maintains the species’ vulnerable status on the Red List, it provides a separate assessment for the West African sub-population6 classifying it as Critically Endangered.  Trade in the species is significant and increasing; the CITES-WCMC trade database records a total of 9,400 wild lion specimens exported from 2008- 2012, compared to 5,418 for the previous five year period. SSN believes that, across much of its range, the African lion qualifies for Appendix I by virtue of an observed marked decline in its wild population, the fact that it is in trade, and that trade may have a detrimental impact on the status of the species. SSN therefore urges AC to recommend the species for inclusion in Appendix I.

5 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15951/0 16

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 20.3.2 Periodic review  Submitted by Canada and USA.  SSN notes that Wilson and Reeder (3rd ed) treats all North American of Puma concolor coryi  Proposes to transfer these subspecies from Appendix subspecies of puma, including P. c. coryi, as synonyms of P. c. couguar. and Puma concolor I to Appendix II. Under this classification P.c. couguar is not extinct, and would include couguar  States that Puma concolor couguar (Eastern cougar) living populations currently on both Appendices I (coryi) and II (western is considered extinct, and Puma concolor coryi North American populations). AC28 Doc. 20.3.2 (Florida panther), endemic to the southeastern USA is  SSN therefore urges AC to defer consideration of this review, and instead protected federally with strict domestic trade invite the nomenclature specialist to consider whether Wilson and Reeder restrictions, and there is virtually no trade. (3rd ed) should be adopted as the standard reference for this species and  Seeks the views of AC on whether it would be report to the next regular meeting of AC. appropriate to transfer Puma concolor coryi and Puma concolor couguar to Appendix II. 20.3.3 Periodic review  Submitted by .  SSN recommends that AC agree that a proposal be submitted to transfer of Lichenostomus  Provides proposal to transfer Lichenostomus this species from Appendix I to II. melanops cassidix melanops cassidix (helmeted honeyeater) from Appendix I to II. AC28 Doc. 20.3.3  Australian endemic; restricted range; estimated to be fewer than 100 mature individuals in existence.  All exports have been for scientific purposes and include 4 specimens in 2003, 6 specimens in 2009 and 17 non-viable eggs in 2012; no commercial trade is permitted; states that it is not threatened by trade. 20.3.4 Periodic review  Submitted by Australia.  SSN recommends that AC agree that this species be maintained in of Cyclopsitta  Provides a proposal to maintain Cyclopsitta Appendix I. diopthalma coxeni diopthalma coxeni (Coxen’s fig parrot) in Appendix I.  Australian endemic; only around 100 breeding AC28 Doc. 20.3.4 thought to remain.  Demand for specimens would be extremely high if they were available legally or illegally; states that species may be affected by trade. 20.3.5 Periodic review  Prepared by Australia.  SSN recommends that AC agree that this species be maintained in of Psephotus dissimilis  Provides a proposal to maintain Psephotus dissimilis Appendix I. (hooded parrot) in Appendix I; Least Concern (IUCN AC28 Doc. 20.3.5 2015).  Australian endemic; range has contracted.  There is international trade in this species though specimens in legal trade are captive-bred; occasionally taken illegally for trade7.

6 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/68933833/0 7 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22685145/0

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 20.3.6 Periodic review  Prepared by Australia.  SSN recommends that AC defer consideration of this review pending of  Provides a proposal to transfer Ninox completion of the work of the Working Group on Extinct Species. novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae undulata (Norfolk boobook) from undulata Appendix I to II; Least Concern (IUCN 2015).  Australian endemic; genetically pure N. n. undulata AC28 Doc. 20.3.6 are now believed to be extinct.  States that the species is unlikely to be affected by trade in the event of its rediscovery. 20.3.7 Periodic review  Prepared by New Zealand.  SSN recommends that AC support the conservation efforts of the only of Sphenodon spp.  Provides a proposal to maintain Sphenodon spp. range state New Zealand and agree that this species be maintained in (tuatara) in Appendix I. Appendix I. AC28 Doc. 20.3.7  Endemic to New Zealand; genetic research indicates  SSN notes that this species, due to its unique taxonomic status and rarity, that the genus Sphenodon comprises a single is still highly sought after within (or by) the international pet market. species; occupy a very small extent of their former geographic range; has been subject to a large decline in numbers.  Poaching/smuggling in the past with high prices received for specimens smuggled overseas; suspected illegal trade is now significantly lower, although there is evidence of buyer interest if specimens were available. 20.3.8 Periodic review  Submitted by Viet Nam.  SSN recommends that AC agree that C. bourreti and C. picturata are of Cuora galbinifrons  Notes that at CoP16 a zero quota for Cuora recognized as valid species and that an uplisting in Appendix I for all three galbinifrons was agreed, overruling a proposal for an species is justified. AC28 Doc. 20.3.8 uplisting into Appendix I.  SSN notes that adult pairs of C. bourreti are offered for 1,500 Euro in the  Notes that the majority of recent taxonomic works do international pet market. not treat the taxa bourreti and picturata as subspecies of Cuora galbinifrons (Indochinese Box Turtle) but as distinct species; therefore, provides proposals (Annexes 1-3) to transfer the three species from Appendix II to Appendix I.  Regarding C. galbinifrons (bourreti and picturata as subspecies), range States include China, Lao PDR, Viet Nam; listed as Critically Endangered (IUCN 2015).  Gross exports from 1998-2014 totaled 2,399 specimens; primary threat is trade; species is intensively collected throughout its range; continues to be in high demand in the international pet trade and the Asian consumption trade.

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS 20.3.9 Periodic review  Submitted by Viet Nam.  SSN recommends that AC supports the conservation efforts of the only of Mauremys  Provides proposal (Annex) to transfer Mauremys range state, Viet Nam, and agree that this species be transferred to annamensis annamensis (Annam Leaf Turtle) from Appendix II to I. Appendix I.  Endemic to Viet Nam; Critically Endangered (IUCN  SSN notes that over-collection and habitat loss remain the greatest AC28 Doc. 20.3.9 2015); extremely rare. contributors to the species’ decline.8  Gross exports from 2000-2014 totaled 421 specimens and 1.5 kg of specimens; primary threat is trade; in demand in the international pet trade and the Asian consumption trade; Asian trade in this species is largely illegal. 20.3.10 Periodic review  Submitted by USA.  SSN recommends that AC defer consideration of this review pending of  Provides proposal to delist Epioblasma sampsonii completion of the work of the Working Group on Extinct Species. sampsonii (Sampson's pearly mussel) from Appendix I.  Species is extinct but formerly endemic to USA. AC28 Doc. 20.3.10  States that retaining the species on Appendix I with the annotation of ‘possibly extinct’ is not warranted because in the unlikely event of its rediscovery it will not be affected by trade.  Notes that “proposal may be modified taking into account the recommendations of the Extinct or Possibly Extinct Working Group”. 21. Standard nomenclature [Resolution Conf. 12.11 (Rev. CoP16)] 21.1 Report of the specialist  Prepared by the AC Specialist on Zoological  SSN recommends that AC: on zoological Nomenclature; reports that:  Take note of the report. nomenclature  In response to concerns raised by the IUCN  Given the scientific uncertainty about the validity of additional AC28 Doc. 21.1 Seahorse, Pipefish & Stickleback Specialist Group Hippocampus spp. proposed by Australia, as noted by both IUCN and (SPSSG) (Annex 1), Australia revised its previously Australia, as well as the potential identification problems involved, proposed taxonomic changes to Hippocampus spp. support retention of the current classification of Hippocampus pending (seahorses) nomenclature (Annex 2). further clarification.  Regarding coral nomenclature references, after  Support reviewing the layout of standard references in the Annex to consultation with experts, it is concluded that the RC 12.11 (Rev. CoP16) to make it more user-friendly. current CITES nomenclature reference list is not in  Support adoption of Wilson and Reeder (2005) as the standard line with current coral taxonomy. reference for Ovis spp., as CMS has already done.  In response to a recommendation from AC27 to use a

8 McCormack et al. (2014): Mauremys annamensis (Siebenrock 1903) – Vietnamese Pond Turtle, Annam Pond Turtle, Rùa Trung Bộ. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Rhodin et al. Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.081.annamensis.v1.2014

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS new format for the list of standard references in the  Adopt the recommendation regarding the Cape Parrot as a published Annex of RC 12.11 (Rev. CoP16) on Standard reference is now available. nomenclature, the Secretariat is willing to collaborate  Consider the advantages of changing the standard reference for birds with the nomenclature specialist to review lay-out, to del Hoyo and Collar (2014), including its adoption by CMS and its presentation and content of the Annex for CoP17. ongoing incorporation into the online version of the Handbook of the  Reports that the Secretariat received responses from Birds of the World; the Passerine volume will be published in 2016. the copyright holders for the databases/checklists of  Respond to issues regarding coral taxonomy, proposed changes to amphibians and spider species to requests for a time- RC12.11 (Rev. CoP16), newly compiled checklist for all species of the specific version of those databases. There is a family Chamaeleonidae, the genus Phelsuma, and checklists of biannual version for spiders; no version for amphibian and fish species. amphibians; no response regarding fish.  Recommends adoption of the 3rd edition of Wilson & Reeder for the genus Ovis (Annex 3).  Provides a comparison from EU Commission of taxonomic differences between different references for species (Annex 4) for consideration of possible changes to the standard reference for birds.  Provides a nomenclature reference and Cape Parrot identification guide (Annex 5) in response to a request from South Africa that AC adopt revised nomenclature for the Cape Parrot (as Poicephalus robustus) and the Grey-headed Parrot and Brown-necked Parrot (grouped under the P. fuscicollis species complex).  Provides a reference to a newly compiled checklist from Germany for all species of the family Chamaeleonidae as well as the genus Phelsuma; and nomenclatural changes resulting from an adoption of these publications as nomenclatural references (Annex 6).  Provides a taxonomic checklist of Amphibian Species listed by CITES and EC Regulation 338/97 implementing CITES in the European Union (Annex 7).  Provides a taxonomic checklist of fish species (except the genus Hippocampus) covered by CITES and EC Regulation 338/97 implementing CITES in the European Union (Annex 8).  Provides a WCMC report that identifies recent changes regarding nomenclature of mammals, (other than chameleons and Phelsuma species), amphibians, and invertebrates covered by CITES and

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ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS the EU Regulation implementing CITES within the member states of the European Union (Annex 9).  Reports that the Secretariat continues efforts to ensure harmonization of nomenclature with other MEAs and states that recent actions include proposed alignments of references for non-passerine bird species, and for the genus Ovis. 21.2 Revised nomenclature  Submitted by the USA.  SSN recommends that the AC request the Nomenclature Specialist to for four species of birds  Recommends changes to the taxonomy/nomenclature evaluate these changes. of paradise for four species found in the birds-of-paradise (Paradisaeidae) (Paradisaeidae) family. These nomenclature changes would no longer place these four bird species in the AC28 Doc. 21.2 Paradisaeidae family; references provided (Annex).  Requests that the Nomenclature Specialist to evaluate these change and guide the AC on this matter. 22. Proposals for possible consideration at CoP17 22.1 Assessment of three  Submitted by Mexico.  SSN urges AC to recommend that all Parties make similar efforts to bird species included in  Provides an assessment of three species native to assess their native species as it would assist in meeting Objective 1.4 of Appendix III (Crax rubra, Mexico: Crax rubra (great curassow), Meleagris RC 16.3 on the CITES Strategic Vision, “The Appendices correctly reflect Meleagris ocellata and ocellata (ocellated turkey), and Penelope the conservation needs of species”. Penelope purpurascens) purpurascens (crested guan) against the criteria of RC  SSN notes that Crax rubra is identified as Vulnerable (IUCN 2015) under based on the criteria of 9.24 (Rev. CoP16); all are listed in CITES Appendix IUCN criteria A2cd+3cd+4cd meaning there has been an observed, Resolution Conf. 9.24 III. estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of at least ≥ (Rev. CoP16)  Concludes that these species do not meet the trade 30% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, criteria for inclusion in Appendices I or II. due to a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality AC28 Doc. 22.1 of habitat and actual or potential levels of exploitation; hunting pressure and habitat loss are suspected to be causing a rapid population decline of this species;9and from 2008-2013, gross exports totaled 579 hunting trophies from Mexico. This species meets the trade criterion in RC 9.24 (Rev. coP16), Annex 2 a, criterion B: “It is known, or can be inferred or projected, that regulation of trade in the species is required to ensure that the harvest of specimens from the wild is not reducing the wild population to a level at which its survival might be threatened by continued harvesting or other influences”.  SSN notes that Meleagris ocellata is identified as Near Threatened (IUCN 2015). According to IUCN10 the population is “moderately small” (< 50,000

9 http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22678521 10 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/22679529/0 21

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS in 2008) and declining due in part to “heavy hunting pressure for food and trade” including sport hunting, even in reserves, and the species has been extirpated from four areas where it was formerly found in Mexico;11 From 2008-2013, gross exports totaled 99 skins and 101 trophies from Guatemala and 1,942 hunting trophies and 24 skins from Mexico. This species meets the trade criterion in RC 9.24 (Rev. coP16), Annex 2 a, criterion B: “It is known, or can be inferred or projected, that regulation of trade in the species is required to ensure that the harvest of specimens from the wild is not reducing the wild population to a level at which its survival might be threatened by continued harvesting or other influences”.  SSN notes that Penelope purpurascens is identified as Least Concern (IUCN 2015) and that exports from Mexico from 2008-2013 totaled 301 specimens. SSN agrees that this species does not meet the trade criteria for inclusion in Appendices I or II. 22.2 Draft proposal to  Submitted by Mexico.  SSN urges AC to recommend that Mexico: remove the zero quota  Crocodylus moreletii (Morelet’s crocodile) is  Finalize the reptile skin traceability system and present to AC for for trade in wild categorized as Least Concern (IUCN 2015); consideration; and specimens of the populations of Belize and Mexico were transferred  Request removal of the zero quota for ranched specimens only. Mexican population of from Appendix I to Appendix II with zero export quota  SSN also recommends that AC remind Mexico that at the initiation of Morelet’s crocodile at CoP15. international trade of ranched specimens in this species, they should be (Crocodylus moreletii)  Provides a draft proposal to remove the zero quota on particularly careful to avoid laundering of specimens originating in Belize for commercial this population; includes report on current status of and Guatemala (Guatemala's populations still on Appendix I, and Belize purposes population and description of pilot plan to have local does not have yet good population estimates or traceability systems). communities provide hatchlings to farms to raise for AC28 Doc. 22.2 the skin trade; seeks to lift the zero quota to export skins from pilot project.  Requests AC to provide recommendations to strengthen proposal to lift zero quota. 22.3 Proposal for the transfer  Submitted by Malaysia.  SSN recommends that AC note that the proposal does not provide from Appendices I to II  Provides a draft proposal to transfer the population of information on Malaysian populations outside of Sarawak despite that they of Crocodylus porosus Malaysia from Appendix I to II, allowing wild takes in are included in the draft proposal. in Malaysia Sarawak and zero export quotas in other states.  Though the proposal claims that “There have been minimum changes to  Estimates population in Sarawak at 13,507. the general habitat of major rivers in Sarawak”, a 2008 UNDP publication AC28 Doc. 22.3  Proposal notes that maximum sustainable harvest of stated that “the water quality of Sarawak’s rivers is deteriorating. With C. porosus in Sarawak is unknown; proposed harvest development, river pollution has increased and water quality has will be experimental and restricted, for the first three declined”12, and in 2008 the Sarawak Conservation Alliance for Natural years, to no more than 500 non-hatchlings per year Environment warned of “a looming water shortage if the authorities fail to

11 http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22678521

12 UNDP Malaysia and Sarawak Rivers Board (2008). Reflections on Sarawak’s Rivers. Kuala Lumpur and Kuching (p. 27). 22

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS and <3000 eggs, or their equivalent in hatchlings (i.e., gazette water catchment areas and mitigate ‘immediately’ pollution in 750 hatchlings based on 25% hatchability, or 375 one- rivers and waterways in the state”.13 year-olds based on an estimated 50% survival to one  The proposal fails to discuss how skins will be tagged, or how steps will be year). taken to ensure that smuggled skins from other parts of Malaysia or other range States will be prevented from entering trade.  SSN recommends that AC request further information on management of the proposed trade before making a decision on this proposal. 22.4 Status of conservation,  Submitted by Mexico.  SSN notes that 2 Abronia species are considered by IUCN as Critically use, management of  The genus Abronia (arboreal alligator ) Endangered, 12 as Endangered and 5 as Vulnerable; several species and trade in the species comprises 28 species; many have very restricted likely qualify for listing in Appendix I. of the genus Abronia ranges; range States include El Salvador, Guatemala,  All but two Abronia species are endemic, some with very small ranges, Honduras, Mexico. making them highly susceptible for . AC28 Doc. 22.4  Notes that specimens of a number of species are  At least 15 Abronia species14 are recorded in the international pet trade, found in international trade though no legal exports with market prices of up to 2,800 euro/pair; most species in trade have not are permitted from range States. been authorized for export by range countries.  Provides an assessment (Annex) of Abronia species  SSN recommends that AC encourage other Abronia spp. range States and in Mexico and requests AC to make recommendations known importing countries to work with Mexico on a compilation of regarding a proposal to list Abronia spp. in Appendix II information on all species within the genus, including availability within in for CoP17. non-range States (e.g. international reptile fairs).  SSN recommends that AC support the submission of a proposal to list Abronia spp. on Appendix II at CoP17. 22.5 Proposal to list  Submitted by Malaysia.  Meets RC 9.24 (Rev. CoP16), Annex 1, Criterion B1 as population has a Lanthanotus borneensis  Provides a proposal to list the earless restricted distribution (endemic to Borneo) and is known from very few in Appendix I in (Lanthanotus borneensis), endemic to Borneo, in locations. Malaysia Appendix I; Range States include Brunei Darussalam,  The recent surge in specimens in trade suggests that collectors have now Indonesia and, Malaysia; not assessed by IUCN. learned how to find this previously difficult-to-find species; the risk of rapid AC28 Doc. 22.5  There has been a sudden spike in illegal trade in this depletion from over-collecting may be high. species in recent years although it is fully protected  The species is unique, being the sole member of the Family nationally; specimens have been found for sale in Lanthonotidae; all related species ( and Helodermatidae) are Japan, the Ukraine, France, Germany, and the Czech already listed on the Appendices. Republic;15 more individuals have been recorded in  SSN urges AC to endorse this proposal for listing on Appendix I. trade than have been located by researchers;16 prices  SSN also recommends that AC encourage Malaysia to immediately list average US$7,500–$9000 per specimen. this species in Appendix III, and request the SC to establish a working group to develop recommendations to CoP17 regarding international trade

13 http://malaysiansmustknowthetruth.blogspot.ca/2012/03/river-pollution-sarawak-must-act.html

14 A. aurita, A. campbelli, A. deppii, A. fimbriata, A. frosti, A. gaiophantasma, A. graminea, A. lythrochila, A. martindelcampoi, A. mixteca, A. oaxacae, A. reidi, A. smithi, A. taeniata, A. vasconcelosii 15 http://news.mongabay.com/2014/09/bizarre-lizard-newest-victim-of-reptile-pet-trade/ 16 Ibid. 23

ISSUE PROPOSED ACTIONS SSN RECOMMENDATIONS in specimens of nationally protected species. 23. Regional reports  Provides the reports received from the regional  No comment. representatives. AC28 Docs. 23.1, 23.2, 23.3, 23.4, 23.5, 23.6 24. Any other business  No document.  No comment.

No document 25. Time and venue of the 29th  No document.  No comment. meeting of the Animals Committee 26. Closing Remarks  No document.  No comment.

No document

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