та медико-біологічні проблеми фізичного вихованя і спорту

ISSN 23087250 Журнал освещает статьи по актуальным проблемам: формирования, восстановления, укрепления и сохранения здоровья студентов, физической реабилитации и рекреации, лечебной ISSN 2308-7250 The journal represents original scientific researches of и оздоровительной физической культуры, scientists from the East-European region. PES PHYSICAL 2017 физического воспитания PHYSICAL The Journal welcomes articles on different aspects of physical EDUCATION EDUCATION и спорта. В нем также отражены средства OF STUDENTS education, sports and health of students which cover scientific физической культуры, ее формы и методы, OF STUDENTS researches in the related fields, such as biomechanics, PES 04 основные принципы здоровьесберегающих технологий и kinesiology, medicine, psychology, sociology, technologies of профилактики заболеваний. sports equipment, research in training, selection, physical efficiency, as well as health preservation and other Материалы журнала представляют теоретический и interdisciplinary perspectives. практический интерес для аспирантов, студентов, докторантов, тренеров, спортсменов, преподавателей In general, the editors express hope that the учебных заведений, учителей средних школ и научных journal “Physical Education of Students” работников. contributes to information exchange to combine efforts of the researchers from the East-European region to solve common problems in health promotion of students, development of physical culture and sports in higher educational institutions.

2 308725 020173 0 4 2017 04 2017 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS © Iermakov S.S., 2017 04

Key title: Physical education of students Frequency - 6 numbers in a year. Abbreviated key title: Phys. educ. stud. http://www.sportedu.org.ua ISSN 2308-7250 (English ed. online) Founders: Iermakov Sergii Sidorovich (Ukraine); Journal is ratified Ministry of Education (doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Department and Science of Ukraine (online): of Physical Education, Kharkov National Pedagogical physical education and sport - № 374, 13.03.2017; University). pedagogical sciences - № 1604, 22.12.2016. Certificate to registration: KB 21884-11784P 21.12.2015. Address of editorial office: P.O.Box 11135, Kharkov-68, 61068, Ukraine. Tel. +38 099 430 69 22 e-mail: [email protected]

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149 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-chief: Iermakov S.S., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor: Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine); Kazimierz Wielki University (Bydgoszcz, Poland),

Scientific Editors: Sawczuk Marek, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin (Szczecin, Poland)., Chia Michael, PhD, Professor, Faculty of Phisical Education and Sports, National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), Kalina Roman Maciej, Professor, Ph.D., D.Sc., University of Physical Education and Sports (Gdansk, Poland), Jagiello Wladyslaw, Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, professor, Academy of Physical Education and Sport (Gdansk, Poland), Malinauskas Romualdas, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (Kaunas, Lithuania), Maciejewska-Karłowska Agnieszka, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin (Szczecin, Poland)., Prusik Krzysztof, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Academy of Physical Education and Sport (Gdans’k, Poland), Tkachuk V.G., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University (Kiev, Ukraine), Yermakova T., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine),

Editorial Board: Boraczyński Tomasz, Ph.D. Physical Education and Sport, Jozef Rusiecki Olsztyn University College (Olsztyn, Poland), Boychuk Y.D., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine), Cieślicka Mirosława, Ph.D. Physical Education and Sport, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego (Bydgoszcz, Poland)., Corona Felice, Doctor of Sciences (Ph. D), Associate Professor, University of Salerno (Salerno, Italy)., Fathloun Mourad, Ph.D. Physical Education and Sport, Research Unit Evaluation and Analysis of Factors Influencing Sport Performance (Kef, Tunisia), Giovanis Vasilios, Ph. D. (Physical Education and Sport), Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, (Athens, Greece), Khudolii O.M., Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Kharkov National Pedagogical University (Kharkov, Ukraine), Ionova O.M., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, World Anthroposophical Society (Dornach, Switzerland), Kozina Z.L., Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Private University of Environmental Sciences (Radom, Poland), Kondakov V.L., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Belgorod State National Research University (Belgorod, Russia), Korobeynikov G.V., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine (Kiev, Ukraine), Nosko N.A., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, National Pedagogical University (Chernigov, Ukraine), Potop V., Doctor of Sciences in Physical Education and Sport, Professor, Ecological University of Bucharest (Bucharest, Romania), Prusik Katarzyna, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Academy of Physical Education and Sport (Gdans’k, Poland), Sobyanin F.I., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Belgorod State National Research University (Belgorod, Russia), Yan Wan J., Doctor of Sciences, Professor, College of Physical Education and Sports Science of Hebei Normal University (Shijiazhuang, China), Abdelkrim Bensbaa, Ph.D. MSc. Physical Education and Sport, Military Center of Physical Education and Sport (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates), Boychenko S.D., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Byelorussian State Academy of Physical Culture (Minsk, Byelorussia), Dmitriev S.V., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University (Lower Novgorod, Russia), Gőrner Karol, Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Matej Bel University (Banska Bystrica, Slovakia), Jorge Alberto Ramirez Torrealba, Ph. D. (Physical Education and Sport), Pedagogical University (Maracay, Venezuela), Leikin M.G., Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) in Technical Sciences, professor, centre «Gymnastics & Biomechanics» (Portland, USA),

150 2017 04 CONTENTS

Alpaslan Gorucu, Bekır Tokay, Adela Badau. The effects of three different type of exercises on aerobic and anaerobic power...... 152 Badau Adela. Study of somatic, motor and functional effects of practicing initiation programs in water gymnastics and swimming by students of physical education and sports ...... 158 Kolumbet A.N., Dudorova L.Y., Babina N.A., Bazulyuk T.A., Chernovsky S.M. Modeling of kayak athletes’ competition activity ...... 165 Mehmet Soyal, Selcen Korkmaz Eryılmaz, Metin Polat, Sami Aydoğan. Comparison of maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold in soccer and handball players...... 171 Osipov A.Yu., Kudryavtsev M.D., Iermakov S.S., Yanova M.G., Lepilina T.V., Plotnikova I.I., Dorzhieva O.S. Comparative analysis of effectiveness of some students’ physical culture training methodic ...... 176 Podrigalo L.V., Volodchenko A.A., Rovnaya O.A., Stankiewicz B. Analysis of martial arts athletes’ goniometric indicators ...... 182 Polevoy G. G. Training of motor rhythm in students, practicing football...... 189 Zuzda Jolanta Grażyna, Latosiewicz Robert, Augustyńska Beata. Risk assessment and level of physical activity of students in Poland...... 193 Information ...... 200

151 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

The effects of three different type of exercises on aerobic and anaerobic power Alpaslan Gorucu1, Bekır Tokay1, Adela Badau2 1 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey 2 Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Romania

Abstract Purpose: The study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of three different types of exercise: bicycling, plyometric and weight on aerobic and anaerobic power. Material: Sample size 30 students recreational athletes aged 23,19 years. The athletes were divided into 3 groups of 10 subjects (bicycle, plyometric, weight). The program for 6 weeks included: 3 different exercises planned for 30 minute/3 days/week. Body weight, vertical jump and 20-meter shuttle running tests were measured for each group. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS21.0: arithmetic averages and standard deviations; the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to determine the differences between the groups; the Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the group which result in the difference among the groups; Wilcoxon ‘s t test was used to determine pretest posttest differences within the groups. Results: As a result of the research, it was determined that the increase in the aerobic power levels of the bicycle and plyometric groups was significant (p<0.05), but the increase in the weight group was not significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: The different exercises practiced by all three groups significantly increased anaerobic power levels. When the aerobic and anaerobic power values of the three groups in each study were examined, it was found that only the increase of weight and plyometric groups was high level in favor of the weight group in terms of posttest aerobic power. Keywords: aerobic power, anaerobic power, bicycling, plyometric, weight.

Introduction1 Greek. Plyometric exercises are also defined as activities Motor activity provides multiple directions for requiring maximal effort, such as high-intensity depth research with a strong social impact, it is in direct jumps workouts [8]. relation to the technological development and the new The basis of the plyometric exercises is stretch scientific discoveries in related fields which determine the shortening cycle which allows the concentric contraction optimization of human motric potential [1]. Exercises not to increase during eccentric motion. Thus, the speed of only bring physical fitness to the highest level as well as the eccentric contraction movement is very significant for provide a longer, better quality of life, but also have many concentric contractions [9]. Leg pedaling exercises such positive effects on health [2]. as bicycling are generally preferred to increase muscle The effort capacity is a characteristic of the individual strength and endurance. Numerous studies have been who performs a motor activity and is appreciated by conducted to understand the development of leg muscle the duration of the effort, the mechanical work and its function and coordination and the clinical impact of opportunity [3]. In the field of adaptation to effort, from cycling exercise [10]. a conceptual point of view, the tendency is to replace the Isotonic training, that is weight trainings done notion of homeostasis with homeorhetis, which designates with weight training machines or free weight, is highly a complex of progressive balancing and rebalancing, preferred. Contrary to isometric exercises, isotonic materialized in modifications: plastic, functional, exercise provides a constant load during a movement. biochemical and technical [3]. Routine weight training can cause muscle tone, strength Scientific research in human motor field contributes and stamina to increase. It has also been shown to develop to knowledge about how our bodies perform, what is tendon and ligament strength [2]. the relationships between components of motor capacity Anaerobic exercises are defined as studies of the related to the factors of psyhic, social etc. [4]. It is highest possible oxygen borrowing capacity of the necessary to raise the quality of young people’s training. organism. In order to adequately stimulate the anaerobic Rather important are modern training methodic,permitting energy pathways, it is necessary to apply strongly dynamic for teachers to use new effective forms and methods of loads near the maxima. Oxygen and energy needs are physical education in educational process [5]. raised to the highest level, aiming to operate the organism Plyometric training is a type of muscle strength exercise under difficult conditions [11]. Aerobic exercises are that can improve basic physical strength. It has been defined as the ability of the organism to receive, transport extensively studied for its ability of improving exercise and use oxygen [11]. performance [6]. It is thought that the plyometric exercise Aerobic exercises have no effect on strength gain (2 or [7] which is defined as intense exercises performed with 3 times a week for 20 to 30 minutes, 75% of the maximal maximal force, that are performed to obtain physical heart rate) but can adversely affect the power increase [9]. performance changes for sportive activities, comes Purpose and hypothesis from word roots meaning plethysm or measure (plio) in The study was conducted with the aim of investigating © Alpaslan Gorucu, Bekır Tokay, Adela Badau, 2017 the effects of three different types of exercise: bicycling, doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0401 plyometric and weight on aerobic and anaerobic power. 152 2017 04 The hypothesis of the study started from the assumption squat machine, seated leg curll, leg extensions. that the implementation of 3 diferent programs bicycling Aerobic Capacity Test - 20 meter shuttle run test exercise, plyometric exercises and weight training will (VO2max measurement) (Table 2): A shuttle run test was have different effect on aerobic and anaerobic power on performed to measure the aerobics of the athletes. The the students recreationa athlets. athletes were running 20 m. The test was started at a slow running speed (8 km/h), the athlete started to run in the Materıal and Methods first signal and tried to reach the line until the 2nd signal. Participants: A total of 30 male students recreational When it hears the 2nd signal, it goes back to the starting athletes, age of 21,19 years, who did not practice line again. The running speed continued to increase by professional sports, actively fulfilled exercises for 3 days a 0.5 km/s every minute. When the athlete heard the signal, week for at least 2 hours and were voluntarily participated s/he tried to adjust his/her tempo to be at the other end of in the study. The subjects were selected from the athletes the track in the second signal. In the beginning, the slow who had not experienced any neurological, audiovisual speed gradually increased every 10 seconds. The athlete discomfort and serious injuries in the upper and lower continued to test if he missed a signal and reached second limbs during the past six months. At the beginning of the place. When the athlete misses two signals, the test is study, the athletes were told about the tests they would ended. be subject to in the scope of the research and a document Calculation of Anaerobic Power - High jump test regarding their voluntariness was signed. The sportsmen (Table 2) was applied to measure the anaerobic strength of were divided into groups considering the homogeneity, the athletes. Athletes first stood side by side and naturally and each group was consists from 10 students recreational stood at the edge of the wall. The point closest to the athletes. wall is marked with the uppermost point, and then the Procedure: The research was carried out between uppermost spot reached by jumping is determined. The February - May 2016. Exercises increasing quadriceps difference between the first point and the point reached and hamstring muscle strength were performed for 3 after the jump is measured in meters. Sportsmen were days per week for 6 weeks. In Table 1. we calculated the asked to jump twice. Based on the vertical jump values of ages, size and body weight. Size: Measurements of length the anaerobic power capacities of the athletes, these data (Welch Allyn) were made while the athlete was standing were calculated using the Lewis Formula. in a upright position. On the scale, the caliper sliding on the scale is adjusted to touch the head of the athlete and Anaerobic power (kg.m.sn) P=√4,9 x Body weight (kg) x√D the length is read with a sensitivity within 1 mm. Body Weight: Body weight measurements were made with a P=Anaerobic power (kg-m/s), vertical jump sensitivity within 20-gram bottle (Welch Allyn), with bare D=Vertical jump distance in meters, 4.9 is a constant feet and shorts only. coefficient (Günay et al., 2013). Training Procedure Bicycling exercise: In the (BE) exercise group, the Statistical Analysis: The statistical evaluation of the athletes were subjected to overexercise, corresponding to findings was performed with SPSS 21.0 computer package 75% of their maximal heart rate for 30 minutes, 3 times program, and the arithmetic mean and standard deviations a week for 6 weeks by with the BL 909D Starline brand of all parameters were excluded. The Kruskal-Wallis H stationary bicycle. The pulse rate of the athletes was test was used to determine group differences, and the calculated by 220 heart rate formula and the pulse interval Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the group was found and followed by the polar watch. from which the difference was derived. The Kruskal- Plyometric exercise: Plyometric exercise (PE) was Wallis H test was used to determine the differences done to the sportsmen, 3 sets of 10 repetitions for the between the groups and the Mann-Whitney U test was first three weeks, 3 sets of 15 repetitions for the last used to determine the group which result in the difference three weeks. 1 minute breaks between sets and 2 minutes among the groups because of the low number of total breaks between movements were given. The plyometric data (n=30). Wilcoxon’s t test was used to determine exercises that are performed by the athletes during 6 pretest posttest differences within the groups. P<0.05 was weeks of exercise are: skip jumping, squat jumping, considered as significant level. double jumping forward, single jumping forward, side jumping, depth jumping on the boxes, depth jumping Results performed between the boxes, split jump. 30 studetnts recreational athletes participated in the Weight training (WE): the athletes performed three study with the aim of investigating the effect of different sets of 10 repetitions of exercise movements. Athletes had types of exercise on aerobic and anaerobic power; Age, worked with 80% of the weight they could maximal in height, body weight, anaerobic and aerobic power values exercises. The weights that the athletes can take up 80% are given below in tabular form. each week were recalculated and worked. 1 rest between No statistically significant difference was found sets, 2 minutes rest between movements were given. The among age, height and body weight values between plyometric exercises that were performed by the athletes groups (p>0,05). during the 6-week exercise period were: Leg press, hack When the aerobic and anaerobic power values of the 153 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS cycling group were examined, a statistically significant Discussions difference was found between pretest and posttest values In this study, the effects of exercise programs (p<0.05) (Table 2). performed with three different types of exercise groups When the aerobic and anaerobic power values of performed 8 different pliometer bounce drills and the plyometric group were examined in the study, a four different leg weight exercises done with 80% of 1 statistically significant difference was found between Repetition Maximum (1RM) as well as did 30 minute pretest and posttest values (p<0.05) (Table 2). bicycle exercise with 75% pulse applied for 3 days a When the anaerobic power values of the weight group week throughout 6 weeks, over the isokinetic stregth of were examined in the study, a statistically significant quadriceps and hamstring muscles were investigated. difference was found in pretest and posttest values In the study, the anaerobic forces of all three groups (p<0.05) (Table 2) . were measured by the vertical jump applied before and When the weight group’s aerobic power values were after the exercises and the aerobic power were measured examined, there was no statistically significant difference by the 20 m shuttle running test (Table 2, 3). between pretest and posttest values, although there was a The research findings show that the anaerobic and significant increase in favor of posttest (p>0.05) (Table 2). aerobic powers of the bicycle group increased significantly When the aerobic and anaerobic power pretest and in favor of the post tests, according to pretest and posttest posttest values of the groups were examined in the results of force values (Table 2). study, no significant difference was found in all other The research supports this findings of Martinmäki measurements of the groups (p>0.05), although there was [12], reporting that the 6-week high intensity interval a significant increase in favor of posttest in aerobic power cycling training increases the jumping strength and measurements (p<0.05) (Table 3). according to the result of this research, the cycling

Table 1. The statistical analysis of the age (years), size (cm) and body weight (kg) of the groups

Groups Age (x±SD) Size (x±SD) Body Weight (x±SD) Bicycle (n=10) 21.20±1.39 176.01±4.63 74.42±9.11 Plyometric (n=10) 21.50±1.90 176.90±6.23 71.59±8.34 Weight (n=10) 21.00±1.05 177.43±7.37 76.13±10.54 x - mean arithmetic; SD - standard deviation; n – number of subjects. Table 2. The statistical analysis of the plyometric and weight groups aerobic-anaerobic power measurements pre and posttest values (n=10).

Group Items Pretest (x±SD) Posttest (x±SD) p Bicycle Anaerobic Power (kg.m/s) 116.55±11.63 122.83±12.80 0,000 Aerobic Power (ml.kg/min.) 356.31±2.29 385.51±2.88 0.004 Anaerobic Power (kg.m/s) 111,02±14,88 117,75±15,53 0,000* Plyometric Aerobic Power (ml.kg/min.) 382,65±3,04 423,61±5,43 0,007* Anaerobic Power (kg.m/s) 118,07±19,55 124,19±18,86 0,003* Weight Aerobic Power (ml.kg/min.) 363,51±3,85 381,03±4,11 0,145 x - mean arithmetic; SD - standard deviation; p - level of probability; *p<0,05. Table 3. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic power pretest-posttest among groups

Groups Pretest (x±SD) p Posttest (x±SD) p BG-PG 116.54±11.63 0.438 122.82±12.80 0.482 Anaerobic Power (kg.m/s) BG-WG 111.02±14.88 0.830 117.74±15.53 0.849 PG-WG 118.07±19.55 0.324 124.19±18.86 0.373 BG-PG 35.63±2.29 0.071 38.55±2.88 0.056 Aerobic Power (ml.kg/min.) BG-WG 38.26±3.041 0.611 42.36±5.43 0.816 PG-WG 36.35±3.85 0.183 38.10±4.11 0.034* x - mean arithmetic; SD - standard deviation; p - level of probability; *p<0,05; BG - Bicycle Group; PG - Plyometric Group; WG - Weight Group.

154 2017 04 group significantly increases the anaerobic power values 10 women significantly increased maximal oxygen use. according to the exercise end result. Another study On the one hand, while the anaerobic power values of the developed in 2017 concluded that a combined weight weight exercise group increased significantly in favor of training and plyometric training program could represent the post test, on the other hand the aerobic power values a more efficient method for improving activities which showed an increase in favor of the post test, there was no involve acceleration, deceleration and jumps compared to statistical significance between the pre test and post test. WT alone [13]. Rodríguez-Rosell [14] reported that only Adibpour et al. [22] found that power trainings performed 6 week of preseason low-volume and low-load resistance by 35 female basketball players for throughout 8 weeks training combined with plyometrics can lead to relevant combined with plyometric exercises performed 3 days for improvements in strength, jump, and sprint performance. a week positively affect the vertical jump performances Hellsten et al. [15] support our work by reporting that whih were used to determine anaerobic power. The result bicycle exercise has developed anaerobic power. Six of Storen et al. [23] showing that they did not achieve male students performed exercises with VO2max 90% in a significant increase in VO2max after maximal strength cycling ergonomics for 7 weeks investigated the effects training for 8 weeks were in parallel with our findings. of high intensity endurance exercises on isokinetic Hoff et al. [24] reported that maximal strength training muscle strength and at the end of training, they reported with 85% of maximum 1 repetition performed for 3 a significant increase in VO2max values [16]. Tabata et al. times a week for 8 weeks increased aerobic endurance reported that cycling exercises significantly increased the performance. Force training does not reduce VO2max,

VO2max value by performing them in medium degree of although it normally appears to be a disadvantage in (70%) 60 min [17]. The results of these studies support aerobic exercises [9]. our research findings. While the weighted training with these results Similar to the literature, the anaerobic and anaerobic produced a significant difference on the anaerobic power, power values of the pliometer group were significantly there was no significant increase in favor of the final test, increased in favor of the post tests. Study of Sağıroğlu although it increased the aerobic power values. et al. found that there was a significant increase in the When the aerobic and anaerobic power pretest and anaerobic power values in favor of the group performing posttest values of the groups were examined in our study, pliometer training for 3 days per week in the research altough there was a significant increase in favour of post in which one group trained for 3 days per week and test values of plyometric and weight groups (p<0.05), no other group trained 1 day per week In addition, it was significant difference was found in all other measurements determined that the plyometric training performed three of the groups (p>0.05). days a week was more effective on the anaerobic power and capacity than the plyometric training performed 1 day Conclusions a week. The reason for this is considered to be the effect All three groups showed an increase in aerobic power of the plyometric training frequency on the development levels, but the increase in cycling and plyometric exercise of anaerobic power [18]. Sağıroğlu et al. [19] reported a groups was found to be significant. Similarly, there was a positive increase in vertical jump performance, which was significant increase in anaerobic power in all three groups. used to determine anaerobic power of 6-week plyometric When the values of the plyometric and weight exercises in their study in which they used power exercises were examined between the groups, it was exercises combined with plyometric exercises performed determined that the increase in the aerobic power value for 3 days per week throughout 6 weeks. Ateş et al. [20] was significantly higher than the bicycle exercise group. found that a 10-week plyometric training with football training, has an a positive effect over anaerobic Powers of Conflict of interests 16-to 18-year-old footballers. Brown et al. [21] reported The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. that depth jumping exercises performed with 10 men and

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Information about the authors: Alpaslan Gorucu; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-7658; [email protected]; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Selcuk University; Alaeddin Keykubat Yerleşkesi Selçuklu, Karatay-Konya, 42030, Turkey.

Bekir Tokay; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0059-0736; [email protected]; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Selcuk University; Alaeddin Keykubat Yerleşkesi Selçuklu, Karatay-Konya, 42030, Turkey.

Badau Adela; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1656-5060; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures; Strada Gheorghe Marinescu 38, Târgu Mureș 540139, Romania. Cite this article as: Alpaslan Gorucu, Bekır Tokay, Adela Badau. The effects of three different type of exercises on aerobic and anaerobic power. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):152–157. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0401 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 08.07.2017 Accepted: 25.07.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

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Study of somatic, motor and functional effects of practicing initiation programs in water gymnastics and swimming by students of physical education and sports Badau Adela Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Romania

Abstract Purpose: The implementing within the academic physical education and sports curricula of a new discipline such as water gymnastics falls within the current trends of curriculum modernization. Purpose: The purpose of the study aims at evaluating the effects of driving, exercise-induced functional and somatic programs initiation of the gymnasts in the water compared to the effects specific to the initiation swimming. Material: research duration: two semesters / 14 practical courses. In the first semester the water gymnastics initiation program was implemented and in the second semester the swimming initiation program was implemented. Research Tests: Pretest in the first practical lesson of each semester and posttest in the last lesson of each semester. Participants: 34 male students, specializing in physical education and sport. Somatic, motor and functional assessment: weight, height, BMI, basal metabolism; H2O%, fat%, 2km UKK test, VO2max, fitness index. Statistical processing SPPS 20: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test, probability threshold. Results: improvements relevant to the aqua-gymnastics group: VO2max 7.07 ml/min/kg; Test duration 2km UKK 1.049 minutes; BMI 0.255; and the group of swimming VO2max 0.43 ml/min/kg; Duration 2km UKK 0.44 minutes; BMI 0.139. Conclusions: effects on the functional motor and exercise-induced somatic programs initiation water gymnastics are significantly superior to those of initiation in swimming. We recommend conducting further studies to assess the effects of gymnastics on water through differentiated programs on levels of physical training, age, and the use of various sporting materials. Keywords: aqua-gymnastics, swimming, fitness index, body fat percentage, VO2max, caloric intake.

Introduction1 two types of activities carried out in aquatic environment: Increasing the competitiveness of academic physical water gymnastics and swimming, addressed to students education (PE) can be achieved by implementing within from the physical education and sports specialization, the curricula of some innovative disciplines allowing the comprising modules of 14 practical lessons. The acquisition of additional professional knowledge and assessment was made on the ground since recent studies skills in accordance with the modern requirements and the have shown that VO2max test in water is a complex and expansion of practicing forms of physical activities [1]. difficult process that involves risks [5-9]. The place and the role of physical education in the We mention that within the curriculum of the Physical context of high quality integrated education are clearly Education and Sports Specialization Program of the defined and aimed at maximizing the human potential University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, imposed by the dynamics of modern society [2]. there are two aquatic disciplines: swimming and water The diversification of indoor aquatic activities was gymnastics, each with 7 theoretical courses and 14 possible owing to the influences of modern technology practical lessons which are conducted in two consecutive that created a series of materials and installations adapted semesters in the first year of study. to both aquatic environment with the targeted objectives The possibilities of the aquatic environment can and the peculiarities of sport practitioners. Introducing contribute to the active level of physical activity as a water gymnastics into university curriculum to students key contribution to health and aging that derives from from physical education specialization contributes to its special features, working at functional and aesthetic expanding and increasing the attractiveness of aquatic levels [10]. activities. By the curricular extension of aquatic activities Regarding the efficiency of the swimming we aimed at training new motor skills and teaching methodology to physical education students, Dragan competences to students from physical education and Toskić and colleagues, (2013) [11] concludes that the sports. study has shown that some other methods and forms Education should be directed to the needs of the of organization can provide better results than those knowledge society to the problems that emerge from the achieved within the current method of work, since, as current modern context that applies in the future [3]. mentioned at the beginning, the role of the university, The human motor behavior appears as a complex faculty and teacher is to encourage students and enable chain of movements, attitudes, or postures whereby a them to realize their abilities so that they can be awarded man adapts to different ever changing environmental the highest grades possible. conditions [4]. In 2008 Statkevicienė B. and collab., [12] conducted The topicality of our research consists of comparing a study that targeted the level of performance in different the functional and somatic adaptive effects induced by swimming techniques correlated with anthropometric © Badau Adela, 2017 indices for young people aged 18 (years). doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0402 158 2017 04 The aquatic environment presents physical properties the first semester the students were initiated and evaluated that facilitate the diversification of movements, among in water gymnastics discipline, and in the second semester which buoyancy allows three-dimensional movements in swimming discipline - the initiation course. Each and positions that can not be reproduced on the ground, discipline included a total of 14 practical lessons of 90 stimulating the sensory area of ​​the central nervous minute duration and 7 theoretical courses. system. This force facilitates the possibility of multiple In the study framework two tests were carried out, as combinations of movement in various plans [13]. follows: Water gymnastics is an optimal combination of: basic - In water gymnastics discipline, the pre-test was and aerobic gym exercises, fitness, stretching and hydro- applied in the first week of semester I, and the post- massage, aiming mainly at improving the harmonious test in the 14th week of the semester; physical development, the posture and the motor and - In swimming discipline, the pre-test was applied in functional ability. Water gymnastics is an innovative the first week of the second semester, and the post- activity of motor education technology, adapting to specific test in the 14th week of the semester. age and training specificities as well as to individual and - The operational water gymnastics programs have group preferences, contributing to the optimal change in been differentiated all along the first semester on three behaviors and physical capabilities. value modules according to the degree of difficulty, Specialists in the field of motor activities consider that the intensity and the complexity of the systems: the innovative and attractive use of environments to carry beginners, intermediates and advanced ones. out the activities, of the modern methods and technologies - beginner level – in a four-lesson period free, simple will contribute to the curricular optimization and the skills or complex exercises were performed, aiming to improvement of the future specialists [1,10,14]. familiarize with the aquatic environment and to learn the specific gymnastics motor skills; the programs’ Purpose and hypothesis choreography was simple; Formulating the hypothesis we started from the - intermediate level- in a six-lesson period exercises assumption that initiation in the exercise of water with a higher complexity were included through the gymnastics programs has superior functional and somatic use of sports objects: palm, dumbbells of 1kg, a pull/ beneficial effects compared to initiation in swimming push plate , sandbags attached to the ankles; mid- practice, during 14 practical lessons per semester, to level choreography; students in the first year of study from the specialization - advanced level- in a four-lesson period exercises of physical education and sport. with a degree of difficulty, the acting intensity and The study aims to determine the functional and somatic complexity were higher and the choreography more changes induced by practicing two types of aquatic complex, using materials and equipment such as: physical activities: water gymnastics and swimming plates, dumbbells weight varying between 2 kg, to students from the physical and sports education palmars of greater surface, steppers etc.; elaborate specialization, first year of study. The functional changes choreography. targeted: the vital capacity by the indicator VO2max and the The curriculum content of the swimming discipline, fitness index which stands for the motor ability level; the conducted during the second semester, included the somatic changes: BMI, the body fat and water percentage classic program of 12 lessons of initiation in the technical in relation to the differentiated caloric intake of the two execution of swimming procedures: crawl, backstroke physical aquatic activities- gymnastics in water and and breaststroke. swimming. Tests applied: Before the start of the motor test, the anthropometric measurement of the subjects, using Material and methods the magnetic impedance scale, aimed at the following Participants: The research included a number of 34 parameters: height (cm), weight (kg), percentage of fat male students from Physical Education and Sports, 1st (%) and percentage of water (%). In order to evaluate year, from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy the functional capacity it was applied the 2km UKK test, in Tirgu Mures. The research subjects did not practice designed by the Finnish physician Dr. Kenneth Cooper swimming as a performance sport, their average age [16], a testing component of Eurofit adult test battery, 22.60 ± 1.95 years, average height 1.80 ± .07 meters. All which consists of 2 km brisk walking in the open air or participants in this study were volunteers. indoors on the treadmill with a platform’s tilt index to “0”. Procedure: The research was conducted during the We opted for the 2km UKK test because it responds to the academic year 2015-2016 at Salus Spa per Aqua within study’s objective of measuring overall functional capacity Targu Mures University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and can be applied to both aquatic activities that suppose which is equipped with a swimming pool 1.3 - 2.5 m different body positions and different types of effort. The deep, 25 m long, 6 Standard lanes. The swimming pool’s required parameters to evaluate the 2km UKK walking design allows practicing gymnastics in water over a third test were: IMC, age, height, heart rate, and test performing of the pool’s length where the depth is 1.3 m, and then it duration. It starts with a slight warming up, the emphasis increases progressively. is on the lower limbs, and then it takes a regular cadence, The research was conducted during two semesters, in about 200 meters, until it sets an individually acceptable 159 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS pace. Once the test is started, the time taken to cover the the treadmill, declined by 1049 minutes in water 2 km is counted and the heart rate value is recorded at the gymnastics group and by 0.44 minutes in swimming end of the test. group; Based on the results of the 2km UKK test, the fitness - The heart rate (HR) recorded at the end of the test, index (IF) was calculated according to the formula: showed an improvement of 8.733 beats / minute for water gymnastics and only 0.5 beats per minute for IF (men) = 420 - (11.6 min + 0.2 sec + 0.56 HR +2.6 swimming; BMI) + 0.2 years - Concerning % RH, which is an important indicator to determine the work stress, it decreased by 4.508% in Where: HR - heart rate at the end of the test within water gymnastics and by only 0.258% in swimming, one minute; Years - the age of subjects; BMI-weight which is relevant for a more efficient adaptation to (kg) / height (m) squared. Interpretation of UKK 2K test effort for water gymnastics compared to swimming; results: Depending on the correlation with UKK Institute - The distance resulting from the 2 km distance scores, it has five levels of appreciation: <70 well below transformation, specific to the UKK test, and the test the average; 70 - 89 somewhat below average; 90 - 110 time, reported at 60 min, increased by 0.435 in water average; 110 - 130 something above average; > 130 well gymnastics compared to 0.013 km in swimming; above average. - BMI - all the subjects in both tests were within a The maximum quantity of oxygen measured in ml / normal weight > 25, and after the research experiment min / kg (VO2max) included the following parameters: age, there was a decrease of 0.255 in water gymnastics BMI, the time obtained in 2 km UKK walking test (min.) group and of 0.139 in swimming group; and the heart rate at the end of the test, it was calculated - The fitness index (IF) recorded a significant by the formula: improvement of 17.725 units in water gymnastics group and only 1.075 units in swimming group. The

VO2max (men) = 184.9 - 4.65 time - HR 0.22 - 0.26 years difference is justified by the required effort in water - 1.05 BMI gymnastics activity during which sports teaching materials were used; they require superior/higher

Interpretation of VO2max for 20-29 years on assessment efforts for their handling compared to the effort needed levels is: decreased <25 – Insufficient; 25 – 33 – Average; at the initiation swimming lessons. In initial testing 34 – 42 – Good; 43 – 52 - Excellent. Where: HR = HR / done at the beginning of the first semester, subjects HRmax X 100. were within an average fitness level and at the final Basal metabolism (BM) reflected by the caloric testing they ascended to something above average requirement of the subject’s weight and age, according to level of appreciation. During the holiday period the following formula: between semesters IF level fell to average which was maintained during the second semester, when the BM = 66.47 + 13.75 X Weigt X 5 X (100 X H) -6.76 X practical works of swimming discipline took place;

years - The vital capacity through the indicator VO2max recorded a significant improvement after practising Statistical processing water gymnastics: 7.07 ml / min / kg, in the first For statistical calculations, we used SPSS 20.0 for semester of the academic year, starting from the Windows. The statistical analysis included determination score well to initial testing and reaching the score of the following: the arithmetic mean (x) and the standard excellent in the final testing. This improvement of the deviation (SD) (Table 1). The calculation of statistical vital capacity achieved in the first semester was also significance between the pre-test and the post-test on the reflected on the initial test in the swimming activity ground targeted, apart from the difference of the arithmetic performed in the second semester, making it possible means of SD, the t-test student too, the significance for subjects to fall within an excellent level in both threshold p, for p <.05 (Table 2). tests, with a difference between them of 0.43 ml / min / kg; Results - The basal metabolism (BM) by the calories As a result of the research done by calculating the consumption indicator was improved by 11.092 arithmetic mean difference between the two tests, there calories after practicing gymnastics in water and by were significant differences in values after conducting 6646 cal. in swimming, which means a body adaptation water gymnastics lessons compared to those provided to the effort specific to both aquatic activities; in the course of practical classes from the swimming - The body water quantity whose value was calculated discipline, the basic course as follows (Table 1): by a standard electronic scale recorded a decreased - Body weight, after practicing gymnastics in water, retention of 0.134 liters after exercise in water and of decreased by 0.814 kg compared to 0.483 kg after 0173 liters after swimming; swimming lessons, the subjects having a normal - The body fat was reduced by 0.337% after practicing weight in both tests; gymnastics in water and by 0.186% after swimming. - The time obtained to run the 2km UKK test on The analysis of the differences between the tests 160 2017 04 Table 1. Descriptive statistics for the results of the tests of somatic and functional for aqua-gymnastics group and swimming group, pretest and post-test

Aqua - gymnastics Swimming Items Tests X ± SD X ± SD Pretest 78.62 ± 7.93 78.18 ± 7.49 Weight (kg) Posttest 77.81 + 7.48 77.70 ± 7.04 Pretest 16.13 ± 1.00 15.91 ± .75 Duration 2km UKK (min.) Posttest 15.08 ± .66 15.47 ± .76 Pretest 126.26 ± 10.74 124.26 ± 7.67 HR (pulse / min) Posttest 117.53 ± 6.59 123.76 ± 7.37 Pretest 65.18 ± 5.52 64.16 ± 3.98 HR(%) Posttest 60.67 ± 3.40 63.90 ± 3.82 Pretest 7.46 ± .47 7.76 ± .44 Distance 2km UKK (km) Posttest 7.97 ± .35 7.77 ± .38 Pretest 24.07 ± 2.13 23.94 ± 2.03 BMI Posttest 23.81 ± 1.87 23.80 ± 2.00 Pretest 103.87 + 16.34 112.50 ± 14.31 Fitness level Posttest 121.59 ± 11.40 113.58 ± 13.33 Pretest 50.93 ± 6.74 54.40 ± 5.92 VO (ml / min / kg) 2max Posttest 58.00 ± 4.77 54.83 + 5.54 Pretest 1898.59 ± 130.62 1892.09 ± 125.58 BM (Calories) Posttest 1887.50 ± 127.12 1885.45 ± 118.91 Pretest 50.98 ± 4.22 50.83 ± 4.21 % H O (%) 2 Posttest 51.12 ± 3.85 51.00 ± 4.20 Pretest 25.52 ± 7.86 25.48 + 7.87 % Fat (%) Posttest 25.18 + 6.58 25.30 ± 7.37 X - mean arithmetic; SD - standard deviation. Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the results of the tests of somatic and functional for aqua-gymnastics and swimming groups, between pretest and post-test

Aqua - gymnastics Swimming Items Tests X ± SD T P X ± SD T P Weight (kg) Pretest-posttest .80 ± 1.07 4.12 .00 .48 ± 1.16 2.27 .03 Duration 2km UKK (min.) Pretest-posttest 1.04 ± .45 12.59 .00 -.56 ± .40 -7.63 .00 HR (pulse / min) Pretest-posttest 8.73 ± 4.85 9.85 .00 .50 ± 1.07 2.54 .01 HR% Pretest-posttest 4.50 ± 2.49 9.88 .00 .25 ± .55 2.55 .01 Distance 2km UKK (km) Pretest-posttest -50 ± .18 -14.58 .00 -0.1 ± .15 -45 .65 BMI Pretest-posttest .25 ± .34 4.00 .00 .13 ± .33 2.23 .03 Fitness level Pretest-posttest -17.72 ± 6.02 -16.12 .00 -1.07 ± 3.96 -1.48 .14

VO2max (ml / min / kg) Pretest-posttest -7.06 ± 2.41 -16.01 .00 -43.3 ± 1.55 -1.51 .14 MB (calories) Pretest-posttest 11.09 ± 14.73 4.12 .00 6.64 ± 15.99 2.27 .03

% H 2 O (%) Pretest-posttest -13.3 ± 1.33 -.54 .58 -17.7 .94 -1.00 .32 % Fat (%) Pretest-posttest .33 ± 2.53 .72 .47 .18 ± .71 1.43 .16 X - mean arithmetic; SD - standard deviation; T - test-t; P <0.05 by test-t calculation (Table 2) revealed a strong parameters: weight, duration of 2km, cardiac / heart rate statistical significance in the aqua-gymnastics group capacity through HR indicators after effort, % HR, BMI at the parameters: weight, duration of the test, heart and MB. After practicing swimming through 2km UKK rate, distance, BMI, IF, VO2max, and basal metabolism test, there were statistically insignificant differences, for parameters and insignificant at the parameters of body p <0.05, at the following parameters: the distance relative water and the amount of fat in the body. In terms of to the time, IF, the vital capacity through the indicator swimming, the analysis of the differences between the VO2max, the amount of water and fat in the body. two tests reflected statistically significant differences in

161 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Discussions 50%, at 150 beats / min hard, VO2max 75% and above Studies on the improvement of cardio-respiratory this value the perception is very hard, and the effort is capacity and of body composition following gymnastics anaerobic, which is not indicated in this type of activity. in water have been performed by numerous authors [12, According to the Romanian Swimming Federation, 15-18]. six effort zones have been differentiated according to their Many authors have quantified the results of reducing intensity, the first four zones aiming at speed swimming, the cardiac frequency in the aquatic environment between: performance resistance with predominantly anaerobic 17 p / m while finding that the biological benefits of and mixed, zone 5 is aimed at intensity effort between similar programs, compared to the aquatic environment 60-85% and the sixth one refers to the lower aerobic effort and the ground have recorded FC values by 13% lower in zone: It is the area of the compensatory effort, the heart the aquatic environment [19-21]. rate is below 120 beats/ min; It has utility in learning and Taking into account the results obtained in numerous improving the technique, in warming up and post-effort studies, it has been agreed by the specialists in the field relaxation [32]. that FC effort values in the aquatic environment compared A study of the fitness index using the same 2Km to the values recorded in exercises on the ground should UKK test at Ukrainian students from Physical Education always be reduced by 10,17 beats / minute to work in an showed a value of 101.89, an inferior value compared to optimal area so as to produce the desired effects. our students at the initial test, which was 103.87 [22]. Studies on the dynamics of physiological indicators, The education should be changed. This change is VO2max, heart rate, fitness index, on people aged 20- produced under the influence of the pedagogical tradition 26 years old after swimming have been performed by that of the contemporary word problem and the future numerous field researchers [17, 22, 23, 24] who found out being aware that future order to the present [33]. improvements in the vital and cardiac capacity. Exercises with portable objects have the role to Conclusions amplify the effects of general physical development The results of the research confirm the hypothesis, exercises of the body, allowing a more precise control of so values ​​referring to the somatic indexes, the functional the movements of the segments and the body as a whole motor indexes recorded by the aqua-gymnastics group [10]. were superior compared to those in the swimming group. Determinations of harmony and body composition The functional, motor and somatic effects induced by through IMC, %fat, %water in the body, with direct effect practicing initiation programs in water gymnastics have on caloric consumption after practicing a physical activity, significantly higher effects than practicing an initiation have been achieved through numerous studies showing program in swimming. Superior results recorded by the positive effects if they are practiced systematically and students from the physical education and sports program under the guidance of specialists [18, 25]. in the framework of this research through the exercise A study conducted on boys practicing recreational of water gymnastics programs are the result of the swimming, of relatively equal age to the subjects of our specific methodology that allows for a variation of effort research [23] revealed that the average value of VO2max and a diversification of the content higher than the one is around 45.59 ± 9.32 ml / kg.min, without obtaining a conducted for the initiation programs in swimming. significant progress after testing in consecutive days after Gymnastics in water allows for the customization practicing the crawl swimming procedure. of programs according to the physical level of subjects, Regarding the energy consumption, it was found and and the use of sports materials allows for an efficient it is recognized that it is inferior in water compared to the and varied effort dosing, contributing to the optimization ground, due to the cardiac frequency, which for the same of the somatic, motor and functional capacity of the type of effort is inferior, by the neuromuscular activity of practitioners. the postural muscles [26, 27]. We recommend conducting further studies to assess In recreational aquatic motor activities, according the effects of gymnastics in water on other groups of to the existing studies, the higher the number of limbs students through differentiated programs by levels of involved in motion, the more concomitant the body’s physical training, age and the use of various sporting response to effort is observed [28, 29]. materials. The effort in water gymnastics is aerobic and depends on the objectives and materials used, so the researchers Conflict of interests [30-31] noticed that at a heart rate of 110 beats per minute The author declares that there is no conflict of interests. the effort self-perception is quite slight, with a VO2max of

40%, at a value of 130 beats per minute it is hard, VO2max

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VO2max of physical education students, Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport, Science,

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Information about the author: Badau Adela; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1656-5060; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures; Strada Gheorghe Marinescu 38, Târgu Mureș 540139, Romania.

Cite this article as: Badau Adela. Study of somatic, motor and functional effects of practicing initiation programs in water gymnastics and swimming by students of physical education and sports. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):158–164. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0402 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 22.05.2017 Accepted: 10.06.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

164 2017 04 Modeling of kayak athletes’ competition activity Kolumbet A.N., Dudorova L.Y., Babina N.A., Bazulyuk T.A., Chernovsky S.M. Kiev National University of Technology and Design, Ukraine

Abstract Purpose: determination of correlations between parameters of special and technical fitness of kayak athletes’ on 500 meters’ distance. Material: in the research 29 elite athletes participated. We studied characteristics of athletes’ coordination structure in natural conditions and laboratory experiment. Results: significant influence of specific adaptive reactions on workability dynamic and sport results is noted. Constant reduction of power is connected with lactate, pyruvate and other under-oxidation products’ accumulation in athlete’s muscles. 500 meters’ distance passing in alternative regime of motor activity permits for athletes to achieve higher level of special workability. We studied four variants of 500 meters’ competition distance passing. Most of athletes pass this distance by third variant (46% of all tested athletes) 21% - by the first variant; 14% - by second variant and 19% by the forth. Conclusions: achievement of high sport result is facilitated by optimal structure of competition functioning, which corresponds to the following: speed power qualities and special endurance; individual features of athletes; specific of physical qualities’ manifestation, when passing definite distance. Keywords: rowing, kayak, motor technique, bio-mechanics, lactate, blood.

Introduction1 distance speed in the state of fatigue still remain to be not Perfection of elite athletes’ training implies cleared [8]. improvement of their results on competition distance [17, Besides, working out of bio-mechanical pre-conditions 29]. It requires objective information about dynamic of for optimization of competition activity’s structure is of athletes’ special and technical fitness indicators, when they practical importance [31]. This problem touches wide pass distance [8]. High results in rowing are conditioned circle of questions, connected with searching of laws of by psychic and physical qualities’ level; by athletes’ individual adaptive reactions’ manifestation in system of technical fitness [5]. Athletes’ technical fitness is regarded movements [18]. Their differentiated character depends as a component of one, in which technical decisions are on structure of different physical qualities’ development closely interconnected with athlete’s other potentials [10, [32]. 16]. Besides, it is necessary to consider environmental The purpose of the work is determination of conditions, in which sport action is fulfilled [3, 13]. correlations between parameters of special and technical Of not less importance are the following factors: fitness of kayak athletes’ on 500 meters’ distance. − Optimization of physical loads [11, 12, 28]; − Consideration of athlete’s individual characteristics Material and methods [6, 7, 30]; Participants: in the research 29 elite athletes − Selection of adequate means of pedagogic control participated. [19, 26]; Organization of the research: coordination structure − Consideration of workability dynamic in recreation of athletes’ movements was studied in natural conditions processes [23, 24]; and laboratory experiment. − Simulation of athletes’ training process and separate The loads were created by row ergo-meter «Paddlelite». elements of movements [9, 14]; The athletes fulfilled the following regimes of work: 1) − Prediction of athlete’s successfulness in sport activity alternative regime at low speed of boat and power of work [21, 22, 27]; on start (A); 2) alternative regime at low speed of boat − Consideration of training’s didactic laws [1, 2, 4]. and power of work on finish (B); 3) alternative regime at In practice of training there is acute demand in high speed of boat and power of work on start and finish informative, scientifically substantiated criteria for and low – in the middle of distance (C); 4) even mode of assessment of athletes’ technical fitness. They required passing distance (D). for operative, current and stage-by-stage control. Besides, In our work we used complex method of biomechanical they are important for working out and implementation researches. We studied: dynamic of kinematic and of new modern means and methods of movements’ dynamic forces, applied to paddle; pressure on kayak correction. Means of increase of elite rowers’ rowing seat; goniogram of torso’s work; acceleration grams of technique shall also be studied. hands’ movements in frontal and vertical axes; instant In scientific works qualitative and quantitative changes speed of boat; bio-electrical activity of arms’, torso’s, of athletes’ technique under influence of complex of back and abdomen muscles. Amplitude and frequency factors have been found [25, 29]. These factors determine of bio-potentials’ oscillations; rhythm structure of bio- conditions of realization of athletes’ motor potential in electrical activity; integrative bio-electrical activity of competition process [15]. But factors, conditioning high muscles were registered. We calculated indicators of © Kolumbet A.N., Dudorova L.Y., Babina N.A., Bazulyuk T.A., motor functioning’s effectiveness and efficiency, as well Chernovsky S.M., 2017 as variability of movements [9]. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0403 165 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

We also registered the following: pulse (fh); oxygen left and right sides confidently correlates with boat speed consumption (VO2) and release of carbon dioxide; only at the end of distance. quantity (A) and power (N) of fulfilled work. Besides, we In the process of competition distance passing found lactate level (Lac) вin athlete’s blood (on 30th, 60th significance of different factors of athlete’s special fitness and 90th seconds). After finishing work we determined changes. The most informative indicators of special oxygen debt and took blood samples. After every stop fitness are: and recreation the work was repeated from the start and - on start – power; functional shifts; efficiency of the following was found: oxygen value of unit of work work;

(VO2/А); oxygen demand for the fulfilled work (ZO2); - On finish –effectiveness of used forces; symmetry of oxygen deficit DO( 2). movements. Statistical analysis: in processing of experimental We found differences between correlations of data we found: mean values of indicators and their errors dynamic of forces’ application to paddle and muscles’ (X±m); difference between mean values and confident of characteristics activity. It depends on passing of one or differences (t, p) as well as the value of dispersion around another part of distance (50-150 m; 200-300 m; 400- mean value (σ, CV). Also we found correlation between 500 m). Maximal forces at the beginning of distance are the studied indicators (r). ensured by activity of abdomen oblique muscles. Distance In our complex pedagogic, bio-mechanical and speed is ensured by maximal forces, electrical activity of biological testing we followed legislation of Ukraine on pectoralis major muscle and latissimus dorsi. On finish health protection, Helsinki declaration 2000, directive the role of rear beam deltoid muscle increases. With it, №86/609 of European community about human the role of the outer oblique muscles and pectoralis major participation in medical-biological researches. muscles increases. But the role of latissimus dorsi reduces. Passing of the beginning of distance by athlete is Results characterized by maximal usage of mass-inertia properties The following indicators have confident level of of torso rotation. In the middle of distance the pulling dependence on boat speed on all the distance: component of force is realized. It is ensured by activity - Power, released by athlete in stroke and in rowing of latissimus dorsi. With it, reaching of maximal rigidness cycle; of forces’ transmission from torso to arms and paddle - Time of forces application in stroke; boat’s run as accented. Achievement of maximal working effect during stroke; at finish is ensured by activity of frontal and rear beam - Rowing temp; deltoid muscles. The similar tendency was noted in the Athlete’s power is of decisive importance at the character of ensuring of average forces. However, at the beginning of distance and in its middle. By the end of beginning of distance their value depends on character of the distance effectiveness of athlete’s forces (boat’s run pectoralis major muscles’ activity. during stroke and time of forces application in stroke) The change of special fitness structure directly take the first place. influences on the structure of athletes’ competition Significance of rowing temp has average correlation activity. High result directly depends on athlete’s physical and reduces at finish. Maximal forces, applied to paddle qualities. blade, and pulse have confident correlation with boat After period of training for non profile qualities, athletes speed only at the beginning of distance (50-150 m from demonstrated reduction of effectiveness of competition start). The quantity of work in rowing cycle and mean functioning distance component. Effectiveness of other value of forces in strokes loose their significance on components increased insignificantly. In athletes with finish. Difference in maximal forces between strokes from prevalence of speed-power qualities effectiveness

Table 1. Dynamic of special fitness indicators on 500 meters’ distance, passed by athletes with different correlation between speed-power qualities and special endurance

500 Athlete Indicators 100 m 200 m 300 m 400 m m Boat speed, m/sec. 5,0 4,2 3,8 3,9 4,8 Released power, kgm/sec. 45 42 36 37 42 Prevalence of special endurance Difference in forces’ impulses on paddle blade in strikes from different sides of kayak, 0,8 0,7 0,5 0,6 2,0 kg/sec. Boat speed, m/sec. 4,5 3,9 3,5 3,45 3,35 Prevalence of Released power, kgm/sec. 39 32 30 29 27 speed-power Difference in forces’ impulses on paddle qualities blade in strikes from different sides of kayak, 1,2 1,1 0,2 0,1 0,2 kg/sec

166 2017 04 of start component of competition functioning Its maximal activity is reached approximately by the 50th reduced. Effectiveness of finish component increased meter of the distance. This energy supply prevalence is insignificantly. The same changes took place in athletes sustained during 100-120 m. with prevalence of special endurance. After period of Specific features of such distance passing are as speed-power qualities’ training effectiveness of distance follows: finish component reduces with insignificant increase of - Achievement of maximal oxygen consumption speed start. Such orientation of training process does not result by the finish; in rising of sport results (r=0.73; р>0.05). - Constant lactate concentration in blood; In table 2 we present the data of two athletes: one - Higher oxygen demand on start and on finish; athlete has domination of speed-power qualities and the - Constant reduction of oxygen deficit increment with second – has domination of endurance. With passing approaching finish (see table). distance the first athlete demonstrates increase of forces When working in regime (A) after not intensive start application to paddle blade’s effectiveness. Than the acceleration athlete reaches maximal power of work (see effectiveness reduces and on finish – again increases. table 3). The second athlete has quite opposite changes of these In this period, in organism maximal functional changes indicators: effectiveness of forces application to paddle take place. By the middle of distance full exhaustion of blade reduces and than increases. On finish forces again creatine phosphate reserves happens as well as maximally reduce and motor asymmetry increases. Aptitude to possible accumulation of lactate in working muscles. development of some qualities imprints on dynamic of It results in reduction of power on the next parts of special fitness indicators. In the process of middle length distance. Reduction of power results in intensive lactate distance passing (500 and 1000 m in kayak rowing) there removal from working muscles (utilization with muscular are certain laws, which do not permit for athlete to fulfill contraction and diffusion in blood). On finish (see table 3) all components of competition functioning at high level. athlete can again increase the power of fulfilled work. For Four variants of 500 meters distance passing have such regime it is characteristic the following: been found: 1) alternative regime at low speed of boat - Complete usage of all athlete’s potentials; and power of work on start (A); 2) alternative regime - Accumulation of great oxygen debt; at low speed of boat and power of work on finish (B); - Accumulation of great lactate concentration in blood; 3) alternative regime at high speed of boat and power - Long period of sustaining of high special workability. of work on start and finish and low – in the middle of Other alternative regime (B) (see table 4) is a little bit distance (C); 4) even mode of passing distance (D).) worse in comparison with previous one. It is explained by Most of athletes pass this distance by third variant demand in higher intensity of energy supply mechanisms (46% of all tested athletes) 21% - by the first variant; 14% on start and impossibility to fulfill the work with high - by second variant and 19% by the forth. power on finish. But from position of tactical tasks this When passing distance (in the mode of higher power variant can be acceptable for athletes with speed-power at start and finish – regime C) we registered complete qualities’ prevalence. usage of creatine phosphate energy supply mechanisms. Even passing of distance (D) is the most unfavorable,

Table 2. Bio-energetic indicators of athletes, when fulfilling two minutes’ loads on row ergo-meter (regime C)

Indicators 10 m 125 m 250 m 375 m 500 m N, kgm/min 300 500 650 850 1150

ZO2, l 3,30 2,60 2,40 2,50 2,60 Lac, mg % 74 77 83 90 96 -1 fh, min 123 155 168 176 187

∆DО2, l 0,62 0,41 0,25 0,15 0,01

Legend: N – power of fulfilled work; ZО2 – oxygen demand for fulfilled work; DО2 – oxygen debt; Lac – lactate concentration in blood; fh –pulse. Table 3. Bio-energetic indicators of athletes, when fulfilling two minutes’ loads on row ergo-meter (regime A)

Indicators 10 m 125 m 250 m 375 m 500 m N, kgm/min 200 350 500 600 300

ZO2, l 1,01 2,52 2,73 2,22 2,51 Lac, mg % 63 80 94 100 106 -1 fh, min 143 174 180 182 188

∆DО2, l 0,41 0,51 0,32 0,25 0,42 Legend: the same as in table 2.

167 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Table 4. Bio-energetic indicators of athletes, when fulfilling two minutes’ loads on row ergo-meter (regime B)

Indicators 10 m 125 m 250 m 375 m 500 m N, kgm/min 200 500 600 600 650

ZO2, l 2,31 2,12 2,13 1,92 1,41 Lac, mg % 70 76 87 94 98 -1 fh, min 135 168 175 179 179

∆DО2, l 0,28 0,22 0,21 0,18 0,01 Legend: the same as in table 2. Table 5. Bio-energetic indicators of athletes, when fulfilling two minutes’ loads on row ergo-meter (regime D)

Indicators 10 m 125 m 250 m 375 m 500 m N, kgm/min 200 400 500 600 650

ZO2, l 2,50 2,21 1,98 1,97 1,98 Lac, mg % 64 75 83 89 91 -1 fh, min 85 179 184 187 190

∆DО2, l 1,25 0,90 0,57 0,40 0,45 Legend: the same as in table 2. because actually the power of fulfilled work constantly example, in supporting phase effective part is 54% and reduces. With it, boat speed can not have tendency to not effective - 19%; not supporting phase is 27% from reduction on finish. That is why power reduction is total time of stroke. Between stroke power and boat speed compensated by increase of effectiveness of forces’ there is no direct functional dependence. In some works application to paddle blade and improvement of motor it was determined that maximal force increment does not symmetry. For such regime it is characteristic: always result in boat speed increase. Stroke effectiveness -Constant accumulation of lactate in blood; to larger extent is determined by mean force, released in - Insignificant increase of oxygen consumption speed; supporting phase. - Practically linear increasing of pulse; The received by us results do not agree with - Stoppage of oxygen deficit increment by finish (see conclusions of a number of authors that in racing the table 5). one and same groups of muscles work [8]. The muscles, Constant reduction of power is connected with participating in rowing on one boat’s side are not active accumulation of lactate, pyruvate and other under- in not supporting phase after this stroke. They are also oxidation products in athlete’s muscles. Distance passing not active during stroke from the other side [16, 31]. It is in alternative regime of motor functioning permits for proved by our researches. athletes to achieve higher level of special workability. Achievement of high boat speed by athletes is conditioned by the whole complex of interactions between Discussion parameters of motor functioning. Our research confirms High sport results are achieved by combination of the opinion of specialists about change of some kinematic rational strike technique and athlete’s high physical and and dynamic characteristics of rowers’ movements. functional fitness. In the process of racing, during every stroke kayak Conclusions: undergoes speed oscillations at the account of athlete’s 1. Sustaining of high workability level in passing all dynamic movements and different values of force impulse, 500 meters’ distance on kayaks is impossible. applied to paddle blade. S.J. Kendal, R.H. Sanders [13] 2. Dynamic of workability and sport results are found that mean speed of kayak varies in the range 4.63- significantly influenced by specific adaptive reactions. 5.38 m/sec. In supporting period of stroke blade plunges 3. High sport results’ achievement is facilitated by in water and during the whole stroke creates propulsion optimal structure of competition functioning. force (projection on horizontal plane of paddle blade’s 4. Optimal structure of competition functioning shall thrust). As a result boat speed increases, the frontal part correspond to the following: of boat “comes out” of water. In not supporting period - Development of speed-power qualities and special propulsion force is absent and boat “dives” again. Thus, endurance; mean speed of boat is a result of action of propulsion - Athletes’ individual features; force and the forces resisting boat’s movement in water. - Specificities of physical qualities’ manifestation in Specialists point at the following: propulsion coefficient distance passing. is very stable indicators, while strength and endurance of muscular groups can noticeably change during racing. Conflict of interests Specialists found duration of stroke phases [3]. For The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

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Information about the authors: Kolumbet A.N.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8775-4232; [email protected]; Kiev National University of Technology and Design; st. Nemirovich-Danchenko, 2, Kiev, 14013, Ukraine.

Dudorova L.Y.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6263-4995; [email protected]; Kiev National University of Technology and Design; st. Nemirovich-Danchenko, 2, Kiev, 14013, Ukraine.

Babina N.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9777-4827; babynatg @3mail.ru; Kiev National University of Technology and Design; st. Nemirovich-Danchenko, 2, Kiev, 14013, Ukraine.

Bazulyuk T.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-6302; [email protected]; Kiev National University of Technology and Design; st. Nemirovich-Danchenko, 2, Kiev, 14013, Ukraine.

Chernovsky S.M.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1927-9203; [email protected]; Kiev National University of Technology and Design; st. Nemirovich-Danchenko, 2, Kiev, 14013, Ukraine. Cite this article as: Kolumbet AN, Dudorova LY, Babina NA, Bazulyuk TA, Chernovsky SM. Modeling of kayak athletes’ competition activity. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):165–170. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0403 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 13.05.2017 Accepted: 25.05.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

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Comparison of maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold in soccer and handball players Mehmet Soyal1, Selcen Korkmaz Eryılmaz2, Metin Polat3, Sami Aydoğan4 1 School of Physical Education and Sports, Sakarya University, Sakarya, TURKEY 2 School of Physical Education and Sports, Cukurova University, Adana, TURKEY 3 School of Physical Education and Sports, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TURKEY 4 Division of Sports Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TURKEY

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold values between soccer and handball players. Material: 10 male professional soccer players and 10 male professional handball players took part in the study. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and anaerobic threshold (AT) were assessed using an incremental treadmill test. AT was estimated noninvasively using the V-slope method. The values of VO2 (ATVO2), heart rate (ATHR), time (ATTIME) and running speed (ATSPEED) corresponding to the AT were identified. AT was recorded as a percentage of VO2max (AT %VO2max) and HRmax (AT %HRmax). Time to exhaustion was determined as the total duration of the test. -1 Results: There were no significant difference between the time to exhaustion(min), HRmax, absolute VO2max (ml min ) and -1 -1 relative VO2max (ml kg min ) of soccer and handball players compared to each other (p> 0.05). Similarly there were -1 -1 no significant difference between the two groups in the ATSPEED (km h ), ATTIME (min), ATHR, absolute ATVO2 (ml min ), -1 -1 relative ATVO2 (ml kg min ), AT %VO2max and AT %HRmax (P> 0.05). Conclusions: Although soccer and handball require different movement patterns, they may exhibit similar aerobic endurance capacity. Hence physiological requirements in both branches may be expected to be similar in relation to training volume and intensity. Keywords: aerobic capacity, ventilatory threshold, team sports, football, handball, performance.

Introduction1 increase in lactate and metabolic acidosis, is termed the Team sports such as soccer and handball area AT [19]. AT can be determined from non-invasive gas complex intermittent game requiring the repetition of exchange measurements alternative to the measurements high intensity activities with brief recovery periods [1, of blood lactate concentration (lactate threshold), in this 2]. In soccer and handball, technical and tactical skills case referred to as the ventilatory threshold [20, 21]. as well as the physical performance capacity of the Ventilator anaerobic threshold corresponds to the non- player are most important factors that contribute to the linear increase in carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and success of a team in competitions. Competitive soccer ventilation due to the bicarbonate buffering of hydrogen and handball are a demanding sport that requires speed, ions (H+) in response to the systematic increase of blood agility, strength, muscular power and aerobic fitness lactate above resting values [21].

[3, 4, 5]. Players require the ability to perform repeated Physiological measurements of VO2max and AT have maximal or near maximal intensity activities such as commonly been used to monitor the training status of jumping, sprinting and changing of direction throughout athletes and can help to determine the training regime [16, the match [6, 7, 8]. The energy requirement is met by 22]. Knowing the VO2max and AT values of the athletes may anaerobic metabolism during high intensity exercise be important in terms of contributing to the understanding periods while aerobic metabolism gains importance the physiological requirements of different sport branches. in order to supply homeostatic conditions at recovery The purpose of this study was to determine differences in intervals [9-11]. Improvements in aerobic capacity may VO2max and AT values of soccer and handball players. not only be important for endurance performance, but also intermittent activities [9, 12]. Material and methods Aerobic endurance is one of the main fitness Participants components, important for success in soccer and handball Ten male handball players from the Second Turkish

[7, 13, 14]. VO2maxandanaerobic threshold (AT) are the Division and ten male soccer players from the Third most important parameters used in the evaluation of Turkish Division volunteered to participate in the study. aerobic endurance [6, 15, 16]. Measurements of VO2max, The demographic characteristics of football and handball which is defined as the highest oxygen uptake that can players are given in Table 1.The Erciyes University be achieved during dynamic exercise with large muscle Ethics Committee approved the study (2013/693). All groups [17], are widely used to assess an individual’s testing procedures were fully explained, and written capacity for the uptake, transport and utilization of oxygen informed consent was obtained for each subject. All [18]. During exercise, the oxygen consumption above measurements took place at the High Altitude and Sports which aerobic energy production is supplemented by Science Research and Implementation Center at Erciyes anaerobic mechanisms, and which results in a significant University. All the tests were conducted at the end of the © Mehmet Soyal, Selcen Korkmaz Eryılmaz, Metin Polat, season. Sami Aydoğan, 2017 Cardiopulmonary exercise test doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0404 171 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

. -1 -1 The VO2max and AT values of the athletes were mass; ml kg min ). Time to exhaustion was recorded determined from a progressive intensity and continuous as the time from the start of the run until the point of effort treadmill protocol (h/p/Cosmos Quasar med, exhaustion (the time at which the subject could no longer

Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany). Oxygen uptake (VO2), maintain the pace of the treadmill). AT was estimated 20 carbon dioxide output (VCO2) and minute ventilation noninvasively using the V-slope method , which depends were measured on-line using a breath-by-breath upon the increase in CO2 output due to the excess CO2 cardiopulmonary exercise testing system (Quark PFT production from bicarbonate buffering of metabolic

Ergo, Cosmed Srl, Rome, Italy). Before each test, ambient acidosis compared to the O2 uptake during the incremental conditions were measured and the gas analyzers and exercise test [21]. The values of VO2 (AT VO2), heart turbine flowmeter were calibrated with known certified rate (ATHR), time (ATTIME) and running speed (ATSPEED) gas concentrations (16% O2, 5% CO2, and balance N2) and corresponding to the AT were determined. In addition, a 3‐litre (L) calibration syringe, respectively, following the the data related to AT were expressed as a percentage of manufacturer’s instructions. During the incremental testing VO2max (AT %VO2max) and HRmax (AT %HRmax). period, heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously using Statistical analyses a wireless HR monitor (Polar RS800 SD, Finland) and was Data are reported as means ± standard deviation synchronized to ventilatory signals. Breath-by-breath VO2 (SD). Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. was smoothed using a five-step average filter, and then The normality of the data was examined by assessing the reduced to 15 s stationary averages (Data Management Shapiro-Wilk test on all measured variables. Ages, ATVO2,

Software, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) to reduce the noise so as AT HR and AT %VO2max data were not normally distributed to enhance the underlying characteristics [23]. and so comparisons between the groups were made using To make sure the players were properly warmed up, the Whitney-U test. As the other data showed normal prepared, and accustomed to the treadmill, each participant distribution, the differences in measures between groups had to warm‐up for 6 min at their own pace. Then the were evaluated by unpaired t-test. The SPSS version 16 players were allowed to stop and stretch for about 3 min. was used for all analyses (16, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL). Following the warm-up, players started running at 7 km/h Linear regression analyses were performed by using the (0% slope) with speed increments of 1 km/h every minute Sigma Plot program (SigmaPlot 12.0, Systat Software until they could no longer keep pace. The players were Inc., Chicago, USA) to determine the anaerobic thresholds instructed to run until voluntary exhaustion, and given of the athletes. strong verbal encouragement throughout the test to elicit their best performance. The VO2max was defined as the Results highest 15 s VO2 value reached during the incremental The physical characteristics of both groups are test. Achievement of VO2max was considered as the presented in Table 1. There were no significant differences attainment of at least two of the following criteria: 1) a between the age, height, body mass and sports ages of plateau in VO2 despite increasing speed, 2) a respiratory soccer players and handball players compared to each exchange ratio above 1.10, and 3) a HR (heart rate) within other (p > 0.05).There were no significant differences 10 beats per minute of age-predicted maximum HR (220– between the two groups in the time to exhaustion(min), -1 age) [24]. HRmax, absolute VO2max (ml min ) and relative VO2max (ml -1 -1 The VO2maxvalues were expressed as absolute value kg min ) (p > 0.05; Table 2). Similarly there were no (ml.kg-1) and relative value (milliliters per minute per body statistically significant difference between the two groups

Table 1 The physical characteristics of the handball and soccer players (Mean ± SD) Handball Players Soccer Players p Age (year) 23.1 ± 5.17 22.3 ± 3.68 0.51 Height (cm) 188.2 ± 8.92 181.7 ± 5.01 0.60 Body Mass (kg) 85.9 ± 12.76 77.4 ± 8.34 0.09 Sport age (year) 14 ± 6.73 13.3 ± 3.43 0.77 Table 2 Cardiopulmonary exercise test results of handball and soccer players (Mean ± SD) Handball Players Soccer Players p -1 -1 VO2max (ml kg min ) 48.72 ± 4.17 50.87 ± 5.91 0.36 -1 VO2max (ml min ) 4138.4 ± 351.3 3901.2 ± 506 0.10 Time to exhaustion (min) 9.76 ± 1.48 9.99 ± 1.70 0.75 -1 HRmax (beat min ) 188.4 ± 10.6 196.4 ± 8.6 0.82 -1 -1 Relative VO2 at AT (ml kg min ) 37.56 ± 4.13 40.68 ± 8.98 0.49 -1 Absolute VO2 at AT (ml min ) 3215.8 ± 506 3074.5 ± 606.9 0.57 AT % VO2max 77.2 ± 7.1 79.6 ± 11.2 0.70 HR at AT 160.9 ± 7 170.5 ± 17 0.10

AT % HRmax 85.5 ± 3.3 86.6 ± 5.6 0.58 Time at AT (min) 4.13 ± 1.5 4.96 ± 1.97 0.30 Speed at AT (km h-1) 10.7 ± 1.56 11.6 ± 2.06 0.28

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-1 in the ATSPEED (km h ), ATTIME (min), ATHR, absolute ATVO2 types of physical activities requiring muscular power -1 -1 -1 (ml min ), relative ATVO2 (ml kg min ), AT %VO2max and such as the various sprints, jumps, and quick changes

AT %HRmax (P> 0.05). of direction. The players’ success depends on ability to repeatedly these physical activities at maximal or near Discussion maximal efforts with limited recovery over the duration

Athletes with high VO2maxand AT can more easily of a match [1, 2]. Players require well-developed aerobic tolerate high intensity exercise, and perform exercise for capacity to maintain maximal performance throughout longer periods of time in homeostatic conditions [10, 11, the match and to recover faster during the short periods

12, 25]. Physiological measurements of VO2max and AT of lower intensity or rest [9, 11, 12]. The handball players are important for monitor the training status of athletes, with a higher VO2maxcan run at higher speeds during and determining the optimal training intensity [16, 22]. a match and can sprint more [14]. In the literature, it is

In the present study, there were no significant differences seen that the handball players’ VO2max values measured by between the two groups in the time to exhaustion, VO2max the cardiopulmonary exercise tests have different results. and AT, suggesting that the aerobic endurance levels of Our findings were consistent with those of Vujkov et al. soccer and handball players may be similar. Although reported that professional handball players’ VO2max values soccer and handball require different movement patterns, are 48.4 ml kg-1min-1 [30]. On the other hand, Sporis et al. they may exhibit similar aerobic endurance capacity. reported that VO2max values of elite handball players are Hence physiological requirements in both branches may 54 ml kg-1min-1 [31]. Similarly, Buchheit et al. reported -1 -1 be expected to be similar in relation to training volume that VO2max values of handball players 57.3ml kg min and intensity. [32]. Previous studies have shown a significant correlation

In order to be able to comment on the aerobic capacity, between VO2max and distance covered during a soccer it is necessary to evaluate together the whole factors that match [33, 34]. Similar to our findings, Clark et al. (2008) determine the rate and amount of use of oxygen at tissue reported that the VO2maxvalues of professional male soccer level. The analysis of the respiratory gas exchange with players were 49.5 ml kg-1min-1 [35]. On the other hand, cardiopulmonary exercise tests give the opportunity in the literature, there are many studies showed that the to assess the cellular, cardiovascular and pulmonary VO2maxvalues of professional soccer players are higher responses to metabolic stress created during exercise than our findings [26, 28, 36, 37]. It can be suggested

[17,18]. VO2max is regarded as the best determinant of that the differences in the VO2max values in the literature aerobic capacity and important criterion affecting aerobic may be due to the difference in the training levels of the endurance performance [4, 18]. There is a limited number players. of studies in the literature comparing aerobic capacities Because of the difference in the metabolic systems in of soccer players and handball players with each other which energy is obtained during exercise, the intensity by cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Our findings have of exercise corresponding to AT must be known for shown that there are no significant difference absolute the interpretation of performance and the preparation -1 -1 -1 VO2max (ml min ) and relative VO2max (ml kg min ) of the scientific training program. Exercise intensity values between soccer and handball players with similar corresponding to AT varies according to the physical sports ages and physical characteristics. In contrast to our conditioning of athlete. AT is considered an important findings, Malacko et al. showed that the VO2max values criterion in assessing aerobic endurance [7, 16]. In the of soccer players in the first league were higher than present study, there were no significant difference between - handball players in the first league [26]. On the other the heart rate, time, running speed, absolute VO2 (ml min 1 -1 -1 hand, it is seen that in their study VO2max values (55.32 ) and relative VO2 (ml kg min ) values at the AT of ml kg-1min-1) of soccer players are higher than soccer soccer players and handball players. When AT expressed players participated in our study [26]. This difference may as a percentage of VO2max and HRmax, it was also seen that be due to the fact that soccer players played in the third there were no significant difference between the AT values league and handball players played in the second league of soccer players and handball players. Ferreira et al. in our study. Similarly, Ferreira et al. showed that VO2peak showed that there was no significant difference between values of young (age 17.7 years) and professional (age the running speed and heart rate at the AT of young soccer 23.2 years) soccer players were significantly higher than players and handball players.28 On the other hand, they those of handball players (age 19 years) [27]. During a found that the running speed and heart rate at the AT of 90-minute soccer match, players run about 10km at an professional soccer players were significantly higher than average 80–90% of maximal heart rate [28]. On the other both groups [27]. These results suggest that the level of hand, during a 60-minute handball match, players run league played by players may be a determinant of VO2max about 4 to 6 km at a mean intensity close to 80–90% of and AT. maximal heart rate [29]. This information suggests that There are a limited number of studies examining the intensity of game in both branches similar, but that there anaerobic threshold values of handball players. In the may be differences in aerobic endurance performances study by Pontaga et al. professional handball players’ AT -1 -1 of athletes when the duration of the game or the distance values (41.1 ml kg min , 88.7 %VO2max, 91 %HRmax) of covered is taken into consideration. determining by blood lactate measurements, were higher In soccer and handball, players perform different than our handball players [38]. The reason this may be 173 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS attributed to differences in the measurement techniques. Conclusions

As a matter of fact, in their study [38], VO2max (46.4 ml In the present study, no significant difference was -1 -1 kg min ) values of handball players in the first league observed between VO2max and AT values of professional seem to be similar to our study group. It is seen that in the soccer players and handball players, suggesting that the literature, different results are revealed in the studies that aerobic endurance levels of soccer and handball players determine AT with the gas exchange methods in soccer may be similar. These findings suggest that although, players. Similar to our research findings, Al Hazzaa et soccer and handball are different sports branches in al. determined VO2values at AT of elite football players terms of game rules and technical features, the players in as 43.60 ml kg-1min-1 [39]. In the study by Clark et al. both branches may be performing similar training loads - professional soccer players’ VO2 values at AT (34.1 ml kg (intensity and volume). On the other hand, considering 1min-1) were lower than our handball players [35]. In the that the duration of the soccer game is longer than the study by Chin et al. AT values (47.2 ml kg-1min-1) of the handball and the playing field is larger, it can be expected professional soccer players were higher than our soccer that the aerobic capacities of the soccer players are players [36]. In another study, Casajus et al. reported higher than handball players. The fact that the soccer and that VO2 values at AT of soccer players playing in the handball players in this study competing in the third and first league of Spain were 50.2 mlkg-1min-1 [37]. This second division of the league respectively, may be a factor difference in VO2 values at AT may be due to the VO2max for their similar level of aerobic capacities. It is suggested values of the soccer players (59.1 and 65.5 ml kg-1min-1, that detailed studies related to aerobic capacity should be respectively) in these studies were higher than in our study carried out on soccer players and handball players playing group [36, 37]. On the other hand, when AT expressed as in different divisions. a percentage of VO2max (80% and 77%, respectively) [36, 37], it is seen that the difference between the findings of Funding/support our study and these studies disappears. Similarly, other No financial or grant support was received for this studies have shown that professional soccer players’ AT work. occurred at 76% [39] and 80% of VO2max [16]. In addition, when AT of the soccer players is expressed as a percentage Conflicts of interest of HRmax, it is seen that our findings are similar to those The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to found (85.6 – 89% HRmax) in previous studies [36, 37, 39]. this study.

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Information about the authors: Mehmet Soyal; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6528-0275; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sports, Sakarya University; Sakarya University Esentepe Campus 54187 Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey.

Selcen Korkmaz Eryılmaz; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3680-3580; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sports, Cukurova University; 01330 Balcali, Saricam. Adana. Turkey.

Metin Polat; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-0531; [email protected]; School of Physical Education and Sports, Erciyes University; Erciyes University T Block, TR-Kayseri Kayseri, Turkey.

Sami Aydoğan; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-5864; [email protected]; Division of Sports Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University; Erciyes University T Block, TR-Kayseri Kayseri, Turkey. Cite this article as: Mehmet Soyal, Selcen Korkmaz Eryılmaz, Metin Polat, Sami Aydoğan. Comparison of maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold in soccer and handball players. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):171–175. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0404 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 13.06.2017 Accepted: 25.06.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

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Comparative analysis of effectiveness of some students’ physical culture training methodic Osipov A.Yu. 1,4, Kudryavtsev M.D. 1,2,5, Iermakov S.S. 3, Yanova M.G. 5, Lepilina T.V. 2, Plotnikova I.I. 6, Dorzhieva O.S. 7 1Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 3Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland 4V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 5Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University of V.P. Astafyev, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 6Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia 7Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia

Abstract Purpose: scientific researches witness about presence of serious tendency to weakening students’ everyday motor activity and absence of motivation to physical culture and sports practicing. Some specialists offer to solve this problem by making physical culture classes more oriented on sports. At the same time there are studies, offering to use methodic of cardio-power training. Comparative analysis of effectiveness of different programs on Physical culture trainings with the help of sport oriented approach and functional-power training. The main criterion of trainings’ effectiveness was the level of physical and functional fitness of students’ organism to physical loads. Material: in the research students (n=600: boys – n=300, girls – n=300, age – 19-20 years) participated. Selection of students was fulfilled, considering indicators of body mass. We used the methods of physical condition control and assessment (control tests) and functional fitness (functional tests). Besides, we considered indicators of busy mass by students’ regular weighing. Results: we found some increase of body mass of students, who attended different sport specialization trainings. Boys and girls (athletic gymnastic and ping pong) demonstrated confident body mass increase in average by 3-4 kg during academic year Students, practicing cardio-power training - HOT IRON- practically did not increase body mass. Difference in body mass indicators of such students between beginning of trainings and at the end of the researches was insignificant (±0.3 kg). Tests’ results witness about general reduction of indicators of students’ main physical qualities during academic year. Significant increase of physical strength was found only in students, specializing in athletic gymnastic (boys and girls). Students of cardio-power training - HOT IRON—demonstrated confident increase of indicators of physical strength, general endurance and flexibility. Conclusions: our results witness that there is a demand in corrections of students’ physical culture training methodic. Their base is programs of sport oriented physical education. With it, it is necessary to compulsory consider dynamic of body mass changes and targeted application of cardio-power training programs. Keywords: health, motor activity, students, physical education programs, sport-oriented approach, cardio-power training, physical condition, functional fitness.

Introduction1 Specialists say that there is an acute demand in realization In modern higher education students’ physical of students’ health improvement programs as quick as education endures rather serious changes [4]. It has possible (both bachelor and masters students) [30, 51]. In been found that substantial intensification of educational scientists’ opinion modern physical education programs process served as significant factor of students’ everyday for students shall be directed at the following: increase of motor activity weakening [5, 17, 21]. One more important cultural level; preservation of psychic health; formation factor of negative influence on students’ health is their of steady motivations for healthy life style [8, 21, 11]. excessive involvement in computer games and internet Specialists say that physical education methodic, [3, 20, 22]. Deficit of students’ everyday motor activity oriented on sport oriented approach to trainings’ results in emersion of different diseases, excessive organization and fulfillment corresponds to the largest increase of body mass and obesity [6, 25, 34, 40]. extent to the mentioned conditions [13, 28, 49]. Different Specialists in the field of physical education offer to studies show that there is noticeable positive correlation solve the problem of students’ insufficient motor activity between physical culture trainings on the base of by increasing the level of motivation settings to regular sport-oriented approach and students’ psycho-physical physical culture and sports practicing [27, 24, 46]. It is qualities [10, 43, 45, 47]. Increase of level of young known that students’ motivation is very important in people’s professional-applied physical fitness for future physical culture and sports [7, 2, 9, 19]. Many students professional activity [42]. Scientific works witness that consciously do not attend academic physical culture different sport mass competitions influence positively on classes, thinking that they are not important for them. students’ psychic health [16]. One more reason of low motivation is absence of proper At the same time in literature there are data about use attention of universities’ administration to sport facilities of individualized physical education of students [31]. condition [26]. This problem is very urgent as far as Scientists found that boy-students’ physical activity level at present time organization and methods of physical is higher than the same of girl-students [12]. Therefore, culture trainings do not meet modern requirements [23]. physical education programs, considering students’ main © Osipov A.Yu., Kudryavtsev M.D., Iermakov S.S., Yanova M.G., demands will be wanted [37]. The studies show that the Lepilina T.V., Plotnikova I.I., Dorzhieva O.S., 2017 main demand of girls is physical attractiveness of body: doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0405 176 2017 04 beauty of lines, flexibility, plasticity and grace [1, 29]. noted that HOT IRON trainings at high quality are possible Boys prefer physical qualities: strength, endurance and only through specialized training. In Russian Federation quickness 14]. In specialists’ opinion such demands can only a few HEE teachers have international certificates of be satisfied completely by methodic of cardio-power HOT IRON instructors. Therefore, practicing of students’ training. In the base of such methodic there are power trainings on the base of such programs contains element exercises, fulfilled under rhythmic music [29, 32]. of scientific novelty. Application of such exercises permitted to substantially At the beginning and at the end of the research all increase students’ (boys and girls) physical fitness. Such students passed a number of tests for general physical approach will permit to successfully resist global threat fitness. It permitted to rather objectively assess the – obesity of modern youth [44]. Specialists also note students’ physical condition and functional fitness. It is high students’ interest to physical training on the base known that main parameters of physical workability of functional and power training (fitness, cross-fit, HOT have strong correlations with human physical fitness IRON) [29, 48]. [41]. General physical fitness is a necessary component At present, it is admitted by specialists that of person’s physical health [39]. Insufficient physical students’ everyday way of life is a decisive factor of fitness negatively influences on human physical health in their professional longevity and health [38]. The main general. component of healthy life style will be optimal level of Strength was assessed by quantity of chin ups (for modern young people’s everyday motor activity [33, 36]. girls it was the quantity of pressing ups from the floor). It is known that optimal level of everyday motor activity Endurance was assessed by time of 3000 meters’ run (for is a protective barrier against many not catching diseases girls – 2000 meters’ distance). Quickness was registered [17]. In scientists’ opinion just the programs of physical by time of 100 meters’ run. Forward bending in sitting culture trainings, based on sport-oriented approach and position was the test for flexibility. Functional fitness individualized functional-power training will be able to was assessed by results of Martinet’s test. Besides, every ensure optimal level of modern young people’s everyday month we regularly measured students’ body mass. The motor activity. At the same time among scientists there purpose of weighing was to control dynamic of body mass no single opinion about the most effective programs of changes under influence of differently oriented physical young people’s (schoolchildren and students) physical exercises. education. Statistical analysis was fulfilled with the help Hypothesis: it is assumed that comparative analysis of of SPSS20 program. Results of mean values in two recommended by specialists, practical trainings’ methodic interconnected samples were carried out with Student’s will facilitate finding of the most effective methodic. t- test. These programs are: trainings on the base of profound practicing of a kind of sports; trainings on the base of Results power and functional training. At the beginning of the researches, by results of control The purpose of the research: is determination of tests we did not find confident differences. Boys and girls the most effective program for students’ physical and demonstrated approximately equal potential of muscular functional fitness and methodic of physical culture strength, general endurance, flexibility and quickness. practical classes in universities. Results of functional test (Martinet’s test) also witnessed about prevalence of normosthenic type of reaction to Material and methods physical load in majority of students. In average, in boys Participants: in the research students (n=600: boys – normosthenic type of reaction was found in 93% and in n=300, girls – n=300, age – 19-20 years) participated. All girls – in 86%. Body mass indicators were in average: in the tested were the students of Siberian federal university. boys– 77.5 kg and in girls – 49.8 kg. Selection of students was fulfilled, considering indicators At the end of the researches we found distinctions in of body mass. Mass range of boys’ bodies was 75.9 – 79.1 control tests’ results and, sometimes, rather substantial. kg. Mean value of boys’ body mass was 77.5 kg. Mass Students (athletic gymnastic: boys and girls demonstrated range of girls’ bodies was 47.9 – 52.3 kg. Mean value significant (Р<0.05) increase of physical strength of girl’s’ body mass was 49.8 kg. All students gave their indicators and insignificant reduction of flexibility consent for participation in the research. and quickness (boys). In girls worsening of quickness Organization of the research: the researches were indicators was confidently significant (Р<0.05). Besides, conducted during academic year. Students (boys and we found noticeable (Р<0.05) reduction of general girls) were divided into two equal groups. The students endurance indicators and worsening of Martinet test’s attended physical culture classes of certain specialization, results. Mean values of students’ body mass (athletic by their choice (trainings, based on profound practicing gymnastic – boys and girls) increased confidently in of definite kind of sports). For our studies we chose the average by 4 kg. most popular among students, specializations: athletic Students (boxing: boys and girls) increased physical gymnastic, boxing, basketball, volleyball, ping pong. Two strength and flexibility indicators insignificantly. These students’ groups (boys and girls) attended trainings, based students demonstrated not confident worsening of on cardio-power training (HOT IRON) [32]. It should be quickness and general endurance indicators. Functional 177 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS fitness of organism to loads (Martinet’s test) was Students (boys and girls – ping pong) demonstrated confidently (Р<0.05) less than at the beginning ofthe insignificant reduction of flexibility and quickness research. Mean values of students’ body mass (boxing) indicators. Physical strength remained practically at the increased insignificantly (within 1 kg). level, which was at the beginning of experiment. We found In students (boys and girls – basketball) we found significant (Р<0.05) weakening of general endurance and insignificant increase of physical strength indicators at the statistically significant reduction of Martinet test’s results. end of the researches. General endurance, flexibility and Body mass confidently (Р<0.05) increased in average by quickness worsened a little. Martinet test’s results point 3 kg in boys and by 2.6 kg in girls. at reduction of quantity of students, having normosthenic Students (boys and girls - HOT IRON) demonstrated type of reaction to physical loads. Weighing showed that confidently significant (Р<0.05) increase of physical body mass of the tested students increased in average strength, general endurance and flexibility indicators at the by 1.7 kg. Increase of girls’ body mass was statistically end of experiment. Quickness increased insignificantly. significant (in average by 2.2 kg). Martinet test’s results point at reduction of quantity of Young people (boys and girls – volleyball) students (boys and girls), having normosthenic type of demonstrated insignificant reduction of physical strength, reaction to physical loads. Body mass indicators increased general endurance, quickness and flexibility at the end not confidently, within 0.3 kg and insignificant reduction of the research. We also registered worsening of positive (within 0.2 kg) in girls. results by type of organism’s reaction to physical load Complete results of the researches are shown in tables (not confident. Body mass indicators increased in average 1 and 2. by 2 kg in boys and 1 kg in girls. Table 1. Indicators of physical condition and functional fitness of the tested students (boys– n=300) Description of indicators Training Martinet’s Strength Quickness Endurance Flexibility Body mass programs test Н О Н О Н О Н О Н О Н О Athletic gymnastic 18±4 23±2* 13±0,7 14±0,9 13,25 14,25* 6±4 6±3 Н-46 Н-34* 78,3 82,4* (n=50) Basketball 11±4 12±4 12±0,6 13±0,4 13,05 13,20 8±3 9±3 Н-45 Н-38 76,2 77,9 (n=50) Boxing 13±4 15±3 12±0,9 13±0,5 13,10 13,22 9±2 9±4 Н-47 Н-37* 78,5 79,8 (n=50) Volleyball 10±3 10±4 13±0,1 14±0,1 13,22 13,40 9±3 9±4 Н-46 Н-40 79,1 81,1 (n=50) Ping pong 8±2 8±3 13±0,3 14±0,6 13,16 14,20* 7±3 6±2 Н-45 Н-32* 75,9 79,2* (n=50) HOT IRON 10±2 15±4* 13±0,9 13±0,1 13,35 12,40* 8±4 13±2* Н-46 Н-44 78,4 78,7 (n=50) Notes:* - Р<0.05 – level of significance Table 2. Indicators of physical condition and functional fitness of the tested students (girls – n=300)

Description of indicators Training Martinet’s Strength Quickness Endurance Flexibility Body mass programs test Н О Н О Н О Н О Н О Н О Athletic gymnastic 15±2 20±2* 15±0,6 17±0,4* 11,15 12,25* 9±4 8±3 Н-44 Н-32* 48,7 52,9* (n=50) Basketball 10±3 12±2 15±0,3 16±0,2 10,45 11,05 11±3 10±4 Н-43 Н-35 51,2 53,4* (n=50) Boxing 12±3 15±3 15±0,2 15±0,8 10,35 10,52 11±2 11±4 Н-42 Н-33* 47,9 48,8 (n=50) Volleyball 10±2 12±3 15±0,4 16±0,3 10,40 11,10 12±3 12±4 Н-45 Н-37 52,3 53,4 (n=50) Ping pong 6±4 6±3 15±0,4 16±0,9 11,05 12,20* 10±3 8±2* Н-44 Н-31* 50,4 53,2* (n=50) HOT IRON 10±3 16±2* 15±0,5 14±0,9 11,15 10,15* 11±4 15±4* Н-43 Н-40 49,8 49,7 (n=50) Notes:* - Р<0.05 – level of significance

178 2017 04 Discussion from obesity. Mainly, this effect is achieved by high The received data can cause some questions of level of motor activity and power and aerobic loads’ specialists. But our data concord with some works, devoted reasonable combination. Such methodic becomes popular to studying of the most effective methodic of physical in different countries. For example, in China physical culture practicing in higher educational establishments education programs are oriented of sport perfection with [30, 35]. As it is known, before enrolling to definite sport the help of fitness programs [15]. But even this methodic specialization students are selected. Selection is fulfilled requires certain changes. For example specialists found by results of tests for general physical fitness: chin ups, need in substantial development of some professionally jumps, run and so on. Teachers enroll to specialization important for future specialist abilities: speed-power the most physically trained students. However, the level and coordination [42]. For this purpose physical culture of fitness to technical elements of definite kind of sports teachers shall use at classes complexes of exercises, in most of students is not high. Thus, most of training facilitating optimal development of such abilities. time is spent for training of basic technical actions. A little attention has to be paid to perfection of fulfillment Conclusions of exercises and game interactions [31]. The volume 1. It was found that reduction of students (boys and of motor activity, devoted to training of new technical girls), attending sport oriented physical culture trainings, elements, is hot large. It explains some reduction of main main physical condition indicators is, in a number of indicators of students’ physical condition with the time. cases, confidently significant (P<0.05). Students of some It should be noted also unsatisfactory quality of sport specializations (athletic gymnastic, boxing, ping pong) facilities in most universities for trainings on the base of demonstrated noticeable worsening of type of organism’s sort-oriented approach. It was found that most of students reaction to physical load (Martinet’s test). Students, who can not realize to the fullest extent their potential because practiced individual cardio-power training demonstrated of deficit of sport facilities and equipment. For example, confident (Р<0.05) increase of physical strength, for ping-pong training of 50 students it is necessary to have endurance and flexibility. In most of students type of 25 tennis tables. For basketball trainings such quantity of reaction to physical load remained to be normosthenic. students will require 5 sites. To play any games students 2. Our results showed negative dynamic of body mass have to wait their turn for long time. increase in most of students, in average by 2.5 kg (boys) That is why we offer to make some corrections of and 2 kg (girls) (during academic year. Increase of body structure and methodic of such trainings. Physical culture mass takes place independently on specific of the chosen teachers shall pay attention to opportunities for increase by students kind of sports. It permits to affirm that general of students’ motor activity. It is possible at the account level of motor activity (boys and girls – sport oriented of noticeable increase of time for game and competition approach) is not sufficient for prevention from body activity. In most of schools and HEEs of the USA and mass increase and obesity. Students (functional-power Canada physical culture classes are conducted in the training) did not demonstrated noticeable body mass form of direct competition training and competitions in changes during academic year. It permits to recommend football, basketball, baseball [50]. the methodic of cardio-power training as effective mean Besides, it is necessary to introduce compulsory for prevention from obesity in students. control over changes of students’ body mass. Significant changes of body mass shall be followed by correction of Conflicts of interest trainings’ structure and methodic. The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to In its turn, methodic of functional and power training this study. (HOT IRON) demonstrated effectiveness in prevention

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Information about the authors: Osipov A.Yu.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-4467; [email protected]; 1Siberian Federal University; 79 Svobodny pr., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.; V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University; P. Zeleznyak, 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia.

Kudryavtsev M.D.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-1699; [email protected]; Siberian Federal University; 79 Svobodny pr., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.; Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University; Office A-406, 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., 660014, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University of V.P. Astafyev; Ada Lebedeva Street, 89, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia.

Iermakov S.S.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-4517; [email protected]; Kazimierz Wielki University; Sport str. 2, of.209, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.

Yanova M.G.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-7015; [email protected]; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University of V.P. Astafyev; Ada Lebedeva Street, 89, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia.

Lepilina T.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2851-2369; [email protected]; Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University; Office A-406, 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., 660014, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

Plotnikova I.I.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-1679; [email protected]; Irkutsk State University; Karl Marks str., 1, 664003, Irkutsk, Russia.

Dorzhieva O.S.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9233-6182; [email protected]; Buryat State University; ul. Smolin, 24a, Ulan- Ude, 670000, Russia. Cite this article as: Osipov AYu, Kudryavtsev MD, Iermakov SS, Yanova MG, Lepilina TV, Plotnikova II, Dorzhieva OS. Comparative analysis of effectiveness of some students’ physical culture training methodic. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):176–181. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0405 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 13.06.2017 Accepted: 25.06.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

181 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS Analysis of martial arts athletes’ goniometric indicators Podrigalo L.V. 1, Volodchenko A.A.1, Rovnaya O.A. 1, Stankiewicz B. 2 1Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture, Ukraine 2Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland

Abstract Purpose: comparative analysis of limbs’ joints goniometric indicators of martial arts athletes; study of sportsmanship level influence on kick boxers’ movements’ amplitude. Material: martial arts athletes – students and senior pupils (n=29) participated in the research. The participants were divided into two groups. 1st group consisted of 18 kick boxers of age 17.44±0.34 years. 2nd group included 11 wrestlers of age 18.45±0.39 years. The first group was divided into two sub-groups: sub group 1a – 9 athletes ofage 18.22±0.52 years and sportsmanship level: candidates and masters of sports. Sub group 1b consisted of 9 athletes, age (16.67±0.24) years and sportsmanship level from beginners to 1st sport category. We registered movements’ amplitude in wrist, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints. Results: we confirmed the distinctions of goniometric indicators of martial arts athletes’ limbs joints. It was foundthat sportsmanship level of kick-boxers influences to certain extent on movements’ amplitude. The found distinctions reflect clearly specific of kind of sports. Wrestlers have higher amplitude of movements in wrist joints that determines reliable grip in a fight. Kick boxers have better amplitude of movements in elbow and shoulder joints. It permits to punch with higher strength. The closeness of goniometric indicators of different sportsmanship kick-boxers proves equal orientation of their training. Need in constant keeping combat stance conditions reduction of in-movement amplitude in right wrist joint and outside movement in left shoulder joint of experienced athletes. Conclusions: increase of abduction in hip joint and reduction of bending in left knee joint illustrate specificities of punching/ kicking, optimization of their technique in experienced athletes. The higher is training experience, the more working asymmetry of joints’ movements is. Keywords: martial arts, goniometric, indicators, successfulness, asymmetry.

Introduction1 8 weeks’ training program. Intensive physical trainings facilitate harmony of Goniometric analysis of ballet movements was fulfilled physical condition and optimization of athletes’ functional by Quanbeck Amy E. et al. [31]. They found higher angle state [3]. Rising of athletes’ efficiency is ensured by study value of rotation in comparison with available results. of special aspects of special qualities’ formation and their Goniometry is used rather widely in sport games. level’s optimization. In the complex of successfulness Morozova E.V. [23] used goniometry for study muscular factors important place is taken by condition of muscular skeletal apparatus’s functional state of football players. skeletal apparatus. Its condition can be assessed with the Low flexibility, by results of goniometry, witnesses about help of special method – goniometry. non-elasticity of shortening of muscles and ligaments. It In review of Atwater Anne E. [2] there is a conclusion is one of signs of muscular skeletal apparatus’s chronic about goniometric studies’ prospects in sports and over-tension. physical culture. Results of goniometry increase Udochkina L.A. et al. [38] used goniometry for effectiveness of researches, devoted to kinesiology and assessment of first maturity men – football players bio-mechanics. Lees Adrian [20] analyses possibilities and those, who do not practice sports, anthropometric of bio-mechanical and goniometry methods’ application characteristics. They found that angle of active bending in study movements’ technique. Achievement of resuts in knee joint of football players is less than in their peers. is possible only with complex application of qualitative, Fajzulin D.E. & Orlov A.V. [11] proved importance of quantitative and prognostic methods. elite goal keepers in mini-football special flexibility with Application of goniometry in analysis of exercises the help of goniometry. with weights has been proved [6]. Goniometric researches Mel’nichuk K.N. [21] used goniometry for assessment of knee joint permit to assess the complex of movements’ of functional state of juior tennis players’ muscular- kinematic. In its turn, it permits to optimize mastering ligament apparatus (upper limbs). High informative value of this technique by athletes. Ribeiro А. & Pascoal A. of this method for mobility in elbow joint determination [32] analyzed active and passive movements of athletes was confirmed. Panasiuk T.V. & Raspopova E.A. [25] and people, who do not practice sports, shoulder joints. studied functional aspects of muscular-skeletal apparatus, Application of goniometry permitted to find high formed under influence of dividng. They found hyper- amplitude of outside rotation in discus throwers. Norris trophy of the most loaded muscular groups, high mobility Beth S. & Olson Sharon L. [24] confirmed the validity in joints and changes of posture. It is caused by specificities of goniometry and researches with the help of 2D video of divers’ muscular activity. воду. analysis for studying of hip and knee joints’ movements. Zebzeev V.V. [41] offered goniometric research as Rogers Kate & Gibson Ann L. [33] used goniometry a tool of control over biathlon skiers’ functional fitness. as the method for assessment of Pilates trainings. They Similar resultes were obtained by Pozhidaev S.N. [29]. proved significant flexibility improvement resulted from The author substantiated application of goniometry for testing in gymnastic. Jonsson Per et al. [17] found that © Podrigalo L.V., Volodchenko A.A., Rovnaya O.A., Stankiewicz B., 2017 different speed of thumb’s movements can be a risk factor doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0406 of traumatizing. Usage of electronic goniometer for study 182 2017 04 of fingers’ movements permitted to substantially reduce use goniometry indicators for perfection of martial errors, comparing with mechanical device. arts athletes’ trainings. With such approach it is Podrigalo L.V. et al. [26] analyzed results of goniometry recommended to combine goniometry indicators with of arm wrestlers’ and amateurs’ arm joints. They proved other characteristics of athletes’ actions. high movements’ amplitude in athletes, especially in The purpose of the research is comparative analysis wrist joints. The data were interpreted as proof of hand’s of limbs’ joints goniometric indicators of martial arts importance for efficiency in arm wrestling. athletes; study of sportsmanship level influence on kick In other works the laws of bio-kinematic links of boxers’ movements’ amplitude. martial arts athletes were found: − Maximal speed (result and value in every plane) of Material and methods lower limbs’ segments (thigh, shin and foot) was found Participants: martial arts athletes – students and senior as well as time of reaching this speed in fulfillment pupils (n=29) participated in the research. The participants of kicks in Thae-quan do. The measurements for were divided into two groups. 1st group consisted of 18 kinematic analysis were fulfilled with the help of two kick boxers of age 17.44±0.34 years. 2nd group included three dimensional power plates and eight chambers’ 11 wrestlers of age 18.45±0.39 years. The first group was motion system [9]. divided into two sub-groups: sub group 1a – 9 athletes of − Initial position of athlete as factor, influencing age 18.22±0.52 years and sportsmanship level: candidates on Thae-quan-do technique, was determined. For and masters of sports. Sub group 1b consisted of 9 measuring angle shifting of pelvis and thigh the athletes, age (16.67±0.24) years and sportsmanship level motion system [10]; from beginners to 1st sport category. − Positions of boxers’ torso and legs, which influence Organization of the research: with the help of on successfulness of punching, were found. For goniometer, produced by firm IGaging® we registered obtaining kinematic data motion system Vicon 3D movements’ amplitude in wrist, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee was used [12]; and ankle joints. We fulfilled 2-3 registrations of one and − Parameters, which, to large extent, conditioned the same movement, fixing maximal indicators. In wrist, maximal speed of foot movement in kicking, were shoulder and hip joints we assessed: bending (flexio), determined. 3D kinematic of kicks of 22 Thae-quan unbending (extensio), abduction (abductio), adduction do athletes was recorded with the help of motion (adductio). In elbow, knee and ankle joints we assessed system (Vicon Motion Systems Limited, Oxford, bending and unbending. Great Britain) [30]; Statistical analysis was fulfilled with the help of − For different kinds of analysis bio-mechanical licensed electronic tables Excel. We determined indicators parameters, connected with range of movements, of descriptive statistics: mean arithmetic, standard strength of punch/kick and time of punch/kick, were deviation and error of mean arithmetic. Confidence used. 3D technology of motion system was used [39]; of differences in groups was assessed with the help of − Quantitative indicators of karatekas’ movements, parametric Student’s t-test and non-parametric tests of characterizing balance in competitions, were Wilcoxon – Manna – Whitney (U) and Wald –Wolfowits measured. Step width and angle articulation of (r). athlete’s body bio-links were registered [40]; The following are important aspects in perfection of Results martial arts athletes’ training: The received data are presented in tables 1-3. − Theoretical-methodic substantiation of sport We found that movements’ amplitude in wrist joints wrestling means’ usage in physical training of cadets was higher in wrestlers. It is confirmed with Student’s test of lyceum with advanced military-physical training for abduction of both hands. Wilcoxon – Manna – Whitney [4]; test proved substantial differences between bending of − Special aspects of special workability of elite right hand (U=29, p<0.05) and left hand (U=31, p<0.05), wrestlers [37]. unbending of right joint (U=33, p<0.05), abduction of − Optimization of physical load in Judo wrestlers’ right (U=29, p<0.05) and left joints (U=32, p<0.05). training [1, 13]; Bending amplitude in elbow joints also had significant − Formation of Judo-wrestlers’ active attitude to sports differences. In right elbow joints the values were higher [5]; in kick boxers. It was proved by Student’s t-test (t=2.33) − Increase of different kinds of Judo wrestlers’ muscular and Wilcoxon – Manna – Whitney test (U=15, p<0.05). strength for formation of technical skills [8]; Movement amplitudes in shoulder joints were higher − Differentiation of body composition in athletes’ in kick boxers. For right shoulder joint, by all kinds of training for Thae-quan do competitions [16]; movements we confirmed significant difference by three − Finding of criteria of athletes’ talent in combat kinds movements (with Student’s t- test). For left shoulder joint of sports and self-defense [18]; we confirmed significant difference by three movements − Finding of individual aptitude of elite wrestlers to (except unbending) (with Student’s t- test). Usage of work in different regimes [36]. non-parametric tests confirmed the made conclusions. Analysis of researches points at possibilities to By three kinds of movements we confirmed significant 183 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS exceeding of amplitude in boxers. For right shoulder left shoulder joint bending. joint we confirmed significant difference by bending Results (see table 2) witness about closeness of results (r=2, p<0.05), отведению (U=2, p<0.05) and adduction of different sportsmanship kick boxers. It is confirmed by (U=32, p<0.05). For left shoulder joint the picture is (by the presence of differences between groups (by Student’s the same three movements) (accordingly: r=4, p<0.05; test). At the same time usage of non parametrical criteria U=30, p<0.05 and U=25, p<0.05). confirmed the presence of certain differences. Analysis of joint movements’ asymmetry also proved The adduction amplitude in right wrist joint of the presence of certain distinctions. In boxers we found experienced athletes was less by Wald – Wolfowits noticeably higher abduction of left wrist joint, bending criterion (r=3, p<0.05). In the same group abduction and abduction of right shoulder joint (by Student’s test). amplitude in left shoulder joint was noticeably less as per Wrestlers, by the same criterion) had higher amplitude of criterion of Wilcoxon-Manna-Whitney (U=19, p<0.05).

Table 1. Movements’ amplitudes in arms’ joints of martial arts wrestlers The tested groups Joint movement (degrees) 1 group 2 group Bending 72.65±3.26 82.43±5.34 Unbending 58.65±3.95 60.35±2.50 Wrist (right) Abduction 36.71±1.761,2 42.82±3.94 Adduction 51.12±2.43 50.70±4.21 Bending 70.21±3.33 79.90±3.12 Unbending 62.17±2.80 67.08±3.74 Wrist (left) Abduction 43.82±1.991 50.35±3.85 Adduction 47.12±1.92 45.72±3.96 Bending 120.69±1.651,2 109.42±2.122 Elbow (right) Unbending 27.27±1.482 25.15±2.74 Bending 114.58±1.711 125.02±3.13 Elbow (left) Unbending 23.29±1.17 22.73±0.74 Bending 190.22±3.151,2 112.45±3.67 Unbending 72.94±3.421 67.10±5.58 Shoulder (right) Abduction 194.22±3.371,2 157.03±6.58 Adduction 30.39±1.721 25.47±2.21 Bending 178.21±4.071 135.58±7.76 Unbending 66.74±4.38 68.30±6.31 Shoulder (left) Abduction 174.67±7.021 160.63±7.90 Adduction 32.69±1.861 27.40±0.85 Notes: 1 – difference from wrestlers is confident (p<0.05). 2 – Difference from left arm is confident (p<0.05). Table 2. Movements’ amplitudes in arms’ joints of kick boxers The tested groups Joint movement (degrees) 1a group 2b group Bending 72.56±5.96 72.76±2.42 Unbending 60.93±3.88 56.09±7.40 Wrist (right) Abduction 38.49±2.29 34.70±2.69 Adduction 49.89±4.46 52.50±1.62 Bending 71.49±5.41 68.76±3.96 Unbending 58.92±4.47 65.83±2.96 Wrist (left) Abduction 44.60±3.14 42.94±2.54 Adduction 47.01±3.01 47.24±2.49 Bending 119.58±1.871 121.95±2.87 Elbow (right) Unbending 28.50±1.631 25.89±2.59 Bending 112.72±2.17 116.66±2.63 Elbow (left) Unbending 23.19±1.40 23.40±2.02 Bending 191.80±4.43 188.44±4.69 Unbending 70.16±4.60 76.08±5.18 Shoulder (right) Abduction 190.66±3.901 198.23±5.60 Adduction 29.64±1.77 31.23±3.18 Bending 178.10±6.19 178.34±5.57 Unbending 67.16±5.28 66.26±7.56 Shoulder (left) Abduction 164.50±11.53 186.11±5.79 Adduction 31.63±1.80 33.89±3.50 Note: difference from left hand is confident (p<0.05).

184 2017 04 Usage of Student’s test permitted to confirm asymmetry Successfulness in martial arts is in direct proportion to of flexibility’s development. More experienced athletes victory in duels. It is determined by complex of factors, have higher amplitude of movement in right elbow joint which includes athlete’s physical and technical fitness. by bending and unbending. The similar dependence was Athlete’s technical fitness to large extent depends on found for abduction in shoulder joint. In younger athletes movements’ amplitude of limbs’ joints. we did not find movements’ asymmetry in joints. Rukosuev D.A. [34] offered include complex of tests Analysis of movements in legs’ joints confirmed for special flexibility in U-shu athletes (10-12 yrs age) in made earlier assumptions about closeness of kick boxers’ goniometric study. On the base of the received results the flexibility indicators. We found significant increase of author found joints, whose mobilityis always insufficient abduction in right hip joint in 1a sub group (by criterion and requires additional training. of Wald – Wolfowits: r=4, p<0.05). Bending in left Kim T.K. & Podlesnykh A.A. [19] used goniometric knee joint was noticeably higher in 1b sub group (by researches in analysis of Judo wrestlers’ motor profile. He Wilcoxon-Manna-Whitney criterion: U=14, p<0.05). In proved effectiveness of the methodic for rising athletes’ this case Student’s t-test permitted to find only tendency competitiveness. to confident increase (p<0.1). Comparison of wrestlers and impact martial arts Higher asymmetry in 1a sub group was determined. athletes permits to consider the specificity of these We confirmed higher adduction amplitude in left hip joint kinds of sport. The similar conclusions were made by and higher bending amplitude in right ankle joint (by Podrigalo L.V. & Volodchenko O.A. [28] when they Student’s t-test). In young athletes we found no significant used bio-mechanical approaches in martial arts. Results differences. of wrestlers and other martial arts athletes illustrate the presence of certain distinctions, depending on different Discussion techniques in wrestling and impact martial arts. The found Efficiency of athletes’ condition analysis directly closeness of impact martial arts’ results reflects specific depends on informative value of the used methodic aspects of these kinds of sports. and tests. The main criterion for their selection is The presence of certain distinctions in wrestlers’ and consideration of kind of sports’ specificity. Mirzaei B. et impact martial arts athletes’ body constitution has been al. [22] determined that perfection of physical training and proved [14]. Increase of wrestlers’ shoulder and forearm’s functional state in martial arts facilitates successfulness in circumferences as well as strength of grip in dynamic fight. The authors confirmed that in junior wrestlers these and static regimes reflects specificity of wrestling and factors influence on trainability. importance of reliable grip for success. Jafari R.A. et al. [15] studied interconnections The found differences between goniometric indicators between the following: motor activity and somatic of wrestlers and kick boxers clearly reflect specificity type; anthropometric profile, body composition and of kinds of sports. In wrestlers just grip takes important physiological/physical profile of junior wrestlers. place in duel, as the base of effective technique’s Consideration of wrestlers’ profile permits to raise their fulfillment. Reliable grip is determined by strength of competition successfulness. hand and movement’s amplitude in wrist joint. That is Table 3. Movements’ amplitudes in legs’ joints of kick boxers

The tested groups Joint movement (degrees) 1a group 2b group Bending 33.89±9.47 102.64±5.31 Unbending 75.06±8.45 71.48±5.04 Hip joint (right) Abduction 97.69±7.16 86.50±6.25 Adduction 40.42±2.291 48.14±6.15 Bending 99.01±8.33 90.16±5.52 Unbending 83.54±5.41 80.48±4.98 Hip joint (left) Abduction 86.50±10.30 71.03±5.58 Adduction 51.03±4.13 56.36±5.69 Bending 79.20±6.26 85.63±1.54 Knee joint (right) Unbending 49.11±4.67 44.81±3.41 Bending 77.17±5.26 87.81±1.312 Knee joint (left) Unbending 50.74±3.76 47.93±1.83 Bending 30.26±2.051 28.81±1.94 Ankle joint (right) Unbending 43.38±2.91 48.96±3.63 Bending 23.83±2.30 21.78±3.52 Ankle joint (left) Unbending 44.58±3.86 42.70±3.82 Notes: 1 – difference from left leg is confident (p<0.05). 2 – Tendency to confidence of differences between groups (p<0.1).

185 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS why movement’s amplitude in wrist joint is noticeably Analysis of movements’ amplitude in legs’ joints higher in wrestlers. confirms made earlier conclusions about influence of Podrigalo L.V. et al. [26] confirmed importance specificity of kind of sport on goniometric indicators. of goniometric indicators in respect to wrist joint for Increase of hip joint’s abduction and reduction of left knee successfulness in arm-wrestling. joint’s bending illustrate specific features of kicking and For victory, in kick boxing min importance has their technique’s optimizing in experienced athletes. The kicking/punching that pre-conditioned the distinctions of similar dependence is confirmed by rising of goniometric goniometric indicators. Just it pre-determined increase of indicators’ asymmetry in athletes of 1a sub group. amplitude of right elbow joint’s bending and practically all movements in shoulder joints of kick boxers. Just they Conclusions are determining in effective punching. Higher amplitude The fulfilled researches confirmed the following: of wrestlers’ left joint’s bending reflects available in them distinctions in goniometric indicators of martial arts asymmetry of development. May be it is conditioned by athletes’ limbs’ joints; certain influence of sportsmanship technical peculiarities of wrestling. on kick boxers’ movements’ amplitude. The found The determined asymmetry of kick boxers reflects differences between indicators of wrestlers and kick specificity of duel. In stance left hand is in frontal position. boxers clearly reflect specificity of kind of sports. For Increase of wrist joint’s amplitude permits to expand the wrestlers reliable grip is very important. To large extent defended area. Increase of right shoulder joint’s abduction it depends on amplitude of wrist joint’s movements. amplitude permits to punch with greater strength. These indicators were higher in 2nd group athletes. In Analysis of different sportsmanship kick boxers’ impact martial arts success is determined by quality and goniometric indicators confirms similar orientation of strength of punching/kicking. It pre-conditioned increase their training. It is witnessed by closeness of the received of right elbow joint’s bending amplitude and movements results and absence of significant differences by most of in shoulder joints of kick boxers. The found kick boxers’ indicators. asymmetry reflects specificity of duel. At the same time, the found distinctions illustrate The closeness of different sportsmanship kick boxers’ specificity of kick boxing training. Reduction of goniometric indicators confirms equal orientation of adduction amplitude in right wrist joint and abduction in their training. The found differences illustrate specificity left shoulder joint in experienced athletes reflects need in of training in this kind of sports. Need in combat stance sustaining of combat stance, which requires certain fixing constant sustaining conditions reduction of adduction of arms’ position. This causes joints’ mobility. amplitude in right wrist joint and abduction in left shoulder Increase of training experience results in joint joint of experienced athletes. Increase of right hip joint’s movements’ asymmetry. It is absent in young athletes. abduction and reduction of bending in left knee joint In kick boxing right arm’s punches are very strong. It illustrate the following: specificities of punching/kicking, conditions higher bending/unbending amplitude in elbow optimizing of their technique in experienced athletes. joint and abduction in shoulder joint. Increase of training experience results in growth of Chernicyna N.V. & Sozailov U.A. [7] studied joints’ working asymmetry of movements in joints. Goniometry mobility of sambo and Judo wrestlers’ lower limbs joints. is a simple, informative and objective tool for control and They found tendency to increasing mobility in hip joint monitoring of martial arts athletes’ functional state. It can of sambo and Judo wrestlers. But they did not found be recommended for monitoring of athletes state. confident differences between these kinds of sports’ indicators. Conflict of interests Saenko V.G. [35] used parameters of flexibility The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. training for analyzing karate kicking. Interconnection between results of knee kick and ann flexibility indicators was found.

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Information about the authors: Podrigalo L.V.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-524X; [email protected]; Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Volodchenko A.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-3524; [email protected]; Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Rovnaya O.A.; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1519-5632; [email protected]; Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture; Klochkovskaya str. 99, Kharkov, 61022, Ukraine.

Stankiewicz B.; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6743-1073; [email protected]; Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz; Chodkiewicza str. 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Cite this article as: Podrigalo LV, Volodchenko AA, Rovnaya OA, Stankiewicz B. Analysis of martial arts athletes’ goniometric indicators. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):182–188. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0406 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 04.05.2017 Accepted: 15.05.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

188 2017 04 Training of motor rhythm in students, practicing football Polevoy G. G. Vyatka State University, Kirov, Russia

Abstract Purpose: to test the methodic of students’ motor rhythm training at physical culture lessons based on application of football means. Material: in the research full time 1st year students of main health group (n=40) participated. After short warming up (10-15 minutes) they fulfilled exercises for rhythm feeling during 15 minutes at every lesson. Assessment of rhythm feeling was carried out with the help of test “Ball pulling by foot”. Shuttle run 3x10 m was used for assessment of general coordination level. Besides, complex test for football player’s technical fitness (juggling, dribbling, dribbling around stands and kicking goal) was used. Results: we found that it is necessary to selectively train football player’s ability for motor rhythm. It also concerns training of students’ coordination. We presented new opportunities of application of methodic of students’ motor rhythm’s development. These opportunities were realized at physical culture lessons, based on football means. Conclusions: when mastering and practicing new and complex exercises for coordination we used the method of standard- repeated exercise. The method of variable exercise was used, when it was necessary to change the mean of movements’ fulfillment. Game and competition methods were used only, when the trained motor action became automatic. Keywords: students, coordination abilities, rhythm, physical education, technical fitness.

Introduction1 In our opinion, from the enlisted above abilities ability The questions, connected with coordination training to feel motor rhythm is of special importance for football and its structure’s determination are the objects of many player’s technical training. It implies correct and accurate scientific researches [1, 3, 4]. reproduction of preset rhythm of motor action or its General coordination abilities are abilities to adequate varying, depending on changing conditions [12]. purposefully and rationally solve complex motor tasks [6, Thus, ability for motor rhythm is one of components 14, 15]. Such abilities are the foundation for development of football player’s technical fitness. Importance of this of specific coordination. For achievement high results task’s solution is underlined in most of works, devoted to in motor activity it is necessary to have high level of coordination problems. specific coordination [16]. For training motor rhythm it is Hypothesis: it is assumed that with the help of motor necessary to consider and use the following: rhythm training means and methods it is possible to − Didactic laws of motor actions’ formation [25, 37]; improve coordination indicators and technical fitness of − Individual and group models of motor actions’ students, who practice football at physical culture lessons. construction [23, 26]; The purpose of the research is to substantiate and − Modern technologies of education and training [22, experimentally test the methodic of students’ motor 31]; rhythm training at physical culture lessons, based on − Adequate forms of pedagogic control [27, 30]; application of football means. − Models of successfulness prediction [24, 32]; − Correlation of anthropometric and functional Material and methods indicators [21, 33]; Participants: in the research full time 1st year − Criteria of motor coordination structure [19, 29, 33]; students of main health group (n=40), (17-18 years age) − Psychological indicators of reaction to physical load participated. [20, 28] considering health level [35, 36]. Organization of the research: the researches were Specific for football coordination abilities are conducted on the base of Vyatka State University, (Kirov, those, which ensure optimal control of specific motor Russia). tasks’ fulfillment. Such tasks simulate separate sides of Experimental group (EG) was completed by method competition activity in football [16]. of random sampling [2]. CG was trained by traditional Among numerous specific coordination abilities we physical education program [17]. EG trainings included can mark out 7 the most important (basic) abilities, which exercises for rhythm. In both groups training were influence on football player’s technical skillfulness [12, conducted twice a week (two academic hours each). In 18]: total we conducted 64 academic training hours in every 1) motor rhythm feeling; group. 2) kinesthetic differentiation of motor parameters Specificities of experimental methodic of EG students: (feeling of ball); 1) After short warming up (10-15 minutes) they 3) orientation in space; fulfilled exercises for rhythm feeling during 15 minutes 4) coordination (combining) of movements; at every lesson. 5) quick reaction; 2) Load was increased gradually. Rising of intensity 6) adaptation and reconstruction of movements; was at the account of increase of exercises’ quantity and 7) keeping balance in dynamic and static conditions. shortening of rest intervals between exercises and (or) © Polevoy G. G., 2017 series of exercises. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0407 189 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

3) The most effective means for football players’ registered from the moment of start to ball’s crossing the rhythm feeling are: dribbling with changing of temp and line of goal. If goal is not hit – exercises is failed. Result: direction; Jumps between irregularly laid sticks; slalom the best from two attempts is registered with accuracy up dribbling; running hurdles; running with preset time of to 0.01 sec. 17]. segments’ run 10, 20, 30 meters; kicking ball after rebound Statistical analysis: For determination of pedagogic from wall (or after partner’s pass) [7, 9, 15]. experiment’s results’ confidence the data were processed 4) When training and fulfilling new and complex with the help of mathematical statistic methods. We coordination exercises we used the method of standard used parametrical criterion (Student’s t-test). Statistical repeated exercise. The method of variable exercise was processing was carried out with Microsoft Excel 2007 used, when there was need in changing of mean of these standard statistical programs. Results at P> 0.01 were exercises’ fulfillment. Game and competition methods considered to be confident. were used, when the trained action became automatic. We also used the method of pedagogic testing and Results: determined the following indicators: ability for rhythm, At the beginning of experiment testing did not show general coordination abilities; technical fitness (all tests confident differences between all tested indicators of were fulfilled on site for mini-football: EG and CG (P>0.05). After pedagogic experiment we 1) Assessment of rhythm feeling was carried out with received the following results, presented in table 1. the help of test “Ball pulling by foot”. Analysis of table 1 showed that there happened some Initial position is stance with both feet on floor. By changes during pedagogic experiment. In test “Ball signal it is necessary to pull ball backward by sole as quick pulling by foot (sec.)” normal is result, not exceeding 4.5 as possible. After every contact with ball sole shall touch sec. [4]. the floor (10 times). After tenth contact of sole with ball Before experiment both EG and CG indicators were student shall touch the floor with foot. After it, stopwatch below norm. After experiment EG indicators improved is switched off. Results: the best from two attempts is from 5.0±0.1 to 4.3±0.2 (P<0.01); in CG indicators also registered with accuracy up to 0.01 sec. [12]. improved but insignificantly – by 0.1±0.1 (P>0.01): that 2) Shuttle run 3x10 m was used for assessment of is below norm of ability to motor rhythm. general coordination level. For 1st year students in test “ Shuttle run 3x10” norm is Two parallel lines are drawn on the floor at 10 meters’ period from 7.3 sec. to 8.2 sec. 7.3 sec. means “excellent”, distance on start and finish. Student stands behind start 8.0 – “good” and 8.2 – “satisfactory” [17]. line. By command “Go” he runs to finish line, touches it Before experiment results of both groups were with fingers of one hand and return to start line. Then, he “satisfactory”. After experiment, CG indicators improved repeats this exercise 3 times. Results: the best from two up to “good” – 7.9±0.2 (P>0.01). attempts is registered with accuracy up to 0.01 sec. [11]. Indicators of EG after experiment showed significant 3) Complex test for football player’s technical fitness positive increment by 1.0±0.2 (P<0.01) that corresponded implies juggling, dribbling, dribbling around stands and to “excellent”. kicking goal. “Test passed” was put for complex test for technical The exercise is started with juggling (three ball touches fitness, if result did not exceed 8 sec. [17]. with foot). Than – “snake” dribbling: it means dribbling Before experiment both EG and CG students did not around 4 stands (distance between stands – 2.5 meters) receive “test passed”. and kick goal (not entering penalty box). The time is After experiment EG indicators noticeably improved:

Table 1. EG and CG students’ indicators from the beginning and up to the end of experiment

Indicators Group Before After P EG 5,0±0,1 4,3±0,2 P<0,01 Ball pulling by foot CG 4,9±0,1 4,8±0,1 P>0,01 (sec.) P P>0,01 P<0,01 - EG 8,2±0,2 7,2±0,2 P<0,01 Shuttle run 3x10 CG 8,1±0,2 7,9±0,2 P>0,01 (sec.) P P>0,01 P<0,01 - EG 8,3±0,2 7,2±0,2 P<0,01 Test for technical CG 8,1±0,2 7,9±0,1 P>0,01 fitness (sec.) P P>0,01 P<0,01 -

190 2017 04 up to 7.2±0.2 (P<0.01). In CG indicators also improved culture lessons, based on football means. We received but not so significantly: only to 7.9±0.1 (P>0.01) positive results of this methodic application. It should be noted that before experiment there were no However, there are some prospects in studies of confident between EG and CG (P>0.01). After experiment coordination abilities. For example, they are: influence on EG students were ahead of CG by all indicators (P<0.01). football players’ technical fitness, ability for quick reacting and orientation in space. Besides, it is possible to conduct Discussion complex functional and anthropometric assessment of Technical fitness of football player is influenced by his students. Such approach will permit to monitor students’ coordination abilities [5, 7, 12]. The authors underline key health condition; correct training process; achieve high importance of specific coordination abilities of different health related or sport results. sportsmanship and age athletes. Coordination abilities are rather diverse and classified Conclusions: in different ways [4, 10, 12]. Most of authors [4, 8, The used means and methods of motor rhythm 13] recommended training equally all known abilities, abilities’ development improved students’, practicing including ability for motor rhythm. football, coordination abilities and technical fitness. Analysis of researches points at demand in selective The received data are of practical interest for coaches training of football player’s motor rhythm. It relates also and teachers of higher educational establishments. to development students’ coordination abilities. The novelty of the research is that we present new Conflict of interests opportunities for methodic of students’ motor rhythm The author declares that there is no conflict of interests. training. These opportunities were realized at physical

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Information about the author: Polevoy G. G.; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3300-3908; [email protected]; Vyatka State University; Moscow str., 36, Kirov, 610000, Russia.

Cite this article as: Polevoy GG. Training of motor rhythm in students, practicing football. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):189–192. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0407 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 16.05.2017 Accepted: 27.05.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

192 2017 04 Risk assessment and level of physical activity of students in Poland Zuzda Jolanta Grażyna1, Latosiewicz Robert2, Augustyńska Beata3 1Bialystok University of Technology, Poland 2Medical University of Lublin, Poland 3Collegium Medicum im. Ludwika Rydygiera in Bydgoszcz, Poland

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the risks of activity by using Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and describe the PA profile using the short-version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) among selected groups of sport science students. Material: The study covered 99 students – 61 females aged 21.08 ± 1.43 and 38 males aged 21.24 ± 1.22 y. In order to asses and stratify the risk of PA the Polish short version of the IPAQ-SF was used. Results: The total level of physical activity of the male students was 3460.039±2502.207 MET- min/week and was higher than in the case of female students (3388,107±2204,290 MET- min/week). The dominant type physical activity of female and male students was intensive effort. Among 22 men and 39 women, risk factors for cardiac events, pulmonary and musculoskeletal injuries were reported. The relationship between PAR-Q results and the on the IPAQ-SF results was no statistically significant. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that students achieve the level of physical activity recommended by experts for the prevention of chronic diseases. This research allows sports science students to understand their own health issues through self-assessments of personal risk factors for cardiac events, pulmonary and musculoskeletal injury. Keywords: Health, Risk of Injury, PAR-Q+, IPAQ-SF, Physical Activity, University Students

Introduction1 injury and illness. Globally, premature mortality from four main non- The role of PA in maintaining health is undertaken for communicable disease (NCDs) decreased by 15% between several decades (Pasek et al. 2006, Szark-Eckardt et al. 2000 and 2012. This rate of decline is insufficient to meet 2012, Szark-Eckardt et al. 2015, Żukowska et al., 2013, the 2030 target of a one third reduction (WHO, 2016). Pasek et al. 2016, Buśko et al. 2016, Kochanowicz et al. The development of new technologies associated with 2016). Studies show that PA should accompany since early professional work or communication progressing in the childhood. PA suitable for gender, age, health and level of last several years is causing social restrain from Physical PF constitutes a necessary part of the health promotion. Activity (PA) and decreasing health. Then the lack of Current recommendation of WHO, American Heart trained habits healthy life style and the disappearance Association (AHM) and American College of Sport of the natural need of the movement causes untimely Medicine (ACSM) for adults 18–64 years old are that aging and at the same time deteriorates health. Nieman they should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity (1998) showed that low fitness level has become the main aerobic PA or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous- indicator of all the risk factors for early death. intensity PA throughout the week or an equivalent Physical activity is a biological human need, combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA. contributing to a healthy relationship status and should Muscle-strengthening activities should be done involving be a necessary component of human’s lifestyle. Strategies major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week, and to promote PA have become an important public health flexibility training every day (WHO 2010, ACSM approach for the prevention of chronic diseases (Bonevski 2011). The prevalence of achieving physical activity et al. 2014). In the past in Poland, less than 10% of all recommendations declines rapidly between the ages of 18 students took part in PA outside the statutory duty. In the and 24 when many young people are undertaking tertiary same time in some European universities this percentage education (Grim et al. 2011). reached the limit of 50-60% (Korpak 2005). Scientists involved in the study of the level of PA Study of Glays Shuk-Fong Li et al. (2009), stressed of various socio-professional groups are faced with that inactivity among students is prevalent. They conclude major methodological problem according to the non- that participation in PA might be an effective way to unified research tools (Wareham et al. 1998). Several improve the health of college students (their mental methods are available to measure level of PA eg. self- health, better social skills, higher levels of emotional reported questionnaires, direct observation, indirect intelligence). Thus, the importance of increasing calorimetry, movement sensor and heart rate telemetry exercise participation at the university level should be (Lee, 2011). This situation has prompted researchers to implemented and reinforced. The university students are develop a unified tool, resulting in the development of considered prospective professionals with important roles the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). in the future. For this reason, their attitudes in terms of Initial pilot testing using IPAQ was performed during PA level and health behaviors are of a higher importance 1998–1999, and further method was developed resulting (Varela-Mato et al. 2012). Active people live longer, are in the eight versions of the IPAQ, including four long healthier and are more productive, more likely to avoid and four short versions (Craig et al.,2003), and then © Zuzda Jolanta Grażyna, Latosiewicz Robert, IPAQ was used in different countries (Hagstromer et al. Augustyńska Beata, 2017 2006, Biernat et al. 2007, Bauman et al. 2009). The IPAQ doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0408 193 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS consists of various questions including times spent on exercise sport science students and the populations, which walking and moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA of at become more physically active. Secondly, we verified if least 10 min duration. During this study assess level of sports science students understand their own health issues PA among selected groups of sport science students was through self-assessments of personal risk factors for NCD. used in the short form of International Physical Activity This was the first examination of university students Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). which associated types of risk factors with the level of PA To ensure an optimal benefit to health ratio before carried out in Poland. performing an exercise program the risk assessment should be carried out. Widely used tool for prescreening Materials and methods health assessment is the PAR-Q. The PAR-Q was Participants: The study was conducted at University developed by the Canadian (British Columbia) Ministry of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk, Poland. The of Health to identify the number of adults for whom the research was done on a sample of voluntary 61 women PA might be inappropriate. The pre-participation of health (21.08±1.43 years old) and 38 men (21.24±1.22 years screening is to provide information relevant to the safety old). Before training all subjects were informed and gave of beginning physical exercise and to identify known consent for study procedures. Anthropometric parameters diseases and risk factors for NCD by self-guide methods, of the group at the beginning of the study are presented so the appropriate lifestyle can be initiated (Allen, 2014). in Table 1. PAR-Q should be a first step before initiating an exercise Organization of the research: The research method was program or planning to increase the amount of PA. a diagnostic survey. The study used two validated research To measure pre-participation health hazard and tools: PAR-Q and IPAQ-SF. PA level was assessed by risk assessment several instruments are available, eg. means of the Polish short IPAQ-SF. This questionnaire is standardized forms are PAR-Q, and AHA/ACSM Health/ currently recognized as one of the most commonly used Fitness Facility Pre-participation Screening Questionnaire. polling tools for monitoring the level of PA (Biernat et al. These questionnaires can be completed in a few minutes 2007). and identifies moderate- and high–risk individuals. The The polish version of IPAQ-SF was published as early American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise as in 2007 (Biernat et al. 2007). In this version, there are pre-participation health screening recommendations determined separately the number of days and the time stipulates that persons at moderate risk for NCD should devoted to PA: intensive, moderate, and walking. The undergo a medical examination prior to starting a questionnaire also allows determining the overall time vigorous. ACSM also recommends that persons at high devoted to sitting. The measure of energy consumption risk for CVD should undergo a medical examination during PA is the so–called MET (Metabolic Equivalent). and diagnostic exercise testing before beginning either a One MET equals to consumption of one kilocalorie of moderate-intensity (Pescatello et al. 2014). The ACSM energy by one kilogram of body mass during one hour recommendations are not a replacement for sound clinical of calm sitting (kcal/kg/h). PA expressed in MET-min/ judgment. week is calculated by multiplying the number of days a The aim of this article was to identify the types of certain effort was performed by the value of MET for this risk factors associated with the PA among sport science effort and by the average number of minutes the effort university students, to assess their level of PA using the was performed a day (Mrozik i Stupnicki, 2015; Zuzda IPAQ-SF and guide the future efforts to minimize the et al., 2015). Abu-Moghli (2014) concluded that Health health risk and improve PA level. education and promotion professionals can confidently Therefore, we designed that study with a twofold use IPAQ questionnaire to assess college students’ aims. Firstly, we verified if the use of PAR-Q reduces participation in physical activity. the barriers to physical activity participation for physical PAR-Q is applicable for people aged 15 to 69 years.

Table 1. Anthropometric characteristics of participants at the beginning of the study

Height Body mass BMI Gender Statistics Age[year] [cm] [kg] [kg/m²] X 21.08 167.94 58.08 20.58 Female SD 1.43 3.31 3.67 1.09 (n=61) Min 19.0 159.00 46.00 17.53 Max 25.0 175.00 63.50 23.82 X 21.24 180.95 76.50 23.37 Male SD 1.22 3.97 4.16 1.25 (n=38) Min 19.0 173.00 68.00 20.99 Max 24.0 190.00 86.00 26.75 n–number of subject; x–average; SD–standard deviation; BMI–Body Mass Index.

194 2017 04 The purpose of preparticipation in risk assessment Results through the use PAR-Q is to provide information relevant The IPAQ_SF allowed determining the number of to the safety of beginning exercise training, increase the days and the time devoted to intensive, moderate activity, intensity PA and to identify known diseases and risk walking, and the time spent in a sitting position during the factors for cardio–vascular diseases or musculoskeletal previous 7 days among female and male sport sciences injury so that appropriate lifestyle interventions can be students. The distribution of vigorous, moderate and initiated. PAR-Q includes questions about diagnosed heart walking PA based on the number of MET–min/weeks disease, stress and resting chest pain, dizziness, diseases is shown in Table 1. The total level of physical activity of bones and joints, prescribed medications, elevated among the male students was 3460.039±2502.207 blood pressure or heart disease, and other causes which MET–min/weeks and was higher than among the may be a contraindication to undertake PA. female students (3388.107±2204.290 MET–min/weeks; Statistical analysis. Completed questionnaires were p>0.05). The dominant type of activity was intense analyzed statistically using the package SPSS 23 (IBM, effort, for female students (4731.528±1813.091 MET– USA). It established the characteristics of distributions min. /week). Among the male students the intense response based on the Shapiro-Wilk and the significance (5246.917±2524.52MET–min./week) and moderate of differences on the basis of a test Chi2, Mann-Whitney efforts (1956.472±822,381MET–min/week) were test and t-Student test. The probability values less than dominant types of activity. 0.05 (p<0.05) were considered as statistically significant. The male students obtained higher values in the area of moderate efforts then females (1470.250±822.381 Table 2. Level of physical activity of male (n=38) and female students (n=61) Average Median Lower Upper Standard p Activity type Students Value Quartile Quartile Deviation (F vs. M) Male (n=38) 3460.039 2821.500 2064.00 4158.000 2524.52 Total Female (n=61) 3388.107 3066.00 1653.000 4545.000 2204.290 p>0.05 Male (n=18) 5246.917 4545.000 3759.000 6318.000 2579.278 Intensive Female (n=36) 4731.528 4407.000 3631.500 5050.500 1813.091 p>0.05 Male (n=18) 1956.472 2310.000 1039.500 2586.000 822.381 Moderate Female (n=17) 1812.971 1653.000 1356.000 2079.000 806.747 p>0.05 Male (n=2) 910.25 910.25 758.0 1062.5 215.314 Walking - Female (n=8) 689.875 758.500 537.000 904.500 309.630 Male (n=38) 419.459 390.000 300.000 480.000 167.663 Sitting Female (n=61) 364j081 360.000 240.000 480.000 174.868 p>0.05

Table 3. Correlation PAR-Q test result vs. activity level Level I Level II Level III Total PAR-Q Intensive Moderate Low n % n % n % n % Chi2 p Q1- Has your doctor ever said that you have a heart condition and that 8 100 35 94.6 50 92.6 54 54.5 0.716 0.699 you should only do physical activity recommended by a doctor? Q2- Do you feel pain in your chest 7 87.5 33 89.2 51 94.4 54 54.5 1.045 0.593 when you do PA? Q3- In the past month, have you had chest pain when you were not 6 75 32 86.5 51 94.4 54 54.5 3.659 0.161 doing PA? Q4- Do you lose your balance because of dizziness or do you ever 8 100 33 89.2 49 90.7 54 54.5 0.934 0.627 lose consciousness? Q5- Do you have a bone or joint problem (for example, back, knee 4 50 21 56.8 39 72.2 54 54.5 3.115 0.211 or hip) that could be made worse by a change in your PA? Q6- Is your doctor currently prescribing drugs (for example, 8 100 37 100 54 100 water pills) for your blood pressure or heart condition? Q7- Do you know of any other 8 100 34 91,9 54 100 54 54.5 5.184 0.075 reason why you should not do PA?

195 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

Table 4. Correlation of the age, weight, height, and BMI vs. level of activity

Parameter N X SD Median Range p average 1vs. 2 2 vs. 3 1 vs. 3 Age 99 21.1 0.1 21 19 – 25 0.782 0.549 0.983 Age Lev 1 8 21.1 0.4 21 20 – 23 Age Lev 2 37 21.1 0.2 21 19 – 25 Age Lev 3 54 21.2 0.2 21 19 – 25

Mass 99 65.1 1 62 46 – 86 0.027 0.123 0.179 Mass lev1 8 59.2 2.8 58.8 50 - 75.5 Mass lev 2 37 67.7 1.6 69 52 – 83 Mass lev 3 54 64.3 1.3 61 46 – 86

Height 99 172.9 0,7 171 159 - 190 0.072 0.113 0.406 Height lev1 8 169.8 2 168 165 - 182 Height lev2 37 174.5 1.2 173 162 - 186 Height lev3 54 172.3 1.0 170 159 - 190

BMI 99 21.7 0.2 21.3 17.5 - 26.8 0.040 0.168 0.147 BMI lev1 8 20.4 0.6 20.7 18.1 - 22.8 BMI lev2 37 22.1 0.3 22.3 19.0 - 26.1 BMI lev3 54 21.5 0.2 21.0 17.5 - 26.8

MET–min./week and 1812.971±806.747 MET–min./ lifestyle and to be physically active are deflected by face week respectively; p>0.05). The average declared time numerous barriers: demographic, biological, cognitive, spent in a sitting position was 419.459±167.663 minutes a emotional, sociocultural, and environmental factors week for the male students and 364.081±174.868 minutes (Pescatello et al., 2014). One of them may be health a week for the male students. screening, which may involve a visit to a medical doctor Analyzing the relationships in test results in case of (Warburton et al., 2011). While the benefits of PA are the level of activity no statistically significant difference evident, PA may present health risks to people with in the range of questions from 1 to 7 was found. The most NCD (Ewing et al., 2015). It is important to make sound frequently observed response was the answer = 0. In the decisions to identify which exercise interventions are case of Question 6 all respondents gave this reply, hence chosen appropriate and safe for them (Sallis et al., 2015; the inability to quantify the statistical dependence (Table Bredin et al., 2013). 3). Sports executives possess higher than average The assessment of correlation between age, weight, knowledge about the importance of risk assessment in height, and BMI and the level of PA showed statistically the prevention of NCD. Unfortunately, when they became significant relationship for activity level 1 to the second trainers and instructors, they do not implement their level of activity with the body mass and BMI. Body mass theoretical knowledge to the practice of everyday life in a and BMI of about 2 activity were significantly higher than satisfactory manner. It is important to pay more attention respondents declaring activity level 1 (respectively: 59.2 and scope passed in the training of student’s knowledge vs. 67.7, p= 0.027 and 20.4 vs. 22.1, p=0.040) (Table 4). on risk assessment in the prevention of NCD. The PAR-Q serves as a screening tool to quickly Discussion and easily identify adults for whom PA might not Physical activity is a basing biological human need, be appropriate (Pescatello et. al., 2014). PAR-Q can contributing to a health status and should be a necessary minimize barriers in adopting a physically active lifestyle component of human’s lifestyle. Plotnikow (2015) (Balady et al., 1998; Thomas et al., 1992). The PAR-Q stressed that university students are ideal targets lifestyle contains a 7-question battery designed to determine interventions aimed at improving health behaviors. whether individuals are able to become more physically Universities have the potential to engage large numbers active (Allen et al, 2014, http://eparmedx.com/). When a of students in health behavior change interventions person responds positively to 1 or more questions on the (UNESCO, 2009). The number of students enrolled in PAR-Q, he or she is advised to consult a physician for higher education worldwide will reach 262 million by physical activity participation clearance. Risk assessment 2025, a marked increase from 178 million in 2010 (Davis using the PAR-Q is undertaken to facilitate participation et al., 2012). in regular physical activity by all, but should not replace On the other hand students wishing to change his sound clinical judgment.

196 2017 04 The process is easy to complete and administer and 59% of European Union citizens never perform physical reduce the barriers to PA participation for asymptomatic activity, play sport or do it only rarely, and while 41% and symptomatic populations which becoming more take this kind of activity at least once a week. Residents of physically active. The PAR-Q tools are evidence- Northern Europe are more physically active than people based, meeting the requirements recognized by the in Southern and Eastern Europe. In Sweden, 70% of medical community. (Bredin, 2013). They simplify the respondents said they practice or play sport at least once prescreening process especially when low-to moderate a week. Right behind Sweden the following countries are intensity exercise is performed. This is implemented in placed in the ranking: Denmark (68%) and Finland (66%), some countries, e.g. allows for pre-exercise screening use followed by the Netherlands (58%) and Luxembourg the PAR-Q+. This was reducing the number of individuals (54%). At the opposite end of the rankings were: Bulgaria seeking clearance by a physician (Israeli Ministry of (78% who never practice or play sport), followed by Health, 2015). Malta (75%), Portugal (64%), Romania (60%) and Italy It is estimated that 1% of people who fill out the (60%). Nearly 35% of survey participants Multi-Centre questionnaire PAR-Q will require a further assessment Nationwide Health Survey Project - WOBASZ (37% by a physician before taking the systematic exercise of women and 32% men) do not perform any physical (Bredin et al. 2013). However, in the near future, this exercise lasting at least 30 minutes a day during free time number may increase as the diseases of civilization are from work or study. Among the people who perform this more and more common. For example prevalence of pre- type of exercise, they do it irregularly or rarely (Dryglas diabetes status is increasing worldwide and experts have et al, 2005). projected that more than 470 million people will have Results from the Australian Bureau of Statistics of pre-diabetics by 2030. On the other hand for pre-diabetic the Australian Health Survey 2011-2012 show that higher individuals, lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of education students are more likely to meet recommended diabetes prevention, with evidence of a 40–70% relative- guidelines for exercise (58%) compared with 45% of non- risk reduction (Tabák et al., 2012), higher education students (ABS,2012). Declarations of our students filling the questionnaire Hasse et all (2004) stressed that 73% of male and 79% PAR-Q indicate the incidence of symptoms memorialized of female university students Reduce barriers to regular at this relatively early stage of life. It should be noted, PA, by eliminating unnecessary medical evaluations however, that the indications on individual symptoms which replace use of the PAR-Q. All adults should be were quite common, as concerned 22 men out of 39 encouraged to be physically active. tested. Among women, 60 respondents confirmed those University students from UK do not meet physical 29 students. Efforts should be undertaken to facilitate activity guidelines. The same is the USA where nearly half participation in regular PA by university students and the of all university students are not achieving recommended hazards of exercise-related NCD events are likely to be levels of PA (Weinstock, 2010). reduced by careful attention to a reduce barrier and a safe Our study confirms the assumption that students of and effective exercise prescription. physical education will be characterized by increased Plotnikoff et al. (2015) stressed that the university and high physical activity resulting from lead an active students which are represents a significant proportion lifestyle. It demonstrates that the total level of PA of of our population are ideal targets improving health the male students was 3460.039±2502.207 MET- min/ behaviors. They are still at an age where health behaviors week and was higher than in the case of female students that impact on health later in life can be improved that (3388.107±2204.290 MET- min/week). The dominant type a variety of activities, designed to highlight PA and PA activity of female students was intensive effort male health factors with immediate feedback, is experience students was intensive effort (5246.917±2579.27 MET- allows a hands-on approach to learning as it increases the min/week) and moderate effort (1956.472±822.38MET- students’ understanding of their own health issues. The min/week respectively). This data were higher than that results of research conducted by Snetselaar et al. among of students from Bialystok Medical University where 88 medical students whose aim was a self-assessment of average total PA of students amounted to 3014.5 MET- their personal risk factors concluded that have succeeded min/week ± 1564.8). Most of the students presented a in providing students with a valuable educational tools, moderate level of physical activity. which they can use in a future work. Kościuczuk (2016) stressed that dietetics students From international studies evaluating the level of PA were characterized by a higher average value of MET- residents 15 EU countries and 6 countries participating min/week 1304.37 ± 1082.32 compared with students of in the program CINDI WHO conducted in the late 90s physiotherapy (MET-min/week 1016 75 ± 715.5). it shows that the percentage of the guiding secondary In Poland another data from study done by Starościak amounted to between 40-80%. The largest percentage (2016) stressed that Physical Education students undertake of women and men giving of a shallow PA was found in PA on a high and moderate level more often than students Portugal (Varo, 2003). of other pedagogical sciences. Mrozik (2015) assessed The Eurobarometer survey of the European the overall performance of PA of students from College Commission (http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP- of Physical Culture and Tourism in Pruszkow (Poland) 14-300_pl.htm) published in March 2014 indicate that showed that the level of PA is satisfactory. Sport science 197 PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS students, as future prospective coaches and instructors, common, as concerned 22 men out of 39 tested should be well prepared to promote health behaviors, and and 29 women out of 60 tested. It was found that after the completion of their studies stand as authority in students participating in this analysis initially did not those areas. understand their own health issues. 3. Use of the PAR-Q can reduce barriers that students Conclusions: encountered before taking regular physical activity 1. This study demonstrates that sport science students achieve the level of PA recommended by experts for Conflict of interests the prevention of NCD. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. 2. The indications on individual symptoms were quite

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Information about the authors: Zuzda Jolanta Grażyna; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7303-7531; [email protected]; Bialystok University of Technology; Wiejska 45A, 15-001 Białystok, Poland.

Latosiewicz Robert; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1934-4607; [email protected]; Medical University of Lublin; Aleje Racławickie 1, 20- 950 Lublin , Poland.

Augustyńska Beata; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-0295; [email protected]; Collegium Medicum im. Ludwika Rydygiera in Bydgoszcz; Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy 6, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland. Cite this article as: Zuzda Jolanta Grażyna, Latosiewicz Robert, Augustyńska Beata. Risk assessment and level of physical activity of students in Poland. Physical education of students, 2017;21(4):193–199. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0408 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportedu.org.ua/index.php/PES/issue/archive This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Received: 06.06.2017 Accepted: 21.06.2017; Published: 10.08.2017

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