News Census Helps Palestinians in Jerusalem Numbers Game
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14. Jerusalem 14.1 HISTORY X Historical Significance: Linking Past to Present Throughout its 50,000 years of history, Jerusalem has continued to thrive as an important political and cultural center, and a house of faith for the three monotheistic religions. This city has withstood many wars and conflicts, and despite some turbulent events in its past, has still retained a peaceful image of unity and sacredness. However, due to its added importance as a political symbol and a geographic center in the region, it has aroused great struggle over who has the exclusive right of its possession. Its recent history, borne out of the Arab-Israeli conflict, has fueled a long dispute over its future, and has rendered Jerusalem a vital but unresolved question in Middle East politics. Till today, the city remains the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The overruling political powers have employed continuous and well-planned strategies of territorial, demographic, religious, and property claims in order to maintain control over the city’s sovereignty. X Jerusalem throughout the Ages Throughout the ages, Jerusalem has had its prosperous times of co-existence and justice as well as some dark periods of oppressive rule and bloodshed. It remained under the rule of the Eastern Roman Emperor from 400 AD until it opened its doors to the Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, to whom the keys of Jerusalem were handed over by the Patriarch Safronios in 638 AD. The Muslim Caliph granted the citizens of the city, the status of “protected people” or dhimis, which gave them the freedom to practice their religion. It was Omar who permitted Jews to return to Jerusalem, five centuries after their expulsion by Hadrian. This was a period in which harmony and tolerance reigned. A darker period ensued at the beginning of the 11thth Century, when the Egyptian Caliph Al-Hakim persecuted Christians and Jews, and destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. A later conquest of the city by the Seljuk Turks caused many oppressive reprisals on the inhabitants of the city. The Crusaders (“Al-Firanja”), after capturing Jerusalem in 1099, massacred Muslims and Jews, and turned Jerusalem into a Christian city where non-Christians were not permitted to live. In 1187, Salah Eddin restored Jerusalem’s true role; he left the Holy Sepulcher open to Christians and reopened the city in 1192 for pilgrimage. Again, following the fall of Jerusalem to Fredrick II in 1229 the city was forbidden to Muslims and Jews, and in 1244 the city came under the rule of Egypt. The Mamluks governed Jerusalem from Cairo (1260-1516) and were followed by the Ottomans (1516-1918). The Mamluks and the Ottomans transformed the city’s physical attributes, endowing it with splendid religious monuments. The Ottomans built the walls and gates of the Old City (1537-1541) and renovated the Dome of the Rock. The city then remained under Islamic-Arab rule until it was captured by the Crusaders in 1099 AD. Christian rule lasted until 1187 AC when Salah Eddin re- conquered the city, which then was ruled by the Ayyubids until being recaptured by the Crusaders in 1129. Some 15 years later, the Muslims under the Turkish Rule, regained Jerusalem and the city remained in their hands until 1917. XThe British Mandate (1917-1948) Following the 1915 Hussein-McMahon correspondence and the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement concerning the future political status of the Arab lands of the Middle East, General Edmund Allenby’s troops and the Arab Revolt defeated the Turks. Jerusalem was captured on 9 Dec. 1917; under the British Mandate (1917-1948), it was recognized as the administrative and political capital of Palestine. A municipality was formed with a balanced share of power between the three monotheistic religions. In April 1920, the San Remo Conference awarded administration of the former Ottoman territories of Syria and Lebanon to France, and Palestine, Transjordan and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Britain. On 24 July 1922, the League of Nations Council approved the Mandate for Palestine without the consent of Palestinians (the terms of the Mandate became official on 29 Sept. 1923). Palestinian resistance against British rule created pressure on the Mandate authorities to seek the assistance of the United Nations for an immediate solution. The British issued laws that prevented Jewish immigration to Palestine (White Paper). These laws infuriated the Zionist organizations in Palestine and pressured the British to allow more Jewish immigration. The Arabs also resisted the British, feeling that the British have replaced Turkish oppressive rule, and thus continued uprisings and revolts against the British (1921, 1923, and 1936). The British, however, were not consistent in their restrictions of Jewish immigration, and extensively supported Zionist groups in their attacks against Arabs. As the British prepared to withdraw from Palestine in 1947, the UN Partition Plan (Res. 181), proposed by the UN Special Com- mittee on Palestine (UNSCOP), recommended the partition of Palestine into an Arab State and a Jewish State, and that "The City of Jerusalem (extending to Bethlehem) shall be established as a corpus separatum under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United Nations.” The city’s boundaries were to include the present (1947) municipality of 340 Jerusalem plus the surrounding villages and towns. [At the time, Jerusalem - the Old City and Palestin- ian neighborhoods such as Talbiyeh, Baq’a, and Katamon southwest of the city - was surrounded by 66 Palestinian villages (e.g., Deir Yassin, Lifta, Malha, Ein Karem), while the mainly ultra-orthodox Jewish population was concentrated in part of the Old City and neighborhoods north-west of it.] However, this plan was never implemented and at the end of the 1948-49 war, Jerusalem found itself divided between Israel and Transjordan. Prior to the 1948 War, Palestinians formed the over- whelming majority in the Jerusalem district and owned most of the land. The last British Survey of Palestine (Dec. 1946) made the following demo- graphic estimates: Population of Jerusalem in Sub-Districts Palestinians 65,010 150,590 Jews 99,320 102,520 Other 110 160 Total 164,440 253,270 UN Partition Plan, 29 Nov. 1947 (Res. 181) Property Ownership 1948: West Jerusalem Jerusalem Sub-District Western Villages Palestinian 40.0% Jewish 2.0% Public 14.0% Palestinian 90.0% Public 33.9% Jewish 10.0% Palestinian 84.0% Jewish 26.1% (Source: A Survey of Palestine, Britain, 1946; Sami Hadawi, Palestinian Rights and Losses in 1948. London, 1988. NB: ‘Public’ includes land owned by Palestinian religious institutions and government land.) The Palestinians rejected the Partition resolution. On 14 May 1948 the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of the State of Israel in the part of Palestine allocated to the Jews in UN Res. 181.These events culminated in the first Arab-Israeli War. The balance of power was very unequal with a well-equipped and trained Zionist army fighting against poorly armed Palestinian re- sistance groups, and many Palestinian civilians fled in panic after Jewish forces committed a series of massacres in their villages. Before the entry of the Arab armies, the Zionist forces launched two offensives - one from Tel Aviv and one from Jerusalem itself (Dec. 1947-May 1948) - which resulted in the conquest of West Jerusalem and the corridor leading to the coast - in violation of the UN Partition Resolution. Until today the international community, incl. the US, has never explicitly recognized Israeli sovereignty over even West Jerusalem. X The 1948 Arab-Israeli War - Al-Nakba While Arabs refer to the 1948 War as Al- Nakba (“the catastrophe”), Israelis call it the War of Independence. Î During the course of the War of 1948, Jewish forces captured much of the territory assigned to the proposed Arab state, incl. 85% of Jerusalem (mainly in the city’s western part and surrounding neighborhoods). The Jordanian Arab Legion took control of the West Bank, incl. 11% of the eastern part of Jerusalem (incl. the Old City and adjacent villages).The remaining 4% of the Jerusalem area was considered no-man's land in which the UN headquarters were established. 341 Some 64,000-80,000 Palestinians were Partitioned Jerusalem, 1948-1967 forcibly driven out of the west part of Je- rusalem and the villages in the immediate vicinity. In June 1948, their property (incl. 10,000 homes, furniture and businesses) came under the control of the Israeli ‘Cus- todian of Absentee Property’ (Cattan, H. Jerusalem, New York, 1981). Some 40 Pal- estinian villages in and around Jerusalem were depopulated and many of them destroyed. The 1949 ceasefire/armistice agree- ment between Jordan and Israel formally divided the city into Jordanian-controlled East and Israeli-controlled West Jeru- salem. In 1950, the Israeli government passed the ‘Absentee Property Law’, which transferred the ownership of ‘left’ property to the Jewish state. This event marks the first division of Jerusalem into East and West Jerusalem. On 2 Feb. 1949, Israeli PM David Ben- Gurion unilaterally declared that Israeli- held (West) Jerusalem was no longer oc- cupied territory but an integral part of the Israeli state, and on 13 Dec. 1949, West Jerusalem was illegally declared the capital of Israel. On 19 Dec. 1949, the UN General Assembly voted for Res. 303, restating its intention to place Jerusalem under a permanent international regime, which should envis- age appropriate guarantees for the protec- tion of the Holy Places, both within and outside Jerusalem, and confirm the provi- sions of the Partition Resolution 181 of 1947. However, this plan was never to be implemented. X Israeli Occupation 1967: Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, incl. East Jerusalem, in the course of the June War of 1967.