Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin
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Toxicity Equivalence Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER
JOINT FAO/WHO Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER Cover photograph: © FAOemergencies JOINT FAO/WHO Toxicity equivalence factors for marine biotoxins associated with bivalve molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ROME, 2016 Recommended citation: FAO/WHO. 2016. Technical paper on Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs. Rome. 108 pp. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these are or have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by FAO and WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall FAO and WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. -
Differentiating Two Closely Related Alexandrium Species Using Comparative Quantitative Proteomics
toxins Article Differentiating Two Closely Related Alexandrium Species Using Comparative Quantitative Proteomics Bryan John J. Subong 1,2,* , Arturo O. Lluisma 1, Rhodora V. Azanza 1 and Lilibeth A. Salvador-Reyes 1,* 1 Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines- Diliman, Velasquez Street, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; [email protected] (A.O.L.); [email protected] (R.V.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.J.J.S.); [email protected] (L.A.S.-R.) Abstract: Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamutum are two closely related harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causing species with different toxicity. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantita- tion (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics and two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), a comprehensive characterization of the proteomes of A. minutum and A. tamutum was performed to identify the cellular and molecular underpinnings for the dissimilarity between these two species. A total of 1436 proteins and 420 protein spots were identified using iTRAQ-based proteomics and 2D-DIGE, respectively. Both methods revealed little difference (10–12%) between the proteomes of A. minutum and A. tamutum, highlighting that these organisms follow similar cellular and biological processes at the exponential stage. Toxin biosynthetic enzymes were present in both organisms. However, the gonyautoxin-producing A. minutum showed higher levels of osmotic growth proteins, Zn-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and type-I polyketide synthase compared to the non-toxic A. tamutum. Further, A. tamutum had increased S-adenosylmethionine transferase that may potentially have a negative feedback mechanism to toxin biosynthesis. -
Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins
WHO/SDE/WSH/xxxxx English only Cyanobacterial toxins: Saxitoxins Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments Version for Public Review Nov 2019 © World Health Organization 20XX Preface Information on cyanobacterial toxins, including saxitoxins, is comprehensively reviewed in a recent volume to be published by the World Health Organization, “Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water” (TCiW; Chorus & Welker, in press). This covers chemical properties of the toxins and information on the cyanobacteria producing them as well as guidance on assessing the risks of their occurrence, monitoring and management. In contrast, this background document focuses on reviewing the toxicological information available for guideline value derivation and the considerations for deriving the guideline values for saxitoxin in water. Sections 1-3 and 8 are largely summaries of respective chapters in TCiW and references to original studies can be found therein. To be written by WHO Secretariat Acknowledgements To be written by WHO Secretariat 5 Abbreviations used in text ARfD Acute Reference Dose bw body weight C Volume of drinking water assumed to be consumed daily by an adult GTX Gonyautoxin i.p. intraperitoneal i.v. intravenous LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level neoSTX Neosaxitoxin NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level P Proportion of exposure assumed to be due to drinking water PSP Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning PST paralytic shellfish toxin STX saxitoxin STXOL saxitoxinol -
Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels
marine drugs Review Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll 1,* and Allan D. Cembella 2 ID 1 CONACYT—Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 04510, Mexico 2 Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-55-5623-0222 (ext. 44639) Received: 29 June 2017; Accepted: 27 September 2017; Published: 13 October 2017 Abstract: Guanidinium toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), tetrodotoxin (TTX) and their analogs, are naturally occurring alkaloids with divergent evolutionary origins and biogeographical distribution, but which share the common chemical feature of guanidinium moieties. These guanidinium groups confer high biological activity with high affinity and ion flux blockage capacity for voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV). Members of the STX group, known collectively as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are produced among three genera of marine dinoflagellates and about a dozen genera of primarily freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria. In contrast, toxins of the TTX group occur mainly in macrozoa, particularly among puffer fish, several species of marine invertebrates and a few terrestrial amphibians. In the case of TTX and analogs, most evidence suggests that symbiotic bacteria are the origin of the toxins, although endogenous biosynthesis independent from bacteria has not been excluded. The evolutionary origin of the biosynthetic genes for STX and analogs in dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria remains elusive. These highly potent molecules have been the subject of intensive research since the latter half of the past century; first to study the mode of action of their toxigenicity, and later as tools to characterize the role and structure of NaV channels, and finally as therapeutics. -
Removal of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tamarense (Dinophyta
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Vol. 50, Nº2: 347-352, agosto 2015 DOI 10.4067/S0718-19572015000300012 RESEARCH NOTE Removal of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales) by Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) in controlled experimental conditions Remoción del dinoflagelado tóxico Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales) por Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) en condiciones experimentales controladas Sergio Bolasina1,2, Hugo Benavides1,4, Nora Montoya1, José Carreto1,4, Marcelo Acha1,3,4 and Hermes Mianzan1,3,4 1Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero - INIDEP, Paseo Victoria Ocampo N°1, Escollera Norte, (7602), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] 2Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé -NUPEM/UFRJ, Rua São José do Barreto 764, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. (Present address) 3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina 4Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350 (7600) Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract.- The objective of the present study is to estimate the removal capability of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) on cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales). For this purpose, observations on its clearance and survival rates were made in controlled experiments, using different A. tamarense cell concentrations. Mnemiopsis leidyi is able to remove dinoflagellates actively from the water column only at the lowest density tested (150 cells mL-1). Animals exposed to 300 cells mL-1 presented negative clearance and removal rates (survival= 67%). All ctenophores exposed at the highest concentrations of toxic dinoflagellates (600 cells mL-1) died after 4 h. Removal may occur mainly by incorporating and entangling cells in the mucus strands formed by the ctenophore, and in a lesser way by ingestion. -
Development and Validation of a Novel Approach for the Analysis of Marine Biotoxins
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE BIOTOXINS Bing Cheng Chai College of Engineering and Science Victoria University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2017 ABSTRACT Harmful algal blooms (HABs) which can produce a variety of marine biotoxins are a prevalent and growing risk to public safety. The aim of this research was to investigate, evaluate, develop and validate an analytical method for the detection and quantitation of five important groups of marine biotoxins in shellfish tissue. These groups included paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), amnesic shellfish toxins (AST), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DST), azaspiracids (AZA) and neurotoxic shellfish toxins (NST). A novel tandem liquid chromatographic (LC) approach using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), aqueous normal phase (ANP), reversed phase (RP) chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) and fluorescence spectroscopic detection (FLD) was designed and tested. During method development of the tandem LC setup, it was found that HILIC and ANP columns were unsuitable for the PSTs because of the lack of chromatographic separation power, precluding them from being used with MSMS detection. In addition, sensitivity for the PSTs at regulatory limits could not be achieved with MSMS detection, which led to a RP-FLD combination. The technique of RP-MSMS was found to be suitable for the remaining four groups of biotoxins. The final method was a combination of two RP columns coupled with FLD and MSMS detectors, with a valve switching program and injection program. A novel sample preparation method was also developed for the extraction and clean-up of biotoxins from mussels. -
Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2016 Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica Sarah Pease College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Pease, Sarah, "Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1477068141. http://doi.org/10.21220/V5C30T This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alexandrium monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea virginica ______________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science ______________ by Sarah K. D. Pease 2016 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science _________________________________ Sarah K. D. Pease Approved, by the Committee, August 2016 __________________________________ Kimberly S. Reece, Ph.D. Committee Co-Chairman/Co-Advisor __________________________________ Wolfgang K. Vogelbein, Ph.D. -
Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) and Desalination: a Guide to Impacts, Monitoring and Management; IOC. Manuals and Guides; Vol.:78; 2
Manuals and Guides 78 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring, and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson, Siobhan F.E. Boerlage, Mike B. Dixon UNESCO Manuals and Guides 78 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson* Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Siobhan F. E. Boerlage Boerlage Consulting Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Mike B. Dixon MDD Consulting, Kensington Calgary, Alberta, Canada *Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] UNESCO 2017 Removal of algal toxins and taste and odor compounds 10 REMOVAL OF ALGAL TOXINS AND TASTE AND ODOR COMPOUNDS DURING DESALINATION Mike B. Dixon1, Siobhan F.E. Boerlage2, Holly Churman3, Lisa Henthorne3, and Donald M. Anderson4 1 MDD Consulting, Kensington, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 2 Boerlage Consulting, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia 3Water Standard, Houston, Texas, USA 4Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,Woods Hole MA USA 10.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 315 10.2 Chlorination ......................................................................................................................................... 316 10.3 Dissolved air flotation (DAF) ............................................................................................................ -
Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins
WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.8 Cyanobacterial toxins: saxitoxins Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.8 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/ mediation/rules/). Suggested citation. Cyanobacterial toxins: saxitoxins. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.8). -
Identification and Enumeration of Alexandrium Spp. from the Gulf Of
ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 2467–2490 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 Identification and enumeration of Alexandrium spp. from the Gulf of Maine using molecular probes Donald M. Andersona,Ã, David M. Kulisa, Bruce A. Keafera, Kristin E. Gribblea, Roman Marinb, Christopher A. Scholinb aBiology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA bMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA Accepted 18 June 2005 Abstract Three different molecular methods were used with traditional brightfield microscope techniques to enumerate the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense in samples collected in the Gulf of Maine in 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2003. Two molecular probes were used in fluorescent whole-cell (WC) microscopic assays: a large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA) oligonucleotide probe (NA1) and a monoclonal antibody probe thought to be specific for Alexandrium spp. within the tamarense/catenella/fundyense complex. Cell abundance estimates also were obtained using the NA1 oligonucleotide probe in a semi-quantitative sandwich hybridization assay (SHA) that quantified target rRNA in cell lysates. Here we compare and contrast the specificity and utility of these probe types and assay approaches. WC counts of the 1998 field samples demonstrated that A. fundyense cell densities estimated using the antibody approach were higher than those using either the NA1 oligonucleotide or brightfield microscopy due to the co-occurrence of A. ostenfeldii with A. fundyense, and the inability of the antibody to discriminate between these two species. An approach using cell size and the presence or absence of food vacuoles allowed more accurate immunofluorescent cell counts of both species, but small cells of A. -
Alexandrium Tamarense Species Complex”
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328938370 A practical guide to new nomenclature for species within the “Alexandrium tamarense species complex” Article · October 2018 CITATIONS READS 0 186 10 authors, including: Richard Wayne Litaker Marina Montresor National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn 159 PUBLICATIONS 4,155 CITATIONS 220 PUBLICATIONS 5,451 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Michael Brosnahan Shauna Murray Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Technology Sydney 21 PUBLICATIONS 408 CITATIONS 233 PUBLICATIONS 2,924 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: LIFEHAB View project Ecological and evolutionary significance of seed banks for the expansion of harmful algae blooms in the Baltic Sea View project All content following this page was uploaded by Richard Wayne Litaker on 14 November 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. A practical guide to new nomenclature designation of the Group I ribotype as A. fundyense. for species within the “Alexandrium The controversy regarding the tamarense species complex” Group I designation centers on whether the cells used for the original A. catenel- la description were from Group I or IV, For several decades, the “Alexandrium ITS2 complementary base pair changes, given that populations of both species tamarense species complex” included saxitoxin production and the presence in the Pacific are known to exhibit the three morphologically defined spe- or absence of a key gene involved in classic “A. catenella” morphotype. Mo- cies, A. catenella, A. fundyense, and A. -
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT of Harmful Algal Blooms in US Waters
The National Science and Technology Council President Clinton established the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) by Executive Order on November 23, 1993. This cabinet-level council is the principal means for the President to coordinate science, space, and technology policies across the federal government. The NSTC acts as a “virtual” agency for science and technology to coordinate the diverse parts of the federal research and development enterprise. The NSTC is chaired by the President. Membership consists of the Vice President, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, cabinet secretaries and agency heads with significant science and technology responsibilities, and other White House officials. An important objective of the NSTC is to establish clear national goals for federal science and technology investments in areas ranging from information technologies, environment and natural resources, and health research, to improving transportation systems and strengthening fundamental research. The NSTC prepares research and development strategies that are coordinate across federal agencies to form an investment package that is aimed at accomplishing multiple national goals. To obtain additional information regarding the NSTC, contact the NSTC Executive Secretariat at 202-456-6100. The Committee on Environment and Natural Resources The Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) is one of five committees under the NSTC. It is charged with improving coordination among federal agencies involved in environmental and natural resources research and development, establishing a strong link between science and policy, and developing a federal environment and natural resources research and development strategy that responds to national and international issues. To obtain additional information regarding the CENR, contact the CENR executive secretariat at (202) 482-5916.