Alexandrium Tamarense Species Complex”

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Alexandrium Tamarense Species Complex” See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328938370 A practical guide to new nomenclature for species within the “Alexandrium tamarense species complex” Article · October 2018 CITATIONS READS 0 186 10 authors, including: Richard Wayne Litaker Marina Montresor National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn 159 PUBLICATIONS 4,155 CITATIONS 220 PUBLICATIONS 5,451 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Michael Brosnahan Shauna Murray Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Technology Sydney 21 PUBLICATIONS 408 CITATIONS 233 PUBLICATIONS 2,924 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: LIFEHAB View project Ecological and evolutionary significance of seed banks for the expansion of harmful algae blooms in the Baltic Sea View project All content following this page was uploaded by Richard Wayne Litaker on 14 November 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. A practical guide to new nomenclature designation of the Group I ribotype as A. fundyense. for species within the “Alexandrium The controversy regarding the tamarense species complex” Group I designation centers on whether the cells used for the original A. catenel- la description were from Group I or IV, For several decades, the “Alexandrium ITS2 complementary base pair changes, given that populations of both species tamarense species complex” included saxitoxin production and the presence in the Pacific are known to exhibit the three morphologically defined spe- or absence of a key gene involved in classic “A. catenella” morphotype. Mo- cies, A. catenella, A. fundyense, and A. saxitoxin synthesis. These combined lecular analyses of “A. catenella” cells tamarense [1]. Worldwide, the group data fully support the conclusion that collected from the coast of California at is one of several responsible for para- the Group I–V ribotypes are distinct Redondo Beach [13] and Monterey Bay lytic shellfish poisoning, a potentially species. [14], south of the type location, indi- life-threatening syndrome that occurs Equally important, the morphologi- cated that these cells belonged to Group following the consumption of shellfish cal analysis by John et al. [8] showed I (Fig. 1). Further, there is no evidence contaminated with paralytic shellfish no single morphological trait, or that any species except Group I occurs toxins (saxitoxin and analogs). Mor- suite of traits, corroborated the in all of the Americas [5, 13-17]. Use phologically, Alexandrium catenella was original morphospecies descrip- of species-specific molecular assays in distinguished by rounded, slightly ante- tions, nor could any combination of other parts of the world, however, have rior-posteriorly compressed cells, chain morphological traits distinguish the shown Group I and IV cells matching formation, and a 1’ plate lacking a ven- ribotype groups from one another. the A. catenella morphotype co-occur tral pore [1, 2]. Alexandrium fundyense There was simply too much overlap in (see Fig. 1 and associated references). and A. tamarense shared the same Ko- the morphologies expressed by each of The lack of any extant type material for foidian plate tabulation as A. catenella, the ribotype groups for morphological molecular testing and the overlapping but typically exhibited less compressed characters to prove useful. For example, distributions of Group I and IV cells cellular morphologies [1, 3]. Alexan- Group I populations in the entire north exhibiting the “A. catenella” morphol- drium tamarense and A. fundyense were Atlantic and north Pacific including ogy in other regions creates uncertain- distinguished based on the presence of Alaska exhibit both “A. fundyense” and ty about which ribotype was described a ventral pore on the 1ʹ plate in A. tama- “A. tamarense” morphology. In contrast, originally. Based partially on this uncer- rense and its absence in A. fundyense [1]. those in the eastern Pacific from San tainty, John et al. [4] submitted a formal Field and culture studies over the Francisco Bay south to Chile, the south- proposal to Taxon for rejection of the past 20 years often described “A. tama- east Atlantic coast of South Africa and name Alexandrium catenella in favor of rense species complex” cells exhibit- many areas in the western Pacific from A. fundyense. ing intermediate morphologies when Australia to Japan, frequently form mul- A second reason for using the A. compared to the original descriptions ti-cell chains, a signature of the original fundyense name in lieu of A. catenella is of all three species (see John et al. [4] “A. catenella” morphological descrip- that a large volume of literature regard- for a summary). Phylogenetic studies tion. These latter Group I populations ing Group I blooms, especially from the of rDNA gene sequences obtained from also display the typical “A. catenella” Gulf of Maine, has been published using “A. tamarense complex” isolates fall into morphology and are indistinguishable the name A. fundyense. Continued use one of five distinct ribotype groups. from the Group IV populations found in of A. fundyense would cause less dis- These do not correlate with the original the Western Pacific (South Japan, Korea ruption to the existing documentation morphologically defined species and and China) and the Mediterranean Sea and serve the International Code of No- were initially designated as Groups I–V [5, 9, 10, 12]. menclature (ICN) Article 14.2 goal that [5-8]. The genetic distances among the Based on their analyses, John et al. states: “Conservation aims at retention ribotypes are typical of those separat- [8] assigned the following species des- of those names that best serve stability ing other dinoflagellate species. Togeth- ignations to each ribotype group: A. of nomenclature”. A third reason for re- er, these observations indicate that the fundyense (Group I), A. mediterraneum jecting A. catenella, and assigning Group original species descriptions depicted a (Group II), A. tamarense (Group III), A. I to A. fundyense and Group IV to A. pa- series of “morphotypes” shared by vari- pacificum (Group IV) and A. australiense cificum, was to provide the scientific ous species in the A. tamarense complex (Group V). John et al. [8] took further community a means of unambiguously rather than actual species. Consequent- steps to provide exhaustive morpho- distinguishing the Group I and IV cells ly, researchers set out to confirm that logical and genetic descriptions and exhibiting the same A. catenella mor- the five ribotypes represented separate submitted holotype and epitype mate- photype, especially in regions where species (e.g., [5, 8-11]). The most com- rial, as appropriate, to the Herbarium they are sympatric. prehensive of these efforts by John et al. Senckenbergianum (FR) in the Centre Based on the known distribution of [8] assembled diverse lines of evidence, of Excellence for Dinophyte Taxonomy Group I cells along the coast of North including detailed morphological analy- (Wilhelmshaven, Germany). Most of and South America, Fraga et al. [18] ses, rDNA phylogenies, mating incom- these nomenclatural reassignments submitted a counterproposal to Taxon patibility assessments, ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 raised minimal concerns among taxon- against rejecting the name A. catenella. rDNA uncorrected genetic distances, omists. The primary exception was the The authors argued that the Group I HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 61 / 2018 13 Fig. 1. Known locations where Group I A. catenella (red dots) and Group IV A. pacificum (yellow dots) cells have been collected and confirmed with molecular assays [6-8, 11, 12, 15-17, 20-37]. The yellow line and yellow arrow on the west coast of North America indicates the type locality for A. catenella. The white arrow shows the type locality for A. fundyense in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. The single report of A. catenella in the Mediterranean and A. pacificum in the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica should be considered provisional until additional isolates were identified in both regions. No isolates of Alexandirum catenella have been obtained for the Mediterranean Sea despite extensive sampling and though Busch et al. [34] detected putative A. catenella sequences from environmental DNA samples collected from Fangar Bay (Catalan coast) using 454 pyrosequencing of LSU rDNA, the reads are so short they cannot be considered as definitive. If A. catenella does occur in the Mediterranean it may represent a recent introduction. distribution in the type locale was suf- to be aware of this nomenclatural 1. You work in a region where co-oc- ficiently established to conclude only change as it will affect reporting curring members of the “Alexandri- Group I cells were used for the original requirements, communication with um tamarense species complex” are A. catenella description (Fig. 1). If true, the public, and use of past literature present. Based on their morphology, the ICN rules of priority, in cases where when developing strategies for deal- you have assigned them the names the type material is not in question, ing with paralytic shellfish poison- A. catenella and A. tamarense. What clearly dictates retention of the name ing events and regulations. do you do? “A. catenella” for Group I because it was 3. This decision also places significant • You need to sequence barcoding published prior to the “A. fundyense” demands on future researchers as marker regions from the strains, Group I description [1, 2]. they investigate the literature. For specifically, ribosomal RNA genes Nomenclature change proposals example, with the exception of Chil- or use species-specific molecular such as those of John et al. [4] and Fraga ean and South African research, assays. Only then can you truly et al. [18] are adjudicated by The ICN most of the papers published on “A. determine the species present, Nomenclature Committee for Algae. catenella” before 2015 represent i.e. A. australiense, A. catenella, A. This committee met to consider the reports of the morphologically in- mediterraneum, A.
Recommended publications
  • The Planktonic Protist Interactome: Where Do We Stand After a Century of Research?
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/587352; this version posted May 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bjorbækmo et al., 23.03.2019 – preprint copy - BioRxiv The planktonic protist interactome: where do we stand after a century of research? Marit F. Markussen Bjorbækmo1*, Andreas Evenstad1* and Line Lieblein Røsæg1*, Anders K. Krabberød1**, and Ramiro Logares2,1** 1 University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N- 0316 Oslo, Norway 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain * The three authors contributed equally ** Corresponding authors: Ramiro Logares: Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Phone: 34-93-2309500; Fax: 34-93-2309555. [email protected] Anders K. Krabberød: University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Phone +47 22845986, Fax: +47 22854726. [email protected] Abstract Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, yet our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist interactions and gathered the information in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). In total, we have registered ~2,500 ecological interactions from ~500 publications, spanning the last 150 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Differentiating Two Closely Related Alexandrium Species Using Comparative Quantitative Proteomics
    toxins Article Differentiating Two Closely Related Alexandrium Species Using Comparative Quantitative Proteomics Bryan John J. Subong 1,2,* , Arturo O. Lluisma 1, Rhodora V. Azanza 1 and Lilibeth A. Salvador-Reyes 1,* 1 Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines- Diliman, Velasquez Street, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; [email protected] (A.O.L.); [email protected] (R.V.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.J.J.S.); [email protected] (L.A.S.-R.) Abstract: Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamutum are two closely related harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causing species with different toxicity. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantita- tion (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics and two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), a comprehensive characterization of the proteomes of A. minutum and A. tamutum was performed to identify the cellular and molecular underpinnings for the dissimilarity between these two species. A total of 1436 proteins and 420 protein spots were identified using iTRAQ-based proteomics and 2D-DIGE, respectively. Both methods revealed little difference (10–12%) between the proteomes of A. minutum and A. tamutum, highlighting that these organisms follow similar cellular and biological processes at the exponential stage. Toxin biosynthetic enzymes were present in both organisms. However, the gonyautoxin-producing A. minutum showed higher levels of osmotic growth proteins, Zn-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and type-I polyketide synthase compared to the non-toxic A. tamutum. Further, A. tamutum had increased S-adenosylmethionine transferase that may potentially have a negative feedback mechanism to toxin biosynthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tamarense (Dinophyta
    Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Vol. 50, Nº2: 347-352, agosto 2015 DOI 10.4067/S0718-19572015000300012 RESEARCH NOTE Removal of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales) by Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) in controlled experimental conditions Remoción del dinoflagelado tóxico Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales) por Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) en condiciones experimentales controladas Sergio Bolasina1,2, Hugo Benavides1,4, Nora Montoya1, José Carreto1,4, Marcelo Acha1,3,4 and Hermes Mianzan1,3,4 1Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero - INIDEP, Paseo Victoria Ocampo N°1, Escollera Norte, (7602), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] 2Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé -NUPEM/UFRJ, Rua São José do Barreto 764, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. (Present address) 3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina 4Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350 (7600) Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract.- The objective of the present study is to estimate the removal capability of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) on cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales). For this purpose, observations on its clearance and survival rates were made in controlled experiments, using different A. tamarense cell concentrations. Mnemiopsis leidyi is able to remove dinoflagellates actively from the water column only at the lowest density tested (150 cells mL-1). Animals exposed to 300 cells mL-1 presented negative clearance and removal rates (survival= 67%). All ctenophores exposed at the highest concentrations of toxic dinoflagellates (600 cells mL-1) died after 4 h. Removal may occur mainly by incorporating and entangling cells in the mucus strands formed by the ctenophore, and in a lesser way by ingestion.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Allelopathic Effects of Alexandrium Fundyense on Thalassiosira SP
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 12-2012 Assessing Allelopathic Effects of Alexandrium Fundyense on Thalassiosira SP. Emily R. Lyczkowski Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Lyczkowski, Emily R., "Assessing Allelopathic Effects of Alexandrium Fundyense on Thalassiosira SP." (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1861. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/1861 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. ASSESSING ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF ALEXANDRIUM FUNDYENSE ON THALASSIOSIRA SP. By Emily R. Lyczkowski B.A. Colby College, 2008 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Oceanography) The Graduate School The University of Maine December, 2012 Advisory Committee: Lee Karp-Boss, Associate Research Professor of Marine Sciences, Advisor Mary-Jane Perry, Professor of Marine Sciences David Townsend, Professor of Oceanography Mark Wells, Professor of Marine Sciences i ASSESSMENT OF ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF ALEXANDRIUM FUNDYENSE ON THALASSIOSIRA SP. By Emily R. Lyczkowski Thesis Advisor: Dr. Lee Karp-Boss An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Oceanography) December, 2012 Production of allelopathic chemicals by the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense is one suggested mechanism by which this relatively slow grower outcompetes other phytoplankton, particularly diatoms. Despite well documented allelopathic potential of Alexandrium spp., the potency is variable.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexandrium Fundyense and A. Catenella) Have Minimal Apparent Evects on Oyster Hemocytes
    Mar Biol (2007) 152:441–447 DOI 10.1007/s00227-007-0703-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Toxic dinoXagellates (Alexandrium fundyense and A. catenella) have minimal apparent eVects on oyster hemocytes Hélène Hégaret · Gary H. Wikfors · Philippe Soudant · Christophe Lambert · Sandra E. Shumway · Jean Baptiste Bérard · Patrick Lassus Received: 1 August 2005 / Accepted: 9 April 2007 / Published online: 8 May 2007 © Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract The possible eVect of Alexandrium spp. con- in C. virginica and measured toxin accumulation in C. taining paralytic shellWsh poisoning (PSP) toxins on the gigas. The only signiWcant correlation found was between hemocytes of oysters was tested experimentally. In one toxin accumulation at one temperature and higher numbers trial, eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, were of circulating live and dead hemocytes in C. gigas. The PSP exposed to bloom concentrations of the sympatric dinoXa- toxins are known to interfere speciWcally with sodium- gellate, Alexandrium fundyense Balech, alone and in a channel function; therefore, the Wnding that the toxins had mixture with a non-toxic diatom, Thalassiosira weissXogii no eVect on measured hemocyte functions suggests that (Grun) Fryxell et Hasle. Subsequently, another experiment sodium-channel physiology is not important in these hemo- exposed PaciWc oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, to a cyte functions. Finally, because oysters were exposed to the mixed suspension of the sympatric, toxic species Alexand- living algae, not puriWed toxins, there was no evidence of rium catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech, with T. bioactive compounds other than PSP toxins aVecting hemo- weissXogii. Measurements of numbers of oyster hemocytes, cytes in the two species of Alexandrium studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Transcriptional Profiling of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium
    BMC Genomics BioMed Central Research article Open Access Global transcriptional profiling of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense using Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing Deana L Erdner*1 and Donald M Anderson2 Address: 1Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA and 2Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA 02543, USA Email: Deana L Erdner* - [email protected]; Donald M Anderson - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 25 April 2006 Received: 13 December 2005 Accepted: 25 April 2006 BMC Genomics 2006, 7:88 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-7-88 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/7/88 © 2006 Erdner and Anderson; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Dinoflagellates are one of the most important classes of marine and freshwater algae, notable both for their functional diversity and ecological significance. They occur naturally as free-living cells, as endosymbionts of marine invertebrates and are well known for their involvement in "red tides". Dinoflagellates are also notable for their unusual genome content and structure, which suggests that the organization and regulation of dinoflagellate genes may be very different from that of most eukaryotes. To investigate the content and regulation of the dinoflagellate genome, we performed a global analysis of the transcriptome of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense under nitrate- and phosphate-limited conditions using Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS).
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into Alexandrium Minutum Nutrient Acquisition, Metabolism and Saxitoxin Biosynthesis Through Comprehensive Transcriptome Survey
    biology Article Insights into Alexandrium minutum Nutrient Acquisition, Metabolism and Saxitoxin Biosynthesis through Comprehensive Transcriptome Survey Muhamad Afiq Akbar 1, Nurul Yuziana Mohd Yusof 2 , Fathul Karim Sahrani 2, Gires Usup 2, Asmat Ahmad 1, Syarul Nataqain Baharum 3 , Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad 3 and Hamidun Bunawan 3,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; muhdafi[email protected] (M.A.A.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Department of Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; [email protected] (N.Y.M.Y.); [email protected] (F.K.S.); [email protected] (G.U.) 3 Institute of System Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; [email protected] (S.N.B.); [email protected] (N.A.N.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-389-214-570 Simple Summary: Alexandrium minutum is one of the causing organisms for the occurrence of harmful algae bloom (HABs) in marine ecosystems. This species produces saxitoxin, one of the deadliest neurotoxins which can cause human mortality. However, molecular information such as genes and proteins catalog on this species is still lacking. Therefore, this study has successfully Citation: Akbar, M.A.; Yusof, N.Y.M.; characterized several new molecular mechanisms regarding A. minutum environmental adaptation Sahrani, F.K.; Usup, G.; Ahmad, A.; and saxitoxin biosynthesis. Ultimately, this study provides a valuable resource for facilitating future Baharum, S.N.; Muhammad, N.A.N.; dinoflagellates’ molecular response to environmental changes.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Alexandrium Fundyense Cyst Viability and Germling Survival in Light Vs
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Woods Hole Open Access Server 1 Alexandrium fundyense cyst viability and germling survival in light vs. dark at a constant low 2 temperature 3 Emil Vahtera1*, Bibiana G. Crespo1, Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr.1, Kalle Olli2 and Donald M. Anderson1 4 1Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 5 2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu Estonia 6 7 Abstract 8 Both observations and models suggest that large-scale coastal blooms of Alexandrium fundyense in the 9 Gulf of Maine are seeded by deep-bottom cyst accumulation zones (“seed beds”) where cysts 10 germinate from the sediment surface or the overlying near-bottom nepheloid layers at water depths 11 exceeding 100 m. The germling cells and their vegetative progeny are assumed to be subject to modest 12 mortality while in complete darkness as they swim to illuminated surface waters. To test the validity of 13 this assumption we investigated in the laboratory cyst viability and the survival of the germling cells 14 and their vegetative progeny during prolonged exposure to darkness at a temperature of 6 °C, 15 simulating the conditions in deep Gulf of Maine waters. We isolated cysts from bottom sediments 16 collected in the Gulf of Maine under low red light and incubated them in 96-well tissue culture-plates 17 in culture medium under a 10:14h light: dark cycle and under complete darkness. Cyst viability was 18 high, with excystment frequency reaching 90% in the illuminated treatment after 30 days and in the 19 dark treatment after 50 days.
    [Show full text]
  • The Windblown: Possible Explanations for Dinophyte DNA
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.242388; this version posted August 10, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. The windblown: possible explanations for dinophyte DNA in forest soils Marc Gottschlinga, Lucas Czechb,c, Frédéric Mahéd,e, Sina Adlf, Micah Dunthorng,h,* a Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München, D-80638 Munich, Germany b Computational Molecular Evolution Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, D- 69118 Heidelberg, Germany c Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA d CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-34398, Montpellier, France e BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France f Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, SK, Canada g Eukaryotic Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, D-45141 Essen, Germany h Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, D- 45141 Essen, Germany Running title: Dinophytes in soils Correspondence M. Dunthorn, Eukaryotic Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany Telephone number: +49-(0)-201-183-2453; email: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.242388; this version posted August 10, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin
    Aqua-BioScience Monographs Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–38 (2010) www.terrapub.co.jp/onlinemonographs/absm/ Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin Masaaki Kodama Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Plankton feeders such as bivalves often become toxic. Human consumption of the toxic bivalve Received on September 8, 2009 causes severe food poisoning, including paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) which is the most Accepted on October 13, 2009 dangerous because of the acuteness of the symptoms, high fatality and wide distribution throughout Published online on the world. Accumulation of PSP toxins in shellfish has posed serious problems to public health April 9, 2010 and fisheries industry. The causative organisms of PSP toxins are known to be species of dinoflagellates including those belonging to the genus Alexandrium, Gymnodinium catenatum Keywords and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. Bivalves accumulate PSP toxins during a bloom • paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins of these dinoflagellates. Thus, the dinoflagellate toxins have been considered as being concen- • saxitoxin trated in bivalves through food web transfer. However, field studies on the toxin level of bivalves • gonyautoxin in association with the abundance of toxic dinoflagellates could not support the idea. A kinetics • tetrodotoxin study on toxins by feeding experiments of cultured dinoflagellate cells to bivalves also showed • dinoflagellate similar results, indicating that toxin accumulation of bivalves is not caused by simple accumula- • Alexandrium tamarense tion of toxins due to food-web transfer.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2016 Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica Sarah Pease College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Pease, Sarah, "Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1477068141. http://doi.org/10.21220/V5C30T This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alexandrium monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea virginica ______________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science ______________ by Sarah K. D. Pease 2016 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science _________________________________ Sarah K. D. Pease Approved, by the Committee, August 2016 __________________________________ Kimberly S. Reece, Ph.D. Committee Co-Chairman/Co-Advisor __________________________________ Wolfgang K. Vogelbein, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Increasing Temperature and Acidification on the Growth And
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Winter 12-27-2018 Effects of Increasing Temperature and Acidification on the Growth and Competitive Success of Alexandrium Catenella from the Gulf of Maine Drajad Seto University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Seto, Drajad, "Effects of Increasing Temperature and Acidification on the Growth and Competitive Success of Alexandrium Catenella from the Gulf of Maine" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3006. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3006 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTS OF INCREASING TEMPERATURE AND ACIDIFICATION ON THE GROWTH AND COMPETITIVE SUCCESS OF ALEXANDRIUM CATENELLA FROM THE GULF OF MAINE By Drajad Seto S.Pi. Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2014 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Marine Biology) The Graduate School The University of Maine December 2018 Advisory Committee: Mark L. Wells, Professor of Oceanography, Co-Advisor Lee Karp-Boss, Associate Professor of Oceanography, Co-Advisor David W. Townsend, Professor of Oceanography Lawrence M. Mayer, Professor of Oceanography EFFECTS OF INCREASING TEMPERATURE AND ACIDIFICATION ON THE GROWTH AND COMPETITIVE SUCCESS OF ALEXANDRIUM CATENELLA FROM THE GULF OF MAINE By Drajad S.
    [Show full text]