PSP Toxin Analysis and Discrimination of the Naturally Co-Occurring Alexandrium Tamarense and A
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Differentiating Two Closely Related Alexandrium Species Using Comparative Quantitative Proteomics
toxins Article Differentiating Two Closely Related Alexandrium Species Using Comparative Quantitative Proteomics Bryan John J. Subong 1,2,* , Arturo O. Lluisma 1, Rhodora V. Azanza 1 and Lilibeth A. Salvador-Reyes 1,* 1 Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines- Diliman, Velasquez Street, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; [email protected] (A.O.L.); [email protected] (R.V.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.J.J.S.); [email protected] (L.A.S.-R.) Abstract: Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamutum are two closely related harmful algal bloom (HAB)-causing species with different toxicity. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantita- tion (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics and two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), a comprehensive characterization of the proteomes of A. minutum and A. tamutum was performed to identify the cellular and molecular underpinnings for the dissimilarity between these two species. A total of 1436 proteins and 420 protein spots were identified using iTRAQ-based proteomics and 2D-DIGE, respectively. Both methods revealed little difference (10–12%) between the proteomes of A. minutum and A. tamutum, highlighting that these organisms follow similar cellular and biological processes at the exponential stage. Toxin biosynthetic enzymes were present in both organisms. However, the gonyautoxin-producing A. minutum showed higher levels of osmotic growth proteins, Zn-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and type-I polyketide synthase compared to the non-toxic A. tamutum. Further, A. tamutum had increased S-adenosylmethionine transferase that may potentially have a negative feedback mechanism to toxin biosynthesis. -
Removal of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tamarense (Dinophyta
Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Vol. 50, Nº2: 347-352, agosto 2015 DOI 10.4067/S0718-19572015000300012 RESEARCH NOTE Removal of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales) by Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) in controlled experimental conditions Remoción del dinoflagelado tóxico Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales) por Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) en condiciones experimentales controladas Sergio Bolasina1,2, Hugo Benavides1,4, Nora Montoya1, José Carreto1,4, Marcelo Acha1,3,4 and Hermes Mianzan1,3,4 1Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero - INIDEP, Paseo Victoria Ocampo N°1, Escollera Norte, (7602), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] 2Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé -NUPEM/UFRJ, Rua São José do Barreto 764, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. (Present address) 3Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina 4Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350 (7600) Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract.- The objective of the present study is to estimate the removal capability of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) on cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales). For this purpose, observations on its clearance and survival rates were made in controlled experiments, using different A. tamarense cell concentrations. Mnemiopsis leidyi is able to remove dinoflagellates actively from the water column only at the lowest density tested (150 cells mL-1). Animals exposed to 300 cells mL-1 presented negative clearance and removal rates (survival= 67%). All ctenophores exposed at the highest concentrations of toxic dinoflagellates (600 cells mL-1) died after 4 h. Removal may occur mainly by incorporating and entangling cells in the mucus strands formed by the ctenophore, and in a lesser way by ingestion. -
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin
Aqua-BioScience Monographs Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–38 (2010) www.terrapub.co.jp/onlinemonographs/absm/ Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin Masaaki Kodama Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Plankton feeders such as bivalves often become toxic. Human consumption of the toxic bivalve Received on September 8, 2009 causes severe food poisoning, including paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) which is the most Accepted on October 13, 2009 dangerous because of the acuteness of the symptoms, high fatality and wide distribution throughout Published online on the world. Accumulation of PSP toxins in shellfish has posed serious problems to public health April 9, 2010 and fisheries industry. The causative organisms of PSP toxins are known to be species of dinoflagellates including those belonging to the genus Alexandrium, Gymnodinium catenatum Keywords and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. Bivalves accumulate PSP toxins during a bloom • paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins of these dinoflagellates. Thus, the dinoflagellate toxins have been considered as being concen- • saxitoxin trated in bivalves through food web transfer. However, field studies on the toxin level of bivalves • gonyautoxin in association with the abundance of toxic dinoflagellates could not support the idea. A kinetics • tetrodotoxin study on toxins by feeding experiments of cultured dinoflagellate cells to bivalves also showed • dinoflagellate similar results, indicating that toxin accumulation of bivalves is not caused by simple accumula- • Alexandrium tamarense tion of toxins due to food-web transfer. -
Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2016 Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica Sarah Pease College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Pease, Sarah, "Alexandrium Monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea Virginica" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1477068141. http://doi.org/10.21220/V5C30T This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alexandrium monilatum in the Lower Chesapeake Bay: Sediment Cyst Distribution and Potential Health Impacts on Crassostrea virginica ______________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science ______________ by Sarah K. D. Pease 2016 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science _________________________________ Sarah K. D. Pease Approved, by the Committee, August 2016 __________________________________ Kimberly S. Reece, Ph.D. Committee Co-Chairman/Co-Advisor __________________________________ Wolfgang K. Vogelbein, Ph.D. -
Identification and Enumeration of Alexandrium Spp. from the Gulf Of
ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 2467–2490 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 Identification and enumeration of Alexandrium spp. from the Gulf of Maine using molecular probes Donald M. Andersona,Ã, David M. Kulisa, Bruce A. Keafera, Kristin E. Gribblea, Roman Marinb, Christopher A. Scholinb aBiology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA bMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA Accepted 18 June 2005 Abstract Three different molecular methods were used with traditional brightfield microscope techniques to enumerate the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense in samples collected in the Gulf of Maine in 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2003. Two molecular probes were used in fluorescent whole-cell (WC) microscopic assays: a large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA) oligonucleotide probe (NA1) and a monoclonal antibody probe thought to be specific for Alexandrium spp. within the tamarense/catenella/fundyense complex. Cell abundance estimates also were obtained using the NA1 oligonucleotide probe in a semi-quantitative sandwich hybridization assay (SHA) that quantified target rRNA in cell lysates. Here we compare and contrast the specificity and utility of these probe types and assay approaches. WC counts of the 1998 field samples demonstrated that A. fundyense cell densities estimated using the antibody approach were higher than those using either the NA1 oligonucleotide or brightfield microscopy due to the co-occurrence of A. ostenfeldii with A. fundyense, and the inability of the antibody to discriminate between these two species. An approach using cell size and the presence or absence of food vacuoles allowed more accurate immunofluorescent cell counts of both species, but small cells of A. -
Alexandrium Tamarense Species Complex”
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328938370 A practical guide to new nomenclature for species within the “Alexandrium tamarense species complex” Article · October 2018 CITATIONS READS 0 186 10 authors, including: Richard Wayne Litaker Marina Montresor National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn 159 PUBLICATIONS 4,155 CITATIONS 220 PUBLICATIONS 5,451 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Michael Brosnahan Shauna Murray Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Technology Sydney 21 PUBLICATIONS 408 CITATIONS 233 PUBLICATIONS 2,924 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: LIFEHAB View project Ecological and evolutionary significance of seed banks for the expansion of harmful algae blooms in the Baltic Sea View project All content following this page was uploaded by Richard Wayne Litaker on 14 November 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. A practical guide to new nomenclature designation of the Group I ribotype as A. fundyense. for species within the “Alexandrium The controversy regarding the tamarense species complex” Group I designation centers on whether the cells used for the original A. catenel- la description were from Group I or IV, For several decades, the “Alexandrium ITS2 complementary base pair changes, given that populations of both species tamarense species complex” included saxitoxin production and the presence in the Pacific are known to exhibit the three morphologically defined spe- or absence of a key gene involved in classic “A. catenella” morphotype. Mo- cies, A. catenella, A. fundyense, and A. -
Morphological Observation of Alexandrium Tamarense (Lebour) Balech, A
Algae Volume 17(1): 11-19, 2002 Morphological Observation of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, A. catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech and One Related Morphotype (Dinophyceae) in Korea Keun-Yong Kim*, Matoko Yoshida1, Yasuwo Fukuyo2 and Chang-Hoon Kim Department of Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea 1Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521 and 2Asian National Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Twenty-nine culture strains belonging to the genus Alexandrium Halim (Dinophyceae) were established from water column or sediments in Korea. Seventeen isolates were identified as A. tamarense (Lebour) Balech, eight iso- lates as A. sp. cf. catenella and one as A. catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech according to the presence or absence of a ventral pore, the shape of the posterior sulcal plate and the sulcal width. Three isolates were unable to be identi- fied due to considerable distortion of thecal plates and lack of enough materials, but typical of A. tamarense and/or A. catenella. The overall cell shape of A. tamarense was usually longer than wide. The posterior sulcal plate was defi- nitely longer than wide dorsoventrally, and sulcus extended posteriorly without apparent widening. They were dis- tributed in three major coasts of Korea. In contrast, the cell shape of A. sp. cf. catenella was generally anterior-posteri- orly flattened. The transversal axis of the posterior sulcal plate was always longer than the longitudinal, or both axes were nearly equal in length. Its sulcus was broader than that of A. tamarense and widened in the direction of antapex about 1.5 times. -
Alexandrium Catenella Cyst Dynamics in a Coastal Embayment: Temperature Dependence of Dormancy, Germination, and Bloom Initiation
ALEXANDRIUM CATENELLA CYST DYNAMICS IN A COASTAL EMBAYMENT: TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF DORMANCY, GERMINATION, AND BLOOM INITIATION By Alexis Dal Fischer B.A., Wellesley College, 2010 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION June 2017 © 2017 Alexis Dal Fischer All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT and WHOI permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author ______________________________________________________________________________ Joint Program in Oceanography / Applied Ocean Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution May 26, 2017 Certified by ______________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Donald M. Anderson Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ______________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Ann M. Tarrant Chair, Joint Committee for Biological Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2 Contents Acknowledgements 5 Abstract 7 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 9 CHAPTER 2 Cold exposure controls the duration of dormancy in cysts of the 23 toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium catenella CHAPTER 3 Field emergence and laboratory germination of cysts of the toxic 59 dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in response to vernal warming CHAPTER 4 Temperature modulation of dormancy transitions, germination, 93 and division as a determinant of Alexandrium catenella bloom initiation CHAPTER 5 Summary and conclusion 137 APPENDIX The persistence of Alexandrium catenella cyst seedbeds in Nauset 151 Marsh 3 4 Acknowledgements These past six years have been an incredible journey, both scientifically and personally. But it would not have been possible without the support and collaboration of many people and groups. -
The Cost of Toxicity in Microalgae: Direct Evidence from the Dinoflagellatealexandrium
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 22 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01065 The Cost of Toxicity in Microalgae: Direct Evidence From the DinoflagellateAlexandrium Hannah E. Blossom1*, Bo Markussen 2, Niels Daugbjerg 3, Bernd Krock 4, Andreas Norlin1 and Per Juel Hansen1 1Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Elsinore, Denmark, 2Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 3Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4Alfred-Wegener Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany Empirical evidence of the cost of producing toxic compounds in harmful microalgae is completely lacking. Yet costs are often assumed to be high, implying substantial ecological benefits with adaptive significance exist. To study potential fitness costs of toxin production, 16 strains including three species of the former Alexandrium tamarense species complex Edited by: were grown under both carbon limitation and unlimited conditions. Growth rates, levels Maria Montserrat Sala, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), of intracellular paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), and effects of lytic compounds were Spain measured to provide trade-off curves of toxicity for both PST and lytic toxicity under high Reviewed by: light (300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and under low light (i.e., carbon limited; 20 μmol photons Shauna Murray, −2 −1 University of Technology Sydney, m s ). Fitness costs in terms of reduced growth rates with increasing PST content were Australia only evident under unlimited conditions, but not under carbon limitation, in which case Bin-Bin Xie, PST production was positively correlated with growth. The cost of production of lytic Shandong University, China compounds was detected both under carbon limitation and unlimited conditions, but only *Correspondence: Hannah E. -
Alexandrium Minutum Global Invasive Species Database (GISD)
FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Alexandrium minutum Alexandrium minutum System: Marine Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Pyrrophycophyta Dinophyceae Gonyaulacales Goniodomatacea e Common name red tide phytoplankton (English), red tide dinoflagellate (English) Synonym Alexandrium ibericum , E. Balech 1985 Alexandrium lusitanicum , Balech Pyrodinium minutum , (Halim) Taylor? Alexandrium minutum , Halim, 1960 NIMPIS, 2006 Similar species Alexandrium andersoni, Alexandrium angustitabulatum, Alexandrium camurascutulum, Alexandrium hiranoi, Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium tamutum Summary Alexandrium minutum is a small dinoflagellate that forms algal blooms in many coastal regions around the world. It was originally described from a red tide in the Alexandria harbour. Toxins produced in high concentrations by these single-celled organisms are responsible for many global cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. Toxins may also affect other components of the ecosystem including mammals, birds, fish and zooplankton. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Alexandrium minutum is a toxic single-celled armoured dinoflagellate that is well characterised morphologically in Balech, 1995. Cells are spherical in shape and small-sized, 15 to 29 um in diameter. The cell is green-brown in colour with a theca (clear protective covering). Small details on this theca differentiate A.minutum from other Alexandrium species. Cysts of A. minutum are from spherical to slightly flattened in shape and from circular (25–35 um diameter) when seen from above to oval (28–35 um long, 20–30 um wide) in lateral view. The most common cell content is granular material and a more or less condensed yellow–orange accumulation body. Nevertheless, globular content is also observed in some cysts (Bravo et al., 2006). -
Molecular Identification and Toxin Analysis of Alexandrium Spp
toxins Article Molecular Identification and Toxin Analysis of Alexandrium spp. in the Beibu Gulf: First Report of Toxic A. tamiyavanichii in Chinese Coastal Waters Yixiao Xu 1,2,* , Xilin He 1, Huiling Li 1, Teng Zhang 1, Fu Lei 3, Haifeng Gu 4 and Donald M. Anderson 5 1 Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China; [email protected] (X.H.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (T.Z.) 2 Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China 3 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; [email protected] 4 Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; [email protected] 5 Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has increased in China in recent years. Information about harmful dinoflagellates and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) is still limited in China, especially in the Beibu Gulf, where PSTs in shellfish have exceeded food safety guidelines on multiple occasions. To explore the nature of the threat from PSTs in the region, eight Alexandrium strains were isolated from waters of the Beibu Gulf and examined using phylogenetic analyses of large subunit (LSU) rDNA, small subunit (SSU) rDNA, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Their toxin composition profiles were also determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Citation: Xu, Y.; He, X.; Li, H.; (LC-MS/MS). -
Biodiversity
BIODIVERSITY Edited by Adriano Sofo Biodiversity Edited by Adriano Sofo Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dragana Manestar Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Peter Leahy, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Biodiversity, Edited by Adriano Sofo p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-715-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Part 1 Ecosystem-Level Biodiversity 1 Chapter 1 Integrating Spatial Behavioral Ecology in Agent-Based Models for Species Conservation 3 Christina A.D.