DOCSLIB.ORG

Development and Validation of a Novel Approach for the Analysis of Marine Biotoxins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE BIOTOXINS Bing Cheng Chai College of Engineering and Science Victoria University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2017 ABSTRACT Harmful algal blooms (HABs) which can produce a variety of marine biotoxins are a prevalent and growing risk to public safety. The aim of this research was to investigate, evaluate, develop and validate an analytical method for the detection and quantitation of five important groups of marine biotoxins in shellfish tissue. These groups included paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), amnesic shellfish toxins (AST), diarrheic shellfish toxins (DST), azaspiracids (AZA) and neurotoxic shellfish toxins (NST). A novel tandem liquid chromatographic (LC) approach using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), aqueous normal phase (ANP), reversed phase (RP) chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) and fluorescence spectroscopic detection (FLD) was designed and tested. During method development of the tandem LC setup, it was found that HILIC and ANP columns were unsuitable for the PSTs because of the lack of chromatographic separation power, precluding them from being used with MSMS detection. In addition, sensitivity for the PSTs at regulatory limits could not be achieved with MSMS detection, which led to a RP-FLD combination. The technique of RP-MSMS was found to be suitable for the remaining four groups of biotoxins. The final method was a combination of two RP columns coupled with FLD and MSMS detectors, with a valve switching program and injection program. A novel sample preparation method was also developed for the extraction and clean-up of biotoxins from mussels. It was determined that Strata-X was a suitable sorbent for use in the clean-up of mussel extracts. A validation study was carried out on the developed method via analysis of certified reference materials for AZAs, DSTs and ASP, and naturally contaminated mussel material for PSTs. A major limitation to this research was the scarcity and the restrictions in obtaining and receiving biotoxin reference materials. In addition, no reference materials were available for brevetoxins. Therefore, spiking trials were conducted for brevetoxins and it was found that no recoveries could be observed, possibly due to irreversible binding to matrix components. Determination of measurement uncertainty was performed based on the validation data. The method was shown to be capable of meeting current regulatory needs with respect to specificity, analytical range, and limits of detection for PSTs and DSTs. Low recoveries were observed for AZAs and ASTs, which may be accounted for by the application of correction factors determined on a per batch basis. ii Word Template by Friedman & Morgan 2014 Morgan & Friedman by Word Template DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I, Bing Cheng Chai, declare that the Ph.D. thesis entitled “Development and Validation of a novel approach for the analysis of Marine Biotoxins” is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work. Signed:______________________________________________________________ Bing Cheng Chai Date:_________________________________________________________________ iii Word Template by Friedman & Morgan 2014 Morgan & Friedman by Word Template Dedicated to my parents and to Eleanor Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might, for there is no work or thought or knowledge or wisdom in Sheol, to which you are going. — Ecclesiastes 9:10 ESV And whatever you do, in word or deed, do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him. — Colossians 3:17 ESV iv Word Template by Friedman & Morgan 2014 Morgan & Friedman by Word Template ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors at VU, Dr. Rohani Paimin for initiating this project. Also, to Dr. Nicholas Milne and Professor Stephen Bigger for their help and support throughout the writing process. I would not have been able to complete this work without your valuable contributions. I would also like to thank those at the National Measurement Institute, Dr. Saman Buddhadasa, who provided the environment and resources without which this project would not be possible. Also to the NMI General Manager, James Roberts, and the Port Melbourne Branch Manager, Shyam Kumaran, as well as Section Manager, Timothy Stobaus, and Katherine Stockham, the Technical Development Coordinator. Their guidance and support throughout this project was crucial. Many thank also to Peter Anstis and Paul Armishaw for their help in helping me understand measurement uncertainty and their patience in walking me through the calculations. To James Pyke and Jim Tsiotinas from Agilent Technologies, for providing the hardware and technical expertise when I had questions about chromatography and tandem LC, which brought the tandem LC setup into fruition. To Allison Turnbull and Tom Madigan from the South Australia Research and Development Institution, for supplying the toxic shellfish material critical for the research. Finally, special thanks goes to Samantha Duong and Amanda Sheard, whose friendship have made these past years go by in the blink of an eye. And to my friends and housemates who have provided vital emotional support at the most stressful times, thank you sincerely. v Word Template by Friedman & Morgan 2014 Morgan & Friedman by Word Template PRESENTATIONS ARISING FROM RESEARCH Chai B.C. (2012) “Developing a more sensitive and rapid method for the detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins”, Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology (AIFST) Young Members’ Presentation Evening, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia. Chai B.C., Paimin R., Stockham K. (2012) “Developing a Rapid Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST)”, 20th Royal Australian Chemical Institute Research & Development Topics Conference, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia. Chai B.C (2013) “Development of a HILIC-MS/MS method for the determination of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in mussel”, 24th Conference for Residue Chemists (CRC), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Chai B.C., Paimin R., Buddhadasa S. (2013) “Marine Biotoxins” — Collaborative Research Partnerships Symposium (CRPS), Victoria University, Werribee, VIC, Australia. Chai B.C., Paimin R., Stockham K. (2013) “Characterisation of matrix components which suppress ionisation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins for analysis with Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry”, 40th International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques Hobart 2013 (HPLC 2013), Hobart, TAS, Australia. Chai B.C. (2014) “The Trouble With Toxins”, 3 Minute Thesis (3MT) Competition, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia. Chai B.C., Milne N., Buddhadasa S., Bigger S., Pyke J.S. (2015) “Marine Biotoxins”, Collaborative Research Partnerships Symposium (CRPS), Victoria University, Werribee, VIC, Australia. vi Word Template by Friedman & Morgan 2014 Morgan & Friedman by Word Template TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 1.1 HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Factors Affecting Biotoxin Production ............................................................ 4 1.1.2 Effects on Humans ........................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Impact on Animals ........................................................................................... 7 1.1.4 Economic Impacts ........................................................................................... 8 1.2 CONTROL AND MONITORING OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS ................................. 10 1.2.1 Establishing regulatory limits ....................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Emerging Toxins ............................................................................................ 12 1.2.2.1 Cyclic Imines ..................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2.2 Yessotoxins and Pectenotoxins .......................................................................... 13 1.2.2.3 Palytoxin ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2.2.4 Tetrodotoxin ....................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2.5 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning ................................................................................... 14 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE AND AIM OF RESEARCH .................................................................. 15 1.4 THESIS ORGANISATION .......................................................................................... 16 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 17 2.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogenetic Position of a New Marine Sand-Dwelling Dinoflagellate from British Columbia, Canada: Pseudadenoides Polypyrenoides Sp

    Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogenetic Position of a New Marine Sand-Dwelling Dinoflagellate from British Columbia, Canada: Pseudadenoides Polypyrenoides Sp

    European Journal of Phycology ISSN: 0967-0262 (Print) 1469-4433 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tejp20 Ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic position of a new marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from British Columbia, Canada: Pseudadenoides polypyrenoides sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) Mona Hoppenrath, Naoji Yubuki, Rowena Stern & Brian S. Leander To cite this article: Mona Hoppenrath, Naoji Yubuki, Rowena Stern & Brian S. Leander (2017) Ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic position of a new marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from British Columbia, Canada: Pseudadenoides polypyrenoides sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), European Journal of Phycology, 52:2, 208-224, DOI: 10.1080/09670262.2016.1274788 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2016.1274788 View supplementary material Published online: 03 Mar 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 25 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tejp20 Download by: [The University of British Columbia] Date: 13 April 2017, At: 11:37 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, 2017 VOL. 52, NO. 2, 208–224 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2016.1274788 Ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic position of a new marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate from British Columbia, Canada: Pseudadenoides polypyrenoides sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) Mona Hoppenratha,b, Naoji Yubukia,c, Rowena Sterna,d and Brian S. Leandera aDepartments of Botany and Zoology,
  • Toxicity Equivalence Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER

    Toxicity Equivalence Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER

    JOINT FAO/WHO Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER Cover photograph: © FAOemergencies JOINT FAO/WHO Toxicity equivalence factors for marine biotoxins associated with bivalve molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ROME, 2016 Recommended citation: FAO/WHO. 2016. Technical paper on Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs. Rome. 108 pp. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these are or have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by FAO and WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall FAO and WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.
  • Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile (Supplement Data)

    Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile (Supplement Data)

    Protocols for monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for sustainable aquaculture and coastal fisheries in Chile (Supplement data) Provided by Kyoko Yarimizu, et al. Table S1. Phytoplankton Naming Dictionary: This dictionary was constructed from the species observed in Chilean coast water in the past combined with the IOC list. Each name was verified with the list provided by IFOP and online dictionaries, AlgaeBase (https://www.algaebase.org/) and WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org/). The list is subjected to be updated. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Achnanthales Achnanthaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes longipes Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscophyceae Coscinodiscales Heliopeltaceae Actinoptychus Actinoptychus spp. Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Akashiwo Akashiwo sanguinea Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Amphidinium Amphidinium spp. Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Naviculales Amphipleuraceae Amphiprora Amphiprora spp. Bacillariophyta Bacillariophyceae Thalassiophysales Catenulaceae Amphora Amphora spp. Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Anabaenopsis Anabaenopsis milleri Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema Anagnostidinema amphibium Anagnostidinema Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema lemmermannii Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Microcoleaceae Annamia Annamia toxica Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Aphanizomenon Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
  • Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins

    Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins

    WHO/SDE/WSH/xxxxx English only Cyanobacterial toxins: Saxitoxins Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments Version for Public Review Nov 2019 © World Health Organization 20XX Preface Information on cyanobacterial toxins, including saxitoxins, is comprehensively reviewed in a recent volume to be published by the World Health Organization, “Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water” (TCiW; Chorus & Welker, in press). This covers chemical properties of the toxins and information on the cyanobacteria producing them as well as guidance on assessing the risks of their occurrence, monitoring and management. In contrast, this background document focuses on reviewing the toxicological information available for guideline value derivation and the considerations for deriving the guideline values for saxitoxin in water. Sections 1-3 and 8 are largely summaries of respective chapters in TCiW and references to original studies can be found therein. To be written by WHO Secretariat Acknowledgements To be written by WHO Secretariat 5 Abbreviations used in text ARfD Acute Reference Dose bw body weight C Volume of drinking water assumed to be consumed daily by an adult GTX Gonyautoxin i.p. intraperitoneal i.v. intravenous LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level neoSTX Neosaxitoxin NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level P Proportion of exposure assumed to be due to drinking water PSP Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning PST paralytic shellfish toxin STX saxitoxin STXOL saxitoxinol
  • Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels

    Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels

    marine drugs Review Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll 1,* and Allan D. Cembella 2 ID 1 CONACYT—Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 04510, Mexico 2 Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-55-5623-0222 (ext. 44639) Received: 29 June 2017; Accepted: 27 September 2017; Published: 13 October 2017 Abstract: Guanidinium toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), tetrodotoxin (TTX) and their analogs, are naturally occurring alkaloids with divergent evolutionary origins and biogeographical distribution, but which share the common chemical feature of guanidinium moieties. These guanidinium groups confer high biological activity with high affinity and ion flux blockage capacity for voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV). Members of the STX group, known collectively as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are produced among three genera of marine dinoflagellates and about a dozen genera of primarily freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria. In contrast, toxins of the TTX group occur mainly in macrozoa, particularly among puffer fish, several species of marine invertebrates and a few terrestrial amphibians. In the case of TTX and analogs, most evidence suggests that symbiotic bacteria are the origin of the toxins, although endogenous biosynthesis independent from bacteria has not been excluded. The evolutionary origin of the biosynthetic genes for STX and analogs in dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria remains elusive. These highly potent molecules have been the subject of intensive research since the latter half of the past century; first to study the mode of action of their toxigenicity, and later as tools to characterize the role and structure of NaV channels, and finally as therapeutics.
  • SAXITOXIN ELISA a Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay For

    SAXITOXIN ELISA a Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay For

    SAXITOXIN ELISA (5191SAXI[5]04.20) A competitive enzyme immunoassay for screening and quantitative analysis of Saxitoxin in various matrices EUROPROXIMA SAXITOXIN ELISA A competitive enzyme immunoassay for screening and quantitative analysis of Saxitoxin in various matrices TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE: Brief Information .............................................................. 2 1. Introduction ...................................................................... 2 2. Principle of Saxitoxin ELISA ............................................ 3 3. Specificity and Sensitivity ................................................ 4 4. Handling and Storage ...................................................... 5 5. Kit contents ...................................................................... 6 6. Equipment required but not provided .............................. 7 7. Precautions ...................................................................... 7 8. Sample preparation ......................................................... 8 9. Preparation of reagents ................................................... 8 10. Assay Procedure ............................................................. 10 11. Interpretation of results .................................................... 12 12. Literature .......................................................................... 13 13. Ordering information ........................................................ 13 14. Revision history ...............................................................
  • Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin

    Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin

    Aqua-BioScience Monographs Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–38 (2010) www.terrapub.co.jp/onlinemonographs/absm/ Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins: Biochemistry and Origin Masaaki Kodama Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Aquatic Biosciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Plankton feeders such as bivalves often become toxic. Human consumption of the toxic bivalve Received on September 8, 2009 causes severe food poisoning, including paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) which is the most Accepted on October 13, 2009 dangerous because of the acuteness of the symptoms, high fatality and wide distribution throughout Published online on the world. Accumulation of PSP toxins in shellfish has posed serious problems to public health April 9, 2010 and fisheries industry. The causative organisms of PSP toxins are known to be species of dinoflagellates including those belonging to the genus Alexandrium, Gymnodinium catenatum Keywords and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. Bivalves accumulate PSP toxins during a bloom • paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins of these dinoflagellates. Thus, the dinoflagellate toxins have been considered as being concen- • saxitoxin trated in bivalves through food web transfer. However, field studies on the toxin level of bivalves • gonyautoxin in association with the abundance of toxic dinoflagellates could not support the idea. A kinetics • tetrodotoxin study on toxins by feeding experiments of cultured dinoflagellate cells to bivalves also showed • dinoflagellate similar results, indicating that toxin accumulation of bivalves is not caused by simple accumula- • Alexandrium tamarense tion of toxins due to food-web transfer.
  • Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No . : US 2019 / 0192440 A1

    Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No . : US 2019 / 0192440 A1

    US 20190192440A1 (19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub . No. : US 2019 /0192440 A1 LI (43 ) Pub . Date : Jun . 27 , 2019 ( 54 ) ORAL DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPRISING Publication Classification DRUG IN THE FORM OF NANOPARTICLES (51 ) Int . CI. A61K 9 / 20 (2006 .01 ) ( 71 ) Applicant: Triastek , Inc. , Nanjing ( CN ) A61K 9 /00 ( 2006 . 01) A61K 31/ 192 ( 2006 .01 ) (72 ) Inventor : Xiaoling LI , Dublin , CA (US ) A61K 9 / 24 ( 2006 .01 ) ( 52 ) U . S . CI. ( 21 ) Appl. No. : 16 /289 ,499 CPC . .. .. A61K 9 /2031 (2013 . 01 ) ; A61K 9 /0065 ( 22 ) Filed : Feb . 28 , 2019 (2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 / 209 ( 2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 /2027 ( 2013 .01 ) ; A61K 31/ 192 ( 2013. 01 ) ; Related U . S . Application Data A61K 9 /2072 ( 2013 .01 ) (63 ) Continuation of application No. 16 /028 ,305 , filed on Jul. 5 , 2018 , now Pat . No . 10 , 258 ,575 , which is a (57 ) ABSTRACT continuation of application No . 15 / 173 ,596 , filed on The present disclosure provides a stable solid pharmaceuti Jun . 3 , 2016 . cal dosage form for oral administration . The dosage form (60 ) Provisional application No . 62 /313 ,092 , filed on Mar. includes a substrate that forms at least one compartment and 24 , 2016 , provisional application No . 62 / 296 , 087 , a drug content loaded into the compartment. The dosage filed on Feb . 17 , 2016 , provisional application No . form is so designed that the active pharmaceutical ingredient 62 / 170, 645 , filed on Jun . 3 , 2015 . of the drug content is released in a controlled manner. Patent Application Publication Jun . 27 , 2019 Sheet 1 of 20 US 2019 /0192440 A1 FIG .
  • Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) and Desalination: a Guide to Impacts, Monitoring and Management; IOC. Manuals and Guides; Vol.:78; 2

    Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) and Desalination: a Guide to Impacts, Monitoring and Management; IOC. Manuals and Guides; Vol.:78; 2

    Manuals and Guides 78 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring, and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson, Siobhan F.E. Boerlage, Mike B. Dixon UNESCO Manuals and Guides 78 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson* Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Siobhan F. E. Boerlage Boerlage Consulting Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Mike B. Dixon MDD Consulting, Kensington Calgary, Alberta, Canada *Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] UNESCO 2017 Removal of algal toxins and taste and odor compounds 10 REMOVAL OF ALGAL TOXINS AND TASTE AND ODOR COMPOUNDS DURING DESALINATION Mike B. Dixon1, Siobhan F.E. Boerlage2, Holly Churman3, Lisa Henthorne3, and Donald M. Anderson4 1 MDD Consulting, Kensington, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 2 Boerlage Consulting, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia 3Water Standard, Houston, Texas, USA 4Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,Woods Hole MA USA 10.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 315 10.2 Chlorination ......................................................................................................................................... 316 10.3 Dissolved air flotation (DAF) ............................................................................................................
  • Scrippsiella Trochoidea (F.Stein) A.R.Loebl

    Scrippsiella Trochoidea (F.Stein) A.R.Loebl

    MOLECULAR DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE CALCAREOUS DINOPHYTES (THORACOSPHAERACEAE, PERIDINIALES) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München zur Begutachtung vorgelegt von Sylvia Söhner München, im Februar 2013 Erster Gutachter: PD Dr. Marc Gottschling Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Susanne Renner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 06. Juni 2013 “IF THERE IS LIFE ON MARS, IT MAY BE DISAPPOINTINGLY ORDINARY COMPARED TO SOME BIZARRE EARTHLINGS.” Geoff McFadden 1999, NATURE 1 !"#$%&'(&)'*!%*!+! +"!,-"!'-.&/%)$"-"!0'* 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2& ")3*'4$%/5%6%*!+1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 7! 8,#$0)"!0'*+&9&6"*,+)-08!+ 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 :! 5%*%-"$&0*!-'/,)!0'* 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ;! "#$!%"&'(!)*+&,!-!"#$!'./+,#(0$1$!2! './+,#(0$1$!-!3+*,#+4+).014!1/'!3+4$0&41*!041%%.5.01".+/! 67! './+,#(0$1$!-!/&"*.".+/!1/'!4.5$%"(4$! 68! ./!5+0&%!-!"#$!"#+*10+%,#1$*10$1$! 69! "#+*10+%,#1$*10$1$!-!5+%%.4!1/'!$:"1/"!'.;$*%."(! 6<! 3+4$0&41*!,#(4+)$/(!-!0#144$/)$!1/'!0#1/0$! 6=! 1.3%!+5!"#$!"#$%.%! 62! /0+),++0'* 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111<=!
  • Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins

    Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins

    WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.8 Cyanobacterial toxins: saxitoxins Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.8 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/ mediation/rules/). Suggested citation. Cyanobacterial toxins: saxitoxins. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.8).
  • Phycotoxins of the Paralytic Shellfish Poison: Clinical Applications

    Phycotoxins of the Paralytic Shellfish Poison: Clinical Applications

    Clinical Pharmacology and Translational Medicine © All rights are reserved by Néstor Lagos. Review Article ISSN-2572-7656 Phycotoxins of the Paralytic Shellfish Poison: Clinical Applications Néstor Lagos Biochemical Membrane Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile. exhibit potent biological activities. They are secondary metabolites, Introduction which are not vital to the plain metabolism and growth of the A drug is defined as an agent intended for use in the diagnosis, organism, but they are present in constrained taxonomic groups. mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of disease in humans or in Among the many algal secondary metabolites that have been identi- other animals. Certainly, the vast array of effective medical agents fied, an important number are potent biotoxins responsible for a available today represents one of our greatest scientific accompli- wide array of human illnesses. shments. It is difficulty to conceive our civilization devoid of these Four major illnesses associated with microalgae biotoxins and remarkable and beneficial agents. Drug, in the form of vegetation and with shellfish poisoning have been described: Paralytic shellfish minerals, have existed longer than humans. Human disease and the poisoning, Diarrheic shellfish poisoning, Amnesic shellfish poisoning instinct to survive have, through the ages, led to their discovery. and Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning [6, 7]. Paralytic shellfish poiso- Throughout history, the knowledge of drug and their application to ning, which shown as primary clinical symptom acute paralytic disease has always meant power. illness, poses the most serious threat to public health due to its high Searching for potential clinical applications, poisonous substances mortality rate in mammals [4].