Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras Series Editor: Jon Woronoff 1. Ancient Egypt, by Morris L. Bierbrier, 1999. Out of print. See No. 22. 2. Ancient Mesoamerica, by Joel W. Palka, 2000. 3. Pre-Colonial Africa, by Robert O. Collins, 2001. 4. Byzantium, by John H. Rosser, 2001. 5. Medieval Russia, by Lawrence N. Langer, 2001. 6. Napoleonic Era, by George F. Nafziger, 2001. 7. Ottoman Empire, by Selcuk Aksin Somel, 2003. 8. Mongol World Empire, by Paul D. Buell, 2003. 9. Mesopotamia, by Gwendolyn Leick, 2003. 10. Ancient and Medieval Nubia, by Richard A. Lobban Jr., 2003. 11. The Vikings, by Katherine Holman, 2003. 12. The Renaissance, by Charles G. Nauert, 2004. 13. Ancient Israel, by Niels Peter Lemche, 2004. 14. The Hittites, by Charles Burney, 2004. 15. Early North America, by Cameron B. Wesson, 2005. 16. The Enlightenment, by Harvey Chisick, 2005. 17. Cultural Revolution, by Guo Jian, Yongyi Song, and Yuan Zhou, 2006. 18. Ancient Southeast Asia, by John N. Miksic, 2007. 19. Medieval China, by Victor Cunrui Xiong, 2009. 20. Medieval India, by Iqtidar Alam Khan, 2008. 21. Ancient South America, by Martin Giesso, 2008. 22. Egypt, 2nd ed., by Morris L. Bierbrier, 2008. 23. India, by Kumkum Roy, 2009. 24. The Etruscans, by Simon K. F. Stoddart, 2009. Historical Dictionary of the Etruscans Simon K. F. Stoddart Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations, No. 24 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Simon K. F. Stoddart All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stoddart, Simon K. F., 1958– Historical dictionary of the Etruscans / Simon K. F. Stoddart. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations ; no. 24) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8108-5471-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-6304-0 (ebook) 1. Etruscans—Dictionaries. 2. Etruria—Antiquities—Dictionaries. 3. Italy— Antiquities—Dictionaries. I. Title. DG223.S776 2009 937’.501—dc22 2008053115 ϱ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii List of Illustrations ix Preface xi Maps xiii Chronology xvii Introduction xix THE DICTIONARY 1 Appendix: Museums and Research Institutions 221 Bibliography 263 About the Author 320 v Editor’s Foreword The Etruscans are among the most fascinating peoples of the ancient world, sufficiently so that they have aroused interest in their contempo- raries and successors and encouraged active and dedicated research by amateurs and specialists in Italy and other parts of Europe over the past several centuries. Alas, what we currently know about the Etruscans, as compared to the Greeks, Romans, or Egyptians, is still quite limited— partly because the civilization’s physical remains are relatively few and many have been obscured by their successors. But information is be- ing accumulated, and more is known about specific groups and areas, which contributes to a varied and subtle insight into the community as a whole. This applies to many sectors: architecture, economy, lifestyle, culture, and gender relations. Thus, a volume on the Etruscans is cer- tainly merited and most welcome. Like the other volumes in this particular series, the first main section is the chronology, which reviews the civilization’s long evolution and “disappearance.” The introduction further locates the Etruscans geo- graphically and describes the workings of their society. The dictionary section contains numerous entries on specific settlements and cities (and their related archeological work), pioneering Etruscologists and their techniques, and Etruscan achievements. The appendix provides a list of museums and exhibits, and the bibliography provides sources for further reading. With Etruscology being such a diversified and rapidly evolving field—with many specialists working in different places, on different aspects, and not always agreeing with one another—it is certainly im- portant to have an author with a broad view. This has been provided by Simon K. F. Stoddart, whose interest in the Etruscans reaches back more than two decades, when he obtained a doctorate from Cambridge Uni- versity. Since then, he has been both fellow and lecturer at Cambridge, vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD Oxford, York, and Bristol universities. He has taught and lectured, engaged in or directed a number of fieldwork projects in central Italy, and written or edited several books and numerous articles on Etruscan Italy and related subjects. He was until recently editor of the journal Antiquity. This background explains the unusually broad coverage and exceptional variety of material in this latest addition to the series, the long awaited Historical Dictionary of the Etruscans. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Illustrations Map of the relationship of Etruria to Peninsular Italy. xiii Map of major geographical features of Etruscan Italy. xiv Map of major Etruscan cities and settlements. xv The Regolini Galassi tomb at Caere. xxv Hybrid creature from a funerary context (Tomb of the Bulls, Tarquinia). xxix Domestic structures at Accesa Lake. 2 Plan of courtyard structure at Acquarossa. 4 Type 3 Etruscan storage amphora. 12 Diagram of Villanovan hut urn. 25 Later tombs at the Banditaccia cemetery of Caere. 35 Section showing cremation burials at Veii. 60 Plan of the settlement at La Doganella. 69 Plans of domestic architecture at Acquarossa. 70 A vase by the Micali painter. 75 The acropolis of Marzabotto. 118 The courtyard structure at Murlo. 131 Tomb at Nepi. 135 View of Orvieto from the west. 142 Tomb at Quinto Fiorentino. 161 An Etruscan ship from a vase of the Pittore delle Palme, seventh century BC. 178 The Etruscan symposium from a terracotta at Murlo. 185 One of the northern gateways of Tarquinia from inside the city. 188 The Banditaccia cemetery at Caere. 196 Cross section through the volcanic tuffs in the South Etruria area. 201 The deserted plateau of Veii today. 206 The difference in style between women, left, and men, right (Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia). 218 ix Preface This volume deals with a historical people whose preeminent evi- dence is prehistoric. The dictionary covers Etruria proper between the Arno River and the Tiber River and extensions into the Po Valley and Campania, as well as some of the imported materials of the Etruscans elsewhere outside Etruria. It does not seek to cover Umbria, Latium, or other nearby areas. The dictionary covers places, individuals, and some themes. Only deceased scholars have been given their own per- sonal entries, although some of the key living scholars are mentioned in appropriate parts of the text and in the bibliographic sections at the end of the volume. The principal themes (e.g., geography, identity, and the body) are put into context in the introduction, and these and other themes are covered in the dictionary. Bold items in the introduction and dictionary section indicates a link to specific entries in the dictionary section. Dates are problematic since the recent readjustment of dates in the range 1200–700 BC in response to dendrochronological dating has not been universally accepted. An intermediate position is adopted here. In the spelling of Etruscan names, the closest alphabetic version and some of the variations are given. New World spelling is employed where it cannot be avoided by the use of a synonym. Some Italian terms are included and cross-referenced to their English equivalent. The art history and material culture of the Etruscans are voluminous, and the dictionary seeks through the bibliographic section to direct readers to more detailed treatment rather than cover every aspect—which would be impossible in a book of this length. In some places you might find the terseness of Samuel Johnson, but I hope the dictionary serves its purpose, which is to cover the essentials in a more archaeological and contextual framework than many Etruscan offerings. xi The relationship of Etruria to Peninsular Italy. Major geographical features of Etruscan Italy. Major Etruscan cities and settlements. Chronology 2300 Early Bronze Age. Low density populations. 1600/1550 Middle Bronze Age. Development of upland/lowland settlement systems. 1325/1300 Recent Bronze Age. 1175/1150 Final Bronze Age. Small permanent villages and small cemeteries. Hoards. Foundation of villages on location of most Etrus- can cities. Possible social ranking. 950/925 Villanovan 1. Nucleation on the site of later Etruscan cities. 850/825 Villanovan 2. Development of clear ranking in cemeteries. 775 Foundation of Pithekoussai. 750 Foundation of Cumae. 734 Foundation of Naxos. 733 Foundation of Siracuse. 738 Foundation of Catania. 727 Foundation of Megara Hyblaea. 720 Early Orientalizing. Accumulation of wealth by leading descent groups of Etruria. 709 Foundation of Sibari. 708 Foundation of Crotone. 706 Foundation of Taranto. 680 Middle Orientalizing. xvii xviii • CHRONOLOGY 630 Recent Orientalizing. 580 Archaic. Mature urban status of Etruria. 540 Battle of Aleria. 474 Battle of Cumae. 400 Classical Period. 396 Destruction of Veii by Rome. 300 Hellenistic Period. 278 Foundation of Roman colony of Cosa. 248 Destruction of Falerii Veteres by Rome. Introduction The Etruscans were a named historical people with a distinctive range of material culture, who principally occupied the area of central Italy between the Arno River to the north and the Tiber River to the south and east over most of the first millennium BC.