CONGRESS

'Evaluation of the Crimes of Communism'

Published by

Vilnius, 2002 Content

I PART "Anti-Communist Congress"

Foreword 17

Preface. Crimes of an unconvicted offender 21

Acknowledgements 27

International Congress on the Evaluation of the Crimes of Communism. Members of the Steering Committee 29

MINUTES OF THE PLENARY SESSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CRIMES OF COMMUNISM 12 JUNE 2000 31 Welcome speech of the President of the Republic of Lithuania 33 Opening address of Professor Vytautas Landsbergis, Chairman of the Parliament 34 Speech of Andrius Kubilius, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Lithuania 41 Speech of Emanuelis Zingeris, Chairman of the Committee on Human Rights 43 Speech of Lech Walesa, former President of Poland 46 Letter of the Romanian President, Emil Constantinescu 50 Speech of Sergei Kovalev, Member of the Russian Duma 53 Speech of Mart Niklus, the representative of Estonia 55 Letter of the Hungarian President Arpad Goncz 57 Speech of Ivan Stanchev, the representative of Bulgaria 58

MINUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS 12 JUNE 2000 (Section I) 61 Dr. Jaraslava Moserova, Czech Republic Deformation of Moral Standards - the Worst Crime of All 65 Sylvia Borisova, Bulgaria Bulgarian Gulag 70

Sergei Kovalev, Russia Survival of the Spirit. The Atmosphere of Communism and its Present-Day Methods 77 H.E. Archbishop Sigitas Tamkevicius, Lithuania The Resistance of the Catholic Church to Spiritual Genocide 82

Arvydas Anusauskas, Lithuania Crimes of Communism in Lithuania: Statistical-Historical Survey 88

Jure Knezovich, Croatia Croatia as a Victim of Yugoslav Communism Ill

Maya Kliashtornaya, Belarus Comment on the Destiny of the Intellectuals of Belarus 117

Koci Moisiu, Albania Crimes of Communism in Albania in the Fifties 120

Herbert Romerstein, USA The Soviet-Nazi Alliance and the Western Communist Parties 122

Zita Slicyte, Lithuania Communist Genocide in Occupied Lithuania 132

Evgen Pronyuk, Ukraine Crimes of the Communist Regime against the Ukrainian Population 143

Avo Piirisild, USA Communism - a Criminal Conspiracy (as Determined by the U.S. Congress) 148

Povilas Varanauskas, Lithuania Essence of Communism: Ideology and Practice 150

MINUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS 12 JUNE 2000 (Section II) 159

Uldis Pauls Strelis, Latvia Red Partisan Vasily Kononov - Hero or War Criminal of World War II? 163

Terese Birute Burauskaite, Lithuania Death Sentences and their Execution in 1941-1944: The Legal and Political Aspects 168

Matthew Kott, Latvia The "Shustin List": Content and Context of a Mass Death Sentence 187 Leo Oispuu, Estonia About the Series of Register Books of the Estonian Repressed People 1940-1988 197

Algirdas Endriukaitis, Lithuania Pulsating Genocide. The Killing of Chechens Continues. Duty of Honour and Conscience 201

Nijole Gaskaite'-Zemaitiene,Lithuania The Persecution of Resistance Participants and Dissidents in Lithuania 1944-1990 ... 208

Tatyana Yankelevich, USA Big Brother watching the Great Man (Andrei Sakharov in the KGB reports) 216

Nina Virchenko, Ukraine The Tragic Pages of Ukrainian Mathematical Science 224

Marius Oprea, Romania Torture in Romania during the Fifties 229

Agim Musta, Albania 5,000 Albanian Women in the Communist Prisons and Musine Kokalari 236

Ona Voveriene, Lithuania Losses of Lithuanian Science in the Years of Soviet Genocide (1941-1949) 239

Radim Harecki, Belarus Repressions against the Researchers of the Belarus Academy of Sciences 242

MINUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS 13 JUNE 2000 (Section I) 251

Sachiko Hatanaka, ]apan Mentality Change and Lost Humanism under the Communist Regime 255

Valdas Samonis, Canada The Retarding Effects of Communism on Economic Development: Theory and Evidence '. 259

\Elmut Laane,\Estonia Ethnocide for the Sake of Ideology 280

Heino Noor, Estonia Consequences of Communist Crimes against Humanity. Psychological Findings in Estonia 283

Zianon Pazniak, Belarus Communism as a Form of Russian Imperialism 285

Jiri Blatny, Czech Republic Information Report 295 Emilia Boldishova, Slovakia Production of Post-Communist Motion Pictures 298 Ariel Cohen, USA What do we Know about the Crimes of Communism and what Should we do about them? 300

Constantin Ticu Dumitrescu, Romania The Communist Genocide in Romania 304 Peeter Luksep, Sweden Consequences of Communism - and information about these - from a Swedish perspective 309

Larry Hart, USA To Preserve Their Freedom for Future Generations, Americans Must Remember and Understand the Crimes of Communism 314 Armand Gosu, Romania The last victims of Communism in Romania 317 Algirdas Kancleris, Lithuania Information Crimes of Misocommunism 321 Semion Sharetsky, Belarus The Necessity of the Trial of Bolshevism 333 AH Spahia, Albania Communist Ideology and the Concept of Human Rights 341 Dan Fisk, USA Communism's Tragic Legacy in the Western Hemisphere 343 Harald Strunz, Germany The Reasons for Further Communist Influence in United Germany 352 Rinwydas Valentukevicius, Lithuania The Legal Aspects of Investigation and Evaluation on Communist Crimes. Expansion of the Concept of Genocide 355

Alexander Gribanov, USA Issues of Statehood and Human Rights in the Communist System 370

MINUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS 13 JUNE 2000 (Section II) 375

Arune Arbusauskaite, Lithuania Autochthons of the Klaipeda Region under Soviet Occupation 379 9

Mart Niklus, Estonia Negative Effects of the Soviet Army on Nature and Environment in Estonia .... 385

Igor Kuznetsov, Belarus After-Effects of the Activities of Soviet Punitive Agencies in Belarus in 1920- 1950 391

Andrea Damilano, Italy The Lithuanian Nation and Italy 397

Aminat Saiyeva, Chechnya Crimes of Communism and Post-Communism in Chechnya 399

Edil Baissalov, Kyrgyz Republic The Crimes against the Kyrgyz Intellectuals in the thirties. The Stalinist Repressions in Kyrgyzstan 406

Mykola Kultchynski, Ukraine The Communist Regime: Deadly Enemy of the Ukrainian Nation 412

Petras Cidzikas, Lithuania Soviet Genocide in Lithuania Minor and the Attempts to Denounce it 418

Regina Zukiene, Lithuania Lithuanian Pharmacists - Victims of Genocide 425

Inese Snepsta, Latvia Suppression of the Roman Catholic Church in Soviet-Occupied Latvia in 1940- 1941 428

Bishop Jonas Boruta, Lithuania The Annihilation of Catholic Spirituality during the Years of Soviet Occupation 441

Mait Raun, Estonia Estonian Democrats Fighting for Estonia's Independence in 1968-1975 447

Kalju Matik, Estonia Who is Guilty? What is the Price of Conscience? 452

FINAL SITTING OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CRIMES OF COMMUNISM 14 JUNE 2000 457

Speech of H.E. Archbishop Sigitas Tamkevicius 461

Speech of Prof. Valdas Samonis from Canada 464

Dr. Arvydas Anusauskas gives information on the successful Congress 466 10

Speech of Prof. Vytautas Landsbergis, Chairman of the Lithuanian Parliament 467 .

Academician Antanns D. Tyla makes concluding remarks 471

Speech of Tomorr Aliko, Albania 473

Speech of Povilas Jakucionis 474

Speech by Felix Krasavin, Israel 476

DOCUMENTS ADOPTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CRIMES OF COMMUNISM , 479 Resolution "Regarding International Co-Operation in Investigating and Legally Evaluating the Crimes of Communism" 479

Appeal to the United Nations Organisation, Parliaments and Governments of all States Regarding the Establishment of an International Court against Communism and Communist Criminals 480

Appeal to the World Community and International Public Organisations Concerning the Establishment of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of the Crimes of Communism and their Perpetrators 481

Resolution "Regarding the Spiritual Consequences of Genocide" 482

Resolution "Regarding the Extension of the Meaning of the Concept of 'Genocide' 483 Resolution "Regarding Preventive Measures against the Restoration (Renewal) of Communism" 484

Resolution "Regarding the Condemnation of Communist Ideology and Doctrine" 485 Resolution "Regarding Compensation for the Damage Done by the Communist Occupation Regimes" 487

Ruling of Vilnius International Public Tribunal 488 11

II PART Proceedings of the International Public Tribunal in Vilnius On the Evaluation of the Crimes of Communism 2000

Foreword 495

DOCUMENTS ESTABLISHING THE TRIBUNAL 499 Resolution of the International Congress on the Evaluation of the Crimes of Communism 499 Agreement of the Participants of the International Congress on the Evaluation of the Crimes of Communism 501 Proposal on the election of the Judges, Prosecutors and the Secretary of the Tribunal 503 The Minutes of the Approval of the Statutes of the Tribunal and the Trial Chamber 504 The Statutes of the Tribunal 509 I. The organisation of the Tribunal 509 II. Jurisdiction and General Principles 510 III. Rights and obligations of the Tribunal 513 Judges, Prosecutors and Defenders at the International Public Tribunal in Vilnius .' 515

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC TRIBUNAL IN VILNIUS SESSION I, 12-14 JUNE 2000 517 Session 1 of 12 June 2000, open at 2.30 p. m 517 I. Rules of Procedure of The Tribunal 518 II. Statements of the Prosecution 523 Chief Prosecutor Zita Slicyte (Lithuania) 523 Levko G. Lukyanenko (Ukraine) 532 Constant in Ticu Dumitrescu (Romania) 540 Luan Daci (Albania) 542

III. Evidence of the Victims 544 Aukse Ramanauskaite-Skokauskiene (Lithuania) 544 Statement of the death sentence to Adolfas Ratnanaiiskas-Vanagas 546 Balys Gajauskas (Lithuania) 549 Alfonsas Svarinskas (Lithuania) 555 12

Session 2 of 13 June 2000, open at 9.00 a.m. 563 Algirdas Petrusevicius (Lithuania) 564

IV. Testimony of the Witnesses 565 Aldona Vasiliauskiene (Lithuania) 565 Frigyes Kahler (Hungary) 567 Jeno Fonay (Hungary) 570 Ivan Stanchev (Bulgaria) 572 Edmundas Simonaitis (Lithuania) 576 Michal Glonda (Slovakia) 578 Uldis Pauls Strelis (Latvia) 581 Yevgeny Pronyidc (Ukraine) 586 Vincas Grmkus (Lithuania) 589 Arimantas Dumcius (Lithuania) 591 Romualdas Zubinas (Lithuania) 593 Irena Darvydiene (Lithuania) 595 Birute Kiziene (Lithuania) 595 Leonas Kerosierius (Lithuania) 596 Povilas Vaicekauskas (USA) 597 Isakas Kaganas (Lithuania) 598 Hilda Sabbo (Estonia) 602 Petras Cidzikas (Lithuania) 604 Lidia Lasmane (Latvia) 607 Peteris Simsons (Latvia) 608 bits Calitis (Latvia) 608

V. Explanations of the Participants 609

Session 3 of 14 June 2000, open at 11.00 a.m 615

VI. Announcement of the Ruling by the Panel of Judges 615

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC TRIBUNAL IN VILNIUS, SESSION II SEPTEMBER 4-6, 2000 617

Session 1 of 4 September 2000, open at 10.00 a.m 617

Decision of the Judges of the International Public Tribunal in Vilnius 618

I. Written evidence of the prosecutors and victims 622 List of Documents Attached No. 1 634 II. Statements of the Prosecution 691 Grigor Prokopovic (Belarus) 691 Dorota Pazio (Poland) 700 Aminat Saiyeva (Chechnya) 707

III. Testimony of the victims (continued) 718 Adomas Lukasevicius (Lithuania) 718 13

Leonas Laurinskas (Lithuania) 721 Edmimdns Simonaitis (Lithuania) 724

IV. Testimony of witnesses 727 Justinas Garsva (Lithuania) 727

Session 2 of 5 September 2000, open at 9.30 a.m 733 Antanas Luksa (Lithuania) 733 Povilas Vaicekauskas (USA) 739 Vytautas Kaziulionis (Lithuania) 744 \George Gimpu\(Moldova) 747 List of Documents Attached No. 2 757 List of Documents Attached No. 3 781

V. Statements of the prosecution 794 Frigyes Kahler (Hungary) 794

Session 3 of 6 September 2000, open at 9 a.m 797

VI. Statements of the prosecution (continued) 797 Uldis Pauls Strelis (Latvia) 797 Chief prosecutor Zita Slicyte (Lithuania) 803 Leo Oispuu (Estonia) 827 Levko G. Lukyanenko (Ukraine) 831 George Gimpu (Moldova) 838 Grygor Prokopovich (Belarus) 843 Aminat Saiyeva (Chechnya) 848 Valentin Petroussenko (Bulgaria) 851 Michal Glonda (Slovakia) 853 Announced statement of Luan Daci (Albania) 857 Announed statement of Constantin Ticu Dumitrescu (Romania) 859 VII. Charges presented by the victims 861 Aukse Ramanauskaite'-Skokauskiene (Lithuania) 861 Alfonsas Svarinskas (Lithuania) 865 Balys Gajauskas (Lithuania) 868

VIII. Speeches of Defence Jurij Radovich (Lithuania) 868 Mykolas Okidic-Kazarinas (Lithuania) 887

IX. Replications of the participants of the proceedings 889 Chief prosecutor Zita Slicyte (Lithuania) 889 Prosecutor George Gimpu (Moldova) 892 Prosecutor Michal Glonda (Slovakia) 893 Prosecutor Levko G. Lukyanenko (Ukraine) 893 Prosecutor Aminat Saiyeva (Chechnya) 895 Prosecutor Uldis Pauls Strelis (Latvia) 895 Victim Balys Gajauskas (Lithuania) 896 Victim Monsignor Alfonsas Svarinskas (Lithuania) 897 14

Defender Mykolas Okulic-Kazarinas (Lithuania) 898 Defender Jurij Radovich (Lithuania) 898

Session 4 of 27 September 2000, open at 11 a.m 900 Judgement of the International Public Tribunal in Vilnius 900

I. Introductory part of the Judgement 900

II. The Communist Doctrine is Criminal 903

III. Charges against Communist regimes and their Communist parties 908 Lithuania 908 Albania 915 Belarus 916 Bulgaria 919 Estonia 921 Kazakhstan 924 Latvia '. 926 Moldova 930 Romania 933 Slovakia 935 Ukraine 937 Hungary 940 Chechnya 942 Lithuania Minor 944 Poland 947 IV. Evidence Corroborating the Charges 949 Legal Acts on the Basis of which the Crimes 'were Committed 950 Publications Containing Data Corroborating the Evidence of the Criminal Acts Committed by the Communist Regimes '. 955 The Mechanism of Deportations 958 Testimony of the Victims and Witnesses 960 Atrocities of the Communist Regimes 968

V. Subjects of the Communist Criminal Acts 971

VI. Qualification of the Communist Criminal Acts 976 Crimes against Peace 977 War Crimes 980 Crimes against Humanity (Genocide) 986

VII. Operative Part of the Judgement 997

List of countries the representatives of which have submitted charges to the Tribunal 1003

Acronyms 1005