VOL. 27 1996
PAGE NOTES FROM THE EDITOR 2 MEMORIALS Henry Gana Ngadi 3 Tan Sn Datuk Gemsin Lembat 7 Pastor A.J. Ding Ngo, S.M.M. 21 Jack Prentice 24 RESEARCH NOTES Confirmation of an Early Date for the Presence of Rice m 29 I Borneo: Preliminary Evidence for Possible Bidayuh/Aslian Links, Paul Beavitt, Edmund Kurui,and Gill Thompson Bnef Comment, Peter Rellwood 3 8 A Florentine Source for Nineteenth Century Sarawak 39 History, J.H. Walker Wingsover Borneo.Marlin and Osa Johnson, 1935-1936, 44 Anne Millbrooke An Annotated Bibliography ofthe Penan of Brunei, Peter G. 52 Sercombe Five Brunei Malay Spatial Deictlcs, LindaAmy Kimball 64 Forest Conversion and theRole of Slash-and-Bum 70 Agriculture In Lowland Kallmantan, Yoshiyuki Kiyono and Hastaniah Borneo Biomedical Bibliography, A. Baer and G.N. Appell 77 Theses on Sarawak and Sabah Presented to the Department 90 of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Malaya, with Some GeneralRemarks, Tan Chee-Beng Back to Square One:The 1995 General Election In Sabah 98 and Sarawak, James Chin Urba~sationand Rural Depopulation in Sarawak, Philip S. 127 Morrison I BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS 138
I BORNEONEWS 153 BOOK REVIEWS, ABSTRACTSAND 159 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Borneo Research Bullelin is published by the Borneo Research Council. Please address all inquires and rontribulions for publication to Clifford Sather, Editor, Borneo Research Bullelin, Department of Anthropology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202-8199. USA. Sinele issues are available at US $10.00. 2 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 3
MEMORIALS NOTES FROM THE EDITOR [Editor's note: M~keReed's personal reflections wereone of several eulog~espresented I would l~keto preface these, my first notes as editor, with a few well-deserved. if during funeral services for Henry Gana at St. Thomas' Cathedral. Kuching, on wholly inadequate,words of appreciation for my predescessor. September 17th1995. Paul Beavltt's note was written expressly forthis memorial.] Professor Vinson Sutlive assumedthe editorship of the Borneo Research Bulletin in 1975. For the last twenty years, the output andscope of the Bulletin, and the work of the Research Council generally, have grown enormously. Todaythe Bulletin publishes HENRY GANA NGADI over 200 pages of research reports, notes, reviews,and bibliographic items annually, 1948-199S1 coverlng virtually every field of study concerned with the peoples,social institutions. history, and envirnonment of Borneo. In addition, its mission has come to be Henry Gana joined the Centrefor Southeast Asian Studies at the Un~versityof Hull supplemented by regular biennial meetings, proceedings volumes,and a monograph in 1987 to read for an MA in Southeast Asian Studies. He hadprev~ously taken a serles. So far as the Bulletit? ~tself1s concerned, it would come as a surprise to most Diploma in Translation at the University of Malaya as pan of his professional career readers, I think, to discover the exTent lo which its product~onremalns, despite this development in the Borneo Literature Bureau and then the Dewan Bahasadan Pustaka. phenomenal growth, very largely a "one-man operation". Having had a chance to make His school years were spent atSt. Augustine's School (Betong),Saratok Secondarp this d~scoveryfirst-hand, I can only express my awe and personal admirat~onand School and finally Tanjong Lubang College(Miri) extend. on behalf of us all. our profound appreciation forthe energy, imagination, and In h~sobvious com~nitmentto the study of Malays~an,and In pan~cularSarawak wisdom with which Professor Sutlive has nurturedand guided the Bulletin over these cultures, Henry had made astrong impressionupon us prior to his comingto Hull. He twenty years of growth. was engaged in translating AugustineAnggat Ganjing's Basic Ihan Design from ban I hasten to add that Professor Sutlive remainsan invaluable source of advice and, Into Engl~sh(publrshed by DBP In 1988) and In compiling a Kat~rusBahasa fbo~l- as editor,I look fonvard to his continuingcounsel. In addition.I wvould like to thank Dr. Bahasa h1alav.sia with Hussain bin Samil (publishedby DBP in 1989).Henry morethan kckFldler (Rhode Island College)for h~ssuperb editor~alhelp and Dr Phillip Thomas lived up to our expectations. He proved tobe a most conscientious postgraduatestudent, (Library of Congress) for his work in processing textualmaterials and photographsfor untiring rn his pursuit of knowledge and alwayseager to discuss h~scoursework with his publ~cation tutors and lecturers Subsequently Henry wrotean excellent dissertationon Iban rites of Dr. Thomas andI will be work~ngthis coming year to streaml~nethe Bullerin's passage, which was based on his own researchand experience, panicularlyin his home operationsin order to makebetter use of computer technology.We are both on E-mail: area of the Paku In Sarawak.
Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBulleun
1 bards (lenta~~ihatig),and thls materlalmust represent a unlque resourcefor the study of studles, for he was friendly, charmlng outgolng helpful and generous wlth h~s Iban culture and hstory knowledge He was always readyto lend a hand to others, whether II be translating In many respectsHenry was an Iban 'nat~onal~st',though not as overtly polltlcal as Malay te\?s, revlewlng an essay, explalnlng thefiner polnts of anthropological fieldwork that term rmght suggest He was justly ploud of h~speople's achievements and he or slmply talking through a problem HIS door was always open to frlends and wanted to bring the record of these ach~evernentsto a wlder audlence When he was colleagues tallilng aboutban culture to outsiders he showed that prlde andforthrightness which are Henry also had a \ude clrcle of frlends from outsldethe department He was among the outstand~ngcharacterlstlcs of the Iban community In a publlc fomm Henry equally at home with Zulu accountancy students. Iraq1 engineers and Japanese had the ability to draw you Into lban culture wlth the power of lus oratory, he was soc~olog~slsWhat was partlcularly unusualwas h~slack of academlc snobbery, unllke always uantlng to convert you to the Iban worldvlew He was a marvelous many senlor postgraduates, Henry washappy to spend tlme wlthand enjoy the company conversat~onal~stwho had considerable knowledge ofh~s people's culture Yet, In h~s of young undergraduates Thls lack of pretens~onmade Henry popular wlth people from quieter and more prlvate moments,he was a rather modest man often wllllng to admlt all walks ofIlfe, notjust those ln the unlverslty that he was a mere siudentof Iban culture, only a faithful recorder and Interpreter ofthe As well as h~sacademlc track record, Henrywill be rememberedby his fr~endsand wlsdorn of the bards colleagues atHull for hls love of I~fe,h~s sense of humour, and h~scooklng You may be Henry also had a wlder Interest In the oral tradltlons of Sarawak In the last letter surprised at thls last polnt but Henry's currles and fish soups were something of a whlch I recelved fromhlm dated 8 August 1995,he hadjust returned from field research legend In Hull, and he gavemany young studentsthe11 first lntroduct~onto authentic In Bldayuh (LandDayak) vlllagesalong the Upper Sadong rlver He was completing a and del~c~ousMalays~an food Yet he was also very much at home wlth the Brltlsh way project there on oral tradltlon for the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka He wrote to me as of Ilfe, he enjoyed our trad~t~onsour arch~tecture,our countrys~de,our culture, ~nfact I follows 'It was my worst fieldwork ever because I was slckIt IS a stomach ailment,and anything to do wlth h~stemporary home He even l~kedour weather,and Hull IS one of I have had a very poor appetlte slnce the endof June A doctor told me that I was ~n no the coldest, wettest and wlndlest places ~n Brltaln I condltlon todo any fieldwork becauseof the state of my health I lnslsted that I had to One of the best examples of thls 1s a short hollday we took In the Scott~sh go because I am really mnnlng agalnst t~meas the materral has to be ready for prlntlng Highlands together 1~1ththree Indonesian students whowere new to Brltaln Henry was by September ' a better guide to Brltaln than I was h~sknowledge of and enthusiasm for h~shost Henry was already bravely fightlng agalnst the stomach tumour wh~chwas country left me speechless I w111 always remember that tr~pw~th Henry and the eventually to defeat hmsome s~xweeks later But such was h~sdedication to h~swork Indonesiansas one of the most enjoyableueeks of my llfe Henry wll be lnlssed I shall rmss hlm deeply Although we had a formal relation- You've probably heard enough from me I would llke to read you a short message sh~pas tutor and sh~dent,we also became friends, and I benefited from kno~ing Henry from Professor VlclorTeq! Klng, Henq's frlend and mentor, addressed to Henry's and talking wth luln about h~sresearch I hope that Henry's knowledge of ban brother I tradltlonswill not be lost to us, and that we might find a way of brlnglng h~smaterlal to We heard the news of Henry's death from Mlke Reed In Kuchlng All I I publlcatlon This 1s what he would have wantedand we shall do our best to ensure that members of the Centre staffjoln together In conveying to you and to Henry's I Henry Gana's contnbutlonto the study of Iban culture IS not forgotten (VT Klng farmly deepest and sincerest condolences We shall all remember Henty's Unlverslty of Hull Centre for South-East AsIan Studles, Hull HU6 7RX UK) conulbut~onto the llfe and work of the Centre, and h~sunfalllng good humour and generosity of splrlt We shall be thlnlungof Henry and h~sfam~ly on Sunday the dayof the funeral I am partlcularly saddenedabout th~s HENRY GANA NGADl A PERSONALREFLECTION news because of allthe effort and tlme that Henry had devoted 10 h~sstudles of lban oral tradltlon I hope thatthls Important and valuable materlalwill I first met Hepry at Hull Unlverslty In 1990 1 was not one of h~soldest frlends In not be lost to us Again, I would appreciate hearlng fromyou about Henry's I Bntaln, as he had already completedh~s masters degree at Hull In 1987 Before he data, and anythlngwe mlght be able todo on Henry's behalf to bnng tlus returned to do lus Ph D he was already somethng of a legend In the Centre for materlal to a much wlder audlence Southeast AsIan Studies and I was eagerly loohng forward to meetlng the Bntlsh Professor Klng sums up very well the Importance of Henry's work Henry was a university system's first Iban anthropolog~st leadlng scholar In the field of oral tradltlon, and his work IS too Important to leave Henry and I became frlends from themoment we met He was researclungthe Iban unfinished HIS deep and profound love for h~sown people IS reflected In the oral tradmon, and ~t was easy to understand why, as he himself was a great commitment and thoroughness hebrought to h~swork, and he would always use any conversat~onal~stand storyteller, wlth a passton forthe Engllsh language Henry was opporturutyto add to h~sknowledge and understand~ng very popular wlth both the staff and the students of the Centre for Southeast AsIan 1 I 6 Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo Research-Bullet~n 7
It 1s not only myself Professor K~ngand hs Hull colleagues who recogn~sethe ban relat~onsw~th Buk~tan ~n the Paku Henry never hes~tated~n hls recollection of the Importance of Hewr's unfinished mork HIS contribut~onsto the understand~ngof genealog~calrelat~onsh~ps of the leaders of nugratlons Lo the new farmlng settlements human socletles and tradlt~onswill be sorely m~ssedby h~sfr~ends throughout the In Plymouthwe borrowed a car to vlslt Sheepstor What1 expected would be a vislt of a lnternatlollal academiccommu~uty, at Dewan Bahasadan Pustaka, Un~vers~t~Malaya, few mlniltes lasted forat least two hours Henry palnsraklngly recorded every detall concerning the Brooke fanilly,lncludlng the e\tent of the Brooke contr~but~onto repairs Unlversltl Pertan~anMalays~a the Sarawak Foundat~on~n London, the School of I Oriental and Afr~canStud~es at London Unlverslty,the P~ttkvers Museum at Oxford to the church The graves were photographed from every angle and every name In the I uruverslty, the Un~vers~tyof Le~cester,Austral~an Nat~onalUn~vers~ty, Monash v~sltorsbook carefully scrut~n~zedEven after we lefi the churchyard Henry continued to Unlverslty, CornellUn~vers~ty, the Un~vers~tyof Haulall, Gajah Mada Un~vers~ty,the record details of the route by publlc transpon from Plymouth to Sheepstorso that he I Department of Indones~anStud~es at Moscow Umvers~ty,and of course the Tun Jugah could d~recth~ture vlsltors from Sarawak to make the p~lgr~mageOur v~sltfin~shed at ! Foundallon here ~n Sarawak, whose supporlmade hsresearch poss~ble the Plymouth old fish market, whlch from11s arch~tecturals~m~lar~t~es wlth the fish These areonly the ones thatI am aware of Henry was w~delyrespected ~nh~s field market In Kuchlng, stimulated Henry to suggest that ~t could have prov~dedthe and had made thousands of friends worldw~dethrough h~svaluable contr~br~t~onsat lnsplratlon forthe deslgn of the latter We bought freshlycaught crabs from themarket in~ernat~onalconferences and sem~nars,and he was a passionate advocate of the and took them l~veon the tram for Henry to cook, Sarawak style, ~nLe~cester Importance and relevance of the sclence of anthropology I sincerely hope that there are The vlslt was a wonderful lllustrat~onof Henry's attention to deta~lIn recording young soc~alsclentlsts here In Sarawak who feel equal to the challenge of completing lnformat~onand also of the great affect~onmany Sarawak~ansst111 hold for the Brooke Henry's unfin~shedwork rajahs Thls affect~onhowever dld not lmply a passlve respect forauthor~ty In 1963 and I am sure we all have our own personal ways ~n whlch we \*ant to remember 1964 1 taught In Sarawak In Saratok Secondary School,where Henry became a pup11a Henry, as brother, son, fr~end,ne~ghbour, colleague 1 will remember h1n1 as a fr~end, year after 1 lefi, he certa~nlymade h~smark at the school and news of some of h~s and a wlse one at that but 1 \v111 also be forever grateful thatHenry Introduced me to h~s explolts reached me In England Our paths dldnot qulte cross at the beglnnlng of h~s beloved Sarawak Henry had a boundlesspasslon for h~shome state, and not just for h~s educat~onand ne~therdid they at the end HISunt~mely death prevented the subm~ss~on own ban people but for all of Sarawak's peoples andtrad~t~ons Thls passlon was of h~sPh D thes~swhlch 1 was to examlne Both academ~callyand as an ban full of I ~nfecl~ous,and over the years 11 has won for Sarawak many fnends throughout the potenl~al,h~s death is a tragic loss (Paul Beav~tt,School of Archaeolog~calStud~es, I world I would l~kelo rcmember Henry Gana Ngad~most of all as an ambassador, the Unlverslty ofLe~cester, Le~cester LEI 7RH, England) best cultural ambassadorthat Malaysla Sarawak and the ban people could poss~bly have (M~keReed, Kuch~ng,Sarawak) TAN SRI DATUK GERUNSIN LEMBAT I 1921-1995 HENRY GANA A FURTHER REFLECTlON On Tuesday, 12 December, 1995 Tan Srl Datuk Gerunsln Lelnbat passed away at Wlth the death of Henry Ngadan Gana a trulygreat ban has been lost Henry was the Normah Special~stHosp~tal, Kuchlng He was burled on the morning of 16 immensely proud to be an lban and person~fiedmany of the greatIban quallt~esHe had December, 1995,accordrng to h~sw~shes In the Chrlst~anCemetery at SlmpangJalan a superb understand~ngof Iban aclat and an encyclopaed~cmemory for ilrrul His sense Ulu Awlk, Saratok of humour frequently foundexpression In recounting Iban explo~ts,both anclent and Tan Sn's death IS keenly felt by the Majlls Adat Ist~adat,whlch he headed from modern He was h~ghlyamuslng In recounting stories of contemporary ban worklng 1987 untll h~sdeath, slnce11 was dur~ngh~s tenure that the Majlls formulatedan agreed overseas, particularlyin far off places such as the Un~tedStates or on North Sea011 rlgs format for the cod~ficat~onof the customary lawsof the varlous Dayak groups Under He spoke wlth emotlon about Iban culture, on onc occaslon when we had both thls forn~atthe Ada1 (ban, 1993, Aclal B~clayul?,1991 and Aclet Kayali-henyah 1991 probably drank too much our conversation turned to head-hunt~ng,and when Henry were codified and gazetted into leg~slat~onSeveral adal were In varSousstages of spoke of hts grandfather's parang,w~th 11s assoclatlon ofpast conquests thepasslon In codlficat~onat thetime of h~spasslng HISvast knowledgeof the customcand trad~t~ons h~svolce caused me some apprehens~onI was glad the weapon In question was not lo of the vanous Dayak groups and h~swlsdom and counselare a great I rss to Malays~a hand, but the next day I felt 1 had had an ~nsightInto the he~ghtenedpsycholog~cal state and Sarawak, andpart~cularly the Dayak community whlch must have acco~npan~edban warfare Tan Srl Datuk Gerunsln Lembat was born on15 March, 1924 at Rumah Len~bat, My fondest recollect~onof Henry 1s of tak~ngh~m from Lelcester to Plymouth to Nanga M~tas,Awik, Saratok He first went to school at St Peter's School,Saratok In v~sltthe Brooke graves We traveled by Ira111 and must have caused the other occupants January, 1934 Then from September,1936 to August, 1939 he attendedSt Augustlne's of our carrlage great amusement withour loud and anllnated conversation concerning School, Betong,where he passed Standard VI, the highest class at that time Dunng the 8 Borneo Research Bulletin Vm Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 9
second and third terrns of his last year he studied in the evening and taught during the One month later in February, 1956, he was promoted to Superscale A Division I1 day as he and four others were recn~~tedas teachers when he became Assistant Principal, Rural Improvement School, Kanowit.Ironically The late Tan SKIwas poor at spons. but prize giving day was his day. He won 111s assignment was to close down the school so that a Government Secondary School prizes everyyear for Scriptures and good conduct. Three times hewon prizes for being could be built on the same site. He returned to broadcastingin Apr~l1957 and he was the top student In his class. His favouritesubject was scriptures, which included the Old appointed Feature WriterIProducer forthe ban Service. His script wasthe central script Testament. New Testament and the Christian way of llfe Years later he recounted for the other language programmes. fondly that h~sviews of and interest in ban oral tradition were greatly~nfluenced by his In 1962, when the formationof the Federation wasd~scussed he was attached to study of the Old Testament He felt that the difference in the two being that the Old the Solidarity Consultative Committeeand was a member of the Sarawak delegation to Testament is wrltten and Iban oral trad~tionis handed down by word of mouth. the Inter-Governmental Committee. Asa member he actedas an interpreter for the His teaching career lasted unt~lDecember 1941 when the Japanese invaded Dayak representatives who didnot speak Engl~sh Sarawak. Duringthe Japanese Occupation the late Tan Srl returned to the longhouse In February and March, 1963 he attended a course with the Australian and a life of farming. During the off-farming season hismain occupation. like most Broadcasting Commission.From September 1963to January 1964 he attended a course young men of that tirne. was learn~ngIL(.TLI/ (genealogy) and the complex array of ban in broadcasting at the BBC London.He was promoted to the post of Deputy Director of customs andtrad~tions. Broadcasting, SarawakIn May 1964 The late Tan Sri believed that the Japanese Occupationhad a positive impact on On 15 May 1965 he was promoted to Deputy State Secretary, Sarawak. In ban custonis and traditions Il forced the Iban of his generation to return to and re- September, 1965 he left for England to attend a special course for Overseas evarnlne then customs and traditions.It slowed down the process of change since they Administrators (196511966 session) at Oxford University.On his return to Sarawak in no longer had accessto formal education and modern medicine He felt that this Aug~~st,1966 he was appo~nledas Acting State Secretary. The following month he was benefited the Iban of hls generationas they had time to study aclat. made State Secretary, the highest post and head of the C~vilServ~ce. He ret~redon 15 In 1946, after the Japanese Occupation,he joined the Census Departmentas an March 1979. Enumerator for the Awtk Block. The following year he joined the Teachers' Training During his service with the State Government hewas conferred the State awardsof School at Springfield and Madarasah Melayu. Th~swas the training school for teachers Pegawai B~nfangSarawak (PBS) on 5 October 1964, Panglitna A'egaro Bintang prior to the opening of the Centre at Batu Lintang. However. on 4 September 1918he Sarawak (PNBS) which carriesthe t~tleof 'Dafuk' on 3 August 1979and rhe Federal was on board Rojah Brooke on her maiden voyageto S~ngapore.He was enroute to the award of Panglitna Setia ~Mahkota(PSM) which carriesthe title of "Tan Sri" on 6 June Un~tedKingdom to take up an appointment as a Research Assistantin Iban language at 1973. In recognition of his contribution to broadcasting in Malaysia, the late Tan Sri the School of Oriental and African Studies,Un~versity of London. Hespent two years at was awarded the Tokoh Penyiar Sauawak in February, 1995 the School. The product of those two years was the production of A Dictionary of Sea Eight years after his retirement, the late Tan Sri was appointedHead of the Majlis Doyak in 1956 by N.C Scott. He spent another year at the School preparing for a Adat Istiadat. He held that post until his death on 12 December 1995. matriculation examinat~onbut he faded Latin and was not perm~ttedto start a degree Under the leadersh~pof the late Tan Sri, theMajk moved quickly to produce the course. N.C. Scott appealed on the late Tan Sri's behalf to do his first year degree course adat of the Dayak.At the time of h~sdeath the Adat B~saya,Adat Lun Bawang andAdet and re-sit Latin, but the esamination board was strict and did not agree to the Kelabit were waiting to be submitted to the Supreme Council for approval into suggestion.As a consolation, theEducation Department, Sarawak, throughthe Colonial legislation, while the Adet Kajang and Adet Penan were in advanced stageof drafting. Office in London, offered him a one-year course (1951-1952) to study Engl~shat the Dunng the period of hsleadersh~p, the Majlis also collected a wide arrayof Dayak oral Regent Polytechnic. London. tradition including eplcs, legends, myths,oral history, folk stories, prayers,chants, After returning to Sarawak in September. 1952. hejoined the Sarawak Junior poetry and songs. Adrn~nistrat~veOficers' Training Course for one year At the conclus~onof the course in The late Tan Sri was essentially an 'outstation' man. His love of travelling to the August, 1953. instead of being posted to an outstation. he was attached to the ulu led him to accompany the researchersIn the Majl~sHe travelled as far as remote Information Departmentas editor of an ban monthly magazine, The Pe~~iberita.In Penan settlements. These trips prov~dedthe late Tan Sri with the opportunity to discuss addit~onto edlt~ngthe magazine he was asked by the Sarawak Government torun a and exchangeviews with the longhouse folkson their adaf. Despite the lateTan Sri's serles of newsletters, aweekly rad~oprogramme of 15 mlnutes forthe Sarawak Rangers vast knowledge of adat of different Dayak groups he was not hesitant to seek serving in the jungles of Malaya. In1954 he became one of the ptoneer members of clarification from the longhouse folks. He drew parallels between the practices of the Radio Sarawak Broadcasting Service. holding the post of Programme Assistant. In different communities d he thought that thiswould clampeople's understandingof January, 1956 he was promotedto the Head of the ban Service. adat. He was able to see adat from an h~storlcalperspective which enabled him to Borneo Research Bulletrn Vol 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin I-! understand theimplications of change on the adat way of life He was a good listener his publ~cl~fe he seldom gave speeches HISknowledge of the adal of all the Dayak who was able to Incorporate differentvlews of adai. groups was unsurpassed Yet,desp~te h~s large reservoir of knowledge he rema~ned As the head of the Majlis he was the custodian of adar. His vast knowledge ofadnr modest, adm~tt~ngthat he was merely a studentand a fa~thfulcustod~an of the odai made him a suitable person to hold this position The late Tan Sri, with the Tun Jugah Attempts to tape some of h~smore serlous d~scuss~onson the aclat lest what he knew and Foundation, organizedthe Manang Conference or Aunr Bala hlnnang held in Kap~tin exper~encedwere lost toposterity irere met w~tha pol~te"no," for he reasoned that there August, 1995. The aims of this conference wereto recognize the nrunong's contribution was noth~ngthat he knew that others dldn't know He was not mean when 11 came to to society, to understand thework of the ~?ranangand the way they see the world The shar~ngknowledge, he was s~mplymodest late Tan Sri's participatron showedhis concern and desire to presenleDayak adai. The late Tan Srl IS a man who w~llbe m~ssedfor h~sknowledge, h~s The late Tan Sri was concerned about [he confus~onthat he noticed among many ~nqulsltlvenessand h~swords of w~sdomHe IS m~ssedmost by h~sbeloved w~fe, Dayak with respect to the role of adai In modern soclety.The converts to new relig~or~s ch~ldrenand grandch~ldren(Jayl Langub, M~J~ISAdat [stladat, Level 4, Wisma Satok thought that theiradat was no longer appropriate fortheir new way of life. For instance 93400 Kuch~ng,Sarawak) ritual propitiation~nvolv~ng animal blood sacrifice is an essential part of Dayak aclar It restores the 'balance' disturbedby a breach of aclai. However some Dayak Christians did not want to include this in the ndat. The late Tan Sri was able to convince them to JAKU'KENANG FOR TAN SRI GERUNSIN LEMBAT maintain this part of ada!. He argued that blood sacrifice was Important in major [Editor's note: During thefinal funeral servicesfor Tan Sri Datuk Gerunsin a number religions such as Judaism (the sacrifice of Isaac). Christianity(the partaking of holy of eulogies were delivered (in Iban,jaku' kenang) These were tape-recorded, and have sacrament sy~nbollzingthe blood of Christ) and Islam (the slaughterof a lamb on Hari since been transcribed by the Majl~sAdat Istiadat staff. Below are translated excerpts Ra.yu Korban). He recounted the chapter in the Old Testament where Abraham was from two of these eulogies. [Here I wishto thank Jay1 Langub and the Majlisstaff for w~llingto sacrifice Isaac. but when God saw Abraham's faith in God, a lanib was allowing BRB to publ~shthese tributes. Full transcriptions, in Iban,are available in the exchanged forIsaac. Majl~sarchives, Kuch~ng.Tape recordings of the jaku' kenang are also availablein the The late Tan Sri did not see a conflict between religionand aclat. Religious belief Tun Jugah Foundation archives. The services at which these eulogies were delivered is a personal cornmit~nentbetween the ~ndiv~dualand the Creator lndiv~dualsIn a were held on December 15th, atRumah Jelemin, Saratok. Other speakersincluded community are free to choose their beliefs. Adul, as the late Tan Sri saw it, is shared Dah~kAmar Dunstan Endawie, Penghulu Bakit, Tuai Rumah Jelemin, Councillor community values It is a means to hold the community together.Aclal provides the Nicholas Bawin, and Datuk Temenggong Tra Zehnder. Datuk Temenggong Tra community with itsidentity. and it helps the community adjustto change. According to Zehnder succeeds Tan Sri Gerus~nas Head of the Majl~sAdat Istiadat and the BRB hirn a community without a~la!is like a boat without a sail. A boat without a sail IS takes this occasion to wish her every success. difficult to steer and therefore a community withoutaclat has d~ff~cultyfinding a course. Through adat a state of 'balance' between indiv~dualsand the community is For the record, Datuk Tra Zehnder was the first woman member of the Council Negri ach~eved A breach of aclui disturbs tlus 'balance' 'Balance' is restored when the from 1960 to 1963, and, prior to her appointment tothe Majlis, which began officially offenders provide restitut~on.The late Tan Sri believed that am~cablesolution to on March Ist, 1996, she was actlve in social work and women's rights issues In conflicts is important to maintaining 'balance' in a community. He believed in the Iban Sarawak.1 saying of uiui besni gaga ,nil, utai turt gclga 17adai. or 'a b~gmatler make 11small. a small matter makeit nothing'. His advice to headmen and communityleaders who are Boniface Jarraw (Majlis Adat Istiadat):- responsible for settlingd~sputes was to resolve differences amicably ratherthan by going The reason why [the Majlis staff]asked me [to speak] isbecause I mixed withTan to courl. Sri, not only at the Majlis Adat Ist~adat,but, if 1 am not mistaken, 1 have knownh~m As head of the Majlis Adat Istiadat and an Iban elder statesman, thelate Tan Sri since my school days, whenhe was with the Rural Improvement Schoolat Kanowit.... d~dnot force his ~deason people He allowed people lo espress the~ropinions and used At that time, his late brother, Radin, wasmy classmate in Primary 5. That is why... he his wisdom to chart the direction ofadat. The same can be saidof h~mwhen he was the knew my name, and, as for my part, since he was older andheld an important job, I State Secretary. A man of ~ntegrity,he kept the British lraditionof neutrality of the Civil knew about him. I often went withRadin across[the Kanowit Bazaar] tovisit [Tan Sri's Service. As Datuk Peter Tinggom noted in h~seulogy of the late Tan Sri [below]. family]. "people of different polilical beliefs foundit easy lo come see him and discuss matters ... In 1961 I applied forwork with the Radio [RTMSarawak]. I wasworking at the because he was 'neutral' anddid not hold a strong brief for any polit~calparty." time for Tuan Tua~at Entabai. [My application] was accepted. However,Tuan Tuai The late Tan Sri was a qulet and humble man. Beneath this he was an extremely would not allow me to go to work for the Radio, but retainedme with him In the Ulu. articulate man,well read and a good conversationalist.He was a fine orator thoughin "Tuan Tnai"'s real name was J.K.Wilson. So, at that time, in 1961, Tan Sri, because he 12 Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin --13 was with the Radio. and was head of theIban Section. wrotean unofficial letterto Tuan needed to discuss something, hewould call one or two of us to discuss our work. If we Tuai telling him [that the section) needed an Iban from the Batang Rejang Ifor its didn't come to him for advice or to talk over what we were doing, he would telephone broadcasts]. Thatis why [Wilson] allowed me tojoin the Radio That...[ was] In July us: asking us to come and see him.... There were so many matters and toplcs that he 1961. From thenonward. we always mixed together becausewe in the ban section were wanted to know about and discuss. not many in those days, only five or six persons. He did a lot when he was with the Majlis In addition to the adatprojects that 1 Later Tan Sn became Slate Secretary.It was also the same. He regularly aslted me have mentioned, he began studies' of the pelian, pengap. We recorded qulte a lot to accompany him when he went travelling and I took my tape recorderwith me because together. And this is only the work of the Iban section.There ate also other sections, that was whatwas usually done Orang Ulu and Bidayuh Even the B~dayuhmaterial, for example, he,wanted to see, At that time he started to do [~mportant]work for the country. I feel that the most whether this was the adat asalor things that [the stafTj had recorded. As he sad, atlor important job he did at the time was his work with the Committee [the Inter- asal, or traditional knowledge-jerila or ensera tuai-these are all very important Governn~entalCommittee on Malaysia] whlchdiscussed the formation of Malaysia, of because they are like an ldentlty card for eachethnic group. If we don'i have ado! a.ral, which Ton Jugah was a member. At that time, they. including Datulc Montegrai, traditionalknowledge, that meanswe don't have a race. becausewe don't havea culture. frequently (ravelled [on business] to Sabah, Singapore, [and] Malaya with the In addition, when therewere important seminars,the government frequently asked Committee. Therewere many other things In addition. such as the Cobbold Commission him to write papers, so that he could impart some of h~sknowledge. In this way he wrote Report (which we had to translate into Iban).Those were important tasks.... a number ofpapers describing [the resultsof the work of the Majlis]. Another recent job We In the Majlis Adat Istiadat feel the same way as you do in Malong. I feel that he had [was in connection with] the Bakun Hydro project thatwe hear so much about we miss himmore becausethere are so many things that he left, which. without hlm. we He was one of those consulred to help declde upon the appropriateceremony for will find ~t hard to complete These are th~ngsthat will need to be done by whoever cleansing theterritory (tnujahtnenua), in the Bakun [wherethe dam is to be built]. At replaces hlni [Tan Srlwas vep/ eexctlng) One of h~sattitudes towards work was that that time, two or three months ago, the cleansingceremony was performed so that he &d not llke people to hand In wor!c wlthout havlng first thoroughly checkedon the nothing untoward wouldhappen ... so that Ihe dam might be bullt [safely]. That is what correctness of the facts For Instance. when weundertook a projecr he saw for hlmself the people who live in the area wanted,in accordance with theirbeliefs. And so, Tan Sri that we got the facts rlght himself headed up the Committee, so that those peoplewho will be building the dam Because of thls, he not only travelled toIban areas, but to other communities, for will not simply build it [without regardto the spiritual aspects of the env~ronment]. example to Penanareas Icayan areas Kenyah areas to the Ulu Rejang, uslng logging ... The most recent plans we made together... was to confirm research materialswe roads, or any other means of transportation available uslng Land Cruisers, just l!ke a had gathered with the luai run~ah(longhouse headmen)in Saratok whowere coming to young person Thls is not to say that he dld not trust us. but that he wanted to meet the attend a Tuai Rumah's courseat Saratok [bazaar].We had made arrangementswith people whoseadar we were recording Thls was to make sure that we recorded the facts these tuai rumahs to meet then1 at the course On 6th December I went to Saratok correctly He was concerned not only about Iban adat, but 1~1thall groups When he because on the 7th December 1 was to glve a talk to the Women'sBureau and on the 8th became head of the Majll~he dtd h~sbest to complete the work begun by h~s December Iwas to go toPakan. [Tan Sri] said, "1'11 follow you, using the bus; you wait predecessors.... Thus 'ban adat was completed in 1993and Bidayuh andICayan-Icenyah for me in Saratok". 1 said that was fine On the day I left, Tan Sri sald that he was not adat in 1994. By completed, I meanthat these adats were gazetted by the government able to make ~t.I was to go alone to see Pemanca Mandi because he said that he was not and approved foroficial use by [these] communities.In addition, work on Adat Kelabit. feeling well. "Tell the Pemanca I can't come to visit him just yet". That iswhat he said. Adat Lrln Bawang, and Adat Blsaya was completed, but these have not yet been When I returned from Pakan to Saratok, I found that he had telephoned h~sP.A. to officially discussed [and approved]by the Cabinet. According to (Tan Sn] these should inform me. "Tell[Jarraw] toget ready [for the TRs' course]. Probably Ican't make it to have already been gazetted, so thatwe should nowbe working on Melanau adat. Saratok".That was his message. Hisintention, whichwe discussed earlier, was [clearly] To those of us who worked under him, his advice to us was "I am not strict with to come to Saratok. "There are thingsthat I want to do in my longhouseand In between office hours, or where you do your work. but when I want an assignment tobe shown to I want to discussthings [with the TRs] at the course." That is what [Tan Sri] said.... me, I expectyou to show it. .." Now, however,as is required by the government, wehave People attending the course were expecting him to come..., they didn't espect this to to sign an attendancebook to show whenwe come to the office and when we leave But happen. he always said, "as far as I am concerned, as long as you have done your work, yourtime Having said all this, now we must talk inhis memory,and of the work that Tan Sri reporting..is not ~mportant". did, as mentioned by Penghulu Bakltjust now It is always our way when we do this When he was appointed the head of Majlis, he was already retired,but was asked kind of work, that thoseof you [of this longhouse] who have this unfortunatetask to by the government to serve again. I obsenred how he mixed with his off~cers,with the perform, ask for a response,opinions and answers, from uswho sit at 'the top' Iari alas, people whom he worked with; he Ilke to dlscuss thingswith them Every morning, ~fhe 1it Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 15
1.e the pr~nc~palguests), and that is why I have spoken. because I have been asked to Ujang this afternoon, it was easy to work with Tan Sri because he did not "play politics". talk on behalf of the Majlis,to say a word or two, to the best of what I know. He worked as well with opposition parties as he did with parties in the government.[As As for the adat that was discussed and agreed upon Th~swas expla~nedby Tuai I came to appreciate] he strongly held that the civil service should behave according to Rumah Jelem~nWe have no objection lo what was d~scussedand agreed to Firstly, rules [of impartiality], because,as the White Men [British] told us, ifyou hold a job in because II IS the adat followed here. [in this place] Secondly, it IS appropriate, as the civil servlce in a country that practicesParliamentary Democracy, such as what we Penghulu Baht sa~d,and so we do not object to sigr' 17retiaga. . If the adat were lower have now, [you] mustremaln neutral This means that peoplewho work as civil servants than what was agreed to,we might have had some comments Thls 1s because we must should not side with one political party [or another]. That's what Tan Srl always take ~nroaccount [Tan Sri's]work as an ban leader who held high office. and who took practiced and IS why 11 was so easy to mix with him. People were not shy to seek his part in big decisions.as I 'mentionedjust now. l~kethe formarlon of Malays~a.He not advice or discuss mattersw~th h1n1 because he did not belong to any onepolltical party only took care of his family, but involved himself in world affairs, In the affairs of This was not because he d~dn'thave political beliefs.If he had them, he didn'tcampaign Sarawak.... for them, or display them publicly That was because he held that the job of a clvil Lastly. on behalf of the Majlis. 1 want to extend ourcondolence to hls family, to servant must always be keptseparate from party politics. Puan Sri. h~schildren and grandchildrenthat he has left behind. We in the Majlis also He continued to keep that trust later on whenhe held the post of Head of the Majlis feel the same senseof loss becausewhen we go back [to Kuching], and see histable, it is Ada1 Istiadat.... Earlier, people who held the post got replaced quite often.I myself hard for us. Golngback to find that there are lots of things left unfinished that have to didn't stay long becauseI wanted to go into polifics. Just twoyears. Durlng thls tlme, I be completed and things that were planned that we must nowstart. Of those thingsthat mustn't forget to mention, Datuk Temenggong Tra Zehnder demanded thatthe have already beenach~eved. I have mentioned them here. But what can be done, for, as [compilationof] Adat Dayak be completed. We didn't know when we could finish and the priest just said. the time always comeswhen we must leave for a new \vorld. So, held meetings alier meetings. Another person took my place and the same thing once agaln, I want to say thank you. happened [healso took up politics]. Datuk Temenggong [Tra Zehnder],however, kept demanding, "Where is thisAdat Dayak?", she asked. "We women face a lot of Datuk Peter Tinggorn:- difficulties because ofour men" [referringto men who desert their wives]. This is what F~rstof all. on behalf of my family and all of us rrom Kerangan, I wish to convey she said; she always demanded action. our sympathy and condolence to Puan Sri and her familyon the sudden deathof her Therefore Tan Sri was appointed, although theposition was lower than that of beloved husband,Tan Sri... State Secretary At the time, therewas no other person [sowell qualified].That is why I Before I dwell on other th~ngs,I want lo pay my respects to Datuk Anlar Dunstan supported him, also because he was still active andstrong .... I felt he was the right Endawle and Dalin: to Tuai Rumah Jeli~n~nwho looks after this longhouse. to Nicholas person to headthe Majl~sWhen I lived in Kuala Lumpur, onceor twlce a year I came to Baw~n,the Ti~nbalanKetua Majlis and his colleagues. the Majl~sSecretary. Jayl see him and we frequently discussed matters whenI passed through Kuch~ngHe was Langub, and all of the others. Also 1 want to pay my respects to all of the Penghulus who really the Ideal man for the job. But what are we to do, as I said earlier, ~f according to are present here;all of the Tuai Rumahsand all friends. our w~sh,it 1s st111not trme for h~mto leave us. Despite his age, wh~chwas 71 years, he We have heard thestory of Tan Sri'slife as told by Datuk Amar and also theadat was still l~keus, able to get about. I had hoped he would be[head of the Majlis]for a decided upon as told to 11s by the Tuai Rumah.. . The life h~storythat was narrated is in very long hme The reason I hoped he would remain-when I was In Kuala Lumpur, I my view completeand clear.... Tan Sri was the first [local person] to be appointed State always talkedabout thls w~thpeople-was that thejob he held was to look after the aclar Secretary of Sarawakfollowing Independence. As Datuk Amar mentioned,Tan Sri's asal of ths state, to look into the application of penalties [for breachesof custom and training in England was cut short because DatukKalong [the first Chief Minister of tradition] and other issues effecting non-Muslim natives.I also told Malays about th~s. Sarawak] asked him to come home to organize those ofus who were then in the civil "The reason is that", I said, "because life forthe Dayaks is getting more complex. Before service. That is why four or five of us acted as his deputies-Yusuf Puteh, BujangNor. we adherred toadal 1ar)ln [ancient traditions],but now many of us are Christian. That's Yao Ping Hua. Arni Lampan. and niysell.. It was... a heavy responsibil~tyto assume, as the main responsibility ofthe Majlis Adat Istiadat.And that is why I feel there was no we were then newly independent one other person [than Tan Sri fit to hold the job] .... But now the governmentmust look Before Independence,as narrated by Jarraw, Tan Sri went to England a few times, for another person to take hisplace. But, as for that, I don't want to think about it .... not only to act as interpreter forTun Jugah. but as a member ofthe delegation [thal was Coming back to the time when we were together, we were studyingtogether at St. created] to d~scussthe formationof Malaysla When the late Tun [Jugah] passed away. Peter's School. After that, we paned. The others went to Betong, while I wen1 to Tan Srl had a feel~ngthat the Chief Ministerdidn't want hl~nto take over from the Tun, Kuching. I went to Kuching because my late uncle was there workingas a policeman. as the post [of Ketua Majlis] was of lesser status than that of State Secretary. We also The reason why I was not sent to Betong was that I was the only boy [in the family]. discussed thls whenhe retired. Later,I took over from the Tun As we heard from Datuk 16 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin
There was nobody else, onlyIndai Jambu [s~ster]and I, so, as my uncle wasIn I 20 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 2 1 PASTOR A. 3.DING NGO, S.M.M. 1916 - 1995 On the s~xqhof June, 1995, a good man and a fine scholar died in Borneo. Pastor Aloysius Joha~esDing Ngo laid downthe burden of his body at the Biara Montfortan in Sintang ten months before his eightiethbirthday, and just a hundred daysbefore the fiftiethanniversary of his ordination as the first Dayak priest. Before the sudden stroke that crippled hmin 1992, he had been responsible for nearly a quarter-centuryfor the spiritual well-being ofmost people in his own home community,the Kayans of the Mendalam in West Kalimantan, first as visiting Pastor based in Putussibau,an hour or so downriver, andsince 1979 as head Pastor of ParokiMendalam, living wlthin afew minutes' walk of the site of his birth. I recall my wonder and pleasure when in 1972 I first saw his little parish church then justtwo years old, with itsbrightly-painted frieze of dragons and masks and tigerdogs, and ~tsaltar inlaid with wtute disks carved from cone-shells, noble ornaments from anothersystem of spiritual power. There were no benches then; we sat on the floor and looked upward at the altar and crucifix and the ceremonial display-fence erected in frontof them, round which elder women in sequln-studded slurts gravely danced, holdlng a ring of rope and chanting sonorous invocations, in the old harvest-festival ritual Pastor Ding had adaptedand preserved. Ding Ngo spent hisboyhood in a Mendalam Kayan culturenot much changedfrom that seen by Nleuwenhuls twenty years earlier, thoughmaybe richer in rubber He left 11 first at the age of twelve, for two years of school in Putusslbau; then,after a third year at the Volksschoolnewly opened in the Mendalam(see the class picture), he went down to Nyarumkop near Singkawang to begin the long years of training, travel and pastoral duty that would keep hm away from home, but for holiday vislts, fornearly four decades. Nyarumkop,seminaries in Pontianak and Ledalero(Flores, where he spent the Japanese occupation), novitiate in the Montfortan order in Meerssen in Holland, a pilgrimage to Lourdes, a medical course in Rotterdam, then postings to Bika, Sejiram, Benua Martinus and Sintang (where for three yearshe was a member of the DPRD-GR, and from whch he went to Rome for Vatican Council 11), then Bika again: all this, before the Mendalambecame part of his regular rounds in 1968, distancedhim from his culture of origln at the Lime of its greatest changes. Comingback as an agent of change, but also as a Kayan cominghome, he found in scholarship a way to bridge the gap ParanLii' recalls the questions he asked as they walked betweenvillages or duringceremonies. what'sthat called? what's that bird, thls Pastor Dlng Ngo's sarcophagusand monumentbetween thechurch and the epiphyte? what's ths for? how is it different from that? He was sharp about his questioning, focused,and he wrote everything down. Onlyin this did he differ from Pastor's house m Padua (photoby R~ckFldler) ordinary responsible Kayans, who (as he notes in his History) when they held a ritual requinng traditional expertise, would ask "How'sths done? Is lt l~keths?" until they had it right. They had to ask,"because everything was memorized, nothing written." There were those who didn't know, those who claimed to know but didn't, those who couldn't explain clearly evento him, a native Kayan; therewere those whogave half an answer and stopped, waitlng for the right question; those who were afraid of spirits' anger if they spoke of them lightly, outside ritual and without an offering; and there 22 . Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 2 3 were those who said "It's been thrownout, why take it up again?". But he found some he was forcedto develop hisown solutions, drawing on his own rigorouseducation and who knew, people who had studled and thought and sought for information and all his experiencew~th language, whichwas considerable.He read and wrote letters and understandingwith all intensitylike Ding's own, chief among them Stefanus Lii' Long, narratives In Dutch, German, English, and Latinas well as lndones~anand Kayan, he singer of the Lawe' tales, the dayung aya' or noble priestess Kristina Tipung Jawe'; and started a Taman song book,and he could find his way around in Italian and French. Dan~elSangiaang Ag~ng;and he worked them hard, as he did himself. In the heat of "H~ddenaway in the cool of the forests", as T. H. G Mering's 1986article in Ro~npas midday, visitors heard typing fromthe house by the parish church,or silence. They'd put it, he sought and valued conlrnunication with thoseof us who care about what he knock, to ask for headache or fever pills or just to visit, and be turned away. Come back was doing: he corresponded for fifteen yearsat least with JerbmeRousseau, whom Lucas later. "You don't know what I'ni worklng on Heavy labor." In the end he set a signal: if Chln had asked in 1972 to evaluate theLawe' book I brought to the Museum;for several the windows wereopen, he was available;if not, go home. years each with Bernard Sellato and Anton10 Guerreiro;for e~ghtyears with a traveller: What was important, he told Tipung, was that tradition be put into books, adaf Karl Maget, who undertook to translate Lawe' into German; for nineteen yearswith me: tbbzrkukan. He meant that I~terally:from the airless dispensary little books emerged, all this, and perhaps more, alongside a constant flow of Church correspondence.He typed in a dozen hand-corrected carbon copies,stapled and covered in plastic, photos managed, too, to make threemajor expeditions tothe Kayan regions of Borneo,first In pasted in as illustrations. Once written down right and completely, tradition was 1974 to the Baram, the Tubauand the Balui in Sarawak, thenin 1977 overlandfrom the preserved, and practlcecould be man~pulatedto fit w~lhmodern ways and Catholic Kapuas to the Mahakam In East Kallmantan anddown it to Samarinda,then In 1980 to belief. Thus he and Tipung edited the harvest ceremony to a tenth of its length for the Apo Kayan; and he made a book of each trip, partjournal and pan ethnography,and church performance, taking out the spirit-journeying and keeping all that made it sent it to friends and colleagues. prayer. Church worship was h~sfirst concern, and his earliest inspiration,he says In his Those were also the years of 111s painful searchfor a publisher for the five tales of Autobiography, came from those European priest-scholarshe had seen in Flores, Lawe' that he had translatedand explained. They werejust too long, in the exotic compiling vernacular dictionariesto make prayerbooks for servicesmore appealingtc original and in translation. Prof. Jan van Baal,Director ofthe Koninklijk Instituut voor their flock. Work on the Taktia' Lawe' and other tales was only a sideline,he wrote to de Tropen, wrote to Rousseau in 1976 that ProfessorTeeuw of Leiden Universlty "firmly Benedict Sandin in 1972, whenit still seemed that the Lawe' booksmight be published confirmed my apprehens~onsthat it is un~maginablethat any institute in the western in Sarawak; his first goal wasto collect Kayan words to make a dictionary, a Katnus world could be found willing to sponsoran English translationof this extremely long Kayan-Indonesia. text ...." In lndones~anperhaps, because "the majority of those interested in the test may To collect words Ding collected tests, beginning,as Paran and Tipung remember, be expected to have at least a readlng knowledgeof Indonesian."No sponsor appeared. 1~1thhis own mother, Ubung Nyipa', herself noble a rlayung. She became ill, and he rhough there were occasionaldonations. GadjahMada University Presstook the books at turned to T~pungto continue. Around 1970 he also began to work with Lii' Long, an last, with a dowry of a mill~onrup~ah, whlch Ding managedto raise. They were printed expert singer and like Dinga scholar-traveler, struggling with and (as he said of in 1985, and the publishers askedh~m for a list, wh~chhe provided, of potentla1 buyers himself) for progress,to prove that progress and Kayan culture were not at odds. Like they might notify. "the number of persons interested in these books being extremely D~ng,Lii' Long hungered to make books; he had already triedto, but his collaborator J l~mited".The set sold for 61,000 rup~ah, and Ding received five free setsand a royalty of C. Oevaang Oeray, once a schoolfellow of Ding's at seminary, took the job of Governor 425,000, which he shared withLii' Long. He typed a list of errata, which could not be of West Kalimantan and had no time for editlng. Ding had, and for him Lii' Long wrote printed The books cost RM 350 in the Holiday Inn in Kuching, wherein July 1996a until at times his hand hurt too muchto hold a pen. Sometimes his family heard him couple of sets were stillon sale. laughing, alonein his room. Paran and Alel, his sons, read the day's output back to him, After this mixed victory, and the publication inthe same year of his small Kayan argued and joked about it, and son~etlmeshelped to write it. Out of these sessionscame prayerbook Alaan Telaar7gjtrlaan (The Road to Heaven), Ding Ngo concentrated on the tales Lii' Long was most often askedto slng, five tales of the spirlt-hero Lawe',h~s writing HISfriend Tus Oevaang Meringtook him for a trip round the world to Amerlca lady-loves and hsenemies; and othertales, seven long epicsand a score of short stories, in 1989, two weeks of tightlyscheduled adventure, and he wrote about that, in most of them till recently exlsting only as llmp school notebooks filled with lines of Indonesian and English "The more developed we are, the more expensiveour life spidery ballpoint, or as handmade books in D~ng'stypescript, scattered among becomes! Why? Youearn much, but you spend much too. That seems to be the same as colleagues and friends. to earn a little, but to spend a little too. And what does it mean then to be more Lii' Long's notebooks, the tales that the younger slnger Juk Linge wrotedown, and developed? ..." That year too he finished hisMsfory (Sejarah Orang Dayak Kayan t!ari the dayung invocations that Tipung sang provided more than words for D~ngNgo's htclup prr~nifrke hidup ~norlern),coverlng all of tradit~onalKayan life In the Apo Karnus: they confronted him with allthe questions of transcription, spelling, editing, Kayan, migrations and relations between settlements, mythology, festivals and presentation, word meaning, poetlc translat~on,formulas and themes and cultural ceremonies, economics, art, family life, healing and funerals,and the history of exegesis thatshape the methodologies oftext work in oral literature. To these problems Mendalam Kayansup to the time of writing Appended to 11 are summariesof his travel - 24 Borgeo Research Bulletin vOl 27 "01 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 25 books, Tipung's dayung invocations, and his critical comments on mistakes made by to work until a few weeks before he died. In January 1991he taught in a foreign ethnographers, especially A. W. N~euwenhuls.Finally, too, he completed his postgraduateWorkshop on Lexicographyat the Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Ka~nus,though not to his entire satisfaction. typingit from A lo Y by 1992; and last he Bahasa in Jakarta. undertook his Autobiography, Re~ialilah Orang Dayak, based on 35 years of Jack was a member ofthe Sabah Society, the Asian Societyof Canberra, the Royal journal-keeping (Daghoekunt~l 196 1, huku haria11thereafter). He wrote it in the school IllstitUteof Linguistics and Anthropology (Le~den)and the Werkgemeenscl~a~ notebooks fashionable in 1992, with covers of film stars and anttuopomorphic Zu,doost-Azieen Oceanie (Netherlands). hamburgers.and he lefi it unfinished, co~npleteonly to 1980. when the stroke took from Jack's main ~nterestswere Timugon Murut,Malay and Tagalog. But he also had him the ability to compose andwrite and read.Quinine had alreadytaken much of his many passions: Malay influence in Afrikaans and In South African English, hearing, agehis sight, and a tumor of the larynx all but a whisper of his voice. He had Chinese dialects, Celtic (and other)place names in Great Britain, to name onlya few. been given, it seemed to me, a good long lime to detach his splrit from worldly concerns, ~lthoughJack did not publish a great deal, what he d~dwrite has had a strong among them perhaps the drive to publish. Most of what he had said he wanted 10 impact on Malay and Austronesian linguistics.He did pioneeringresearch in Sabah and complete,he had done tradition wasin the books, and the books would be preserved. He hIs mu rutgrammar became a model for many other descriptions of Austronesian was gentle, when I visited him in those last years. When he finallylet go 1 was in languages, in Canberra as well as in Le~den. Sarawak; but later I saw the picturesof his last journey home to the Mendalam andh~s His article on the structureof Indonesian (1987)is remarkable for its clarity and par~shchurch. the crowds, the stricken faces. the opening and closing of the concrete shows that he hadan lntlmate knowledgeof the language, and thathe tr~edto convey sarcophagusthat holds his remains. that knowledge inthe simplest and most democraticpossible way to his readership. Pastor Ding Ngo is not buried. he rests beslde the church in a modern Kayan Jack made a very important contribution to the monumental English-Malay .dung,a grave hut that he helped design, Tus's gift, fourmeters high, a coffin supported dictionary that was published by the Dewan Bahasadan Pustaka in 1992. on the brows of two red-eyed cobradragons modeled in concrete. erect upontheir green- The earlier editionsof Langkah Bam, one of the most frequently used course books scaled ta~ls.It looks llke the Mendalam's most remarkable monulnent.until You read Indonesian, clearly bear his mark. But most of all Jack provided~nvaluable feedback what was writtenby the man inside it. (Stephanie Morgan,P. 0. Box 1179, Pontianak 0, many linguistic (and other)publications written by his colleagues and students of the 780 1 1, Indones~a). Department of Languages and Culturesof Southeast Asla and Oceania in Leiden. Although he probably should have, he never refusedto edit our English.He did so in a very carehl way, respectingour own style and only correcting what was gra~nmatically JACK PRENTlCE(1942 - 1995) wrong or stylisr~callyawkward Up to 1989, almost everyth~ngI wrote was thoroughly proofread and commented on by lack. In thefinal stages of preparing my thesis, I used David John Prentlce diedon the 29th of April. 1995. In Leiden, from Hepatitis B, to go and see him at night (sometimes at 12 30 am) to discuss what I had drafted, at the ageof 53. Although he sometimeshad some resistance to undertakinga task, once he got involved Jack was born on 14th January.1942 in Wigan. Lancashire (England).He studied in it he would dedicate himself to it completely, nomatter whetheril concerned his own Malay languageand literature atthe School of Oriental and African Studies in London, pro~ectsor those ofothers. where he obtained a B.A. Honours in 1964. In 1965he went to Canberrawith a Ph.D. Jack had a sharp eye for linguisticdetails, and he knew how to get others interested scholarsh~pfrom the Linguistics Departmentof the Research Schoolof Pac~ficStudies {llem, his studentsloved hinl and knew him as anexcellent teacller (Australian National University).He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1969.hs thesis was a It is to be hoped that his Timugon Murut d~ctionaryand h~slecture notes on description of Timugon Murut,a language of Sabah. In the following Years he had Indonesian and Malay grammar willbe published one day. subsequently a research assistantship (1969), lecturersh~p a (1970-1973) and a senior W~thJack's death Leiden, Canberra, Austrones~anlinguistics and Borneanstudies lecturership (1974-1976) in the Indonesian Departmentof the "School lost one of their dearest and most erudite scholars.Those whoknew him will find it no Studies" (nowadays knownas "the Faculties")of the Australian National University overstatement to saythat Jack was one of the most human, understanding Between 1973 and 1976 he was also seconded as Director of the English-Malay helpful and knowledgeable colleagueswe ever had. He was extremely :ood company, D~ctionaryProject (to which project he continued contributing untilthe publication of never short of interesting conversationtopics and devoid of any snobb2ry, He liked a the dictionary 1992). In June-August1974 he was a Temporary *id Expert with Ihe good atmosphere and had time for everyone. In fact, he liked people to I!le extent that he Australian Development AssistanceAgency assigned as a teacher at the Workshop on was often unable 10 see their shortcomings. He never seemed a veg. happy man, and Lexicography In Tugu, Indonesia. there was a certaln melancholy about him inspite of his sociabilityand great sense of In 1976 he was appointed as Senior Lecturer at Leiden University in the humour. Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, where he Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 27 vol 27 Borneo Research Bulletln 22 Our sympathy goes outto Sue and to Jack's son and grandson In Australia, to the 1982 Some ludic aspects of Tlmugon Murut, It? Amran Hallm LOIS Murut famll) that had adopted h~mand to h~sbeloved frlend, Jalme Ayong Carr~ngton and Steven Wurm. eds Papers from the Third Interndt~onalConference on Austroneslan Llngulst~cs Volun~e3 ,llaalur pat70 ra ttrtllo ttra111naraX ra pang Acccnt on variety PL C 76 145-155 Though theeyes be far away,the heart IS near 1986 Lexicography and colon~al~sma Southeast AsIan case-study /,7 C M S Hellwlg and S 0 Robson. eds A Man of lndones~anletters List of publications essays In honoui of Professor A Teeuw Verhandcl~ngenvan het N B PL stands for Pacific Llngulstlcs (Canberra Research Schoolof Pac ;lc IConlnltlljk Inslltuut voor Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde 121 Studies, Dept of L~ngu~sttcs,Austral~an Natlonal Un~vers~ly) Dordrecht Forrs 305-31-1 1963 Form and funct~onIn the verbs of Sabah Murut a prellmlnsry 1987 Malay (Indones~anand Wlalays~an),117 Bernard Comrie ed The analysts Oceanlc LlngulstlcsVI 127-156 world's majorlanguages LondonISydney Croom Helm 913-925 1969 Papers In Borneo I~ngu~st~cs,No 1 (Occas~onalPapers) PL A-)O 1988 Some le\lcal ev~dencefor a non-Malay substia~umIn Brunel Malay. It7 Contents A baslc wordllst for Borneo (1-18)'Verbal lnflectlon In Mohd Than1Ahmad and Zaln~Mohamed Lam eds Reltonstruksl dan Sabah Murut' (19-23),and Phonemes ofSabah Murut' (23-41) cabang-cabang Melayu Induk ICuala Lurnpur Dewan Bahasa dan 1970 The Ilngutstlc situation In Northern Borneo, In S A Wurm and C C Pustalta. 99-107 Laycock (eds) Pacific Llngulstlc Studtes In honour of Arthur Capell 1991 Perltembangan bahasa Melayu sebaga~bahasa (1nter)naslonal. f,7 PL, C-13 Harirnurt~I In preparallon lnchy Piggy Mandy a d~ctlonaryof seventeenth century Malay through Engllsh eyes (annotated re-ed~tlonIn modern spell~ngof RESEARCH NOTES Malay dlctlonarles by Bowrey 117021 and Howlson 11801]) In preparation (with JT Collins) Annotated re-ed~tlonand translauon of Franco~sCaron's Tsjeremln Acan Pegang Agama [ 1, Amsterdam CONFIRMATION OF AN EARLY DATE FOR THE PRESENCE OF RICE IN 169 1 (a collect~onof -10 Malay sermons from Ambon, 1660-1671) (Sander Adelaar Depanment of Applled Llngu~stlcsand Language Stud~es BORNEO: PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR POSSIBLEBIDAYW ASIAN Unlverslty of Melbourne Parkvllle Vlctorla 3052, Australla) LINKS Paul Beavitt School of A rchneologrcalSfz~dies Universityof Leicesler. Leicester LGI 7RH, U K. Edmund Kurui Snrawak Museum Sarnwak Gill Thompson Department a archaeological Sciences Universllyof Bradford, U K. Examination by Peter Bellwood andIpoi Datan in 1989 of sherds of pottery from the cave site of Gua Sireh in Sarawak, indicated that husks had been used as a lemper which had been added to clay to prevent breakage during the firing process A rice grain was also found as an accidental inclusion In pottery from an earlier phase at the site. When dated by the techn~queknown as Accelerator Mass Sectrometry (AMS), this revealed a surprisingly early date for the presence of rice in the Equatorial and Island part of South-East Asia (Ipoi Datan and Bellwood 1991, Bellwood el a1 1992). Ttus date was 3850 *260 P.B , or a mean date of 2334 B.C. ~f calibrated (CAMS 725). In many ways this very early date is surprising for Borneo given that traditions and historical accounts indicate that much of the population was dependent on hunting wild animals andeating wild sago until a relatively short time ago With the exception of some interiorareas, such as the Kelabit uplands and some lower rlver areas the spread of rice cultivation was thought thus to have been largely a phenomenon of the last five hundred years and a consequence of Iban and Kayan migrations, and in many interior areas only of the last fifty years (Tuton Kaboi, personal communication). There is tndeed still a s~gruficantpresent-day population of hunter-gatherers living in the interior forests. The date normally assumed for Austrones~ancolonisatlon of --30 Borneo Research Buller~n v01_27 --v,) 27 Borneo Research Bullet~n 31 Borneo (c 1000 B C ) (Bellwood 1995 102) would have been expected as the date The 1989 evcavat~onsby Bellwood and Ipol Datan have fortunately rema~ned from which rice was Introduced Sather (1995) argues that from this pant thr, llndlsturbedbecause they were carned out ins~dethe fence bulk to protect thecave economies of Prc-eXlstrng foragers wiould have been transformed, through small on the \valls of a part of the cave In add~t~onto the AMS date, the scale, probably sMamp rice cultivation linked with expanded forms of foraging c,cavatlons also have prov~deda good strat~graphcsequence with a series of and trade Hc wrltes (Sather 1995 259) radiocarbondates from shell and charcoal These ~nd~catethe earllest occupatlon evidence from Borneo sugsests that Austronesian settlement~l>vol~ed, of the cave occurred from about 20,000 years ago wlth a s~gn~ficmtdeposlt~on of :nltlall~,neollthlc popu~atlonsposszsslng a dlverse economy colnblnlng debris on the cave floor between 5000 anmd 4000 years ago (Ipol and Bellwood secondary foraging, hunting and fishing with vaned forms of 1991) horticulture, lllcludlng the cultlvat~onof sago, fm~tand tuber crops, as Supported by grants from Leicester Unlverslty Research Board and the 'veil as rice, with ~nd~vldualgroups radiating, as they settled the Island, ~~~t~~hAcademy South-East Asia Fund Paul Beav~ttv~s~ted Gua S~reh~n into a mult~tudeof local economlc niches December 1994 Edmund Kuru~of the Sarawak Museum and Beavitt collecteda An obvious questlon following thls d~scoveq~by Peter Bellwood of the monolithsample of the cave sed~ments~n a serles of metal boxes which were Australian National Unlverslty and ]poi Datan of the Sarawak Museum,Is why If driven the section and then sealed, prov~dlngcontinuous samples of the the lntroductlon of 1s so early at Gua S~reh,d~d rlce take so long to ~llake sedments deposited In the cave over this 20,000-year sequence These will In due much Impact over the rest of the ~sland')Should we even consider this to denote course be prepared for phytolith analys~sby Dr Gill Thompson of Bradford the Presence of rlce as a cult~vatedcrop at thls early tlme in Borneo) If this rice Unlvers~tyHowever, prel~lminaryrnacroscop~c exattunat~on of the sed~ments grew In Borneo, this 1s unlikely to be a wlld relative of cult~vatedrice, as this part foundat the same level as the pottery has revealed abundant evidence of rice Here of Island South East Asla IS outs~dethe natural d~str~burlonof wild rjces fie relatively large aniounts of lnorganlc mater~al,st111 aligned In their dlstlnctlve PonerY contalnlng the husks could poss~blyhave been traded from elsewhere chquerboard pattern, can easily be observed In *sla In exchange for Borneo s forest products which were certainly greatly Accordingly there seelns no doubt that at this early date of about 2300 B C sought after at least In morc rccent Mlng and Ch'lng periods These forest rice was indeed present as a cultivated crop in the northern part of Borneo Gus products lncludcd rhinoceros horn, hornb~ll' IVOY,' cdlble birds nests and the gall Slreh lies some sixty k~lometresfrom the coast and SO there 1s every reason to stones of a number of e\otlc an~malsused ln trad~t~onalChinese lnedlclnes Inthis suspect that the ln~t~alarr~val of nce m Borneo may well be some time earlier trade, Pottery Jars from Chlna \yere a major comrnodlty enterlng Borneo. and one Further malysls of the sed~mentsshould enable confirmationof the date wlthm the could suggest that the Gua Slreh pottery was a very early precursor of this trade occupation sequence at wh~chrlce was first brought Into the cave Examnatlon of However, arguing against thls vlew 1s the fact that the pottery 1s of a rather plain charcoal ~nthe samples m~ghtalso throw llght on which other food-stuffs preceded greyware, slmply decorated with wooden carved or cane-beaters, indeed 1n other and accompaniedrlce as major ltems 111 the d~etof the early population contexts such pottery IS assumed to be of local orlgln The present research contnbutes to the debate on the spread of fie Present ProJect thercforc sets out to look for other evidence for the early cultlvatlon The earliest known ev~dencefor rlce (6000 B C ) IS near the Yangtze Presence of rice In If, at that tlme, rice was grown In the plain below the hver m northern Hunan Prov~ncem Ch~na,Southern China and northern cave as It 1s today by local Bldayuh populat~ons,lt 1s I~kelythat rice husks and Thailand have lnd~cateddates of around 3500 B C , Borneo and India 2W0-2000 straw ~ouldhave been brought Into the cave-assum~ng that the cave provided B C and the Ph~l~pp~nes1700 B C The Gua S~rehdate confirms thls as the shelter for the population hce, 11ke other grasses, contalns a large amount of locat~onof the earllest ev~dencefor the presence of nce In Equatorial and lsland slllca and other mlnerals and reta~ns~ts d~st~nctive skeleton' long after all of the South-East Asla Peter Bellwood has suggested (personal cornmunlcatlon) thatthe orgamc materials have decomposed The chequer-board pattern, on the surface of early date for rice at Gua S~rehmay ~ndicateposs~ble Austro-aslatic I& w1t.h the husk, can be seen with a low-power m~croscopeThls skeleton' eventually Southerr! nalland and the Malay Pen~nsular Cl~ffordSather has drawn mY dlsmtegrates and Its constituent elements, called phytol~ths,which are themselves attention to suggestions by K A Adelaar (Adelaar 1995) ndlcatng Ilngulstlc Of dlstlnctlve shape In rlce, can be eltracted from the cave sediments and parallels between Land Dayak and Ashan languages SlmJlarltlesIn a llmlted exarn~nedm~croscop~cally number of words In both languages suggest to Adelaar the posslb1llt~ of a language sbft on the part of some onglnal Asl~anspeakers In Bomw Although - --3 2 Borneo Research Bulletin vOl. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 33 27 presentday Land Dayak languages are predominantly derived from protc- sather, ~l~ff~~d Austronesian roots,thls suggests a poss~bleAslian substratum. 199j Sea Nomads aid Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers Foraging The early presence of rice in this area, linked with the possibility of linguist^^ adaptations in the Indo-Mala~s~anArchlapelago In. The parallels and suggestions of pottery slrn~lar~t~eswith West Malaysia and Thailand A~tstronesians:Historical and Cornparatrve Perspectives, edited (Bellwood, personal communicat~on), are exc~tlngnew developments in our by Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon, PP 229- understanding of the prehistory ofBorneo In addition to the phytolith analysis, it 268 Department of Anthropology, Research School of Paclfic is intended to follow up this work with studies of sinlilarities in the pottery of the and Asian Studies. Canberra: The Australian Nat~onalUniversity. two regions, together with a study of pottery and sediments from the Sarawak cavc sites at Niah and Mulu. POSTSCRIPT Postscript Fieldwork at Niah in April 1996 revealed a sherd of cord decorated pottery Examination of a number of sherds from neolithic burials at Niah in Januaoi which containeda clear impressionof a rice husk within its fabric. This sherd was 1997 by Dr. C. Doherty of The Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the found in the debris of a hut within the west mouth which had been used for storing ~i~~~~ of ~~t,Oxford University, confirms impressions of rice husks and pottery prior to marking and transport to Kuching. The hut has been burned and suggests the possibility of carbonised grain adhering to pottery. These include a with it the trench location and depthof the sherd. Examination of labelled sherdl; sherd from beneath the corpse of Burial 21 and a sherd from Burial 99. (~adio in Kuching has produced s~m~larsherds from locations associated with Neolithic Carbon dates for collagen rich samples withn the cemeteot range from 1870 B.P. burials. Some of these sherds will shortly be examined for evidence ofrlce temper. to 4650 B.P. with an average date from 18 samples of 3 112 B.P.) The British Academy Committee for South East Asian Studies which funded ths research have agreed to support a further study in March 1997. REFERENCES Adelaar, K.A. 1995 Borneo as a Cross-Roads for Con~parative Austrones~ari L~ngu~stlcesIn The Auslronesinns: Hisrorical and Compnratrve Perspecilves, edlted by Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon, pp.75-95. Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Stud~es.Canberra: The Australian Nat~onal University Bellwood, P., R. Gillespie, G. B. Thompson, J. S. Vogel, 1. W. Ardika, and Ipoi Datan 1992 New dates for Prehistoric Aslan Rice, Asinn Perspeclives 31.2:161-170. Ipoi Datan and P. Bellwood. 1991 Recent Research at Gua Sireh (Serian) and Lubang Augin (Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak), Bulletin of the Indo- Pac$c Prehrsiory As.sociation 10.386-405. Ipoi Datan and P Bellwood 1993 Recent Research at Gua Sireh (Serian) and Lubang Augin (Gunung Mulu Nat~onal Park, Sarawak), Sarawak Museum Journal n s XLIV 65 93-1 12. 7 36 Borneo Research Bulletln 'VO~.27 -",I. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 3 7 U Plate 4 and Figure 1. 1994 rnonollth sample in position on section wall of the 1989 excavation by Bellwood and Ipoi Datan (layers and dates from Bellwood el a1 1992) 38 Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 3 9 BRIEF COMMENT A FLORENTINESOURCE FOR NINETEENTHCEmY SARAWAK HISTORY Peter Bellwood Depnrtnlerltof Ar chaeologyar7d 4nt'lropolog~ The AustralranA'atro17al Untverstly J H WALKER Canberm ACT 0200 A USTRALIA U17rversrtvCollege Unrversmof New South Wales Cliff Sather hasasked me ~fI wlsh to comrnenton thls Importantdlscoveq of rice relnalns ,n thesediments w~th~nGua Slreh It IS very gratlfylng thatthey support the One of the advantagesof research Inton~neteenth cenhlry Sarawakhistory IS that previous findings of rice remains In potsherds and hopefully the planned phylol~tk the documentary sourcesare well recognized and, by and large, well catalogued and analyslswill give even stronger supportMy own view has been formany years thatrlce ~nde\ed not for most Sarawak h~storlansthe ploneenngsearch of archves to locate cu~tlvatlonIn the Austronesian world was spread from Chlna vla the Ph~l~pp~nes1nt0 rele\ant marerlal 111 such a well elplored area, the chances of local~nghltheac Indonesia sothe posslbllltyof another orlgln from theAustroas~at~c reglon of ma~nland unknown recordsare remote ' Even ~fsuch records were &sco\rered, the wealth of eustlngmalenal meansthat ally new sourceswould be unl~kelyto s~gn~ficantl~advance southeast Is of great Interest The only question IS, ~f Austroas~atlc-sp&ng 10 our understanding of period peoples once lnhablted parts of Borneo, what happenedto them7 Why do 110 2 Austroaslatlc languagessurvive here today and, ~fthere hasbeen a languageshift, In research~ngmy doctoral thesls.Power and Conj7rcl rnSarawak, 1835.1868,I has 11 been so one-\vay?Have former Austroaslatlcpopulations In Borneo,as perhaps In became ~ntr~guedby Lord Cranbrook'spass~ng reference to rumours that the album of many of [he Tal- and Tlbeto-Burnlanspeaking regions of rna~nlandSoutheast Asla, been photographswhich Margaret3 Brooke gaveto Odoardo Beccanwas preservedIn the absorbed by In-comlng populations (~nthis case, Austrones~ans)w~th llttle but FlorenceBotanical Museum A photographon p 20 of Beccarl'sbook suggested that substratumtraces remalnlngof their formerpresence7 Other dated ev~dencefor rlce and such an album rn~ghtcontaln ev~denceof value to an h~stonanInterested In fact~onal~sm paddle-,mpressed pottery, perhaps fromfuture work at N~ah,could help to clarlfithe among the Sarawak Malayellte and other pol~t~calconfl~ct In Sarawak If nothing else, slluatlon A thoroughcomparison of the Neollthlc poltery from Sarawak w~ththat from how the Brooke famrlychose to represent therr reglrne to the world In the new med~um central and southernThailand plus Pen~nsularMalays~a would alsobe of help of photographym~ght hnher my understand~ngboth of the nature of the Brooke state and oi the people whose suppon malntalned 11 F~nally.the rumoured survival of an album at the FlorenceBotan~cal Museum suggested the poss~b~l~tyof an arcluve, andII was clear fromreadng Beccar~that he and Charles Brooke hadbecome firm fr~ends W~thhelp from the Itallan EmbassyIn Canberra, I worked out that the Florence BotarucalMuseum referredto by Lord Cranbrook wasprobably the Brblroreca Botanrca at Florence'sUnrver~tly Deglr Stirdl Mv letter to the Brblroteca(In Engl~sh)seek~ng any lnformauonon the Beccar~album went unanswered Although my orlglnal plansto vlslt Florenceat the beg~nn~ngof 1993, following a researchtr~p to Br~ta~n,were abandoned,I was able to spendfour days there In March 1994 At the BrblrotecaBofa171ca I confirmed that many ofthe photographs,though not 'R H W Reece has deta~ledh~s d~scovery of prlmary sourcesfor the laterBrooke Period See h~s"Sarawak Fever,"In V~ctorT K~ngand A V M Horto~(eds ) Fronl buckfast toBorneo Essayspreser7red lo Father Robe!t Nrchollon the 85 !7 Annrversnry of brrth, 27 A/ar.ch 1995 Spec~alIssue of the Centre for Southeast AsIan Studles, Unlvrsltyof HUH, 1995, pp 309-324 JH Walker, Power and Conjlrcl 111 SarawaX 183-1668 Uiuvers~tyof New South,Wa~esph D . 1995 Earl of Cranbrook "I~~troduct~on" to Odoardo Beccar~,Wancle, rngrrn the G,eat ForesriofBorneo Singapore Oxford Unlvers~tyPress, 1989 (1904)p VIII - 10 BorneoResearch Bullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 BorneoResearch Bullet~n 2 1 the album, gnen to Beccarl by Lady Brooke sunrlve The ~~olog~~~~~were actlvltles Brooke wroteto Beccan, often specifically to seek h~sadvice, on botanical partjcu~arlyuseful to my research however issues, and to deta~l progress (and failures) In develop~nga more sound economlc of greater slgnlficancethan the photographs were a collecllon ofprel'lousl) basts for the state Thus the prlnclpal Interest of Charles'sletters lies In the detail (Iley ~~notlcedMers from Charles and Margaret Brooke 10 Ek~carlThe letters frorn prov~deabout Sarawak's economlcdevelopment Brooke tells Beccarlabout his hopes CharlesBrooke comprlse anew source of lnf~rnlatlonabout Sarawak hlst0q,and I for coffee silk, gambler cattle, pepper, coal,clnnabar andsliver Ominously for the describe (hem first There are 13 letters from Charles, totalling Just less than 5000 future of Borneo'sforests, In June 1868, Brooke recordedthe orrglnsof Sarawaknstimber words The first was wntten from Stmanggangon I I Apnl 1867 to tell Beccan of an ape that ~11~Cmlkshank had shot for hlm a1 Sibu The last letter In the collection A Chinese wood merchant hasamved d~rectfrom Canton & 1s about to put wrlnen on2 Januaor 1902 acknowledgedreceipt of Beccarl's book, Nelle Foiesle ('1 on 100 c00lleS In the Rejang to work wood on his own account he 1s vev Ror,leo ~111slast letter reflects a sentrmental~sm~n Charles Brooke which. h~wever wealthy and I trust this will be a stepplng stonefor others-and will bring rnlld, Is at \iarlance w~ththe portralls of hls character pa~ntedby both Margaret aild about an Imponant anddlrect [lndlstlnct word]w~th Chlna 6 7 sylvlaBrooke In their famousbooks "HowI w~shyou could manage tovlsll me again In Lady Brooke's 35 letters 10 Bezcan arewrinen In French They are, largely, Sarawakwlth Madamepeccari]" Brooke wrote undated Thelr numbering bears little relatlonto the orderIn whrch they were Mrltlen I should showyou some developmentsand we would Vlslt Matang agal* and further research1s requlred to establ~shthe~r true sequence of the {eners are where there 1s a Coffee plantallonof about 100 acres-Llbenan The same short, normallyof no more thana paragraphor two, and they are of less jmmedlateor house I built when~ou were wlth me, standsthere as good as ever-made of obviousImportance to Sarawak h~storythan are Charles's Should the Ranee, herself, bellan wood prlnc~pally become the sub~ectof detailed study, however,th~s correspondence would be valuable could you tell me ~fMarqu~s Dorla 1s still allve I have never heardof him After translating her leners, JohnHolloway observedthat she emerged as "an enthuslast, slnce he left bossy, lntelllgentand dedcated to the causeof Sarawak "' S~mllarl~,scholars of Beccan Bearing a lively remembranceof all the scenes we went thro' together so should find Margaret Brooke's apparentrole In ln~tlatlngand In the completion of Ne/le many yearsago & hoplng alsothat you do not quite forget them Foreste dlBorneo, and of Its translat~on,K'anderrngc In the Grear Forests of^^^^^^, Charles'sletters present evidenceof h~thertounsuspected wh~nis~cal tra~ts tho~~gh s~~ruficant he kept them subject 10 hls undoubted seriousness of purpose Brooke thoughtto r~crult Margaret's letters confirm Lord Cranbrook'svlew that she "was jnstrumental In an Itallan orchestrawhose membersnilght also serve as crew for a gunboat He wrote to persuading him to take up his pen once agaln"9 ~ar~arelnrote to Beccarl on 7 Beccar~,apparently ~nall seriousness, December, I am going to ask yr advice on a point whlch I should llke to carr)' ourone of As for Your notes on Sarawak, SarawakIS my country and I would really love these days-lt IS ~fyou th~nk1 could engage about 8 of Sour CountV men as to read them Whitdon't YOU publish them? Have you thought about having bandsmen 10 serve [~nd~stlnctword] as crew of gun boat to be called on if them appear In English?If such an ldea appeals toyou would youlike me 10 events requ~redthem servlce, to carry arms--01 as fortmen-but to be be In chargeof the translation? 1 know enough Itallan to be able toread them consideredat all other tlmes bandsmen I shouldtry get them a Passageout and to translate them People knowso little about Borneo In general, by the p & &free of chargeby thelr playlng aboard& of coursethey would Our and country In Yoanlcular has never been [the] subject ofscholars like you, receive presents themselvesfrom the passengers-10 Serve for not less than exceptfor Wallace, and you have studledthe country betterthan he! 11 yrs and pa) to be from $8 to $10 a month-instruments & [~ndlstlnctword] pro\slded-perhaps you rnlght hear of some entevrlslngyoung fellowswho 6 ,C Brooke to0 Beccarl, 13 June 1868 lbld would ]~kea of this k~nd-but they muststipulate to be good muslclans translations of Margaret's lettersIn th~sarticle are by John Holloway I both on brass and str~ng'd~nstrunients I can't think I should be able to have gratefulfor hSpermsslon to quote from them them out at once but ~fposslble I should llke todo soanother day'"hen we are 8 5 9Personalcorrespondence with the author r~cher Earl ofCranbrook, op crt , p VIII Brooke's referenceto Matangand Liber~ancoffee ~nd~cates,honever, most of 10 BOtarust, Alfred RusselWallace, 1823-19 13 HIS The h.laIayArchlpelage ~h~ his letters concern111s attemptsto develop h~splantat~on at Matang and othereConomlc of Ihe Orang-utan arid the B~rdof Paradlse was published In 1869 Other pub1lcatlonsrelallng 10 SaranakIncluded "Notes of a Journeyup the &dong kver, In 4C Brooke to 0 Beccar~,2 January 1902 B~bltofecaBolanlca. Unlverslla Dedl Nonh-West Borneo,"Royal GeopphrcSocrely, Proceed,ngs, vol 1, 10 11 ,856, 19' Stuc/i,Florence autobiography hlj~ Ll/e A Record of Events and Opl/~ro17J,was 5C Brooke10 0 Beccarl,9 December 1870Ibrrl (orlglnal emphasls) Publishedrn 1905 7 42 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol.27 Borneo Research Bulletin 4 3 She appears to haveread and commented on draftsof chapters of Nelle Foresle d; \\,ill have your bookpublished."20 TWO years later she wrote to Beccari to express her joy Borneo as they were written: at receiving copies ofNelle Foreste di Borneo: Please send me whatever you have fin~shed;as you finish 11 I will come to The book is so wonderful that I am still in state ofshock. The reproduction of Florence in January because we need to discuss th~senterprise. Ii glves me the photographs makes them betterthan their originals 21 12 great pleasureto undertake this work with yon. With all but one of Charles's letters written between 1867 and 1875. this "I was enchanted w~thyour first chapter and I have worked on it w~tha passion," provides informationabout the final yearsof the reign of the first Rajah she wrote fromGenoa. "Thereare one or two, verysmall, detailswh~ch I would humbly and the first years of Charles's own reign. Since thedocumentation for th~sper~od is 13 wish to rase with ou." At the same time, Margarethad begun on her own book, My ~ncharac!eristicallypoor, this collection will be a welcome. new sourceof information. LiJk in Sarawaki91t seems likely that a comparison of her text with that of Beccaii Charles's focus on economic activ~t~es.including on the management of the Matang might be rewarding, since she and Beccari met to discuss their books. "Please send me Estate, provides informationto supplement thep~oneering studies by Loh and Reece of 22 your manuscriptsand I w~llstart work on them and if you wish I could bring a sample o; early economic development underthe Brookes. Margaret's correspondenceis of 15 my own work whichwe could correcttogether," she wrote significanceprimarily to scholars of Beccar~,suggesting, asit does. thal I~errole In the The photographsthat Margaret gave to Beccari were takenespecially to illustrate of ~VelleForesre di'Bou7eo was even morecentral than has been previously his book, and her letters document theird~scussion of his needs. recognized Forany future biographer ofthe Ranee. her letters provideinsights into her Do you believe that enlarging the photographswill lose something? In that life in Italy, whenshe was, essentially, estrangedfrom her husband and removed from case I will maintain the objective of making them to the 9 s 12 format. But if Sarawak. They testify to her intellectualcapacit~es, as Beccari's collabora~or,and to her you believe that if,In enlargement,some Jetall will be lost. 1 will take both co~nmitmentto advancingher own vision of Sarawak 16 apparatus with me. The Beccari archive at the Blbliolecn Bo~atiicn is extensive. with thousands of 17 Margaret had learned photography especially to help Beccari, and she took a letters to Beccari preservedin alphabetical order. AlthoughI did not locate any further stronglyproprietorial interest inh~s work. letters relat~ngto Sarawak,time constraintsmeant that mysearch was linuted to look~ng I will do my best for the photographs forour book. I am sending you the 12.2 for the most obvious poss~blecorrespondents. Crookshank, Cruikshank, etc. Withmy francs for the camera .. I will ce,a ainly come to Florence on my return so that chance visit uncovering almost 50 letters from Charles and Margaret Brooke, the we can discuss our ntasterpiece. archwe might repaya more thoroughesam~nation. Notwithstanding Margaret's support, Beccarihad difficulty finding an English publisher for his work. BothHeinemann's and Blachvood's appearto have declined the manuscript, andMargaret recorded her frustration thatpubl~shers preferred Ling Roth's collection of ethnographic observations:"it is nothing but a rehash of the Sarawalc Gazettes whilst your work is orig~naland IS of the greatest scient~ficvalue," she told 19 Beccari. In the face of thesedifficulties, Beccari decidedto publish first in Italian. At the end of 1899 or the beginning of 1900, Margaret was therefore "delightedto hear you 20 M. Brooke lo 0. Beccari, Letterno. 1, nd. Ihid. 21 M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Letterno. 8, 6 January 1902.lbid. 22 See Loh Chee Yin, "MatangCoffee Estate,"Sarawak Gazette. XCI, no. 1291, 30 I I M. Brooke to 0. Beccar~,Letter no. 9, 7 December, B~blioreca Bolnn~ca, September 1965,pp. 279-283, and R H. W Reece, "Econonuc Development underthe Universita Degli Srudi, Florence. Brookes," in R. A. Cramb and R. H. W. Reece (eds.),Developnlenr In Sarmvak. Centre I2 M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Letterno. 7, nd. Ibid. for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University: Monash Paper on Southeast Asia,no. 13 M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Lenerno 2, nd. lhid (orig~nalemphasis). 17. 1988, pp. 21-34 14 It was published by Methuen in 19 12. 15M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Lenerno 5, Sunday. Ibicl. 16 M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Letter no. 3, nd. Ibid. 17 See M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Letter no.13, nd. Ibid. 18 M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Letterno 8, Tuesday. Ibld (emphasis added). 19 See M. Brooke to 0. Beccari, Letterno. 27, 19 September 1896;and M. Brooke to 0 Beccari, Letrer no. 29, 3 February 1897; both ihid. Henry Ling Rolh's compilation, The Natives ofSarawak and Brirish North Borneo, was published in 1896. - 1 Borneo-Rgscarch&l~lin ''I. 2'1 Val. 27 Berneo Research Bulletin (1937)-and In their boolcs about their aerial exped~ilons-h~sOver .-lfurcaii J~rn~le~ (1935) and her Lasl fIrh.eil1~1re(1 966), aboul Borneo MTIAY;SOI'ER BORNEO: RdhRTlPJAND 0% JOI$dSOi\i. 1935--1936' Africa In 1933 the Johnsons began thcir fifih expedition to Africa, their first involving the Anne hAillbrooke a~~lane-anovel@ introduced inpan to attract movie-goingaudiences tothe theater to (-017.sultingHis1or1017 see another African film by Manin and Osa Johnson (M Johnson 1931..597) The), 2125-I/? .Yourdo~ighR(JO(/ Itnew the land well from their previous expedit~ons.But flying in Kfrica be a L(ozeinui7, A,lT 29715 II.SA. different [ypeof safarl. Maps. alr fields. rad~ofac~lil~es. the telegraph system. weather reports, and even fuel were Inadequate (Heath1928). Given the primitive flying conditionsIn Africa, the Johnsons purchasedtwo good Fr.,,uia-oduction ..Adventure has been our ob~ecrin a lifetime ofseeking the ~rnusual,ihe unknovii amphibiousalrcrafl capable of landing on e~therland or water, for Africa had many and, all. the wondefiul feelingoifreedom." So wrote Martln Johnson (1935:~)af;.:r more ]ales than airports, esp~lallyin remote regions withno air fields. For the he and his wife Qsa flcv! 60,000 miles over Africa h/I,?rtln and Osa Johnson wen principal safari work, they selected a two-engine SikorskyS-3SBS amphibian, license adventurers-and photographas. filmmalcers. lecturers and authors.Accord~ng io NC-ZgV. with powerful Pratt Whltney "Wasp" engknes rated at 430 horsepower. For British ~~~t micail pliol Bevl Marl l[E&torDsnote; The Johnsons' 1937 film'Borneo' was shown in Bruneiduri11: lhe Borneo ~~~rthBiennial BRC Conference. We are grateful to Dr. M~llbrookefor ~rovldl!~gus too was a dangerous place tofly in the 1930s. The Johnsons knew that. this sketch of the Johnsons andthelr av~ationin Sabah.1 They had been there before-in 1920 That is when they firstadded wildlife picturesto 1 16 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 47 the~rphotography of exoticpeoples and scenery.Martin used motion picture filmas well The next morning they flew north, refueledat Bintulu and Miri, and reached Labuan as glass-plate negatives One of the disappointments ofthat early trip was insectseating rsland. At all these stops, the S-39 landedon water, as there wereno airfields on land in the gelat~noff phorograph~cplates and films left out to dry. On that expedition the Borneo until Kuching opened itsfield in 1938 (MAPA 1981). Johnsons had st~llbeen hunters. Martin (1921: 127) describedone day as "a monotony of From Labuan to Sandakan,across the interior of British North Borneo, theyflew at crocod~leshoot~ng"-shoot~ng with both gun and camera. Osa Johnson was the up to 14,000 over the forests and mountains. But it took them two attempts to marksman of rhe palr On the 1920 expcdition they traveledfar up tlie Kinabatangan reach their destination. Both times they departed from Labuan Bay, flew east to Weston, kver to a Tengara v~llagenear the headwaters,by launch from Sandakan to Lamag. turned north, .and at KimanisBay turned east again, acrossthe Crocker range and into beyond there up by gobong (native canoe made of hollowed tree) and down by raft In the then crudely charted interior. On the first attempt they encountered a tropical storm Sabah, or Br~t~shNorth Borneo, as it was then officially named, Martin observed In the intenor In ths monsoon, according to Laneri (1937:9), "the blind flying (1921.129), "the waterways are the highways." In 1935-36 those waterways became d~dhand-springs and cartwheels." These instruments were the horizontal runways for the Johnsons' S-39. stab~lizer,the turn-and-bank indicator,and the airspeed indicator. Laneri steeredby the For th~snew Borneo expedition the lohnsons renamed the plane The Splrr! o/ compass and climbed for a safer altitude. Once out of that stom they encountered Ap~cann~l Borneu Its fuselage remained spotted like a giraffe.In Borneo they added. another, turned to avoid it, and eventuallylanded back at Labuan Bay. pa~nted.an eye on the side of the plane's nose. Accordingto native legend. the eye The next day the party h~rnedagain at hmanis Bay toward the Interlor and flew represented thegod who gu~desvessels to their destinations.Taking the plane was a late over the Crocker Range. They passed south of Mount Kinabalu, at 13.450 feet the decision. for after the African expedition,Martin and Osa Johnson had author~zedIhe lughest peak on the entire island of Borneo. This day remained sunny and clear They Sikorsky company to sell both the S-38 and the S-39 (the Martin Johnsons) They safely reached Sandakan harbor, from which the jungle explorationswould beg~nAs withdrew the S-39 from the market, and they employed James Laneri of Hartford. was noted in a recent b~ographyof the Johnsons (Imperatoand Imperato 1992 187), Connecticut, as pilot. Laneri had worked with the Pratt & Whitney companythat made "This was the first flight over the interior of North Borneo, and permission for it was the Wasp Junior engine(Borneo-Bound). Alsoin the party were sound-engineer Joe first denied on the grounds that it was too dangerous." An alternate, safer route would Tilton and Osa'sgibbon. Wah. have taken them up the west coast of Sabah to Kudat and then down the east coast They The parry and the planetraveled aboard theDutch freighter Kotu Pinang bound for had considered th~salternative, but chose the shorter interiorroute, even after the~r Singapore. Apparently the fre~ghterfell behind schedule, becausethe Johnsons and frightful and unsuccesshl first attempt. Being the first to fly over the interior of Borneo Laneri got off at Belawan. Sumatra.and proceeded by air and without a map.Tilton and was important to the Johnsons. for their personal senseof achievement as well as for the expedit~on'scargo remained aboard the freighter.Laneri flew the S-39 southeast advertising the movie they came to film. down the Sumatracoast and across the Straits of Malacca to Port Swettenham (Pon The aviation facilities in Borneo were even more primitive than in Afnca Kelang, near present day Kuala Lumpur), inthe Federated Malay States.There they Sandakan, for example, maintained a wind sockatop the customshouse. That was all. spent a mosquito-filled nightand acqu~reda good map of the courseto Singapore. They Principallya seaport, Sandakan was at the time the capitol of British North Borneo,and flew to Singapore, where they remained over a week while extra fuel tanks were it served as the urban headquartersof the Johnson expedition,but aviation facilities were installed on tlie plane and whilethe~r cargo was transferredto another ship. theAlurarlu. more developed in western Borneowhere oil companiesand the Royal Air Force flew Tilton traveled with the cargo, as the Johnsonsand Laneri flew east. seaplanes.The Johnsons and theirpilot found mapsof Borneo "a hopeless mess," except From S~ngaporethey flew to Borne-757 miles over water to Pemangkat.Osa for the coastal charts (0. Johnson 1966:21). The heat and humidity in Borneo,which Johnson (1966.114) fondly remembered this flight with "not a bump in the air." She did not cool even at night, corrodedpans of the airplane. recalled that both she and Martin look their turns flying the plane. which had dual The first application ofthe S-39 to the ehpedition was flying over junglesas Martin controls that made II easy for Laneri lo release control to a person sitting in the co- Johnson scouted for a site suitable for their field headquarters. He founda clearing pilot's seat Also. Osa believed that thisflight gave her the distinct~onof being the first beside the Kinabatanganfiver near a native village calledAbai. There the Johnsons woman to fly over the South China Sea. They landed on thebay at Pemangkat inDutch built camp "Johnsonville." They constructed a hangar for the S-39 at this jungle Borneo, but due to a m~sunderstandingwere unable to get gasol~nethat they had campastructure of bambooand palm fronds. Sincemost landingswere on water, they arranged to be del~veredto them there. did not construct a~rfields. They managedto fly on another hundred miles, over jungle. guidedby compass. lo Both Mart~nand Osa Johnson took turns at the controlsof the S-39 in Borneo,but Kuch~ngIn the Bntlsh territory of Sarawak. En route. Laneri cont~nuallyspotted rivers Lane11piloted the plane most of the time. Laneri routinely flew the S-39 back and fonh and creeks as potential landing sites, in case of emergency.They landed atKuch~ng wllh between the jungle camp and Sandakanfor supplies, and hetransported exposedfilm to less than two gallons of gasoline remaining. Theyfilled the fuel tanks. The wh~teRa~ah Sandakan. An Amer~canwriter living in Sandakan at that time observed (Ke~th [Vyner Brooke] of Sarawak entertailledthem that evening withdinner and pageantry 1939.731,"The Johnsons' planewas the first to fly regularly in North Borneo" Laneri 48 Romeo Research Bulletin Vol 22 VoJ. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 49 flew scouting espeditionsover the jungle. On most of the actual safaris into thejungli:. She died in 1953, and biographer Pascal James Imperatoedited the manuscript,which the Johnsons again traveled mostly by boat, occasionally by foot. On at least tv:o appeared in print in 1966. The International Museumof Photography(George Eastman occasions, Laneriused the S-39 as an air ambulance+nce ferrying anative bitten by 3 House. Rochester, New York) has a large collection of the Johnsons' photographs, and monkey to the hospital in Sandakan, and another time transportinga native injurer: the ArneiicanMuseum of Natural History (Mew York, New York) has a collection ofthe during the capture of an orangutan. While in Sandalcan, Laneri assisted a British ~~hnsons'negatives. The single best source of information about the Johnsons is the physician namedDr. Stokes to order, assemble,and learn to fly an Aeronca plane. Dr. recent biography They kfa,-,-ietl Advenfto-e, by Pascal James Imperatoand Eleanor M. Stokes theninitiated a flying physiciansenlice (Lamb and Blanche 1989:40). Imperato. In Borneo the Johnsons filmed elephants, rhinoceros, temadau(w~ld cattle), deer. with the a~rplane,the Johnsonsreduced distance as defined by travel time. With orangutans,various kinds of monlteys including the rare proboscis,as well as natlves iif the plane. they also bridged the distancebetween technolog~callyor~ented-r at least different tribes andpeople of Chinese and Malay heritage. At the end of The expedittctl. {ethnologicallyfamlllar--aud~ences in the United States and the exotlc yet primitive the Johnsons traveledby sh~pfrom Sandakanto New York City. cultures filmed In Africa and Borneo Furthermore, films lllte Borneo quickly transported audiences to far away places. Others had discovered and explored these places. bul the Johnsons sharedtheir adventure travelswith the general public. That was @onclusion Martin and Osa Johnson were"profess~onal jungle-trotters" who filmed nature and their career The airplane was a tool they usedto supplement theirprimary media-film natives in exotic locales for an Amerlcan movie-going public. After their Bor!!eo and print. expedition (1935-36)they opened a lecture tour in SaltLake City. From there they intended to go to Californ~a,to Burbank. California wasan aviation center in the 1930s. It had regular, scheduledairline service, and state-of-the-art airports and ainvoys REFERENCES equipped with radio rangesso that the airlinescould fly by radio beam whenweather Anonymous obscured visibility. Californiadid have occasional bad weather, as on the morning of 1935 Borneo-Bound.Bee-Hive 9(9):7. January 12, 1937. For the flight to Burbank that morning, Martin and Osa Johnson Capelotti PererJ. 1993 Explorer's Air Yachl: The Sikorsky S-38 Flyrng Boar M~ssoula,MT: boarded a Boeing 217Dairliner owned and operated by Western Air Espress Due to the weather, the pilot made an instrument approach, and the plane crashed at 3,550 feel Plctor~alH~storles. elevation onthe side of Los Pinetos in the San Gabriel Mountains.Everyone aboardwas Carstens. Vern L. 1935-36 A Pilot on Safan Sporisn~anPilot 14(2)-15(5). injured or killed. Martin Johnsond~ed the next day. The copilot and three othersalso Heath, Lady Mary d~ed.Osa Johnson and the pilotwere among the injured who survived(U.S. Department 1928 The Technical Aspects of a Trans-African Flighton a L~ghtAeroplane. of Commerce 1937; Johnson et a1 1941, and Imperato and Imperato1992 205-06) Martin Johnson died not In the wllds of Africa or Borneo, but from ~njnr~es N lnternat~onalCivil Aeronautics Conference, Washington,D.C., sustained in an airplanecrash near thedeveloped Los Angelessuburb of Burbank. The December 12-14, 1928. Papers Submitted by the Delegates for relatively new technology of rad~o-rangenav~gation led to decisions that would never Considerationby the Conference. Pp. 19-3 1. Washinaon:Government have been made under visual flight conditions that guided the Johnsons' flightsIn Printing- Ofice. Irnperato,Pascal James and EleanorM. Imperato Africa and Borneo.In Africa and Borneo, withknown bad weather, the Johnsonswaiied 1992 The-v Married Advenrure: The Wandering Lives of Marlin and Osa on the ground or attempted to fly around bad weather. They flew by sight, in visual Johnson. New Brunswick: Rutgers. contact with the ground,as much as possible; by dead reckoning only when absolutely MAPA Malaysian Airlines Pilots' Association) necessary, l~keduring their first attempt to fly across Sabah. Instrumentflying by radio 1981 Early Years of Aviationin Sarawak Flightdeck bfagaz~ne2(2). Reprinted beam was designed forbad weather conditions,conditions which the Johnsons avoided In Sarawak Gazetle as best they couldin Africa and Borneo, but conditionsinto which they willingly flew in Johnson.Martin California. 1921 A Camera Man In Borneo.Asia 21: 125-40. Osa Johnson appropriatelyent~tled her autobiographyI Married Adventure. That 1933 Sky Trail In Afnca Natural History 33(2):13 1-38 adventure, like her book, ended with the airplane crashin 1937. Her book about the11 1934 Wings overAfrica Natural History 34(7):597-611 two trips to Borneo, Last Arlventure, and the~rfinal film, Borneo, were finshed after 1935 Over Afircan Jungles The Record oja GloriousAdventure over the Big Martin's death.For that reason, Lowel Thomas narrated the film, whch 20th Century Game Country of Afiica. 60,000 Miles by Airplane, with 100 Fox released in 1937. Borneo IS ava~lableon v~deofrom the Martin andOsa Johnson Photographs. New York: Harcourt, Brace. Safan Museum (Chanute,Kansas) Osa's Last Acbenture appeared years after her death. 50 Borneo Research B~~lletl_n Vo1-2. Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 5 1 The Manin Johnsons. 1935 ,Yppor/s1)ta17Pllol 11(2):48 Johnson. Osa I966 f.n.cl .-ldl,e17/ure:The A/lurtir~.Joh17sons in Borneo Pascal James Imperalo. ed. New York Willianl Morrow Press. Johnson el al. Johnson er al v Western Air Express Corporation et al (lwo cases) Pp. 6-21;- 9% IN:Pncijic Repot-ler, 2nd series 111(2). I 1937 Jungle Pilot Bee-llive I l(4 ).8-9 Markharn. Beryl 1993 ( 19-12! Tl~eNlus/rc~/ecl Il'est with !lie Nlg/i/. New York: Welcome Book. U.S Dcparllilent of Commcrce. Bureau of Air Commerce. 1937 Scheduled Alr Llne Accident Repons. ,lrr Co~~rt~zerceBulleti17 8(12).269- 70. Three-view drawing of the single-engine Sikorsky S-39 amphibian (Photo courtesy Wrlght, Monte Duane of United Technologies Corporation). 1972 Most Probable Position. A History of Aerial Navigation I Lawrence. Un~vers~tyof Kansas Mart~nand Osa Johnson, the Sp~ritof Africa and Borneo (note the painted eye on the s~deof the plane) in Sabah (Photo courtesyof Un~tedTechnologies Corporation) 52 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bullelln 53 ~OI27 k\rer in the Baram Distr~ctof Sara~ak.~Typically, the Eastern Penan in the interlorof (he Baram Division maintain considerable social contact withother Penan villages,but AN ANNOTATEDBIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PENAN OF BRUNEI has been much less so with the Penan Sukang (due to international border restrictions). who have formedadditional. rather thanalternative. socialrelat~onships. particularlywith bans in mtikitn Sukang (Sercombe1994: 10). Peter G. Sercombe 2. Affiliationsand Influences Ut7rverst11Brtrnei Darussalatn The ethnic composition of mtrkittt Sukang, and the Malay domination of Brunei P.O.Box I80 both numer~callyand culturally, has meant that the Penan Sukang have been subject to Pejabal Pos PMM different ~nfluencesover the last thirty odd years thanthe~r Penan relativesin Sarawak 3701Brunei 1" Sarawak, the Eastern Penan, apart from those who have settled andbeen ass~rn~lated inlo Malay coastal culture in the areas of Sua~and N~ah(cf. Needham 1963. Yaman Introduction 1979). generally live near Kayan, Kenyah, or Kelabit~cgroups, all of which are h~ghly The Penan of Sukang villageinhabit an eight-door longhouse onthe left bank of strat~fiedas well as having strong Christ~anevangeltst~c or Catholic leanings. An the upper reachesof the Belait kver in the interior of the Belait District, Negara Brunei important consideration then is that many Penan In Sarawak have embraced Darussala~n(henceforth Brunei).They have been settledsince 1962, whenthey were Christianity. While many havenot abandoned traditional belief systems,there scems lo persuaded to relinquish a nomadicway of life by the Dusun' with whomthey were be a growing sentiment among settled Penan that their traditional animisticbeliefs are barter trading at the time. Besides Dusun and Penan, t?tukbn2Sukang is also inhabited suggestiveof 'ignorance' and 'backwardness'. by Iban, there being altogetherseven native settlementsin the mukim. In the village of Sukang the Penan neighbour a group of Dusun but are otherwise The Penan of Sukang are h~storically,culturally and genealogically pan of the surrounded by ban villages, the ban being the most numerous native group in nrukim ethnic stratum described as Eastern Penan.) It is not unreasonable, however,to consider Sukang. The Penan also come intofrequent contact withMalays in local governmen1 the Penan of Brunel as being an sola ateof sorts, due to their phys~callocation, their service besldes those who reside in the adjacent, downrivernrukinr of Bukit Sawat. [ban affiliations withinBrune~ and the~rcurrent socioecononuc positionThese features mark is the lingua franca for the tntrkit?~and the Penan speak it fluently and identify closely them off as distinct from the Penan of eastern Sarawak and are consequently of with the~rIban neighbours. The author (Sercombe 1994 10) has witnessed a Penanfrom particular interest inrelation to other settled Eastern Penangroups In nelghbouringEast Sukang referring to himself as kifai lvan ('Itwe Iban') in conversation. Cultural Malaysia. The aims of this annotated bibliography are to foreground aspects of the borrowing fromother groups, however,is not uncommon among the Penan, as has been particular circumstances of the Brunei Penan and to revlew the available literature noted by Needham (1972: 177) and Whitt~er(1973 17). anlong others.Both the Penan concerning them in order to indicate some of the gaps that exist in our current and the ban are traditionally acephalousand to some extent maintain animist~cbeliefs, knowledge ofthe group. showing a degree of continued cultural integrity and suggesting less effective cross- cultural interchange. However, a number of ban in the adjacent tnukitn of Melilas The Penan Sukangin Relation tothe Eastern Penanof Sarawak (which has only one longhouse) have convened to Islam. as have some Dusun in Location 1. Sukang. There is a surauS in Sukang Village, and the Penan Sukang are also being The Penan of Sukang have been geographically isolatedin their habitation apalr iduencedby Malay coastal culture, as can be seen by the conversion toIslam of three from other Eastern Penan groupsIn Sarawak at least since they settled in the interiorof Penan families and the presence of Malay lexis inPenan discourse(Sercombe 1994:l- the Belait district of Brune~In 1962, and during the intervening period, have hadonly 15) The remainder of the Penan still professadherence to their traditionalbelief system, sporadic contact with thelr nearest relatives, the Penan of Long Buang of the Apoh although they rarelypractise the few rituals associatedw~th it. At the same timethey remaln proud of their Penan identity, a senseof pr~dethat is not always obviousamong the Eastern Penan of Sarawak 'The Dusun are one of the seven puak jalr of Brune~,I e the seven ethnic groups From the above it can be seen how the Penan in Brunei vis-a-vis thosein Sarawak officially considered indigenousto the state, which also include the Belait, Bisaya, lnhab~tan atmosphere permeatedby dlfferlng rellg~ousand cultural persuasions. The Kedayan, Malay, Murut and Tutong groups. 'A mukitn is an area under the control of a government appointedheadman or penghulu. 4For further detailsof the consanguinityof these two groups,the reader IS referred 3~sfirst distinguished by Needham (1954: 73-83) in his article .Penanand Punan', to Martin and Sercombe (1994: 165-178). in which he clarifies the differences behveenEastern and Western Penan and between $A surau is a small Muslim chapel in an area where there are too few people to Penan and different Punan groups just* the presence of a mosque. 54 Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 55 ever-lncreasingintercultural contact taking placein the n~ukin~is likely to increase the Annotated Bibliographyof the Penan Sukang exqent of culcural change among thePenan, as potential originatorsof changeare further The references includedhere comprisepublished sources whose focusis largely on exposed to d~erentcultures. Moreover, the demarcationbetween Malaysiaand Brunei one of the following-a particular feature or features of thePenan Sukang,or a reference will probably ensure differing futuresfor the Penan groupsin each country (c.f. Klng to the group in a &scuss~onof other aspectsof Brunei (1. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 1978. ix) 19, 21, 22, 24 and 2% the Eastern Penan (6 and 13), both the Eastern and Western 3. SocioeconomicPosition penan (3, 14, 17and 18); both the Penan and Punan(23); the role of sago among groups While the Penan Sukang are not affluent in terms of material possessions (in indigenous toBorneo (7); the topic of hunter-gatherers throughout the islandof Borneo relation to many urban dwellers inBrunei), they generally live in easier circumstances (20). The list is necessarilybrief, for to date the Penan of Bnlnei have received little In- than many of the Penan in the interior of Sarawak. This is largely because the Penan depth attention from scholars. Amongthe references listed here, allcontain some Sukang have access to an abundance of primary and long-standing secondary-growth mention of the Penan Sukang, althoughsix refer to the group only briefly or in passlng, forest for hunting and gathering, forest that is both th~nlypopulated and where the use namely Harrissotl (1949 and 1975), Urquhart(1959), Needham (1971), Sellato(1991), of firearms is prohibited The Belait River nest to which the Penan live remarns and Brosius (1992).These articles are pertinent, however, since the Penan Sukang can virtually free of pollut~onand provides an adequate sourceof fish (even though fish is be considered integral to the Easlern Penan.The sourses have been (among others) not traditionally an important sourceof nutrition for Penan). In addition, thereare wage useful for informing the author's interest in the Penan Sukang. More comprehensive jobs available withinthe village underthe aegisof the Brunei government's local district bibliographies of the Penan, can be found in Lambert (1975), Rousseau (1988), and office. Each fanlily also owns a boat andan outboard engine, allow~ngeasler and faster Stuster (1974). access to shops and offices downriver. The situation 1s quite different for many Penan in I. Azmi Abdullah (1990)Orang Penan: asalusul dan bahasnya.Beriga, Bil.28:3-34, Sarawak. Herea large percentagelive in the middle reaches of the Baram where the Brunei: Dewan Bahasadan Pustaka. forest is not only more depleted but also more heavily populated and where there is This article begins witha general historicalbackground to the Penan of Borneo extensive useof shotguns.6 Besides this, rivers are subject siltationand polluation. There and a discussion of Penan-Kenyah relatedness,as well as the manner in which the is accessto wage labour but it entails living away from home, a condition many married Penan arrived in Brunei The main focus of the test is a consideratloll ofthe manner in Penan \~lllnot accept. Perhapsbecause of these advantages, the Penan Sukanghave which the Penan Sukang pronounceMalay, and how they are believed to distofl certain been able to maintain certain customs, suchas sharing wild game, now abandoned Malay phonemes in speech. According tothe author this is due to the shape of Penan among their nearest relatives, the Penan of Long Buang, due largely to econofic mouths, which have been shaped throughthe constant use of blowpipes. It is predicted hardship (personal communicationAyak Wing, Long Buang). that this trend will change with the declininguse of blowpipes among the group. 1. Group Size 2.Bantong Antaran (1986) PuakPenan. sebuah tinjauannngkas meengennnai dengan The Penan Sukang number less than 50 people, a figure that has not greatly rangkasosialdan ekonomi.Reriran//uzru,n, 8:1:23-33 increased slnce their number was first recorded at 29 (Davis 1948:5),and later at 34 This article remains themost comprehensive attempt to describethe life of the (McLougNln 1976: 101-105). In contrastthe Penan of Long Buang have nearly tripled Penanin Brunei. It commences withan introductory outline that encompasses cultural in number from 85in 1951 (Needham 1971: 209) to around 230in 1993 (persona1 features that, while not stated as such, are applicable to the Eastern Penan, 11 continues communicationAvun Julong, headman Long Buang).This increase illustrates a feature by describing the prevtously nomadic hablts of the Sukang group Thereafter ensue of the penan (and other nomadic groups)who have made the transition froin nonladlsm synopsesof the Penan Sukangin terms of their history,economy, social structure,beliefs to settled life, whereby numbers tend to grow (compared to the optimum number for a and art Since it was published it has inev~tablybecome dated in certain respects, an llomadlc group ofbetween 20 and 40), whetherthis be due 10 sedentlsmor sociocultural example being barter trade, which no longer takes place, reflecting the extent of changes,01 a combinationof both (cf Bender 1978:204-2221, The Penan Sukang are an socioeconomic,as well as other kindsof change among thePenan Sukang. anomaly in this regard compared to other now-Settled Penan groups.l'here has been 3.Brosius, Peter J.(1992) Perspecliveson Penan development.Suvawak Gazette, vol some out-marriage, but no fatal epidemicsor significant migration,apan from the early CXIX, No.15 19: 5-22 years, prior to senlement,when some Penan malesfrom Sukang marrled into the Long The author's stated goals include discussionof four main areas. ethnographic Buang communityand remainedin Sarawak pantong 1986: 24). infomatlonrelating to the Penan, includinga clarification of significant differences behveen the Eastern and Western Penan; the sentiments of the Penan towards the writer's own comments about policies and programs of development the Penan; and deliberation about the role of the Penan in their own 6~aldecott,in a repon of a conservaitonmanagement study for hunted wildlifern Apart from the ethnographicinformation, the remainder of ths anlcle is Sarawak, states, 'Slightlymore than every second familyIn the interlor owns ashotgun, by far the majority being single-barrelled and12-bore' (1986: 29). 56 Borneo Research Bullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo Research Bullet~n 57 ~artlcularto the clrcumstances of the Penan of Sarawak, since the development Issues dependenceon sago as a d~etarystaple, the author refers to a small group of Penan who ralsed relate largely to the areas lnhablted by the Penan In Sarawak move back and forth between the Tutoh hver area ~n Sarawak and the lnterlor of the 4 Ellen, Roy and Jay Bernste~n(1994) Urbs ~nure cultural transformat~onsof the Belalt Dlstr~ct~n Bmnel ra~nforestIn modern Brune~Arithropology Today Vol 10, No 4 16-19 8 Macdonald, D (1972) Chapter Seven Gentle nomads', pp 135-156 IN Experlrr~ori Tlus largely comprises a dlscuss~onof changlng att~tudestowards the envlronme~lt lo Borneo London Dent In Brunel W~thlnBorneo Brune~alone has managed to retaun a far larger proportion of Thls chapter forms part of a book-long account of an exped~t~onto Borneo That 11s prlmary rainforest than ne~ghbourlngstates, havlng been able to rely for Income on part of the chapter pertinent to the Penan Sukang contalns a largely d~ary-tpe 11s large 011 and gas resenles to malntaln a relatively small population The authors descrlptlon of a tnp Into the Intenor of Brune~by hellcopter during wh~chthe author belleve, however that the att~tudesof the dom~nantMalays towards the forest have conveys h~slmpresslons of a Punan' household and 11s occupants He also refers to a Influenced the rest of the populat~on,even those who prev~ouslydepended on the jungle punan' medlclnal cure, as descr~bedby Baartmans (1966 8 1-86), m~stakenlyassumlng for the~rllvellhood The effect 1s that natlve forest dwellers, among whom are the Penan, [hat the Punan are the same as the Penan In fact the group referred to by Baartmans are are gradually develop~ngnotlons of the forest as a recreat~onalresource rather than the the Punan Bah, a tradltlonally strat~fiedsoclety wlth a long history of settled agriculture bas~sfor a trad~t~onalway of l~fe (cf Langib 1989 169-189) 5 Groome, J and P Wagg~t(1990) Penans In Ulu Bela~tBorneo Research Bullerrn, 9 McLoughlln, Paul (1976) Anthropometr~cand anthroposcoplc stud~esof the Punan Vol 22, No 2 148-149 SaruwaX ~VuseumJourrial, Vol XXIV, No 15 (n s ), pp 10 1- 105 Thls conslsts of nlne separate comments as follow-up to Sellato's (1990) an~cle Thls 1s a brlef repon based on a physlcal morpholog~calstudy of the Penan (19) and 1s concerned w~ththe reasons for the location of the Present Penan longhouse Sukang It confines Itself by not generallzlng to the Penan ethnlc category assumpt~ons In Sukang, the tendency towards pald labour amollg the Penan (In addltlon to based on findlngs concernlng Penan Sukangphys~cal features, due to the small sample subsistence farm~ng)and decl~neIn the production of blowpipes In addltlon the authois lnvolved It concludes, however, that all membersof the group are well-bu~lt,healthy also rase rnterestlng questions, artslng from archaeolog~calevidence, about the and well-nutr~tloned' previously occup~ed,but now largely un~nhabltedarea between the Belalt and TutOng 10 Mart~n,Peter (1992) Lex~cography~n Brunel an overvlew Presented at theFirst hvers ~n Brune~ Asrari /nleniat~onalLexrcography Cor?/eren~e,Manlla, Phlllppines, 5-9 October 1992 6 Harrlsson, Tom (1949) Notes on some nomad~cPunans SarawaX Mriteurn Journal, Ths artlcle prov~des a comprehensive overvlew of lexlcograph~cwork on Vol V, No 1 130-146 languages ~ndlgenousto Brune~ Taklng each language group In turn, the author The author commences w~ththen-current Census fi~lresof [he number of nomadic cons~dersthe work carried out to date on local Malay ~solects,levlcographlc work on the punan known to ex~stIn Sarawak and B~nelHe COntlnues with a brief dlscusslon of Lower Baram languages, the Dusun-B~saya languages, and the Kelab~t~c-M~~~t the mean~ngof the word 'Punan', and the lack of detailed lnfornlatlon concerning language groups, ~ncludlngearly wordllsts and dlctlonarles The alm, as stated, 1s to Punans In general He glves a list of the locations where he lnet Punans, and Ihe areas st~mulateInterest In lexicography In Brune~The brlef reference to Penan ~n Brunei where they have settled The article contlnues with an lmpresslon of Punan physical draws attention to the dearth of lnforlnatlon ava~lableon the language characterlstlcs and apparent llngulstlc differences between groups (although conc*lng I I Martln, Peter and Peter Sercornbe (1992) An update on the Penan of Brunei Borrleo that these may be due to local varlatlon) Br~efdeta~ls follow about materlal culture Research Bulletrri, Vol 24 86-91 commoll ml~hsabout Punans, and lists of vocabulary that have been collected The Th~spaper deals w~ththe h~storlcalbackground of the Penan In Bmnel Referr~ng remainder of the artlcle concentrates on the MagohpunaK8 their orlglns, social hablrs to the llm~tedamount of literature concernlng the Eastern Penan In general, 11 hlghllghrs and migratory patterns the cons~derablesoclal changes taklng place among the group In Sukang 7 Harr~sson,Tom (1975) The place of sago (and other palms) In Brunel and ~orneo 12 Mart~n,Peter and Peter Sercombe (1994) The Penan of Brune~patterns of llngulstlc l~feBrunel Museurn Journal, Vol 3, No 3 4 1-12 lnteractlon PJ P Mart111(ed ) Sh~JrrigPatlerns oJLariguage Use in Bor~qeo This br~efpaper discusses the slgnlficanceof sago anlong both Interlor and Wllllamsburg Borneo Research Council, Proceedings Number 3 groups lndlgenous to Borneo In reference to the Penan as ~un~ledwellers and theu Comnlenc~ngw~th a br~efdescr~pt~on of both the ethn~ccomposrtlon of muXrm Sukang and the clrcumstancesof those who Inhabit Sukang V~llage,the Japer contlnues qhese lists are In Ray (1913 115-195) and while there are a number of cognates '"Ih a very brief conslderatlon of the hlstor~calbackground of the Perdn Sukang The with ~~~t~~~ penan, the collections are drawn fro", Western Penan and related concern however 1s a dlscusslon of the soc~ol~n@~st~cs~tuat~on among the penan languages Sukang, focusing on the way languages are used both ~nter-ethrucallyand Intra- 8The Magoh 1s a trlbu[ary of [he Tutoh hver and 1s located to Lhe southeast of ethcall~,with the observation that language Shfi appears to be taking place among the Mount Mulu - 58 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 27 VOI.27 Borneo Research Bulletin 5 9 Penan. The conclusion offeredis that in the not too distant future, the Penan langu,-ge 16. pudarno Binchln (1991)A note on the Penan games. learning suniivaltechn~ques at might be replaced by banas the code of intragroup communication. an age. Brunei Museutn Jour17al.Vol. 7, No. 3: 26-30. 13 Needham, Rodney (1971) Penan friendship namesIN: T. 0 Beidelman (ed.) Tlie After an introduction stating that the Penan in Sukang identify themselves as Translalionof Grllure.London: Tavistock. pelutan penan9 who have now adopted swidden agriculture techn~quesfrom the local Following an introduction in which the author gives detailsof the Penan Dusun. the author briefly describesfive games used by the Penan for entertainmentand population, the extent of the areas they inhabit in Borneo and significantfeatures of as practice for developing strength, hunting andgathering skills, and thecapacity for thelr social Ilfe, the art~clegoes on to deal with the d~stinctionsbetween different tyl;es Telikar- throwing a spear-like stickthrough a moving rattan hoop;keleprrl, of Penan nomenclature: autonyms, teknonyms, necronyms,and the sign~ficanceof these sing hollowed bamboo for firing mud pellets at a fixed target;tne~eah. a we~glit-lifting in comprehending the Penan way of life. The main focus of the paper. however. is using a child as the weight; 17akuja kelap. where one person is an attacking friendship names (a phenomenon apparently uniqueto the Eastern Penan), glvlng a animal who attempts to catch one of a group of others until finally catching one. who detailed account of how the Penan of Long Buang on the Apoh hver In the Tutoh then becomes the attacker and so on, and tnukat layu. wh~chinvolves cliniblngover and District of Sarawak employ innovative personalnames to signify friendships wilh around the bodies of two peoplejoined by their arms, without touchingthe ground ind~viduals,Penan or otherw~seIn the course of the discussion referenceis made io 17. Seitz, Stefan(1981) Die Penan in Sarawak und Brunei: ihre kultuhrl~istor~sche some recent ~mmigrantsto Long Buang comlng from thePen~p~r hver area of Southern Einordrrungund gegenwartlge Situation Paicleutt~n27: 275-3 l I. Brunei. As t~tled,th~s IS a descr~ptionof Penan culturehistory, as well as a classification of 14 ~eedhanl,~odney (1972) penan-Punan.IN: Frank M.LeBar (ed.), Ethnic Groupsof the Penan and an explanationof their current situation.Following initial references to Insular Sourheas1A.oa, Vol I, pp 176-180 NewHaven: HumanRelat~ons Area Files other nomadicgroups in Island Southeast Asia,the author outlines significantpublished Press. accounts of the Penan up unt~lthe time of the article. Follotving IS a descr~pt~onof the This general outline descriptionmust stand as the seminal introduction I0 the distfibution of settled Penan in Sarawak andBrunei by geographical area, The reference Bornean Cth~ccategory Penan In four pages the author Sllccin~tlyyet lucidly describes to the Penan of B~neiis brief with little ethnographic informationthat may separate the major sociocultural areasrelevant to our knowledge and understandingof these them from other Penal1 groups, although given their own section heading. A number of people: demography.history, cultural relations, settlementand housing patterns, trade, other sections follow.These describe the Penan ethnoh~storicals~tuation, their posit~on economy, kinship and marriage,sociopolitical organizationand religion. An instructive as hnnter-gatherers, their linguistic and racial relations, a discussionof the terms Punan distinction rs also made between Wessernand Eastern Penan,a source of confus~onover and Penan, a sectlon on Penancultural features and research into theseto date. There is a long period, both prior to and since. The author acknowledges niaterlaland social also a discussion of the Penan as specralist sago-gatherers, whetheror not they are self- change amongthe Penan,suggesting that inthe not too distant future, the Penan will no sufficientor depend upontrade w~thsettled groups; the position of the Penan in relation longer exist as an entlty distinguishablefrom other Bornean groups. to other Dayak groups; a consideration ofthe different subgroupingsof the Penanethn~c 15. Nothofer, Bernd (1991) The languagesof Brunei Damssalam IN:H Steinhauer categoryaccording to where In Sarawak they live, the problemsof the Penan in settling (ed.) Papers in AustronesianLinguistics. No. 1: 151-176, Pacrjic Li~iguisfic,A-81. permanently inone place; and a cons~derationof Penan ~n~grationhabits and the orig~ns This IS a consideration of the linguistic situation inBrunei: the various Mahy of the Penan. ~solectswhich constitute themost widely-useddialects in the country, along w~thnon- 18. Seitz, Stefan (1988) Die Penan(Punan). IN H. Harrer (ed.)Bon~eo, pp. 163-191. Malay isolets. including Penan. Nothofer gives the relat~vecognaclty percentages Innsbruck: Pinguin Verlag. between local languages, and Penan is seen to be 31 percent cognate with the adjacent An abbreviated version ofnumber (17). non-Malay lsolects of Tutong and Belait,based on a comparision using theSwadesh 200 19. Sellato,Bernard, J. L. (1990) Anote on the Penan of Brunei. Borneo Research word wordl~sl.The degree of cognacity w~thMalay. given as 29 percent for Penan, Bullerin, Vol. 22, No. 1: 37-42. reflects a perhaps the limitations of the Swadesh list given Needham's (person?[ This note is, as stated, the outcome of a two-hour visit to Sukang village. The communicat~on)estimation that Eastern Penanand Kayan are only 1.12 percent cognate author observes the present location ofthe Penan, their farminghabits, the extent of based on a comparison using Southwell's (1980)d~ctlonary of Kayan, wherethe Pens 1 their former nomadic territory,and the mannerin which they came to settle in Sukang, equivalents forKayan were known. The point here is that Eastern Penanand Kaya i as revealed by the Penan headman LuyahKal~ng It asserts that thePenan In Brunei are have had considerable contact in certain areas ofEastern Sarawakover the last centuqi. an isolated and unconnected Penan group, while evidence makesit clear that the Penan allowing for more l~kelihoodof borrow~ngbetween the two languages of Sukang are an integral pan of the Eastern Penan groupingand retain strong 9~hePelutan Riveris an eastern tributary ofthe Baram River in its upper reaches, just north of the Usun Apau area in northeastern Sarawak 60 Borneo ResearchBullet~n V0l 27 V- Borneo ResearchBullet~n 6 1 consangulna1 and afF~nalties w~ththe Penan Long Buang In the Apoh fiver area of 24 Voeks Roben A (1991)Useful plants of the Penan a quant~tat~vecomparison of Sarawak,bes~des mak~ng occas~onal vlslts to Long Buang tomalnta~n these t~es hunter-gathererand swlddenethnobotan~cal knowledge Presented at The Thrrrl 20 Sellato, BernardJ L (1991) Des hommesdans la foret IN A Gu~rrero& P l17rernaf/~t~~lConfere~7ce on "Geographyoffhe ASEANRegion", 25-29 October1994 Coudere (eds) Borneo Des Chatsezrr~tie Teter aux Fcologrsle\ Sene Monde HSN 52 ~hspaper sets out to explore the notlon that agr~cultural~stsare fam~llarw~th a 172-184, March 1991 ~derrange of usefulwild plant species than trad~t~onalhunter-gatherers In a given type Readers are ln~t~allyrem~nded by the author of some of the myths and of lowland dlpterocarp forest Results from a study basedon a comparison between the mlsunderstand~ngsthat have been transmitted through the l~teratureabout the settled Dusun and the (previously nomad~c)Penan of Sukanguphold the hypothesis, a lnhabltantsof Borneo, partrcularl>In the n~neteenthcentury By referr~ngto some of the finding which 1s funher supponed throughcorroboratron w~th s~mtlar results from an more slgnlficantstud~es of Borneo's hunter-gatherers dat~ngfrom the mlddle of the analog~calsltuatlon In Brazil Theauthor reasons thatthe rqu~rementfor a wider range n~neteenthcentury untll more recent tunes, the author gocson to descr~bethe folloalng of useable plants 1s greater among agr~cultural~ststhan 11 1s among hunter-gatherers the confusion arlslng from lnconslstentterms of reference innamlng variousnomad~c (except In relal~on10 wild food specles) due to the greater range of agricultural groups, the value oftrade between nomads and agr~cultural~sts(espec~ally for the latter), actlvltlesthey perform economlc andsoclal features which dlst~ngulshhunter-gatherers from sellled groups 2j Za~nuddinHassan (1986) Senaralperkataan puak Punan Rerria Muzrum8 1 23- and the soc~alorganldaclon of hunter-gatherers, arlslng from wh~chthe author 25 emphas~sesthe continued uncertaintyas to the origins of hunter-gatherers There1s also Thls constitutes the first published attempt to provlde ~nforniatlonabout thevarlery a dlscuss~onof the lransltlorl from hunt~ngand gathering to an agricultural l~feslyleand of Penan spoken In Brunei It prov~desa list of slxw-seven words ofSukang Penan In the socioculturaleffects of this. as well as the future for nomads In terms of a sedentary current use and 1s accompanied by a nole stress~ngthe valueof making a record of the e\lstence, and the difficulty they have (and w~llcontlnue to have) in adaptlng to language asa source on the cultures and languagesof Brunei, and asa reference for phys~callystatlc sltuatlons,and the problems of the contlnuedappl~catlon of hunter- other scholars galherer hab~tsand lifestyles In settled circumstances 2 1 Sercombe Peter (1994)Ethnol~ngu~st~c change amongthe Penan of Brune~some ConcludiogNote prellmrnaryobservat~ons Paper presented atSeventh Internatronnl Conjerenceon Thls blbllographyof the Penan Sukang lists sources the nlajorlry of which are Ausrrones~anLIII~UIT~ILJ, Le~den Holland 22-27 August 1994 concernedwlth the Penan In terms of ethnography, although,apan from Bantong(2) The author attempts to show how the use of non-Penan leus In Penan d~scourse none deal with the Penan of Brunei In great depth The eastern variety of the Penan reflects a patternof ethnolingu~stlcchange among the group in Brunei, based 011 an language has received some treatment In terms of leus (25), phonology (1)and analysis of recorded d~scourseamong the Penan~n Sukangand those In Long RuangIn soclollngulstlcs(1 1 and 21), but there has been llttle cons~derat~onof Penan as a Sarawak and a brief comparlslon Analyslsof the recordings IS juxtaposed wlth a system lo Among the more recent lnformatlon there 1s ~nd~cat~onof an irrevocable conslderatron ofceflaln soc~alfeatures to ~ryto bu~lda plcrure of a dual process of Process of mlltatlon In terms of culture. socloeconom~cs,language, andaffillatlon, as asslmllat~onand acculturat~onInto ban culture at the local level and Malay cultureat modernl~allonand probable long-termabsorption Into the mainstream of Bruneran the nat~onallevel whlch currently appearsto be taklngplace among the PenanSukang society takes place (I, 4, 10, 11, 19, 21 and 22) Gwen the~rpos~t~on apart from other 22 Sercombe, Peter& Peter W Manin (1995) Penan Sukangsuatu gambaranrlnglcas Penan groups, the Penan Sukang canprovide an alternative w~ndowfor observ~ngthe Berrga,BII 46 42-47, Brune~Dewan Bahasadan Pustaka manner ~n whlch apreviously nomadlc group IS adaptlng to a senled existence, at the Same This draws largely onthe paper An Uptlote on the Penan ojBvu17e1(lo), and was malntalnlngCenalIl tradltlonalcrlltural features (e g the customof sharing wntten ~n Malaypanlcularly for the ~nterestof local scholars wild game and, to a minor extent, the11splrltual bel~efs)whrch, to some degree, have 23 Urquhan,Ian A N (1958) Nomad~cPunans and Pennans SarawakGazefie, disappearedamong senledPenan In the Interlorof Sarawak Furtherstudy of the group's November 30 1958 pp 205-207 Present soc~alstructure, habltsand language canprov~de us wlth not only a valuable record This IS a transcrlptlonof a rad~otalk first broadcast over RadloSarawak andas lhe group, but In addltlon, theopportun~ty for observing the manner ln which the author states lnlends to Inform the reader of the d~fferentklnds of Punans and S°C1OCUlturalchange In Brunei Is talung place Penans andthe areas whlch they ~nhab~tThe author suggeststhat the Pennan'are 'perhaps In the ulu Bela~t' Bes~des outl~n~ng distlnctlve personal~ty tralts of the Penan the author also Informs the reader ofd~st~nct~ve features ofthe l~fesrpleof the Penan and consequently, what makes them so d~fferentfrom other, settled. nat~vegroups In 'O~resentl~the only attempt to conslder Eastern Penanas a language system has Sarawak ken Asmah's (1983 651-6721 work, although thlsIS based on Input from only one PenanInformant (ongnat~ng form a v~llageIn the Tutohkver d~str~ct of Sarawak) 62 Borneo Research Bullet~n V01-2J '27 Borneo Research Bulletin 63 REFERENCES whinier. Herbert L. Asmah Haj~Omar 1973 Social organizationand symbols of differentiation:an ethnographic 1983 Penan IN: Asmah Haji Omar, The illulay Peoples ofA//alays~aa17d study of the Kenyah Dayak of east Kal~mantan Michigan Stale therr La17guage.s.Kuala Lumpur: DewanBahasa dan Pustaka, pp. 651. U~iivers~tyPh.D. thesis Ann Arbor: UniversityMicrofilms. 672 yaman. Josephine Baartmans 1979 Socioculturalchange among thePunans of Kampong TanjongBelipat, 1966 Kakus PunanAhit1 Ilealing rltes. Saruwnk A.411seuinJor1rt701, Vol XIV. Batu Niah Unpublished B.A. thesis, University of Malaya. Nos. 28-29 (n.~.),pp. 8 1-86. Bender, B 1978 Gatherer-hunter to farmer: a social perspective. M'orlrl Archoeo/oa 10:201-222. Caldecott, Julian 1986 Hunting and wildlife management in Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: World Wildl~feFund. David, L. H. N. 1948 At~nuulReporr 017 Bru~iei/i,r the year 1947. Singapore: Malaya Publ~sh~ngHouse Klng, Victor (ed.) 1978 Es.rays on Bort7eo Socielres. Hull Monographson South East Asia: 7. Oxford: Odord University Press. Lambert,Donald H. 1975 Bibliography: hunter-gatherersin Borneo Bortleo Resec~rchBulleliii. April 1975Vol. 7, No. I: 25-27. Langub, Jay1 1989 Some aspectsof the l~feof the Penan .Sara~~akMuseutfr .lournal, Vol XL, pp. 169-189. Needham, Rodney 1954 Penan and Punan Journal of the hf(11qvcmBrunch of the Royal Asintic Society. Vol. XXVII.Pt. 1. pp 73-83 1963 Death-names and solidarity inPenan society. Bydragen Tot cle Taal-, Land-En I,'olkenkut7cle. Dee1 121. le. pp. 58-77. Ray, S. H 1913 The Languagesof Borneo. Surawak iMuseunr Journal, Vol. 1. No. 1:1- I95 Rousseau, J 1988 Central Borneo a bibliography. Sarawak h1useu1n Journul, Vol XXXVIII, No. 59 (n.s.),Spec~al Monograph No. 5. pp. 1-274 Southwell, C.Hudson 1980 Rayan (lictionary Miri: Syarikat Berjaya. Stuster, Jack 1974 Punan bibliography.Borneo Research Bulletin, Vol 6. No 2 49-50. 64 Borneo ResearchBullet~n "0L -~01.27 Borneo Research Bulletin 65 IOU~;sea hlrlLr,... The upper waters of a river;the interiorof a country (Coope 1978: 160, 99). FIVE BRUNEI MALAY SPATIAL DEICTlCS Brunei Malay ulu can also have connotations of "dark, mysterious, jungly interior, place whereheadhunters lived." When the place-attin-which morpheme di L~ndaAmy K~~nball precedes. '1; ~Iu,di laul, mean "in an upstream place", "in a downstream place". When Depart~tlenrofA171hropolog~ the mo~ion-toward-which morpheme precedes,ka ulu, X-n laut, mean, "towards IVesIern Washrngto~?Universiv upstream","towards downstream"; these two morphemes,cli "idat-which". and ka. Bellrt7,ohat,r, WA 9822.5 8810wards-which",can occur with all thespat~al deictics considered here. For watermen, the pairsroigai/lau!, "r~ver/sea,"expresses d~fferentrealms, which The concept ofdeisis refers to words whose meaning is defined with respect lo ,he necessitate different typesof boats and naut~caltechn~ques Both can be used deictically. T~ say that someone is arah sutlgai, "in the vicin~t~of the r~ver,"is to use two deictic standing, position, or statusof tile l-hese are known as deicticforms (from the comp0nents. First,the person leferred is eithernear Ihe liver Or, perhaps, On thequay Greek word for 'point~ng')and the conditions governingtheir use have attractedspecla] attention in recent semantics.They fall into three main types (Crystal 1987: 106) preparing to board a boat. The hearer must interpret based on micro-geographic contextual knowledge. Second, whichriver is meant can be ascertained only by knowing Personal deixis: The use of pronouns, such as I and you, which lde,ltlfy who is taking part in a discourse. where the speaker is. In spatial deixis, everythingis relat~veto the geographiclocation of the speaker. Spalial delxis: Forms that distinguishthe position ofthe speaker in relalion ~h~s,for example, in Ihe inland areas of the Brunei-Maura District thereis a three-way to other people and objects, such as lhis/that; herehhere..., br;t7g/me, contrast of di daral, "on dry land,"di su17gai, "on the river," and di laul, "on the sea," come/go. Come, for example, implies direction towardsthe speaker: Co,,,e here! with d; laufan often used to mean, "far out at sea." These same speakers in inland Temporal deixis: Forms that distinguishtime with referenceto the spealter, ~r~nei-MauraDistrict understand cli ulu as "in the remote inland," commonly takento such as 170W, yesterday, then, and various kindsof tense markers. mean TemburongDistrict. But in Temburong,cli ulu means the inland regions above the All three of these types are present in Brunei Malay Deixisis a wide-ranging rapids in the hills; for Temburongitesthe Brunei-Maura Districtis di laul, "seawards " and Ihe Ocean distance away linguistic phenon~enonwhose full conslderatlonmust include attention to phono~oglsa~~ 1" Temburong rivers flow past is morphological, syntactic. lex~caldiscourse, and language-contextual feamres downstream. present study is an initla1 cons~derat~onof spatial deixis in Brunei Malay and will The three-way contrast for a speakerin Temburong is di laut, di daraf, and cli ulu, describe the basic core of two lnteractlve modal~t~es;the aqueous-orienteddual~ties of "at sea", "on land," and "in the hills above the rapids interior." They understand di ulu/laur, "upstream/downstrean~",and laul/darar, "sea/landU,and [he relative posltlon bmldar as a non-deictic "city area" which refersspec~fically to the area of the Brunei Muara reglon whose hub is Bandar Seri Begawa~iAny other town or urban locale is contrastives sat7a/sit7i, "therethere",as they are used ina Temburongvillage. 1 The core element ofthe aqueous-or~enteddeixes is the ocean or sea versus that spec~fiedby name, for example, (11 Ba17gar, "~nBangar," ka Tzrtong, "to Tutong." The which is at some son of remove from11. The pair, laut/(larat: "sealland",expresses rhe phrase, ka handar, states motion toward the city (meaning Bandar Seri Begawan), and contrastbetween terra firmaand the briny deep. ths is understood as motion toward a land locate from whichone is separated by much rlauat, land; dry land (as opposed lo water);the interior (as opposed to the coasr). water. The journey there involves going downstreamto an arm of the South China Sea, ... ora17g d., upcountry people, peopleliving far from the sea or from large riverine and then upstream throughchannels to Bandar Seri Begawan. settlements(Coope 1978:60). The particular spatial deixis examined herewill be that of a riverside village in The pair, ulzi/lau~~expresses the contrast between the region away from thesea Temburong. The village is located on an alluv~alagr~cultural plain, upstream from the and the region near the sea; thisis also true in Standard Malay coastal swampand near the first range of inland hills.Two main rivers followthrough the village; each has several smalltributaries which do not enter into the present 'The author wishes to thank her Brunei Malay familywho taught her the language discussion. Main River extends upstreamfar into the interior hills, and hasmajor and who have encouraged her continued development init over the years. She also reaches above various rapids. It is navigable for some distance into the hills, and villagers use the phrase, di ulu farek prau, "in upstreampull boat" (i.e.where you have Wisheslo lhank Erika Bourguignonfor her many yean of encouragement and urgings to delve deeper into linguistics. Thanks also to SharonAshley for technical .pull a boat over the rapids) to indicate far Downstream Main Puver assistance onths and other wrltlngprojects debauches into the Temburong hver, which in turn empties intoan arm of the South 2~tandardorthography wntes, hulu, In Brunei Malay theh is silent and so is not China Sea. The other river is Side hver, which isan important tributary ofMain hver. written here. - - 66 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 VOI.27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 67 The fundamental operative principle of the spatial deixis at work In this reach it, di ulu if one would need togo upstream to reach it, and di subarang if one Temburong village isa tnadic conceptual map of directions. Villagers know that tile cross Main hverto reach it, but not go very far upstreamin doing so. waters of Main River havecome from thefar interiorand ultimatelyenter intothe sm. Because ulu, "upstream",also containsthe meaningof "remote,alien, andprobably The bas~cdiiectionality of anythingon Main Riveris ulu-laut, "upstream-downstream"; dangerousu,the familiar upstreamlocales, such as the village school, store,and mosque and all physical features alongIL are so recognized wlth respect toeach other. The same are referred toby name, andthe ulu deictic is not used, or is used onlyin conjunction holds true for Side River, which is considered to flow through a daraf, a single land the familiarplace-name, thus bringlngit Into the realm of "famil~arregion", and area. Main hverdoes not flowthrough a darat. "land mass"; the land on eachside of it removing the "alien, remote, dangerous"semantic component. Such use of specific- IS cons~deredto be a separate daral-entlty naming also occws when clarificationof other deictics is needed.For example, if a If one is on the land, the basic dlrectionalltyIS perceived as be~ngthat of Inland hearerIS unclear about just where a dr lauf deict~callyindicated place IS,the speaker will versus mainstream-ward,darai-laui. This means that anythingwhich is closer toMain add clarifyingspecifics, such as, arah rumah si-ano, "near the house of so-and so", ka River than is the speaker is also closer to the sea,and thus is di lacct; anythingsituated kabun piasau, "to the coconut grove"; but, because ofthe intense social awarenessof ktther away from Main hver than is the speaker is more inland, thus, di daral. The other people's livesand activ~tles,such clarificationis usually not needed. movement form of the deixis contalns an bullt-111assumption about the means of If more specificity is required, a dual deicticmay be used. For example,[/I laul, di loconiotionused and thus about the destination reached.The form ka rlarat, "toward a subarang, "seaward, onthe opposite shore",ka ulu skolah, subarang sana, "to upstream more landward area",impl~es motion on foot The form, ka laul, "toward a more of the school,on the shore there[= oppositefrom the shore of MainRiver the speaker is downstream area", implies motionby boat. The form ka sungar, "toward the on], dl laulan, suharang sin!, "at sea [near]ths shoreline" (i.e. the shorelinealong watercourse", impliesmotion on foot but not by boat. The phrase, furun ka sungai, which Main kverempties intothe sea), di subarang sini, "lnlon the this shore" (i.e. on "descendto the river", implies motion onfoot to the river, followed by descent downby the same sideof Main River as the speaker is located). boat, and all the activity that mighthappen beforethe boat casts off These motion- The ulu-laul, "upstream-downstream,taut-darat, "sea-land", and subarang, implied deictics stillhold even if another modeof transportation,such as riding a "opposite shore", deixes applyto spaces of medium to large size. TheyInteract with a bicycle is used; localizedsocial knowledge ofthe usual transportation modesused by seconddeixis, that of sana-sini, "there-here",wtuch hasa dual usage, forthings within differentpeople at various timesprovides a built-in clarification of details. immediateken and for thngsbeyond immediate ken. Villagers generally understand thatthe third deictic component,ului refers to the Thlngs within immediateken are In the spatial-geographic areawhich is the close- more upstreamregions of Temburongthat are withln the hills. From a building near In reglon of ongolng interpersonal interactionand dscourse that 1s limited to the Main River, or Side hver,the hills in theas-the-crow-flies direction are ulu; but from a confinesof a buildingor working area,and perhaps includinga peripheral zonewhich location In, orat the foot of, thosehills any village building in the as-the-crow-flies might potentially be included directly inan ongoing interpersonalinteraction and direction awayfrom the hllls is dl lout, "seaward". However, someone whoIS fai discourse. A more remote locale,but one still wthin the realm of customarily-used lipstream on Side River, even though still inthe alluvial plain,may be considered as space, IS sabelah sana, "over there." Both sini, "here", andsana, "there", are within the being di ulu, as having gone ka ulu, this has a dual semanticimport, meaning both rangeof things within immediate ken whenused as dei~tics.~Alternatively, this dyad "upstream"in the l~teraisense, and also"away fromthe known reachesof the fam~llar". refersto that whichis beyondken. Then, it is applied toa very large-scale universe, with Althoughvehicular accesslanes now link most of the villages this wasnot true in sin; being the knowninteract~onal world, whichmay extend far beyond the village, as the past when, except for a few often impassable footpaths,the only means of going contrastedwith sana, which appliesto the realm that is remoteand outside theregion of from one place to the otherwas by boat The spatial deicticsused still reflect this water- direct knowledge.In ths usage, sini is roughly equivalent to American,"hereabouts," borne travel.Thus, di subarang indicates the darat (land mass) on theother sldeof and sana to the colloquial, "otherpans " Main hver,or on theother sideof Side hverfrom thespeaker. This use of di suharang Wlthn immediate ken usage, the fundamental contrast1s that of srnr, "near to the is deictic becauseit can be interpreted only if one knows the geographiclocale of the speaker,"whch refers to the zone that is morethan a hand's breadthaway from the speaker. speaker, butwithin a long am's reach of the speaker,as opposed tosana, "away from The deixis of laur-darar "sea-land" appliesto the pos~tionof anything or any the speaker," wluchis the zone that 1s more than a long arm's reach away fromhe persons on the land. Lf a person or thing is further awayfrom Main River than the speaker, butstill withnan easy reachof ongoing interaction anddiscourse conductedin speaker, or if it is consideredin some absolute senseto be not close toMain kver, it is a normal spehngvoice. di daral, "on the land"; it is closer to Main hver than the speaker, oris considered in some absolute senseto be close to Main hver, it IS di lau!, "at sea". However, ~f Main River interposesbetween the speaker and the person or thing mentioned, the deixis )D~Eerentarea referentials maybe involved when they are used as relative changes; theperson or thing mentionedIS di laut if one would needto go do\vnstreamtc; - adjectives,adverbs, VOI27 BorneoResearch Bulletin 69 This sana-sini deixis also has special uses;sana may refer to a zone beyond the Ifthe hearer is disoriented, or othenvlse obtuse in understanding thede~ct~cally reach of speech in a normal voice, though stillwithin the rangeof potential spolten indicated locale,the speaker will repeatthe relevant word thrice over, thus, sana-sana- contact4, andsl171 may refer either to a zone less than a hand's breadth away from tile sn,l~. "hey, it's over there", or S~I~~-S~II~-SIII~."hey. it's right here". In each case acun speaker, or to a pin-point location. In these instances,phonolog~cal and kinesicdeictis lorm of the looking and head gesture is used In all the foregoing sa~ia-sinideictlcs the are used to indicate the specializedsubset of lexical meaning whichis intended. and kinesic deicticsaid in guiding the hearer to the correct locale: the greater If the referent is far away,but can be seen unimpededly from wherethe speaker is, the guidance needed: the stronger are the non-lexemic deictics. The addition of the phonetic modificationoccurs.' The Initial -a- of su170, "there", is enunc~atedon a sloru- en>phatlcpart~cle, -bah, to sana or sr17i both makes the statement emphatlc andind~cates rising pitch contour;the height of pitchattained and the durationof the rising contour the speaker's considerable annoyance; thus,sini-huh! "right over here [and why is it area phonetic de~cticwh~ch indicate how far away the person or thing referred to is frorn taking you so long to figure that out?!],"satla-huh! "right over fhet-e [and why is it the speaker, the higher the pitch and the longer the durationof the rise, the furtherthe taking you so long to figure that out7!]." item indicated is away from the ~peaker.~The co-occurring kinesic deictic isa turning When sana and sini are used to indicate a person or th~ngwith~n their normal of the head in the direction of the item indicated sothat the eyes can look directly at it; spatial expanses in the zone of immediate ken,a very mild form of the phonetic and this is accompan~edby a slight ralslngof the eyebrows and a slight backwardtilt of tlie kines~cdeixes may emphasize or clarify them. Often, this is a brief glance at, and a slight pointing of the chin toward, the ~eferent.~ When sana-sin; are used as deictics for referents beyond ken, slightly different phonetic and kinesic deixesmay occur, lnost commonly with sans, "there." To indicate In these far-range uses ofsans the mouth opens unusually wide,by means of the jaw remoteness and otherness, thehigh level part of the pitch contour of the initial -a- in dropping, during the enunciation ofthe vowels in the word. If this happensonly on the sana may be slightly higher than normal, and slightly longer than its usual virtual non- first vowel in su17a, it is a normal "distance away" indicatorIn any case, the further esistence. The most commonly used deicticis a vague toss of the head toward the away the person or tiung refferred to, the w~derthe mouth opens. direct~onin which it is thought that the referent might be, usually to seaward for other Thesi~ii kinesic deictic both parallelsand mirrors that for sana. In the sini, "here", lands. and to upstream-ward forstrange phenomena.Thus do the thought world, the kines~cdeictic, the speaker glances directlyat the object or place meant. The speaker's speech world, and the geographicworld meet. head tilts forward, theeyebrows are lowered slightly, and tongue-root withdrawal on one The forego~nghas consideredtwo types of Brunei Malayspatial delctlcs, thatof the or both vowels of the word provides a neck-tightening muscle-movementcue of aqueous-centered taut, "sea", ulu, "upstream", darat. "land", and that of immed~ateken nearness. and beyond ken, sana-sini, "there-here". Analysis of their outworkings in the The si~ii,"here", phonetic de~x~sis a very rapid rlseto a h~ghpitch on the init~al-i- geographic-lingu~sticcontest of one Temburongvillage has pointed to the existence of , and a sustaining of that high level of pitch; the higher the pitch and the longer its co-occurring phonetic and kinesic delxeswh~ch are used in certaln contexts.Much more duration, the closer to the speaker or the closer to the indicated pin-point locationthe remains to be learned aboutspatial deixisin Brunei Malay. referent is located. Pitch deixis on thefirst vowel of silii IS a normal "right here" indicator;but if both vowelsare mod~fied,wlth the second -1- having a straight fall back to the basic pitch of the word, it indicates "right over here[and you should already have REFERENCES figured that out1" Coope, A.E. . In the enunciationof sini the lips are 111 a neutral posit~on,being ne~therroundecl 1978 A Illuluy-English Dic1io17ury, Student Edit~on,reused in the new nor prolate. (Prolatemeans that the outer corners of the lips are pulled to the side, the Malay spelling(ejaan baru), Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Crystal, David 1987 The Ca/?~bridgeEncyclopedia o/ Language Cambridge. Cambridge annoyancein sana, so too the greater theprolateness the greater the annoyancein sin; University Press. 4Tl~ereis a special long-range whooplng call thatcan reach a quarter of a m~leor more; that is far outside the range ofthe deixis here. 5These and other aacoust~caldata were derived from special listening-imitative analyses; more detailed studieswould need to use acoustical spectrographicanalyses. 7~runeiMalays indicatedirect~ons or objects by pointing w~ththe ckin 6~hereis a gender differencein the rising pitch curve; formen it is a relatively straight line, for women convex. 70 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 7 1 vegetation by dominant species (Fig. I). Following this, seral relationsamong the plant communitiesobserved were tentatively compiled. FOREST CONVERSIONAND THE ROLE OF SLASH-AND-BURN AGRICULTUREIN LOWLAND KALIMANTAN communitiessensitive toslash-and-burn agriculture Figure 2 shows seral relationsamong plant communities in lowland Kalimantan. The vertical axis refers to biomass, representedby community height. Heights range YOSHIYUKI KIYONO horn j0 m to 1 m. Thehorizontal axis represents the history of past slash-and-burn use. Kansai Research Ce~irer 11ranges from 10 to 20 years to probably more than 300 years. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute The original vegetation of lowland Kalimantan is Dipterocarp-Eusideroxylon M~~zoyarnaFushirrri Kyoto 612, JAPAN rnogeri (ulin in Indonesian)forest (Goldammerand Seiben 1990:27-28). However,this forest has been degraded by human actlvilies such as agr~culture,forestry, housing, HASTANIAH mining, etc. The Indonesian SelectiveFelling System (Soerianegara and Kanawinata PUSREHUT, Mulmvar~nanU~iiversity 1983) has been practiced extensivelyin the region's natural forests. Drought and forest- Ka~npusGu~iung Kelua fires In 1982-1983 destroyed 3,100,000 ha in Kalirnantan, mostly primary and logged- P.O. Box 1165, Samarinda. East Xali~nantan over forest (Whitmore 1989:207).Macaranga glganlea, a fast growing tree of the INDONESLI Euphorbiaceaefamily, appeared andclosed canopygaps in the disturbed forest. Typical Sutnntag~: Secondary vegetation on fallowland assoc~atedwith slash-and-burn stands are found at Bukit Soeharto Forest (Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Soeharto), East agriculture was surveyed in lowland Kalimantan. Several plant communities were Kal~manlan(A type in Flg. 1). classified and their sera1 relations were tentativelycompiled. Man's impact hasplayed As a result of agriculturaluse, the secondary forestaround BukitSoehano has been an important role in forest conversion. Slash-and-burn agriculture by recent mlgrants gradually cleared, both before and after the 1982-1983 forest-fires. Afterthe first period has destroyed the logged-over original vegetationand replaced it with degraded plant of slash-and-burncult~varion (a commun~lyusually cultivatesupland r~cefor a period of communities. Not only has biomass decreasedand species conversion occurred, but a 1-2 years), M giganlea rarely regeneratesand small trees suchas Macaranga ~anarius, hrther problem has been the invasion of exotic immigrant plantsand the establishment M ~r~chocarpa,Mallotus poniculatus, Honialaiithus populnues appear (C type in Fig. of Itnperata cylindrica (along-along in Indonesian)grassland. Frequent w~ldfiresdlsturb I) Each species forms a more orless pure co'lony Because their seed treesare absent or normal succession (onhosere) andprobably expand grassland areas.Forest plantationin scarce in dipterocarp-ulin and M. gigantea forests, they probably derive from seeds alang-alang grassland seems to offer the best prospect for fire preventionand land buried in the soil.Janzen and Vazquez-Yanes (1991:147)describe the seed soil bankas restorat~on. made up almost entirelyof pioneer specles with ahigh turnover rate, whose seed trees inhabited new light gaps or river banks, etc. After the second per~odof slash-and burn Introduction cultivation, most small trees rarely regenerate2 and shrub species such as Slash-and-burn agriculture' survives In Kallmantan Some secondary forests Austroeupatori~~tninul~/?olrurn (run~put jepang in local Indonesian) andPiper ahrncuni regenerate almost thesame succeeding forest after slash-and-burnuse. Therefore, the (sirih-sirihan In Indones~an)domlnate thefallow. Both are exotic plantsfrom ~merica.~ operation seems acceptable.However, other forests degenerate to different, degraded A. inulijblium seed has hairs and is wind dispersed. Fruitsof P. aduncum taste sweetand communities after slash-and-burnfarming. In these latter s~tuations,the operation is consideredunacceptable. Whydo successionpatterns diKer as between these twocases? 2The mortality of trees when cut and burned for cultivation wasesper~mentally One of the authors (Kiyono) workedfor the Tropical RainForest ResearchProject investigatedin alld around B,kit Soeharto in June-November 1991. The mortality was at PUSREHUT(The Centerfor andRehabilitation in The 100%in M,glgat71ea (10 j trees weretested), 98% Il,hL paniculalus (59 rrees),arid 0% Rain Forest, Samarinda) from1991 to 1994. During his stay In Kalimantan, theauthors in S wallichii (28 trees) and V.pin17ata (94 trees). surveyed secondary vegetation in slash-and-burn fallowlandand classified the fallow 3Probably first planted in the Botanical Garden of Bogor (KuburcRaya) 100 or more years ago and then spreadto other regions.Deserted shifting cu1:ivatlon sitesIn Islash-and-burn agriculture ishere classified as swidden agriculture andshifting West Sumatra are rap~dlyovergrown withA. rnulijoliun~and can b~:used again for agriculture, after Whitten et al. (1987:577).Swidden agriculture, in its purest sense, is smingcultivation in 3-4 years (usually after 6-8 yr) (Stoujesdijk 1935). Distribution in the repeated use of a patch of forest land for the cult~vationof crops and IS characterized East and South Kalimantan was surveyed (Kiyono1994:68-69). These plants seem to be by long fallow periodsbetween short periods of production.Shlfting agriculture, on the spreading along roadways and alter the early stages of forest succession after they have other hand, encroaches uponforested areas. come to be dominant. 72 Bgmeo-Research Btillelln Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 73 hot and so Its seeds are dispersed by ch~ldrenand anlmals Both plants are tolerant ol* Schrnla '+~~lIlchll@u~pa ln Indones~an),Pero~iema caneyceils (runghai),and VIlex felllng and sprout from stumps after burning 11 seems 10 be true that the more often prnnara(laban) are Ihe d~mlnantfallow specles atboth of these localltles(B slash-and-bumagrl~U1~re fi repeard. the lower "Ie succeedmg 'land 'land F~~ I) ,411 are pyrophplctrees and sprout from stumpsaner slash-and-bl,m farming helghls at five yearsare 10 m in thecase of giganra but for forest, rn grow to relatively tall stands during [he fallowperiod M~~~~~~~, and for shrub comrnun~tiesonly 2 m Because biomass decreases and Ihe orlglnalplant 10 rnaiier an average fallow perrod of 10 years if species are replaced by exotic plants, slash-and-burnagriculture appears InaPProPrlate stands are long fallowed, their may Increase to 30-40 m In Day& areas, succeedtngvegetation aer slash-and- under suchcond~trons burn agrlcultureIs usually stable In flor~st~ccompos~tlon and ~n bloeconomlcs ~l~~ forests and shrub cornmunltiesare often convened to plantations of fer(lllQ Of sor1which 1s used forsw~dden agr~cultural recovers afrerthe fallou A~~~~~mongrul,,, para~bber (Hevea brasrlrensrs), Rambutan(~ephellu~~l lappaceurn) period has passed 8 Years (Ruhlyat and Lahjle 1992 18) p,\though (piper nrgruin) or vegetables after obtalnlng a hawest of upland rice Some of Onglnal have possibly been convened,the operarronof slash-and-burnagriculture plantations have been abandoned4and reclallned by 1i7lperala c~lrncflcagrassland there seemslo be acceptablefor humansocletles ~~~~~d~~~to oursurvey around Buk~tSoeharto, 20 out of 21 sites formerlycultlvat* m The In succession Patterns between these two series results from,firstly, fruit or were coveredwlth alang-alang grass Cattle breeding 1s ~ractlcedon a In cycles Inthe Day& case, the fallowperiod at MenclmalIs about small scale and contributes to the appearance ofshrub CO~~Unltlesof ~fe1a~to17ro years, while ln the caseof recent migrants, 11 1s only about5 years Secondly,and ,narabarhricu,,l Even In along-alang grassland,Slash-and-burn agrlculture Is Important,In the former case tree specreswhtch are tolerant of slash-and-burn sometimes practiced using herbrcrdes (for Instance at transmrgratlon vrllagesnear 1) This practice became Common dominate Ihe fallowland In the latter case, most trees are sensltlve to felllng and fire Muara Wahau, Ballkpapan andPagatan In Frg and so survrveslash-and-burn agr~culture Such forests rapidly degrade around ~~k~~ SoehafloIn the 1980s W~ldfiresspread from slash-and-burnagriculture cOmmunltles su17gAal,and laha17 are, on the other hand, hardytrees and other sources have also d~sturbednormal succession (orthosere) and probably consclousl~~or unconsc~ous~y aiter a long cycle of slash-and-burnuse contributedto the growthof grassland areas such agricultural actlvrlles werecarr~ed out by recent migrants from Sulawesl, Conclusion J~~~,and southKallmantan alongroadwa)~ In and aroundBuklt Soehano(Kl~ono and (1) Man plays the most Important roleIn forest conversion In lowland Kallmantan ~~~~~~~~h1993 11, mostly between 1970and 1990 The roads themselvesattract (2) S'ash-and-burn agriculture, as pracllced by recent nllgrants, rapidly destroys migrants (Vaydaand Sahur 1985 110) Slash-and-burnagriculture has been practiced In the Orlglnalvegetation and leaves beh~nddegraded plant communltles this area for only some 10 to 20 yearsS 'lgns degradation Include blomassdecrease, species conversion, and lnvaslonof e\otlc rmmlgrantplants Communitiesinsensitive to slash-and-burnagriculture on the other hand, In areas of Dayak settlement, slash-and-burnagriculture has (3) Whle degraded vegetation 1s often converted 10 plantallon, plantallon been practiced for a long ttme SomeBenuaq-Day& farmers say that they first settled abandonment triggers off the establ~shmentof alang-a/ang grassland more than 300 yearsago Here twolocalltle~ were Selected for surveyOne wlldfires dlsrurb normal successron and actto expand their grassland areas was D~~~Menclmal (~lg1) located on the mtddle course ofthe Mahakaln hver It (4) Forest plantation In slang-along grassland seems 10 be the best method to takes one day by boat 10 reach Desa Menclma~from Samarlnda This communrtyIs a Prevent fires andrestore the land to fuhreuse ~~~~~~-D~~aksettlement The other locallty IS near Tanah Grog01 (F1g I) In Kabupatenpaslr, southern EastKahmantan, and1s a Dusun-Da~acOmmun'ty Acknowledgement Is based on research carrredout wlthln [he ~~~~~~~lR~~~ 4lzrnt and spice tree (Syzygiutnaronralrcum) plantauons were abandonedIn lhe ResearchPro~ecr, implemented by the Republ~cof lndoneslaand J~~~~ weshould like course of suffering wildfires, n~ostlyIn 1982-83, and In and around BuhI Soeharto, lo lha* of the people who supported thrs research planting was greatly affected by ftuctuaoonsin white Pepper Pnces In the late 1980s(lyono 1994 43-41) SF^^^^^conversion of the orlgrnal D~pterocarp-ulmforest to small forest Or shrub - 6*lfhough an co-unltles 1s also occurringin other repons (C type In Fig 1) vlz the Over hlstori 1s u&nown, the people at Kab Paslrhave culflvated sungkai their houses and in the~rfarm rites for a long time has many 10-year-oldlogging road near Pa~alon the rmddle course of theMahakam mver, the s~~~~~~ Uses are Ohen covered wrth urlps roadway co,ctlng R~~ ~~l~ and Kota Bangun, and the several-par-oldhlghway sungkai bark Pole-s~zedstems are in Ihe cOnanctlOn Of houses, fences, palings, etc Houses and fieldsare often hedged on connectrngSamannda andBontang w'h sunskar cuttlngs 74 Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 75 REFERENCES Goldammer.J G and B Seiberl 1990 The Impact of droughts and forest fires on tropical lowland rainforest of East Kallmantan IN:Goldammer, J. G. (ed.): Fire in the Tropical Blota. Ecolo,nical s~utlies84, pp, 11-3 1, Germany: Springer-Verlag. Janzen, D. H. and C. Vazquez-Yanes SARAYAK 1991 Aspects of troplcal seed ecology of relevance to management of tropical forested wildlands.N: Gomez-Pompa, A., T. C. Whitmore and M. Hadley (eds.): Rain Forest Rege~ieratro~~and Mnnagetne171 ,t MAE3 series 6. pp. 137-157, New York: UNESCO and Parthenon I Publlshlng Kiyono, Y. I I C -- 1994 Forest exploitation and succeeding vegetation in EastKal~mantan, ' -./* ,---- Indonesia. JICA Expert Report 1994(2). Unpublished final reporlfor the Tropical Rain Forest Research Project (I]), pp. 74. Kiyono Y. and Hastaniah 1993 Growth of dipterocarps forest and trees at Bukit Soeharto. East Kalimantan. Indonesia. Annual Report ofPUSREHUT 3: 1-166. Ruhiyat, D. and A. M. Lahjie 1992 Developmentof soil properties and produclivity in different succession stages of swidden cultivation systems ofDayak Kenyah in East Kallmantan Annual Reportof PUSREHUT2: 1-18. Soerianegara,1. and K Kartawlnata 1983 S~lv~culturalmanagement of the Logged Natural Dipterocarp Forestin Indones~a.Paper presented at the INCN Int Symp on Future of Tropical Rainforests in Southeast Asia, Kepong, Malaysia, 1-2 Palangkaraya September. Stoujesdijk,J. A 1. H 1935 Ezrpatorrunr pallesce~lsop Sumatra's Westkust. Unpublished, pp 12 (in Dutch). Vayda, A. P. and A. Sahur 1985 Forest clearing and pepper farming by Bugis mlgrants Jn East Kalimantan:Antecedents and impact.Indonesia 39: 93-1 10. Whitmore, T. C. 100 200km 1989 Southeast Asian tropical forests.IN: Leith, H. and M. J. A. Werge~ (eds.) Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, Biogeographical and Ecological Studies. Ecosystemsof the world 14B, pp- 195-218. New Figure 1.Vegetation Type Along Survey Route. A Type: Primaryand the logged York: Elsevier. over forestl; B Type: Pyrophyte tree2 forest; C Type: Small tree3 forest and Whitten, J., Muslimin Mustafa, and Gregory S. Henderson shrub4 community.Grassland is found in places in B and C types. 1987 The ecologv ofSulawesi. pp. 777. Yogyakarta: UGM Press. Dominant species:IDipterocarp, Macaranga-gigantea, etc. 2Schima wallichii, Vitex pinnata, Peronema canescens, etc.; 3Macaranga tanarius, M. trichocarpa, Mallotus paniculatus, Homalanthus populnues, etc.; and 4Austroeupatorium inulifolium,Sorghum halepense, Piper aduncum, et al. - 76 Bornco ResearchBullet~n Vol 3-7 VOI 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 77 S.," I BORNEO BIOMEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY A Baer Depart~nenlo/Zoo/o~ OregonSfale (Iniverslly Cowallrs,OR 97331, CIS2 10- G N Appell IDILI1h <00)L1510" BotneoRereni ch Council Inc Phillrpc./LIE 04966 USA Th~sb~bl~ography has been assembledw~th two goals 111 mind One JS to delineate what IS and IS not known about human b~ologypanlcularly health,In Borneo The other I - I Lrbnclb. - - IS to encourage thecompllat~on by research workersof base-l~nedata on neglected Port w b~ornedlcaltoplcs Susta~ned b~omed~cal research can contribute both to an ~llum~natlon 10 'err H~slvrlof slash an4 hrll rlrlrullurr JOhr? of practical problemsand to anh~stor~cal/evolut~onary perspective on health and culture Flgure2 Seral relat~onsof plant commun~tlesIn lowland Kallmantan The reports referenced here all dealwlth Borneo Recentpapers published ~npeer- 3 Convers~on,A Crops of slash-and-bum agr~culture,* Problem, rev~ewedjournals andedlted books access~blethrough computer databasesor l~brar~es Plantation * I Macaranga tananus, M tr~chocarpa,Mallotus panlculatus, were favoredfor ~nclus~onDutch languagemater~als were om~tted,but many are c~ted In Rous~eau(1988) An earlier n1edlcal-anthro~olog~re\'lew provldes background ~~~~l~~tt,~~populnues, *2 Austroeupatorlum, Sorghum halepense, PI~P;~ 1"fo'mat'on s~eclficall~on groups In the Mala~slanstate of Sabah (APP~!~,1968) aduncum, etc *3 ptcrldlumaulllnum, ~~l~~t~~~ malabathrlcum, etc *4 Vltev Rousseau's (1988) b~bl~ographyon Central Borneo contalns pertinent references on plnnata, Peronema canescens, etc *5 Austroeupatonum ~nul~fol~um,Plper health demography, botany, andother toplcs Another b~bl~ography(Cotter, 1965) aduncurn,etc contalnsl~nle b~omed~cal ~nfonnat~on The selected repons prov~dean overvlew of the health statusof ethn~cBornean groups based largely on stud~esIn East Malays~aYet a coherent plcture1s eluslve, slnce the stud~eswere done at different tlmes and placesw~th d15parate alms No slngle report prov~desa thorough health survey ofany particular group, one In whlch all ages were surveyed, demographic features of the group were ascenalned,and past and present med~calcondlt~ons were noted Moreover, evenfor so d~rea d~sease as rnalarla, l~ttlelongltudlnal ~nformat~on IS ava~lable, desp~te the fact that 70% of reported malar~al cases In Malays~aIn 1990 were fromSabah (Llm, 1992) Rather, an early malarial surveyof Sawarak andBrunel (De Zulueta, 1956) prov~desrel~able lnformat~on only on age 2-9 yrs at slngle time polntsIn varlous areas desp~teknown seasonal and annual varlatlon In malar~alparasltemla Recent malar~alreports havenot burlt systematically on ths 1956 surveybase The c~tedreports do h~ghl~ghtsome long-stand~nghealth problemsIn Borneo These Include both ch~ldhoodand adult malnutnt~on,filar~as~s, lntestlnal parasites, rnalar~a,and some mlcrob~allnfect~ons For example, Schwenk (1975) reportsthat the ban once had "one ofthe highest" lnc~dencesIn the world of tetanus neonatorum, or newborn lockjaw, tius resulted from cuttlng theumb~lical cord w~than unsterlllzed L I 78 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletln 79 bamboo splinterand controlling bleedingof the wrd with kitchen-fireashes. The lo. Chen, J. A. Dental statusof the Penan along the Melinauand Terawan hvers. of these. practices on ~nfantmorb~dity and monallty has not been assessed. Med J. Malaysia 41 (3).225-228,1986 Conditions on which little hasbeen published includecomplications associaled Chen, P.C. Developing primary health care for a nomad uibe: the Penans of with pregnancy or childbrrth (thatis, female reproductive health),geriatrics, childhood , the Baram.Asra-Pac. J Pub. ~lth1~34-37, 1987 conlmunjcable diseases, venereal diseases. and genetic disorders.to name a few. 12. Chen, P. C. Health care in Sarawak's jungles. WId. Hlrh. Forurn 10:190-192, notable exceptions,health-oriented demography has also been neglected, especially 1989. (on Penan) many paralnetersof fertillry and viability. Thus it is unclear which medical conditions 13 C1lin, S-C Agriculhre and resource utilization in a lowland rainforest ~~~~~h are major causesof age-specific morbidityand monality among Bornean ethnicgroups community.Sarmvak Museum Jour~lalSpecial Monograph#4, 1985. now, or which werethe major causes in the Past l4 Copeland, A. The Muruts of Nonh Borneo: malaria and racial extinction ~h~ bibliographyis divided inlo thirteen s~cI~o~S,the first covering genera' and Lancet 228:1233-1239, 1935. mote: Ths report is also on Dusun; it analyzed In ref. miscellaneous topics. ~atersections cover cancer, demography. dengue. filaralsis. 2.) goiter, leprosy, malaria, mental health, nutrition. tuberculosis,and typhus 15- Cotter, C. P. Bib~iographyof English language sou,-ces on human eco/ogyc ~h~~~ headings are meant lo prov~deentryways for both biologists and Easferll Malaysia and Brullel (Asian Studies atHawall, No. 1.) University of H~~~~~, ant~opologiststo the Bornean biomedical literature For many of the references cited. Honolulu, 1965. the name(s) of the ethnicgroup(s) studiedand the location of the studysite is 16. Gan, C. Y., and M.K. Chan. A blood pressure profile of rural &dazans and B~~~~~~ethlllc groups have received vastly different amounts of atlention In Bajaus in Sabah.Southeast ~sianJ Trap.Med pub. fflth, 24:583-589, 199~. biological or biomedical journals.The only b~omedicalreports on the Ken~ahare On 17. Hanihara, T. Dental and cranial affinities among populabons of ~~~t and and rnalarla, while at least eightblomed~cal topics have been studied on ihe !he Pacific.Amer. P/IY. A~?thropol.88:163-182, 1992.(Note: ~h~ is an example of Iban b'pological thinking about Asian groups, as ~f each were a clone. Dayaks, sampled at Pontlanak, are opined to be a "remnant of 'pure' proto-~ala~s,"on 117, bul prolo. I. Generaland Miscellaneous Topics Malays, Pure or impure, are only a remnant mental constructof stereotypic thinking.) 1, A,, C. J. Thedental statusof the Kayans ofLong Alip, Baram. Sarawak, .I Hardln,S, el al. Critique of artlcle "Prevalenceand distributionor intestinal h./olqysia 42 (2):llO-112.1987 and blood parasites among bans. ." Med J. Malaysia 43 (3):269-271, 1988. (seeref. 2, ~~~~11,G. N, A survey ol lhe social and medical an1hro~ologYof Sabah 30) and prospecl. Behavior Science Nores 3:l-54. 1968. (Concerns all Snbah 19. Huehne,W. H. A doctor among "nomadic" Punans. Sarawak Museupn J 9-195- 202, 1959. (Some censusand general healthdata.) groups) 3, ~~~~ll.G. N,The health consequencesof developnienl Sar(ltvak Aflrserlirr 20. Inoue, M, et a1 Changes in economic life of the hunters and gatherers:the 36.43-74, 1986. Kela~Punan of eastKallmantan. Tropics I:143-1 53, 1991. 4. ~~~~ll.L. W. R. Menstruation among the Rungus: an unmarked ca'egOr).. In 21. Instirule for Medical Research, KualaLumpur Tropical Disease Research In ~~~~d ,~lag;ct N~~ Perspecr/ves in (he A/lfhropolog.v o/,llenstruation T Buckley and Sabah. IMRBull., no. 20, 1983. A. Gonlieb, eds, University of California Press, Berkeley. 1988. PP- 04-1 12. 22. Kan3 S. P., et a]. Intestinal parasitism among Penan children of the upper 5, *ustin, R. F,1-1,~ ban of Sarawak.Sourheas1 Asia, ,411lnfernntional @tnr[el.lr)3 Baram, Sarawak.Asia-Pac. .J. Pub. Nlth 1 (1):38-41, 1987, 23. Kirisu, K.Multivariate statisticalanalysis of the physical interrelaLionshlpsof (3):905-92 1,1974 6, B~~~,A. H~~~~ genes and biocullural history In Southeast Asia. nativetribes in Sarawak, Malaysia.Amer. J Phy. Anthropol. 33:229-234, 1970,(N~~~- ~~~spectjves34:21-35, I 995 (On Iban.Bidayuh. Kadazan) Melanau, Kayan,Kenyah, Iban, Bidayuh, and Malay men.) 7. ~~~k~~,R.. el al, Pediatric gastroenterltls in Ihe eastern MalaYslan slate 24. KO, 1. T. H. Methods and problems of studying poverty in Saraw& B~~~~~ T~~,~~,H~~,sot 7j.op. A/jed, fly^ 82 (6):891-901, 1988.(On ban and Research Bull. 19:15-46, 1987. Chinese,at Sibu and Kapit) 25.Koblenzer, P. The health of the Rungus Dusun of British ~~nhB~~~~~,J 8. B~~~~~~,~,J, ,q polsons and anridores among the Taman of West Kalimantan. TrOp.Med H~g.611293-302, 1958. [Note: The author studied tuberculosis, hean ~~d~~~~i~,~~~l~~~~~~tot de Tan/-, Lantl- en Volkenkunlle 119.3-21. 1993. defects,anemla (commoner in females),malaria, yaws, syphilis (nonefound), polio, 9. chandler, G, A~~~~~to health care In the Interior of Sabah In The p~/i~icf1' lntestinalwOrms(84% positive), etc., in a mixture of Dusun speakers.] E~~,,,~,~~of primary Ffea/fh Care in Soulheas1 Asia. P. Cohen and 1. Pllrcal. eds. 26. Lie, K., et al. A retroauricular abscess foundin a Dy& boy in Sarawak, ~~~~~~l,~~~~~~l~~m~~tStudies Network, Canberra. 1989 Pp 101-123 (On Murut. Probabl~causedby a trematode.Med Malaya 1737-40, 1962, Kadazan) 80 'BorneoResearch Bulletln Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 81 27. Ley, J. Epidemiologicalsurvey of lntest~nalparasltlc lnfectlonsIn children 3f 44. Yadav, M., S. Umamaheswari, and D. Ablashi. Antibody reactivity with two Sabah. ConvnunityMed. 10 (3):240-249, 1988. (OnMumts, Kadaza~is,Fil~plnos) strains of human herpesvirus-6 in Malaysians.J. A4ed. Virology 33:236-239, 1991. 28. Lyn. P., and F. L. Pan. Management and outcomeof childhood meningitis !,I (Note: Samples of ban, Kadazan, and Bldayuh populations a11 had low HHV-6 East Malaysia.Merl. J. Malaysra 43 (1) 90-96, 1988 antibodies,but they had high Epstein-Barrvirus titers.) 29. Mokhtar,M., et al. Lead ~nblood and ha~rof a populat~onnear an operational (See also refs. 68 and 57) and a proposed area for copper minlng,Malays~a Bzrll Envtr. Contam Toxrcol. 52: 14.9- 154, 1994..(On Ranau and Bldu-B~duHills areas of Sabah) . n. Zmcer 30. Neo, C. B., et al. Prevalence anddistribution of lntestlnal and blood parasites 45. Amstrong,R., and H.Ahluwalia Cancer incidenceIn Malays~aNut Cancer among bans in the ldanga At01 inthe SecondDiv~s~on of Sarawak )Wed J. Malaysia -:2 Inst. Monographs 53:53-57. 1979.(Note. Nasopharyngeal cancer IS stated to be common (4):294-298, 1987. in ICadazans, but no data are provided.) 3 1. Oldrey,T A study of the Punan Busang;IV Med~calrepon Sarau~uk:Musel:nr 46. Dawie, U.A. K. Epidemiology of cancer In Sarawak Soulheast Asran J Trop. J. 20:270-277, 1972. Med Pub. fflt17. 16 (4):584-590, 1985. (On Chlnese. Malays and Melanau, B~dayuh, 32. Plan, G., et al. Arbovims infections ~n Sarawak. A1717 nop. Med. Parasit. ban, and others) 69:65-71, 1975. 47. Ganesan, J., S. S. Pillai, and H R Gudum. The spectrum of h~stologically 33. Rasool- bJ.B., K. y. Green, and A Z. 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Genetics 111 Tan, S G, el al B~ochemlcalgenetlc markers In the Kadazans of Sabah (Note Var~ousclass~cal genetlc stud~eson Borneo and vlclnlty are summarlzed In Hum Genet 49 349-353, 1979 L Cavalll-Sforza et al, The Hrstory and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton 112 Tan, S G , el al GC subtyp~ngIn Malays~ansand Indones~ansfrom North Umverslty Press, NJ, 1994 The other general comp~lat~on,Human Polymorphrc Genes, Sumatra Hum Genetrcs 59 75-76, 1981 (On ban, B~dayuh) by A Roychoudhury and M Nel, Oxford Un~vers~tyPress, NY, 1988, contalns no 113 Tan, S G , et al Transferr~nC subtyp~ngIn Malays~ansand Indones~ansfrom Bornean data ) North Sumatra Hum Genetics 60 369-370, 1982 (On B~dayuh,ban, Kadazan) 97 Ball~nger,S , et al Southeast AsIan m~tochondr~alDNA analys~sreveals 114 Vella, F, and D Tavana Haemoglob~nvanants In Sarawak and North genetlc contlnultjl of anclent Mongolo~dmlgratlons Genetics 130 139-152, 1992 (On Borneo Nature 190 728-730, 1961 (On Malays and Murut) Kadazan and B~sayama~nly) 115 Zeryln~ck,C, el al Normal var~at~onat the myotoruc dystrophy locus ~n 98 Fong, T Prevalence of erythrocyte G6PD defic~encyIn Sabah Mod Med Asra global human populations Amer J Hum Genetics 56 123-130, 1995 (On Kadazans) 13 (9) 14-16, 1977 (Hosp~taldata on Kadazan, Bajau, Murut, B~saya) (See also ref 6) 99 Ganesan, J,et al Haptoglob~n,transferr~n and serum album~nvanants In the Dayaks of Sarawak Humangenetrk 29 281-283, 1975a W. Colter 100 Ganesan, J , et a1 Abnormal hemoglob~ns, glucose-6-phosphate 116 Chen, P C , et al The prevalence of endenuc goltre In the Ken~ngauD~v~s~on dehydrogenase defic~encyand hered~taryovalocytos~s in the Dayaks of Sarawak Hutn of Sabah As~a-PacJ Pub Hllh 3(1) 78-81, 1989 (On Muruts and Chinese) Hered 25 258-262, 1975b 117 Chen, P C Penans Pelanduk Publ~cat~ons,Petal~ng Jaya, Malays~a 1990 101 Ganesan, J , et al Var~at~onof several erythrocyte enzymes In the Dayaks of mote Nomad~cPenans obta~nedlod~ne-r~ch salt extracted by Kelab~tsfrom hot sprlngs, Sarawak Hum Hered 26 124-127, 1976 but recent settlement led lo a swtch to iod~ne-deficient,~mported rock salt, ~n one up- 102 Kunst, C , et al FMRl In global populat~onsAmer J Hum Genetrcs 58 nVerknan settlement, 92% of all adults were golterous ) 5 13-522, 1996 (On Kadazans) 118 Foo, L, et al Endemlc golter In the Lemanak and A1 nver v~llagesof 103 Lie-Inlo, L E , el al Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency In Sarawak Southeast AaanJ Trop Med Pub Hlth 25 (3) 575-578, 1994 (Note 32% of Brune~,Sabah, and Sarawak Ar7n Hum Genetrcs 28 173-176, 1964 (On Land Day&, the ban population over 10 yrs of age had golter ) ban, Murut, Kadazan, Bajau, Blsaya, Malays) 119 Maberly, G F The aet~ology,treatment, and prevention of endenuc golter In Sarawak Uruvers~tyof New South Wales, Australla, Doctor of Mdc~netheas, 1976 L 1 86 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 87 (Note: Clted inAli et al , Acta A4ed. 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Resting energy expenditureand body composition In rural Sarawakianadults. Arner J Ifum.5/01. 5:341-350, 1993b. 90 Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 9 1 Ham~ddunUdln Masyarakat KadazanDusun DI Daerah Ranau Kajlan Ident~t~Dan Inieraksl THESESON SARAWAKAND SABAHPRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENTOF Antara Agama (The KadazanlDusunof Ranau D~stnctA Study on Ident~tyand ANTHROPOLOGYAND SOCIOLOGY, UNIVERSITYOF MALAYA, WITH SOME Inter-rellglousInteract~on) 199 1/92 GENERAL REMARKS Hassan b~nAhmad Latarbelakang Penghun~Sekolah Akhlak Satu Kajlan Kes dl Sekolah Tunas Tan Chee-Beng Baktl, Asrama Bukll Kapak, Inanam, KotaK~nabalu, Sabah (Backgroundsof the Inmates at an Approved School ACase Study of Sekolah Tunas Bakt~,Buk~t Depar-tt~reri!of Anlliropology Kapak Hostel, Inanam, Kota K~nabalu,Sabah) 1986187 Ch117e,e Uti~verrrty ojF101gKong Helen Lu~n&chard Shat~nN T I-longKong The Putatan Kadazans In a Trans~t~onalPer~od & The~rChanges from Therr S~ncethe formation of the Depannlent of Anthropologyand Soc~ology,Unlversliy S~mpleto a More Colnplex Soclety A Case Study of the Effectsof the Resultant Changes 1975176 of Malaya. In 1970 11s students have produced manyacademic exercises (for the B A Ja~nlsaNurrajln degree) A l~stof these e\ercises was comp~ledby me and publ~shedas an Append~xIn D,r~,ennonsof Truclrlronand Developtnentin l\/uluv~~o(Rok~ah Tal~b and Tan Chce K~nsh~pand Marr~ageamong the Bajaus (Sama) In Kota Belud, Sabah A Study of Ba~au(Sama) Custonls on Klnsh~p,Transmlsslon of Property Marr~ageand Beng, 1995) Thls II~Included among 11s head~ngsboth "Sabah" and "Sarawalc D~vorce1976177 Stud~es"The 11st below IS based on th~scomprlatlon but has been updated to ~nclude Jenn~thMah~bol more recent e\erclses subm~ttedfrom the 1992193 academ~csesslon to the present (1995196) Follow~ngthls 1st I make some general remarks concern~ngthe nature of Satu Ka~lanKes Ident~t~Etn~k S~no-Kadazan dl Pekan Papar (A CaseStudy on the these stud~esand d~scussbr~etly other work done at the Un~vers~tyof Malaya by S~no-KadazanEthnlc Identlty InPapar Town) I993194 Kelana bln Jaman advanced degreecand~dates and others relat~ngto Malays~anBorneo Penghl~rahanOrang-orang Fll~p~nake Sabah Satu Kajlan Sos~o-ekonom~dl Sandakan (The Mlgrat~onof Fll~plnos-to Sabah A Soc~o-econom~cStudy In Academic Elerciseson Sabah Sandakan) 1993/94 Abdul Ra~mTapah Penyertaan Pollt~kDI kalangan Penanam-penanam Padl Satu Kes Kaj~andl Low, Peck Ee (Jess~ca) Muk~mRanay, Kota Marudu, Sabah (Pol~t~calPamc~pat~on of Padl Fariners A Perubahan PucukPlmplnan DI Sabah (Leadersh~pChange In Sabah) 1989190 Marcus Shap~ Case Sludy In Muk~mRanay, Kota Marudu, Sabah) 1985/86 The Economy of the Tagal Munlt of Tenom, Sabah (East Malays~a) An Bened~ctAsmal Perubahan Sos~o-ekonom~dan Iden1111Masyarakat Kadazan KampungTelupld, Ethnograph~cStudy 1988189 Sabah (Soc~o-econom~cChange dnd Ident~lyof the Kampung Telup~dKadazan, Martha Anthony Bongkok Beberapa Masalah Dalam PengeluaranEkonom~ Pekebun-Pekebun Kec~lSatu Sabah) 1990/91 Ka~lanKes Kampung MalangangBaru K~ulu,Tuaran, Sabah(Some Problems In B~llyYumbod Kemlslunan DI Kalangan Petan Kada7an Satu Kaj~anKes dl Kg Sunsuran. the Econom~cProduction of Small-holders A Case Study In Kampung Malangang Tambunan Sabah (Poverty anlong the Petan Kada~alA Case Study In Kg Baru K~ulu,Tuaran, Sabah) 1980181 Obldan Onto1 Sunsuran, Tambunan Sabah)198018 1 DayangkuFat~mah HJ Pg Jalaludd~n,Hjh Ekolog~Dan Taraf PemakananPenduduk Luar Bandar Kaj~anKes dl Kampung Budaya Pol~tlkdl Kalangan Bum~puteraIslam Luar Bandar Kaj~anKes dl Muklm Roun dan Kampung Labuaya, Tuaran, Sabah (Ecology and Rural People's Standard of Food A Case Study In Kampung Roun and Kampung Labuaya, S~tompok,Kuala Penyu Sabah (Pollt~cal Culture among Rural Musllm ButnrpureruA Case Study ~nMuk~ni S~rompok Kuala Penyu Sabah) 1994195 Tuaran, Sabah) 1979180 Paul Porodong Freder~ckY Subah Kadazan K~nsh~pand Man~ageIn Tambunan, Sabah, Malays~a1973174 S~gahKajlan Salu Aspek Kebudayaan Kebendaan dl Sabah (S~gahStudy on an Aspect of Mater~alCulture ~nSabah) 1991192 Hamdan Mohammed The Perslangan Muruts A Br~efStudy 1973174 92 Borneo-Research Bullet~n Vol 27 VOI 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 9 3 S. Abdullah Hassan on Bebanggai Kanan Longhouse in BetongDistrict. Srl Aman Division, Sarawak). Kepercayaan-Kepercayaan Dan IlmuDukun di Kelompok Taou-Sug (Suluk). 1993194 Daerah Sandakan (Beliefs and Splrltual Healing Among theTaou Sug (Suluk), Doris BalaLlan SandakanDistrict). 1976177 Batu Lawih: The Kelabir Heritage. 1987188 Sit1 Alshah Mohd Asrl ~~ulkornainMasron Communlty Developlnent Programme in the Sabah Communlty: An Exploratoq Hubungan EtnikDI Kalangan Masyarakat Iban diEmpangan Kabong, Sri Aman, Study. 1976177 Sarawak (Ethnic Relations and the lban at Empangan Kabong, SrlAman. Sukart~nWaklnian Sarawak). 1990191 Pertubuhan Bel~a Kebangsaan Sabah (SANYA) [Sabah Natlonal Youth FOO.Choon Fen Association (SANYA)].1976177 Kebajikan Wargatua Satu Kajian Rumah-rumahOrang Tua dl Kuching, Sarawak SulalmanMohamed Asri (Old Folks'Welfare: A Study of OldFolks' Homes in Kuching, Sarawak).1993194 Sumbangan SANYA Dl Dalam Proses Pembangunan Sosio-Ekonomi, Neger~ Francis Gider Marin Sabah (SANYA's Contribution inthe Process of Socio-Economic Development, Why SarawakJoined Malaysia? 1975176 Sabah) 1984185 Gas bin Kadiron Zulk~flieHassan Kemiskinan Di Kalangan PendudukPerka~npungan Nelayan Di KampungBuntal, Kegiatan Sosio-ekonomiPendatang Filipina Di Sabah: Satu Kajian Kesdi Pulau Kuching, Sarawak-Satu AnalysisMengenai Teori KemiskinanDan Taraf Sosio- Gaya, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah(Socio-economic Activitiesof the Philippines ekonomi Nelayan (PovertyAmong theFishermen Communityat KampungBuntal, Immigrants in Sabah: A Case Study in Pulau Gaya, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah) Kuching, Sarawak- An Analysis of Theory of Poverty and the socio-economic 1993194 Status of Fishermen) 1985186 JosephineYaman Socio-cultural Change Among the Penans of Kampung Tanjr~ngBelipat, Batu Academic Exercises on Sarawak N~ah:A Study Conductedin Sarawak 1978179 WendyMorni Julayhi Tani S~stemPerubatan Tradis~onaldi Kalangan Masyarakat MelayuSarawak Sosio-EkonomiKomunili Kadayan- Satu Kajian Kes Di Kampung Setap Situti, (TraditionalMed~cal System among the Malaysof Sarawak). 1989190 Sarawak (Socio-economic Studyof the Kadayan.A Case Study in Kan~pungSatap BarnabasAk Ahjam Situti, Sarawak). 1981/82. Pembangunan danTaraf Sosioekonolni MasyarakatBidayuh Sadong: KajianKes Khadijah binti Hipni di KampungGahat Mawang (Developmentand Ihe Socio-economicstatus of the Proses Soslalisasi Membentuk Identlt~Melayu: Kajlan di Kampung Stunggang SadongBidayuh: ACase Study in GahatMawang Village). 1995196. Melayu, Lundu (Socializationand the Formation of Malay Identity: A Study In Chan, Chok Khuang(Henry) StunggangMelayu Village,Lundu) 1995196 Sambutan OrangKayan Terhadap UgamaKristian- Satu Kajian Antropologi dl Lim, Mei Ling (Patricia) Rulnah Kahai, Belaga, Sarawak (Kayan Response to Christianity: An Institusi KebajikanWarga Tua: Satu Kes Kajlan di Rumah Sri KenanganSibu dan Anthropological Studyat Rumah Kahai,Belaga, Sarawak).1988189 Rumah Rawaran SibuBenevolent Society, Sibu, Sarawak (OldFolk's Homes: A Chieng. Leh Bing Case Study of Sibu Sri Kenangan Home and Sibu Benevolent SocietyIn Sibu, A Chinese Primary School in a Bi-ethnic Bazaar: A Study of Educationand Sarawak). 1993194 AcadermcAchievement in Song Bazaar.Sarawak. 1994195 Masmerybte Sirat Chong, ChenChen Kampung Budaya Sarawak- Proses Pemeliharaan Kebudayaan Etnik(Sarawak Wanita Di Ulu: Satu Kajian Kes di Long Bulan (Kenyah Uma Bakah), Daerah Cultural Village:the Process of PromotingEthn~c Cultures). 1995196 Belaga, Sarawak (Womenin the Ulu: A Case Study at Long Bulan (KenyahUma Norraha binti Abd Rahim Bakah), Belaga District.Sarawak) 1995196 Warga Tua- Satu Kajlan Mengenal KehidupanWarga Tua dl Rumah OrangTua Collin Lo @ Collina Lo Muslim Tldak Berwarisdan Yang Tinggal Dalam L~ngkunganKeluarga (Old Kajian Sosio-ekonomi dan Identiti Masyarakat Iban:Satu Kajian KesKe Alas Folks: AStudy ofthe Life of the Old Forks at a Muslim Old Folks' Homeand Old Rumah Panjang Bebanggai Kanan di Daerah Betong, Bahagian Sri Aman, Folks livlng at Home),1995196 Sarawak (The Socio-economicDimension and Identity of the lban: A Case Study Borneo Research Bulletln 95 -94 Borneo ResearchBrlller~n Vol 2 vol 27 an exerclse may promde a perspect~vewh~ch 1s not eas~lygamed by an outs~de Palmon Fashar Ka~lanSos~o-ekonom~ Masyarakat Jawa dl Sarawak SatuKajlan Kes dl Kampung ~nvesllgator dolng short-term research An a e IS compulsory for final-year undergraduate studentsIn the Department They do thelr field research In the long Sn Arjuna (Socio-economlc Stud~eson the Javanese of Sarawak A Case Study II! Kampung Sn Aquna) 1993194 ~acatlonpreceding the begln~ngof the11final acadenucyear, wh~chbegins In July, that Pan, Hal Lung IS for one to two months between the end of Apr~land the end of June Wnt~ngbeglns Ident~t~dan Hubungan Etn~kdl Kalangan Komun~t~Melanau Satu Kaj~an41 In July whlle the student anends courses (for students lnajorlngIn Anthropology and KampungPetanak, Mukah, Sarawak(Identity and Ethn~cRelat~ons of the Melanau Soc~ology,the a e LS equivalent to two courses, butfor those do~nga double major, 11 IS Commun~tyA Study In Petanak V~llage,Mukah, Sarawak) 1993194 equ~valentto only one course) Students are expected to submlt the a e by November or December Cons~denngthe short tlmeallowed for wntlng, donewhlle studentsattend Patrick Anak Mandon Wgras~Tenaga Kerja dl Kalangan Suku Kaum B~dayuhdar~ Sarawak Ite lectures and wrlte other essays, I have been qulle impressed by the performance of most Semenanjung Malays~a Satu Kaj~aoKes dl Sek~tarLembah Kelang (Labor students who have come undermy superv~s~onA draft of the a e 1s usually submitted to Mlgratlonamong the B~dayuhfrom Sarawakto Pen~nsularMalays~a A Case Study the superv~sorfor comments and, ~f necessary, students make final revlslons before In the Kelang Valley) 1995196 submlttlngthe11 finshed work Of course not all a e s are good Some knowledge of a student's background IS Ralu Sla The Lun Bawang of Lawas D~str~ctSoc~al Change and EthnlcIdentlty 1989190 useful For example.Harnlddur~ Ud~n 1s hlniself a Muslrrn Kadazan/Dusun and h~sa e IS very ~nformat~veon questions of ~dent~tyand lnteractlon between Musl~mand SatlnahSyed Abdullah Struktur Soc~alDan Ekonom~DI Bahag~anPertama Sarawak (Soc~o-economnc Chnst~anKadazanousun ~n Ranau Jenmth Mahlbol 1s herself a S~no-Kadazanand her Structure ~nthe F~rstD~v~s~on of Sarawak) 1974175 a e IS enllghtemng on the expenenceof the S~no-KadazanPaul Porodong, a Rungus, wrote on the srgah (head-gear of the Kadazan, Rungus, etc at my encouragement after S~k~rnGandek ) Orang B~day~~hDalam Pol~trkSarawak Satu Kaj~anKes DI Kan~pungSapit, the srgah became a major Issue In the natlonal elect~onIt was d~stortedby the press and Padawan, Kuch~ng,Sarawak (Bldayuh In Sarawak Pol~tlcs A Case Study in polltlc~ansto cause Muslim drslrust of a major opposltlon Musllm leader after he KampungSap~t, Padawan, Kuchlng, Sarawak) 1991192 campaigned In Sabah weanng the srgah (see Tan 199 1) In Sarawak Coll~naLo studled an Iban comunltyIn the Betong d~stnctIt was SIO,M~ng Chuan A Case Study of A Rubber and Pepper Reprocessing Factory In East Malaysla qu~tean experience for her as she had to rely on her uncle (Ivft3) whose \rife was from 1980181 Belong to galn the trust and cooperation of those she was studyng,as they were at first not co-operative because of her Sebuyau orlgln, the Sebuyau and Betong ban havlng Suffianb~n A Rah~m Customary Lands hghts of the Ibans ~nSarawak W~thSpec~al Reference To the had a hstory of past confl~ctDzulkornaln Masron, a Malay from Kabong,studied the Second D~v~s~on1973174 Iban of the reglon w~lhwhom he was already famll~arIt 1s an lnformatlvea e on ethn~c Sula~manSahan relat~ons He was a good field researcher who was clearly well-liked by the Iban Satu Kaj~anE\ploratory Ke Atas Komun~t~Nelayan Dl Kampung Jepak, Daerah S~mlarly,Pan Hal Lung, a Ctunese from Slbu, already had some farmllar~tyw~th B~ntulu,Sarawak (An Exploratory Study on the F~shermen Commun~ty111 Mukah before he began hls research The research allowedhrn to learn more about the KampungJepak, B~ntuluD~str~ct, Sarawak) 1979180 Melanau who accepted h~mfully Llke Dmlkornaln w~ththe Iban, Pan Hal Lung ~nleractedvery well wth hls ~nformants,~ncludlng felling sago palms and eatlng sago Sylvester Mlchel Mljel Politlk dl Kawasan Undi N 17, Engluli!~, Sarawak(Politics In N 17 Const~tuenq, worms HISa e 1s very ~nformat~veon the present-day Melanau of Kampung Petanak Ralu Sla, a Lun Bawang wntes ~nformat~velyabout soc~alchange and ethn~c~dent~ty Enghl~l~,Sarawak) 1989190 among the Lun Bawang In Lawas PalmonFashar 1s of Javanese orlg~nand he wntes Yas~rAbdul Rahrnan about hs own community at Kampung Sn Aquna, Kuch~ng,where the villagers all The Mukah Melanaus A Cultural Case Study 1979180 speak Javanese and are proud of the~rJavanese ldentlty A number of students In the Some General Remarks vlllage llke Palmon, anended Ch~nesepnmary school, and Palmon lumself speaks As can be seen, qulte a number of academlc exerclses have beenwntten On Mandann fluently Sarawak and Sabah, espec~ally~n recent years A number of them are very good The I mentlon here some examples of the hnds of stud~esdone by students who were quality depends on the lnltlatlve of the student as well as the effort of the superv~sorA superv~sedd~rectly or ~nd~rectlyby me, as I know the11 work best In add~t~on,I should well-supew~seda e by a d~l~gentstudent IS generally of good qual~tyand very 1lke to mentlon Dons Bala L~an'sa e whlch I have found useful ~n my owl research Her wrltlng prov~desa comprehensive descnpt~onby a Kelab~ton Batu Law~h,a informative. espec~ally~f II IS written by a student on hls or her own comunlty Such 96 Borneo Research Bulletin Volz Vol 27 BorneoResearch Bullet~n 97 culturally slgnlficant mountalnwh~ch Kelablt comrnunlty leaders havesollght to Shekhar lhe Medical Faculty The them IS entltled "Human Behavloural ~a~t~~~ preserve (cf Tan 1991 119) For thosewho are ~nterested,Sylvester Mlchelhh~el's a e Majarla Transmlsslonand Control among theMu~uts of Sabah" (1991) offersan lnterestlng accountof patron-cllent pollt~csIn Engkllll~,Sarau,ak, by an ban Theses the Department of Anthropologyand Sociologymay be read at the from the area For those who are ~nterested~n local pol~t~csln an lnterlor Bldayuharea Department'sreading room withthe permlsslon ofthe Head ofthe Department ~h~~are ~n Padawan, Slklm Gandek. who1s from the area, provldes a local Bldayuhperspecl~\~e also avallableat the UnlverslW'sman library For a fulllist of other a e titles, lncludlng on development andtdent~ry works Ihe OrangAsll, see Tan (1995) Flnally, 11 should be added that thereare also In the Sarauaksectloll above, I have Included a 1995196a e by Chong ChenChen a e s and theseson Sarawak and Sabahsubm~tted to other departn~entsof the unlversltl on the women In Long Bulan, aUma Bakah Kenyah comrnunltyIn Intertor Balul Th~s Malaya, lnc1udlngthe History Depa~ment,Malay Studies Department, Faculty of IS a s~gdlcantstudy, conslderlng thelack of srudles on women In the Belaga D~strlcr Economicsand Public Admn~strat~on,and the lslamlc Academy an area that will be affected by the Bakun hydro-electrlcproject Chong Chen Chen's study was madeposs~ble under the Cornmunlty Studles programmeIn Bakun HEP Area Pro~ect(1995) coordinated by me, and sponsoredby the Sarawak StatePlann~ng Unit A REFERENCES Ch~nesefrom Stbu,Chong ChenChen had never beforeeven vis~tedKap~t, and the Hen, ChengSlrn research was a real elpenencefor her Partlydue to my earhercontacts wlthlnvld~duals 1995 Agranan Change, Stratlficat~onand the Gender Dlvlslonof ~~b~~~ In the conlmun~ty,she was well acceptedand thisgave her access to much ethnographic The ban of Batang A1 Resettlement Scheme, Sarawak IN ~nformat~onIn addttlon to Chong Chen Chen's a e, there are a number of other Drfl:eflflonsof Trad/lron and Developmentin n/fa/aysraq Roklah Tallb 1995196a e on Sarawak Two of them are on the B~dayuh(Barnabas ak Ahlam and and Tan Chee-Be%, eds , pp 285-304 Petallng Jaya Pelanduk Adnan Anderson Maseh),one on the Malaysof Lundu (KhadgahHlpn~), one on a Publlcatlons Musllm old folks' home In Kuchlng (Norraha Abd Rahlm), and oneon the Sarawalc Tan, Chee-Beng CulturalVlllage (MasrnerySlrat) Of these, the a e of Barnabasand Patr~ckMandon are 1991 Resorting to Ethnlc Games(Aga~n) Alrran Monthly 11(1)20-24 especially Imponant Desplte 111-health.Barnabas managed to wnte a useful strldyof 1994 CojnjnunalAssoc~arrons of the Ind~genousCon~mun/t/~~ of~armak A soc~o-economlcl~fe among rural Bldayuh In a region previously studled by Wtlllarn SIudv of Efhnrcrw and Natronal Integralron Kuala Lumpur Institute Geddes,whlle Patrlck Mandon'sa e 1s the first studyof Bldayuh mlgrantslo Peninsular of Advanced Shldles, Unlverslty of Malaya Malaysra Thlslater work has ~mpllcattonsfor rural developmenttn Sarawak as Pau~ck 1995 Theses of the Departmentof Anthropologyand Sociology,Unlverslq shows that Bldayuhpart~c~pants ~n SALCRA 011-palm estates will read~lyleave for of Malaya, 1972-1992 In Dtmensrons of Tradrt~onand Deve/oplnenl better paldwork elsewhere lncludtngPeninsular Malalsla in Malaysra, eds, Roklah Tallb and Tan Chee-Beng, pp 491-553 There 1s only one post-graduatethesls on East Malays~afrom theDepanment This PetallngJaya PelandukPubllcatlons IS the M A them by Hew ChengSlm, vlz "Agrarian Change andGender Relatloqs Rural ban Women at Batang A1 Resettlement Scheme Sarawak"(1990) Ms Hew. who IS now a lecturerat the Unlverslt~Sarawak Malaysla (UNIMAS), hasslnce wr~ttel?a number of papers on thls toplc, lncludlng a recent onepubl~shed In the Department's twenty-yearanniversary book (see Hew 1995) Thus the Depanmenthas contributedto the ploneer study of gender Issues In Sarawak through the thesesof Ms Hew and ids Chong ChenChen I should llketo repon two other posl-graduate theseswhlch are ~nd~rectlyllnked to the Department Chan ChokKhuang was an undergraduatestudent of the Department and wroteh~s a e on Chr~stlan~tyand the Kayanof Rumah Kal~al, Belaga (1988189) HIS M A them entltled "Hlstorlcal Development of the Belaga Kayans and their Land Tenure System A Case Studyof a Kayan Communli3In Sarawak" (1991) was submlttedto the Institute of Advanced Studies, Unlversltyof Malaya At present Mr Chan IS a Ph D candidate at the same lnstltute and 1s wrltlng 111s thes~son Punan Vuhang (PunanBusang), al~ttle known group In~nterlor Belaga There IS a Ph D them submittedby Ms Foong Kln to theDepartment ofSocial Med~clne,Unlverslty of Malaya It is lnd~rectlylinked to the Department of Anthropology andSociology tn that lt was co-supervised by me and Dr K Chandra 98 Borneo ResearchBulle~n Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 99 held in April 1987 and Sarawak BN survived by winning 25 of the 48-seats in the Council Negri, Sarawak's state legislature. From then on; PBDS was in a peculiar BACK TO SQUARE ONE: THE 1995 GENERALELECTION IN SABAHAND position in the Malaysianparty system: it was in opposition atthe state level but a full SARAW AK member of the BN at the federal level. In mid-1994, PBDSwas readmined into the Sarawak BN (more later). AlthoughPBDS and Permasfailed to unseat BN3, PBDS won 15 Dayak-majority constituencies by campaigningon ethnic nationalism-"Dayakism". JAMES CHIN* Dayakism was essentially a call for Dayak politicalunity under PBDS, an exclusive School of History and Poli/ics ~ayak-basedparty, so that a Dayak couldbecome the chief minister. Middlesex Universily Broadly speaking, PBB represents the Malayhlelanau communityi SUPP the Londotl NI 7 8HR Ch~nese,SNAP and PBDS theDayak. However, substantial Dayak membership and Urlited Kirigdotn support IS found in PBB and lo a lesser extent,in SUPP. The only other party worth noting IS the Sarawak DemocraticAction Party (DAP), an offshoot of the Pen~nsular- Malays~aheld a general election on24-25 April 1995 for the Federal Parl~amerlt based opposition party. Like its Peninsularcounterpart, Sarawak DM is ma~nly and 11 State Assemblies.The ruling Barisan Nasional(BN or National Front)coallt~on supported by the Chinese community andhas limited appeal outs~dethe main urban government underPrime Minister Mahathir Mohaniad was reelected with a landslide centres where the Chinese communityis concentrated. victory- taking 162 out of 192 parliamentaryseats. The BN also took control of 10 of the The pr~nc~palcharacteristic of Sarawak politics sincethe 1970s has been the 11 state legislatures. In the Eastern Malaysian statesof Sabah and Sarawak, o~lly constant manoeuvring between the three main politically significant groupings: the parliamentaryelections were held as both states had held fairly recent state elections- MalayMelanau, theChinese and the Dayak.The Malayhielanau successfully engaged Sabah in February 1994 and Sarawak in September 199 1 the Chnese agalnst the Dayak and vice-versa, thus ensuring PBB's central role and The peninsular campaign andresults have been covered in some detail elsewheie cont~nu~tyof ethnic politics. Within these three groups, the eliteare the Melanau- and this paper will concentrateon East Malaysia. The first section will deal wlih Muslims and the Foochow Chinese. Both Rahman Yakub and Taib Mahmud are Sarawak, and the second, Sabah. Melanau-Musllm and that community has dominated the political process since1970 The Foochowv Chinese are generally acknowledgedto be most dynamic segment of the Section I: Sarawak business commrlnity in Sarawak, controllingslightly more than half of all Chlnese In terms of physical size, Sarawak is the largest State in the federation-Sarawal-.'s commercial enterprises. The politics of the state have also been driven by patron- population of 2 million is roughly made up as follows: bans 30 percent; Chinese :0, clientism and patronage, specifically the awardingof timber concessio~lsas rewards or MalayMelanau25, Bidayuh 8, other indigenous peoples(Orang Ulu such as the Kayan, bribes, to those close to power.2 This use of the state's timber resourcehas been so collectively Kenyah, etc.) 7. The Iban, Bidayuh and other indigenous peoples are rampant that even the chief minister has referred to Sarawak politics as 'politics of called 'Dayak'. Since 1970, Sarawak hasbeen ruled by the Sarawak BN coalition- ~imber'.~Generally, votingsince 1970 has been along ethnic lines, with PBB winning 1970 to 1983, the Sarawak BN coalition consisted ofthree parties: Pesaka Bumi~utera most of the MalaylMelanau-majority seats;SUPP the Chinese seats; and SNAP and Bersatu (PBB), Sarawak United People's Paw(SUPP) and the Sarawak NationalParty PBDS the Day&-majority seats.4 (SNAP); collect~velycalled BN3.' From 1983 until 1987, Parti Bansa ~a~ak~arawak (PBDS),a breakawayparty from SNAP, Was the fourth coalitioll member ofthe Sarawak The 1990 General Election BN. In March 1987, PBDS and PersatuanRakyat Malaysia Sarawak(Permas) forged an The last general electionwas held In October 1990.Then, the BNtook 127 out of alliance, 'KumpulanMaju', to try to topple the incumbentchief nlinister, Abdul Tnib the 180 parliamentary seats,thus securing theall-important two-thirds majority, despite Mahn~udPermas was essentially created by PBB dissidents and led by former a strong opposition underTengku Razaleigll Hamzah, a former vice-president of president and Sarawak chief minister,Abdul Rahman Yakub.A snap state electi0nwas and Finance Minister in Mahathir's cabinet.Razaleigh establishedthe Semangat 46 'I would Ilke to thank Lim Phay Ing, Margaret Clark and Carol Legge for thclr 2~hisobservat~on was made as early as in the late 1960s. See R.S. Milne, 1973. assistance wlth thispaper. 'Patrons, Cllents and ethnicity:The case of Sarawak and Sabah in Malaysia' Asian 1~~~ early political of saraw&is covered in M,B,~~i~h, R;~~~~h/oo,? polrircal change in Saruwak (Sydney: SUP, 1974); R.S. Milne & K.J Ratna,~ Su~e.v.Vol X111, No 10. (October), pp.891-908. Malaysia- New slates in a r7ew 17atior7:Political developrnerit of Sabah arirl Sarawnk 117 3Ta~bMahmud's description during the 1987 crisis. A4nlays,a (London Frank Crass 1974) andM. C. Roff, Politics of Belongrr?g(Kuala 4The only exception was in 1974when SNAP, then in opposition. was ableto win Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1974). some non-Dayak seats. SNAP joined theSBN in 1976. 100 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 101 (Spirit of 46 or S46) party and created an alternative multi-rac~alcoal~tion, Gagasan some SUPP members. In the new parliamentary constituency of Lanang, the DAP Rakyat Malaysia (People'sM~ght), w~th two other main opposition parties:the Chinese- candidate, Jason Wong Sing Nam, mounted a skilfulcampaign againstthe incumbent. based Democratic Actlon Party (DM)and the Malay-based Parti Islam Malaysia(PAS). sUPP'S Tieu Sung Seng. Jason Wong, who had established himselfas a 'clean and There was much exc~tementat the possibility that Gagasan could win enough seats io young' politician, used Tieu's ageand health as the key issues. Tieu, who suffered from create a genuinetwo-party systemin Malaysian politics, long dominatedby the BN. ill health and could not actively campaign in person, was described as 'old' and In Sarawak, Gagasan's'two party system' challenge didnot create much excitement 'incapable of working for the pe~ple'.~Sibu town's air pollution problem received as S46 and PAS had no branches in Sarawak. In Sarawak, the election was fought considerable attention from DAP, as SUPP was in charge of the federal ministry basically on local issues. The only real opposition to the Sarawak BN came from the respons~blefor env~ronmentatmaners These ISsues were enough to ensure Jason Sarawak DAP (whichwas in any case mainly afterthe Chinese-based urbanSUPP seaic) Wong's wctory, albe~tby a niargln of 3,973 votes, small for th~sconstituency and PBDS.The other problem faced by Sarawak BN was 'Independent' candidates,who The results of the 1990 parl~amentaryelect~on In Sarawak were Sarawak BN 21 in reality weresecretly (or openly)backed by one of the Sarawak BN coal~tionpanles seats (PBB 10, SLJPP 4, SNAP 3, PBDS 1), DAP 2 and 'Independents'4 PBB and PBDS As mentioned earlier, PBDSwas an opposition party at state level.Offic~ally, the Bi\I won all thelr allocated seats SNAP lost two, whlle SUPP lost four Gwen the four seat allocat~onsfor Sarawak's 27 parl~amentaryconstituencies were PBB 10; SUPP ^o, 'Independents', PBDSeffectively had e~ghtMPs, and the Sarawak BN's net loss was just SNAP 5 and PBDS 4 However, PBDSopenly backed an additional fourcand~dates as two seats In other words,'Dayak~sm' was st111a force to be reckoned w~th 'Independents' In Serian, Selangau, Baramand Hulu Rajang (formerly Ulu Rajang) constituencies. In Ser~anand Selangau,the official BN candidates came from SUPP, In The 1991 State Election and Its Aftermath Baram and Hulu Ra~angfrom SNAP Additionally,PBB was accused of backing an A state elect~onwas held slightly less than a year after the October 1990 'Independent' In the Kanowit constituency,the seat held by Leo Moggie, PBDS's parliamentary election. Before this,the Council Negri wasenlarged to 56 seats. On the leade~.~A SNAP v~ce-pres~dentalso resigned jusl before nom~nationday to contest tbe opposition s~de.PBDS fielded 34 candidates, including seven Chinese.DAP fielded 18 official BN-PBDScand~date in Julau candidates.Permas fielded 11 (all in MalaylMelanau areas),Pani Negara 28 candidates, Dayakism and local factors also played an important role inthe victories of the and there were also 14 Independents. Despite this large numberof candidates, the real four PBDS-backed 'Independents'. For instance, in the Serian constituency, the PBDS- fight was always between PBDSand the BN3 and between the DAP and SUPP. Permas backed candidate, RichardRiot, had strong grassroots supportand was widely believed was widely seen as spent-force when the party's founder and main financialpatron, to have the ability to win the seat on his own, with or without covert PBDSsupport. In Abdul RahanYakub. ditched it. while Party Negara was widely seen as a 'mosquito' the Baram seat the PBDS-backed candidate, HarrisonNgau, was well-liked in this Pa*. predominantlyDayak electorate because of his anti-logging campaigns.Ngau was also In the Dayak-majority constituencies, PBDSused many of the same issues it used detained underthe Internal SecurityAct (ISA) in 1987 for his anti-logging activities, successfully in 1987and 1990 to entlce the Dayak voters. However, the PBDS strategy and this created a reservoir of sympathy votes.The four PBDS-backed Independenis failed when its leader, Leo Mogg~e,did not stand as a candidate, thus underm~rung were also the only four successful Independents nation-wideIn the 1990 general 'Dayakism1-('how could PBDSbe serlous about replacingBN3 as the state government election. when its leader was noteven in the race?') The other two successful oppositioncandidates, both from the Sarawak DAP, won The DM. too, used many of the same issues against the SUPP The entlre DAP the constituencies of Bandar Kuchlng andLanang. DAP's win In Bandar Kuchingwas campaign was based ongettlng the voters 'to breakthe egg'; the 'egg' in Mandarin expected, given that 11s candidate, Sim Kwang Yang, had held the seat slnce 1982 denotes a 'zero' and th~smetaphor was meant to prompt the Chinese voters to elect at However what was not expected was the wide margin of victory- DAP won by 3,IM least one DAP legislator. thus symbolically'breaking theegg'. Sinceits establishmentin votes. Although Slm, better known by his acronym SKY, was a popular figure ('never Sarawak in 1978, the DAP hasnever been able to win a singlestate constituency despite fear, SKY is here'), he faced a SUPP heavyweight in the person of SUPP paW winning regularly at the parliamentarylevel. This state of affairs can be explained by chairn~an,Stephen K T Yong Yong at that time was also a federal cabinet minister. the fact that Sarawak Chinese cast their vote differently at different electorallevels: at Despite this,Slm decis~velydefeated Yong in a straight fight. Whathad happened was the state level. they vote for SUPP; at the parliamentary level, the same voters will that Yong's cand~daturewas not supported by at least one of Kuching's three SWP happily vote for DM. It is commonly referredto as 'wanting it both ways', i.e., to be branches. Several other factions were also against Yong's candidature with the result represented in government as well as in the opposition. The Chinese understand that that therewas poor co-ordinationin Yong's campaignas well as elements of sabotageby 'interviewwith an SUPP official, who was a co-ordinator onTieu's campaign $See Borneo Post 16 October 1990 team. See also See Hun Daily A'ews, 3 1 October 1990 6~elost and was subsequently re-admittedto SNAP 8~hefederal minister was Stephen K.T. Yong. Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 103 economic opportunities andother resource allocations are mainly decided at the state was readm~ttedInto the Sarawak BN. Whlleofficially 11 was agreed that seat allocation level, in this case, by the Sarawak Bansan Nasional in Kuch~ngThus, voting for the be left to the discretion of the BN chairman, Mahathir,and state BN chairman, Taib, SUPP is widely seen as the only rat~onalchoice, for SUPP, as part of the Sarawak Bid, 11 was understood that each componentparty would get one of the four can ensure thatthe Ctunesecomrnuruty isrepresented whenresources are divided up. At pBDS-Independent seats. SUPP was thus given the Serianconstituency, primarily parliamentary level, the situation is very d~fferent.SUPP is just one of the 14-memtzr because it was historically a SWF' seat; moreover,the incumbentRichard bot had quit federal BN coalition and is largely ineffective given UMNO's omnipresence in the pBDS and joined SUPP. SNAP was given Baram and PBDSkept the Selangau federal government.Hence, electing DAP to the federal Parliament is seen as 'bener constituency. The last constituency, Huh Rejang, was tobe allocated to PBB but thls value' given the DAP's vocal record of highlighting Chinesegrievances v~s-a-viswliat was disputed by the other three componentparties. They felt that PBB already had too are perceived as the government's discriminatory policies agatnst non-bumiputeras.' many seatsI2and both SNAP and PBDS wereadamant that Hulu Rejang 'belonged' to II Sarawak BN took all but seven seats when the resultscame in. All the seven In what was essentially a public-relations exercise, it was agreed that, in line w~thBN's opposition seats were won by PBDS. All were Iban majority constituencies, whlch avowed polltlcal philosophy of 'multi-racialism', Hulu Rejang was to be a direct BN suggested that Dayaklsrn was now only attracting Iban votes However,PBDS was sit11 constituency (Malaysia's first)-in which the BN candidate would not represent any of able to attract a sizeable vote from other Dayaks and in fact, its total share of voles the Sarawak BN component parties. Underthis arrangement, theincumbent, Billy Abit increased from 17.63 per cent in1987, and to 21.48 per cent in 1991.'~However, two Joo, was able to stand again. In reality, this meant that PBDSwould keep Hulu Rejang. factors forcedPBDS to seek re-admission intoSarawak BN straight after the polls. First, Thus the four PBDS-Independent constituencies were allocatedas follows: two to PBDS federal pressure wasexerted on both PBDS and BN3 leadershipby the prime minister, and one each to SUPP and SNAP. SNAPfelt rightly that PBDS got away with seats at Mahathir Mohamad. The federal BN chairman did not like the abnormal situat~on~n its expense.13 whch PBDS and BN3 were both members of the federal BN and yet opposed to each The final seat allocation for the whole state was as follows: 10 PBB, 7 SWP, 6 other at the state level. Second, PBDSknew that the longer II spent in the opposit~on, PBDS and 4 SNAP. Contrast this with 1990's seat allocationsof 10 PBB; 8 SUPP; 5 the greater ~tschances of being completely marginal~sedin the Sarawak polltical SNAP and 4 PBDS, it was obvious that PBDSgained the most.'4 SNAP was not too equation. Wlth only seven state legislators, it knew that Dayalusm was nolonger happy with PBDS'S allocation but was unable to do much about it. Many SNAP politically viable (for the time at least). Moreover, it was clear that BN3 was quite supporters never forgavePBDS, since it was largely formed with SNAPmembers in capableof governingwithout PBDS. Despite strong opposition fromSNAP, negotiations 1983 and took away muchof its Ibaaayaksupport. SNAP'S unhappinesswas to result started in late 1992and an agreement was signedin early 1994.PBDS agreed to most of in senior individuals in the party sponsoring a few Independents, almost all against the conditionslaid downby BN3, including thethorny issue of future seat allocation On PBDS candidates l5Within SNAP itself, veteran SNAP MF, Luhat Wan, stood as an this, it was agreed that Mahathir andTalb Mahmud wo~ildhave the final word. 1995 Campaign and Results '*PBB already held 10out of 27 parliamentaryseats. Initially there was support, especially among SNAP and PBDS leaders, for a proposal that the state election be held concurrently with the parliame~~taryelection. I3see 'Hands off this seat, SNAP advisesPBDS', ST 24 January 1995 However, PBB and SUPP were againstit, mainly because they knew that a stateelection I4One of PBDS' founders, Daniel Tajem, was dumpedfrom the Sri Aman seat despitestrong endorsementfrom the PBDS Sri Aman branch. The PBB leadership never would unleash a 'free for all' situation whereall the different component partieswould field 'independentsnagainst each other. The PBB leadership knew that with fewer seats for switching over to Rahman 'fakub's sldeln 1987; then as deputy ch~ef minister, he was the most senior cabinetand Iban min~sterto defect. In recent years, his at stake, a parliamentary electionwould be easier to control." W~thPBDS back in the relation with the PBDS leadership has alsobeen stra~nedover dfferences in pollc~es. Sarawak BN, the 1995 election essentiallybecame a contest between the SUPP and he Shortly after the 1995 elections, he was given adiplon~atic post in New Zealand.See ST Sarawak DAP. W~thinthe BN, seat allocat~onwent quite smoolhlyas most of the Issues 6 January 1995 relating to the four seats held by PBDS-Independents wereagreed upon before PBDS I'AI the time of writing (December 1995),SNAP's second most senior leader, Patau Rubis, was expelled from the Sarawak cabinet for 'disciplinary problems', i.e.,he 9Underthe New Economic Policy (1970-1990), quotas were set for bumiputerasin backed several 'Independents' against official BN candidates Patau ilas never been all social and economic spheres. The New Development Policy WP), which has popular w~thother BN leaders, one PBB leader told this writer that Pa.au has been too replaced the NEP, has retained almostall he racial discrimnatorypolicies of the NEP "out~poken"and his abrasive behav~ourwas "unlike typical Bidayahs". The SNAP losee James Ch~n,' Sarawak's 1991 Election: Cont~nu~tyand Change', paper central execut~vecommittee (CEC) has put on hold any moves to expel him from the presented atthe BRC Conferencein Pont~anak,July 1994 Party although he has been 'suspended' as the party's senior vice-president. In an I1SeeSarawak Tribune (ST) 26 January 1995 interviewwith a senior SNAP figure (28December 1995),ths writer was told that "... 104 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 105 jndependent against rhe official BN-SNAP candidate, JacobDungau Sagan,when Ihe The BN's slogan for this election was 'Vision, Justiceand Efficiencyuand, as in former was not nom~natedfor the Baram constituencyl6 elections, it emphasised BN's record in economic management and On nom~nationday, nine cons~ituencieswere won by Sarawak BN unopposec! (6 developnlent. The BN manifesto prom~sedthat per capita lncome would double ~n 10 PBB, 2 PBDS and 1 SUPP) (refer to Table I).In almost all cases,they were seats where years,and would reach RM40,OOO by the year 2020 or Wa.sasan 1'020 (Vision 2020), the opposition did not stand a chance against the incumbent. For example, the I The SWPcampaign In Kuchngwas also boosted by the annoucementthat SUPP Generally, the DAP's main problem this time in the Chinese areaswas the lack of had raised a government allocationto build several badly-needed new buildings for any real Issue A past key Issue had been the official discrimination against non- Chinese schools. bumiputera (read Chnese) community in the three "Es"-Employment, Education. In the Foochow heartland, the Sibu-Bintagor-Sarikei triangle, the SUPP fielded Enterprise (or business opportunities),however, the three "Es"were no longer a viable Tiong ThaiK~ng and incumbentRobert Lau HOIChew In Lanang and Sibu respect~vely. argument in the face of a booming economy. Malaysia has beengrowing at a rate of Both men were not onlyprominent businessmen but came from elite Foochowfamilies. more than eight percent annually for the past eight years and this boom has been The Tiong family controls the kmbunan Hijau Group, which is reputed to be ihe accompan~edby a loosening ofthe d~scrim~natorypolicies, e.g,the official shiA towards biggest timber contractorin Malaysia. whileLau's family runs the KTS and See Mua use of the English language,open encouragementby Mahathir to learn Mandarin and group of companies, which are involved mainly in property, print meda and timber Chinese culture and the opening up of the private te1-11aq1education system to cater businesses. Tiong started solicitingvotes vigorouslyin late 1993 when he was confirmed pr~marilylo the non-bumiputera population. as the candidate for ana an^.^^With their unlimited funding, both these meneasily The DAP's push inlo rural areas started in the early 1990swhen 11 launched the outperformed the DAP.The DAP incumbent inLanang, Jason Wong Sing Nam, was in 'Go Rural' strategy.24Under th~sstralegy. DMconcentrated onthe rural, predominantly a weak posit~ongiven that his seat was a marginalone-he won 11 in 1990 with less ~ayakpopulation. The rationale for this was the belief thal Sarawak DAP's political than 14 percent majority. Althoughthe DAP tried to use the Bakun am^^ project as its futurelay in the non-Chinese populauonouts~de the urban corridor The DAP wanted to key issue, the SWP successfully countered this by bringing 'esperts' from Ch~nato build up 11s non-Ch~nesefollowing In order to shed its Image of a West-Malays~a~. test* that similardams in Chnawere safe. Chinese-based party. Another significant reason was the belief that [he rural While the BakunDam issue did not make any headway In the RejangDelta: 11 was constituencies offered the best chance for DAP to win a state seat. Asmentioned above, used successful in themarg~nal Bintulu constituency.The DAP candidate, Chew Chiu the DAP had been frustrated at everystate election due to the "wanting it both ways" Sing, was widely espected to topple SNAP'S president. James Wong Kim Min.Wong mentality of the Chinesevoters With suff~ctenlsupport among non-Ch~nesevoters. the beat Chiew in 1990by only 287 votes, or by less than two per cent of the vote. Chiew. a DAP hoped to enter the Councll Negr~through a rural mixedconstituency. former SUPPyouth leader, successfullyran a campaign with the BakunDam and the The Issues raised by the DAP in the rural areas were basically relatedto ~ndigenous high living cost in Bintulu as the key Issues. James Wong also suffered fromscant land rights. The DAP argued that the authoritieshad scant regard for the indigenous support from the other BN component parties: in particular grassroots PBDS supporters people's rights over the~rland. The state's politically-connected timber concession backed Chiew. It was evident that at the grassroots level, SNAP and PBDS supporters system. the hlgh soc~aland environmental costs caused by logging, the forced re- had not resolved thelr differences settle~nentprogramme of indigenous people living in the Bakun project area and the refusal of the slate government to recognise land claims were some of the key issues rased during the campaign. This strategy worked to a limlted estenl among the Inore educated indigenous youths who feel disenfranchised by the political system environmental issues, and is deeply lnvolved with the Sarawak rural anti-logg~ng Udortunately for the DAP, this strategy d~dnot appeal to the older voters, who were t~edinto the extensive patronage network built up over the past 30 years by the BN campaign. machineq Many of the village and longhouse headmenare appointed by the 21TheSun 20 April 1995 government, receivean allowance and are thus bonded to the state. The amount of 12~ of Tiol,gqswealth can be found in a newspaper report during the and projecls bro%ht inby the authorities. especiallyduring thecampaign period. mn-up to the election,unemployed youths in the L~~~~~constituency could secure a job ensured that the rural voters knewthat physical development depended entlrely on in the Tiongfamily-owned timber factories by supporting his candidature See The Sun7 April 1995 the way they voted. Underthe current system, onlygovernment leg~slatorshad access to lhe nlillor-nlral-~roJec[(mr~). a slush fund used for small communityprojects Mrp 1s 2qhe Bakun D~~ project be one the largest projects ever in used at the discrelion of the Melnber of Parllment: thus 11 is no coinc~dencetha( the Sarawak,It will create a size of Singapore and displace several thousaIld indigenous people who live in the area It. is controversial because many grants under mrp rise significantly duringelection years DAP was also hurt by its tag; many rural Day& voters, despite their anti-establ~shment lean~ngs.will environmentalists believethe dam Is unsafe and [hat theecological cost will be too high. "O' for a 'Chinese' Moreover, there is a nagging suspicionthat the go-ahead for the project was made On political and not economic rational~ty,as the company awardedthe project 1s owned by, amongst others,hvo of Ta~b'ssons and T~ngPek King, a Foochow contractor close to Diam Zainuddin, Mahathir'sconfidant See The Ecor~omist,8 April 1995 & Aliran ''~his sectlon IS based on interv~ewsw~th varlous DAP leadersconducted ~nMay- Monthly, 15 (6), 1995. July 1993. I 108 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 109 DAP's successin capturing the Dayak-majority Bintulu constituencyshould not be - Table I. Results ofthe 1995 Sarawak Parliamentary Elections interpreted as a success for the 'Go Rural' strategy.As stated earlier, the DAP's victory BPJ DAP BNKD BBS was mainly due to PBDS supponers backing Chiew becauseof their animositytowzrds the SNAP president, James Wong. Moreover, Chiew also received substantial supyon, Melanau from the Chinesevoters because of his past associal~onw~th SUPP Youth. Sanrubong '1 1702 1701 Although thePani Bersatu Sabah hadthree candidates,only Harrison Ngau Laing Batang Sadong '9700 was a serious contender.Ngau, an environmentalistwho won in 1990 with coven PBDS I to reach the scattered voters Ngau was reported to have said that " 11 was imposs!;>le Total 2/40? 0 4437 I interlor constituency llke Baramwould require a niin~murnoutlay of M$lrn. -" -.. When the results came in, the DAP had lost both its incumbents but had managed MasGading* 14871 2085 1087 to win the Bintulu constituencyfor the first time. PBS and the Independents simply(lid Serian *I21 16 6237 1753 I not stand a chance. ". observations.The BN took 63.56 percent of the total vote. D-M 20.84 percent; PBS 1.47 Julau * 10730 1612 percent and the combined Independentstook 14.13 percent (referto Table I). Selangau *SO2 1 3 108 In the Chineseconstituencies, SUPP won with59 percent of the vote; the DAP won Kapir '7917 5539 36 32 percent. In the 1990 parliamentary election,the Chinese voters werealmosL Hulu Reiane *673 1 3084 evenly split between the SUPPand DAP (refer to Table 2). Given - .. . . - .- . "<, ~. ."d voters traditionally supponed the DAP at parl~amentalylevel, a ten percent increasefor Baram *8829 1010 3 106 SUPP was significant. The strong vote for SUPP suggests the Sarawak Chinese vote was Buk~tMas in tandem with the Peninsular Chinesewho also swung towards the MCA and Geraltan against the DAP. Lubok Antu Unopposed I Yang was also s~ngledout by BN leaders for'blacking Sarawak's nameoverseas' when Sibu *I5317 10472 937 I operations in the Paclfic. As mentioned, Tiong Thai ffing, one of the owners 7 110 B_orneoResearch Bulletin Vol 2 Vol 27 Borneo R~earchBullet~n 111 Tolul 104287 64-707 8305 176799 % 58 99 36 317 4 70 1 1991 BN DAP PBDS NEG IND Tolal (Stale) 1739297 78456 53/80 5536 376469 ARA ~uk~tBegunan 3470 4004 % 63.56 20 81 I4 I3 147 S~manggang 4818 462 1 39 227 (Source Raw data from New Srrfli!\ T11ne5 The Slur) pakan 2787 2192 Table 2 Selected Ch~neseConst~tuenc~es rn the 1990 Sarawak Parl~amentaryElections Meluan 3 144 2917 224 BN-SUPP DAP IND Tamln 2943 3455 124 Kakus 2274 2996 296 72 B Kuch~ng 19409 25573 Baleh 1858 4183 188 Lanang 11432 15405 Belaga 2884 9 1 825 S~bu 11914 9906 162 Toral 1741 78 91 25/93 559 351 50372 Padawan 16362 9751 % 48 00 018 5002 I I1 0 70 Mir~ 18904 10723 3242 (Source Raw datafrom New Srrarts T~nle,Saruwak Trrb~rtie) Tolal 78031 71358 3404 152783 As ment~onedearher, PBDS was read~nrttedto the Sarawak BN (SBN) in m~d- 1994, and thus thequestion arlses as to whether the party's Dayak supponersfollowed % 31 07 16 71 3 23 suit An lnd~cat~oncan be gathered by looklng at the PBDS vote in 1991 andcomparing (Source Rawdata from ElecllonComm~ss~on) 11 with th~selectlon (refer to Table 3) We shall take the four PBDS parliamentary const~tuencreswon by PBDS in 1995 and compare them w~ththeir respectwe state Table 3 Compar~s~onof the PBDS vote In 1991 and 1995 wnst~tuenc~es'results In 1991 From Table 3, 11 IS falrly obv~ousthat not all PBDS 1995 BN- IND voters voted for the party in 1995 In 1991, the vote was almost equally splrt between PBDS PBDS and BN, In 1995 BN-PBDS was only able get about 70 percenr of the total vote Srl Aman 11017 5211 In numer~calterms, gwen that total voter turnout was qulte sirmlarIn both elect~ons, Julau 10730 1612 BN-PBDS should have recerved about 50,000 votes (21,178BN + 25,193 PBDS votes), Selangau 802 1 3 108 instead 11 recerved just 36, 199 votes, or about 25 percent less Ths suggests that about Hulu Rejang 6731 3081 I one-quarter of the voters in these constltuencles were e~theranti-establrshment or Total 36199 13015 19514 aganst PBDS joln~ngBN There 1s no accurate way of tell~ng,but an informed % 73 72 26 178 judgement was that the 25 percent was probably made up of d~sgruntledPBDS supporters qho do not support the leadersh~p'sdecrs~on to re-join SBN If the same panern emerges In the next state electlon, 11 w~llhelp confirmthls analys~s The wnners In th~select~on are the PBB and the SUPP PBBwon the election unchallenged and w~ththe demise of Permas, ~t has no organised opposltlon on the honzon SUPP's wctones 111 the two urban constltuencles,one held for more than 12 years by the DAP, glves the party a huge psycholog~calboost Moreover, for the first time srnce 1982,SUPP won all the parliamentaryseats ~t contested 1 For PBDS, the 1995 elect~onmust be seen as a transition perrod as 11 adjusts back inlo the rul~ngcoalrt~on The real test for PBDS wll be the next state elect~onwhen there is l~nledoubt that all the major components, SNAP, PBB, SUPPand PBDS will, offic~allyor othewse, field 'independents'against each other The big losers are SNAP and Sarawak DAP SNAP was the only Sarawak BN component parry to lose to the opposltlon The results reaffirmed the conventional wisdom hat SNAP has lost much of 11s poltucal support among the lban Dayak PopulaClonto PBDS However, SNAP wll not &sappear from the pol~ucalscene as long T Vol. :!J vOl. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 113 112 BorneoResearch B.ulletin I as its leaders, like James Wong, can sustaln the party financially. Moreover, SNAP'S example, Tun Mustapha Harun, a MB, and his party the United Sabah National histov as the first Dayak party means that there will always be pockets of suppon for it, organisation (USNO), ruled from 1967 to 1975. Mustapha Harunis remembered forhis and especially for its more transparentpol~cy of multi-rac~alismIn the coming yeat's, dictatonal ways, forclng mass conversion to Islam and an attempt to take Sabahout of SNUwill also become a politicalvehicle for politically ambitious non-lban Dayak.The the Malaysian federa~ion.~~This caused the then Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak, to SBN will also keep SNAPas a junior coalitionpartner, as this will further divlde lie I sponsor a new political party, Bersatu RakyatJelata Sabah (Berjaya), to challenge Dayak vote. Mustapha. Berjaya was led by two former Mustapha allies: Tun Mohammad Faud While on the surface the Sarawak DAP has suffered a significant defeat in ihe I Stephens and Harris Salleh.In the April 1975 state election, Berjayaeasily trounced polls, in reality the 199jresults merelyconfirm thewell-lcnown ideathat there areabout US NO.^^Stephens became Sabah's chief m~nisterbut was replaced by Harris Salleh a 30 percent in the urban constituencies whoare 'hardcore' DMsupporters or anll- . year later when the former died in a plane crash.Hanis, a Muslim Malay/lndian,began establishment voters The key to DAYS political victories thus will be DAP's ability lo to emulate the dictatonalways of Mustapha Harris antagonised almostall segments of win over the 20 percent 'floating' voters who can decidethe outcome in the nest Sabah's diverse population whenhe gave the sovereignty ofLabuan, an island off the election. east coast of Sabah, tothe Federal government,thus reinforcing the image of his being a federal lackey who sold out Sabah's interests Together w~thallegations of wide-spread comption and forced Islamisation, this action caused a group of Beiaya dissiden~. Section 11: Sabah i Sabah is demographically quitesimilar to Sarawak Its 1.7 million populationis made up primarily of Nh@ and led by a Icadazan Cathol~c,Joseph Pair~nKitingan, to made up of about 3 j different ethn~cgroups; the Kadazan and a closely-relatedgrollp, challengeHams. When he was compelled to resign from Berjaya and his constituencyof the ~~s~n,and the Muruts together constitute about40 percent; Chinese 22 percent; I Tambunan, Pairin Stood as an independent and easily won re-election in December Malays and the Bajaus 32 percent, Others 6 percent. However, thesefigures are only 1984 Pairin's strong stand against the encroachment of Islam and the promotion of estimates as lt is in1possible toget precise figures.In the 1980 census, a broadca%oV I Malay culture easily made him the champion of the non-Muslim communityin Sabah. 'pribumi' used to count all burniputeragroupings (includingnon-bumiputera wllo Hams then decided to call for an early state election in order check Pairinnsrising had converted to Islam). Likewise, there is a sizeable number ofSlno-Kadazan, children popularity. Just beforethe 1985 stale election, Pairin founded a new political party, Pani of inter-mamage between the Kadazan and Chinese, who do not easily fit into any ' Bersatu Sabah (United Sabah Pamor PBS). PBS went on to win the poll with 26 seats, eGsting category.27A better measure is to regard the population as roughly 40 percent USNO 16, Berjaya 6; hence the Berjaya administrationfell within a decade. PBS won Musliln bun~lputeram), 40 percent non-Muslimbum~putera (NMB) and 20 Percent mainly on the NMB and Chinese votes.3iThe PBS victory became a personal setback non-bumiputera (i.e. Chinese and other. non-indigenous peoples).The MB includes for Prime Minister Mahathiras he had earlier pledged to 'sink or swim' with Bejays, Malay, Bajau, Suluk, Brune~Malay, Tidong,Cocos Malay, Idaan and Bugis. The M'm The federal BN was also unhappy w~thPBS as, unl~keBejaya, Pairin had formed the include Kadazan-Dusun, Munlts, Rungus, Orang Sungei and other minority groups. pWwithout the blessing of the federal government.32 State politics, as in Sarawak, are a mixture of tensions and dealsamong these three groups Again, l~keSarawak, Sabah polltics have been driven by patronage-timber 1 29~eeEd Hunter, Misdeeds of Tun Musfapha (Hong Kong: Ed Hunter, 1976) and 28 concessions,contracts andbusmess oppomnities. , R. Tilman 'Mustapha's Sabah 1968-1975'Asia11 Survey, 16 (6)(June 1976) pp.495-509 30~ordetails see Sin Fong Han, 'A constitutional coup d'etat: an analys~sof the SababPolitics: USNO to PBS birth and victory ofthe Berjaya party in Sabah, Malaysia', Asian Survey, Vol. XU(, No. One unique feature of Sabah politics is the rapid shifting of electoralloyalty that 4, 1979 (A~~~~)pp, 379-389. in the ruling party or coalition lallingfrom power in less than a decade. For 31FarEastern Economic Review (PEER), 9 May 1985.See also K.T.Kalimuthu, 'The Sabah State Election of April 1985', Aslan Survey, 26. 7 (July 1986) pp. 815-837 & 27~orsome years, SIIIO-Kadazanwere counted as 'bum~~utera'and even Some Marvis Puthucheary, Federalism at the Crossroads. The 1985 election in Sabah and Chinese were counted as 'bumiputeratbecause they had been issued pribuml their implicalionsfor the federal-stare relations (Kuala Lumpur: ISIS Malaysia,198 5) 'cenificates' On the problems of collecting demographic data, see I' 32~ora discuss~on of Sabah's political developmentand PBS'sformat~on, see James P.Ongluli, 'Political Developmentin Sabah 1963-1988', in J.G. Kitingan and M.J. *~~~~~~~~h~'J.G. ~iti~~analld M.J. Ongkili (eds.),Sabah: 25 Years Later (I(0ta Kinabalu: IDS Sabah, 1989), pp.405-458. Ongkili, Sabah- 25 Years Later (Kota Kmabalu: IDS Sabah,1989), pp. 61-79& Francis Kok Wah, 'Modernisation, culturalrevival and counter-hegemony: the Kadazansof 28~~~a discussion on how timber is tied into the polltlcalsystem and leadership of the chnesecommu,,ity, see Ed~nLee, The Towkays of Sabah: Chinese Leadership Sabah in the 1980s' in Joel Kahn and Francis Loh Kok Wah (eds.), Fragmented Vision: and (ndiger70usChalle,lge ill the last phase oj Brilrsh rule (Singapore: S~ngapOre and politics in ContemporarY Malaysia (Sydney: Asian Sm&es Association of Australia in associat~onwith Allen & Unwin, 1992)pp. 225-253. University Press,1976). ; 7- I I 114 Borneo Resa-rchBuHet~n Vol 2 Voi 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n I15 Initially, Pairin had trouble ruling as USNO andBerjaya, which had formed Jn Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), would intervene directly by setting up branches alliance of convenience, started a campaignto depose the PBS government.It included a in Sabah. Th~smove was highly s~gnificdnt,as hitherto no Peninsular-based BN parties failed power-grabby Mustapha wluch was reversed by the then deputy-premier, Missa had spread their wingsto Sabah, or to Sarawak. Hitam, a legal challenge filed by Mustapha against Pairin's appointment, andboi,lb ; Although the BN coalition easily won re-election,in Sabah PBS managed to win explosions in the cap~tal,Kota Kinabalu The dissidents had hoped that \vitli a I1of the 20 parl~amentaryseats, taking some MB seats as well. BN won theother six breakdown of security, the federal government would impose emergency rulein SaG;h, sats,three with very small lnajorities. thus ind~rectlybrlnging the PBS government down.These actions were supported q 1 certain federal UMNO factions33who wanted to force PBS into a coalition government The 1994 State Election38 with u~N0.3~Fac~ng pressure from all sides. Pairin opted for a snap election in b'iny I From then on, federal pressure and harassment of the PBS governmentbegan. 1986, wth the result that PBS greatlyincreased its majority from 26 to34 seats. P9S' Pairin was charged with three counts of corruption, and his brother, JeErey Kitingan, share of the popular vote also increased correspondinglyfrom about 30 percent in 19::j was detained without trail under the Internal Security Act (ISA) for allegedly plotting to 53 percent a year later 35 After such a convincing electoral victoryand for p011ti~:nl Sabah's secession from the federation. Jeffrey was also charged with corruption expediency, PBSwas adm~ttedto the BN. involv~ngkickbacks from businessdealing with the Sabah Foundation, which he Hence, Sabah was in a position where one componentof the BN coalition, Pr:S. headed.39 In addition, the federal government actively neglectedSabah economically was in power while anotherBN cornponenl. USNO, wasthe main opposillon, asltualiai~ I and durlng the period 1990 to 1995, the state's economy consistently performedbelow similar to PBDS' in Sarawak from 1987to 1994 (see above). Dur~ngthe July 1990 siale the national average. Locals referredto the s~tuationas a 'pol~t~calrecession'. election, as both PBS and USNO were BN components, the federal UMNO-led DN Meanwlule, in order to strengthen Sabah UMNO, Mustapha Harun wasasked to publicly took a neutral position in the PBS-USNO tussle. Privately,UMNO backed the I resign from USNO and his constituency so that he could contestas an UMNO candidate ~uslim-basedUSNO. Desp~tethis, PBS eas~lywon re-election when it took 36 oul or-% In the by-election. Mustapha easilywon the seat again and became UMNO Sabah liaison seats-with 53.92percent of the popular vote-while USNO took the other 12. Berjaya chief. Mahathir alsoappointed him the federal minister for Sabah affairsin 1992, a was by then a spent force in Sabah portfoliounfilled since the 1970s. The uneasy relationsh~pbetween PBS, which championed the cause of the non- USNO came under the control ofMustapha's son,Am~rkahar. In late 1992 USNO Muslims and state rights,and UMNO, which championedthe r~ghtsof the Muslims altd joined PBS in a coalition government.This was hardly surprisingas many USNO Islam, was to manifest itself whenPBS withdrew from the BN a iew days before the members did not llke the intrusion of UMNO, seen as an outsider, into Sabah politics October 1990 general election.Pairin alleged that the federal government !lad and in particular, UMNO's moves to try to replace USNO with SabahUMNO. USNO disregardedmany of PBS' requests on such Issuessuch as a Sabah university, a separate was subsequently deregisteredas a political partyby the federally-controlled registrar of television channel for Sabah and that the federal government had ignored many of societies and all USNO candidates wereforced to stand as PBS candidatesin the I991 Sabah's rightsunder the '20-point' agreement signed when Sabah joinedthe federalion polls in 1963 (more later). In what Mahathir phrased 'a stab in the back'. PBS thren its 1 Pairin called for the elect~onin February after the courts fined him M$1,800 for suppon behnd Mahathir's archr~val, Tengku Razale~gh.and Gangasan~ak~at.~' cormption. just short of MS2000, the amount which would mean legal disqualification USNO's dismal performancein the state electionearlier meant that. llke Berjay~.it from the chief ministership.A month earlier,Jeffrey Kitingan had been released after was a spent force inSabah polit~csMoreover, manyUSNO members were known:c- be two years' detention. attracted to PBS's strong regional~smstand. Under such circumstances, Mahr.:;ir The PBS campaignedon the theme 'Sabah forthe Sabahans' and Kadazan-Dusun ~mmdiatelyannounced that UMNO and its main partner in the Pen~nsula.!he nationalism. It argued that a BN victory would lead to 'colonlsation' by Kuala Lurnpur The Issue of state rights centredon the 'Twenty Points', slgned in 1963, wh~chhad stipulated Sabah's (and Sarawak's) rights and privileges under the proposed Malaysian 33~udreyKahin, 'Cr~sison the Periphery: The Rift Between Kuala Lumpur and Sabah', PacflcAffuirs, 65 (1) (Spr~ng1992) p 41 34~~ER,10 April, 1986 38Thissection is based mainly on James Chln. 'Sabah StateElect~on of 1991: End 3S~~~R,15 May 1986; Bala Chandran The Thrvrl &landare (Kuala Lumpur: Cala of Kadazan u~ty',Asian Survey, Vol 34 (10) 1994, pp. 904-9 15 Chandran, 1986) 39Jeffrey Kitingan had been charged with accepting hundredsof thousands of 36FEER,26 July 1990 dollars in cash and companyshares in return for political and bus~nessfavours, some 37~eeKhoong IQm Hoong, ~\/falaysia'sGeneral EIection 1990, Continuity,Chr!~~ge allegedlydoled out in his capacity as director of the state-owned Sabah Foundation. The and Erhnic Politics, (Singapore: ISEAS Research Notes and Discussion Paperno '4. charges were later dropped for'lack of evidence', reinforcing the imagethat he had 'sold 1991) out' to the BN - 116 BorneoResearch Bulletin Vol. :17 Vol. 27 BorneoResearch Bulletin 117 federation. Accordingto PBS, manyof the Twenty Points, whichinclude guaranteesr'sr Sabah, the BN promised thatif elected, the chief minister's post wouldgo to a Sabahan. state autonomy overimmigration, education and religion, have been routinelyvlolat;.d In order to secure theNMB and Chinese vote, Mahatlurannounced that under a BN or curtailed completelyby the Federal govemn~ent.~~The chauvinistic elementsin PE S administration, theSabah chef ministershipwould be rotated everytwo years equally asserted that if the Kadazandid not vote PBS,the chief minister's post wouldgo to a betweenMB, NMB and Chinesecormnunities. non-Kadazan with theresult that the Kadazan and NMB communitywould be The BN campaign received a major boost when Yong TeckLee, the hghest- discriminated against,as it had been during the Mustapha and Harrisadministratiol!s. rankingPBS ethnic Chinesemember and deputy chiefminister, defected and established Painn's corruption charges were portrayedas a political vendetta by the federal BN a new party, the Sabah ProgressiveParty (SAPP).Yong's blunt message wassimple. the authoritiesagainst the Kadazan community, a serious indictment given Pairinthat was Chinese businesscommunity, which has a seventy percentshare of Sabah's economy, the Huguatl Siou (paramountchier) of the Kadazan. PBSalso demandedan increasern would suffer if PBS were re-elected. petroleum royaltiesfrom 5 percent to I5percent, the setting up of a university. a i The results were surprisinglyclose PBS won25 seats whilethe remaining23 were separateTV stationfor Sabah,and the return ofthe islandof Labuan. won by the BN(UMNO 18; SAPP3; LDP 1; AKAR 1). Of the 436,448votes cast, PBS The illegal immigrants fromthe southern Philippines also became akey Issue zs took 215. 952 votes (49.66percent), BN201,374 (46.3 percent) and the rest went to the they were widely blamed for the huge rise in petty crime, as well as for taking smaller parlies and independent^.^^ The voting patternwas clearly racial:PBS won all employment opportunihes away from the locals.PBS blamed the illegal migra~at 15 NMB-majorityconst~tuencies and UMNOtook all 18 MB constituenc~es.With the problem on the federal gove.rnment (andUMNO, as it controlled the federsl Chinese vote partially splitby SAP,the seven Chnese-majorityconstituencies were administration)as national securitycame under the purview of Kuala Lumpur. Religlc,.~ div~dedbetween PBS (whchwon 4) and BN (3). was also a primeissue as UMNO wascriticised for tryingto stamp itsMuslim-Malay , Almost immediately,intense jockeying began. BN tried to persuade a few PBS brand of politicson a state where the Malays are in a minority,whereas the majority of legislators to defect with promises of financial windfall44 and positions in the next natives are Christians andwhere there IS a sizeable Chinese population.The religions adm~nistrationThe governor, Tun MohamadSaid Keruak, lnit~allyrefused toswear-in factor had an added political consequenceas it was widely believedthat the majorityof airi in.^^Painn was forcedto start a vigil outside the gates of the governor's mansion. the illegal Filipinoswere Musliins, and onthis basis, were Issued blue Malaysian After 36 hours outsidethe mansion, Painn was formally sworn ~n as Sabah's chief identity cards (a sign of citizenshp),which wouldmake these Filipinos eligible tovote minister. These Filipino Muslims were almost certainly expectedto vote for the championof Less than two weekslater, three PBS state assemblymenand a PBS MP became the i Islam, Sabah UMNO. Although it is impossible toascertain the exact number of such first of many PBS legislatorsto defect. EvenJeffrey Kitingan, Pairin'syounger brother, voters, their openpresence ~n many constituenciesmade Islaman importantelectoral announced thathe would quit PBS and join BN. Pairintrled to calledfor another state election but the governor flatly refused,insisting that it was too soon to call a new issue.41In a surpris~ngmove, Mustapha Harundefected toPBS.~~ I The BN's campaignwas based on the cairot thatit alone had theresources to , election, and sinceBN clearly had the confidenceof the majority ofthe assemblymen,it ' develop Sabahecononucally. Its manifesto promised huge infrastructure projectsas we1.l should be givena chance to form the next admnistration.With only five state as the state's first university To counterPBS's accusation thatUMNO would 'colonise' assemblyman left in this party, Pairin formally tenderedhis resignation and was immediately replacedby SakaranDandal, Sabah UMNO'schief. Defection by senior members ofPBS spawneda host of new political parties.The 40For a discussion on PBS's grievances overthe 'Twenty Polnts', see Herman , former PBS secretaly-general, JosephKurup, formedthe Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah Luping 'The Formation of MalaysiaRevisited' in J.G. Kitingan and M.J. Ongkili. (PBRS), while the former deputy chiefnunister, Bernard Dompok,formed Parti Sabah: 25 I'ears Laler (Kota hnabalu.IDS Sabah, 1989)pp. 1-60, For partisana vlew, Demokratik Sabah(PDS). Jeffrey Kitingan also tried to form a new patty, Parti see Khusairie Talib,Kontroversi 170 Perkara: Sahahan vs Sahahan (Kota Kinabalu: Demokratik SabahBersatu (PDSB).However, he was unable to register the PDSBand Goldana Corporation, 1993)and Patrick bin Slndu & Abdul Malek Unar. Isu 20 j instead opted to join hgkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu (-) as the deputy Perkara:jat?irnan dan perlindungatl (Penampang,Sabah : Studio 3, 1993) I 4'See 'The shadowlife of Filipinos in Sabah',Aslaweek, 30 April 1994. 42~lthoughMustapha was not a candidate himself,two of h~ssons (Amirkaharand Badan~ddm)stood as PBS candidates. Mustapha fell out with UMNO when one of his main mentors in Peninsular UMNO, Ghafar Baba, was forced out of UMNO'sdepuv 43~Sf21 February 1994. presidency inan internal UMNO party election. Mustapha was one of the UMNO 44Accor~ngto Painn, thegoing rate for a PBS defector wasM$3 million. divisional chefs who supported Ghafar in hs struggle with Anwarbrahm. When 45~hegovernor was hardlyimpartial as his son had justbeen elected,standing as a Anwar won, Mustapha saw his grip on UMNO Sabah loosened as Anwar'ssupporters UMNO Sabah candidate. Moreover,the governorhimself was appointedby the federal tried to ignore him. government. I T 118 Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 119 presiden~.46In addition to these Kadazan-Dusun parties,as mentioned earlier, fom~er disputes, DMfielded 4 candidates, threeof them in Chinese constituencies.PAS fielded PBS Chinese deputy chief minister Yong TeckLee forrned the Sabah ProgressiveParty one(mainly to show the flag) and there were 10 Independents. Despite thepresence of (SAPp) other parties and Independents, thereal fight was always going to be between BN and In December 1991,Sakaran Dandai, the Sabah UMNOchief minister, resignedto PBS; the other paflies were never taken seriouslyby the electorate take the state governorship.He had been fac~ngoppos~tion from several Sabah UM]VO Like Sarawak, peninsularissues were non-issues in Sabah The issue that really legislators as well as from the federal side. Mohammad Salleh, son of Sakaran's mattered was Sabah UMNO's legitimacyand PBS' abilityto retain itssupport among the predecessor as Governor,Tun Said Kemak, took over as the new chef minister. Sabah electorate. As mentioned, right from the start the Sabah UMNO-led administration suffered from creditabilityand internal friction. Sabahanswere unhappy The 1995 Campaign andResults with the way the new administration wasformed by defections and the ground was Although the parliamentary electionwas not announced until Apr~l1995, the generally supportive of PBS. Prior to the election, a small numberof AKAR, PDS a~ld campaign in Sabah had begun the moment the PBSadministration fell in March 1994. PBRS members resignedand went back into PBS, with the damaging claim that the The only way for PBS to regain its political strength was through thenext election-in Kadazan-Dusun community was being victimisedby Sabah UMNO. this case, theparliamentary election.PBS had long arguedthat only an election would Apart from the nation-w~demanifesto, a special BNsupplementary manifesto decide the 'people's will' and to that end, it had worked hard at consolidating its targetedat Sabah voterswas assembled. The Outline Perspective Plan forSabah (OPPS) grassrootsand preparing them for the next election, from March 1994 onwards. promised that Sabah would be on par economically withPeninsular Malaysia by 2010. The Sabah BN parties were also busy preparing for the next electoral fight. Needless to say, lo achieve this voters had to support the ruling BN, for federal co- Knowing that it lacked political credibility (afterall, many of the new BN legislators operation was crucial in achieving this target. The manifesto also claimed that Sabah were elected underPBS), the Sabah BN administrationdec~ded early on that economic had developed rapidly since the BN took over. Dur~ngthe campaign perlod, projects developmentwould be the key to its legitimacy. A hostof projects submittedearlier by amounting to more than M$2 billion were announced by federal leaders such as the PBS administrationwere suddenly 'approved' by the federal authorities SabahBN Mahathlr and Anwarduring their 'fly~ng'visits.48 In essence, the BN's message was also reaffirmed thatit would keep to allthe promlses made inits manifesto; federal simple:BN was the key to further federal funds and economic prosperity Vote buying money poured into Sabah and a new university was established. Other public relations was also rampantin both urban and rural constituencies. exercises undertakenby the new BN administration Included awidely publ~c~sedInquiry The whole PBS campaign was built around the 'polit~calfrogs1-a term which into the Sabah Foundat~onand several other government statutory organisations.The referred to BN candidates who hadwon their seatsas PBS candidatesin 1990. The PBS motive was to expose corruption underthe previous PBS administration.Hence, by the manifestopromised to enact legislation Lo stop 'party hopping'.49It promised to restore time Prime Min~sterMahath~r announced that aparl~arnentary poll would be held, all 'PBS and Sabah's honour,' which it claimed was tarnished by the PBS defectors. It the contestantswere ready and campaigning hadbeen underwayfor about a year. argued that the Sabah UMNO-led administrationwas illegitimate as it had no mandate Seat allocation in Sabah BN was qulte a straightforward affair. All the MB- from the people. PBS cand~datesalso signed a public pledgenot to 'hop' after the majority seats were glven to Sabah UMNO with the exception of Tawau which was elections. Other issues raised by the PBS-state rights under the Twenty Points, the given to SAPP. The five NMB constituencies were dividedamong the three Kadazan- large number of illegal Muslim Filipino 'phantom' voters, forced Islamisation, Dusun based BN parties(2 AW& I PDS, 2 PBRS) The Chnese constituencies were discrim~nationagainst non-Muslims,'colon~sation' by Kuala Lumpur-were similar to allocated to the ChineseBN parties (2 SAPP, 1 LDP) with the exception of Kinabalu the ones raised in the 1994 election. PBS also argued that since Sabah UMNO's whch was alloned to PDS. Sabah UMNO fielded 10 candidates, SAPP3, LDP 1 and accession to power, racial and relig~ouspolarisation had reached new heights. In PBRS and PDS 2 each. The Chinese-based LDP and the three Kadazan-Dusun essence, PBS was selling Kadazan-Dusun ethnic nationalismas well as Sabah parties were initially unhappy, believingthat they were entitled to more seats, but hadto back down in face of the federal UMNO leaders' blank refusal to d~scussthe issue LDP was unhappy because it was worried that it might be eclipsed by SAF'P (both are 47~orthe very first time, PBS also fielded candidates outside Sabah in Penang, Chinese-based), while the three Kadazan-Dusun BN partieswanted some 'safe' seats. Five incumbentswere also dropped becausethelr loyalty to Sabah BN was suspect. JOhorlK*ah and sarawak. ~lventhat PBS was founded as a regonal party, the PBS On the opposition side,PBS fielded candidates in all the c~nstituencies.~'Because candidates outsideSabah must be seen as an attempt to'test the water' for possible future expansion of PBS into a nation-wide pafly Because none of its non-Sabahcand~dates PBS and DAP were unable to come to an agreement, chiefly over seat allocation won or came close to winning,11 is unllkely that PBSwill be able to transform itself into a nation-wide political party in the near future. 46~~~~was formed by another PBS dissident, Mark Kod~ng,who left after a 48~orneoMail, 18, 19 April 1995. quarrel with Pairinin 1991. AKAR joined the BN coalitionstraight after its inception. 49~eethe 1995 PBS manifesto. See alsoDaily Express,19 April 1995 I T 120 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 12 1 nationalism: vote PBS as a protest against the Peninsular-based UMNO and those part~eshad credibil~tyamong Kadazan-Dusunvoters was dispelledIn th~selection. This former PBS legislators who betrayed the Kadazan-Dusun and Sabah by deserting to is illustrated by the defeat of BN'sJeffrey Kitingan, who was decisively defeatedby PBS' Sabah BN. Maslmus Ongkili,Jeffrey's nephew.52Jeffrey rvas one of the key PBS' leaders whose The explicit choice facingthe voters is best summed upby the Sabah UMNOchief defection to BN caused the collapse of the PBS state government in March 1994. minister himself: 'Theelection providesthe people with a choice behveen BN's politics Another defector, Bernard Dompok,was also decisively defeatedby a PBS candidate. of development or PBSpolitics of ~entiment"~ Pair~nput it succ~nctlywhen he said '... the [Kadazan-Dusunjpeople sentenced them The outcomewas: BN won in 12 constituencies(Sabah UMNO8, SAPP 3, LDP I) [former PBS legislators who defected to the BN] to their political deaths.Is3 Almost all and PBS 8. the votes won by Kadazan-DusunBN pafiles came from Muslim-bumiputera who have consistently voted forBN. The Penampang constituency is an example-its votes are , VotingPatterns made up of 40.33 percentMB, 36.47 percentNMB, 21 percent Chinese and2.2 Others. The 1995 results differed l~ttlefrom the 1994 state election The BN took 52.68 The PBS candidate,Paul Nointien, obtained5 1 90 percent of the vote and his opponent, percent of the vote, or about 5 percent morethan in 1994. PBS took about ten percent Bernard Dompok, received 45.87 percent of the vote. Assuming that the MB vote is less at 42.3 per cent of the popular vote, a drop of about seven percent comparedto solidly behind any BN cand~date,Dompok only secured about 5-8 percent of the non- 1994 Again. similar to the 1994 election. voting was clearly along ethniclreligious Muslim vote. lines. However In percentage terms, theBN machinery has madea significantgain in the Sabah UMNO clearly dominated in the MB const~tuencieswhere it took 62.4.7 NMB areas. Compared to the 1994 results (BN28.94 percent PBS 64.73 percent), BN percent of the popular vote, compared with PBS' 36.63 per cent. In 1994, in the MB has managed to swing about 12 per cent of the NMB vote in its favour However,only areas, BN received 55.91 percent while thePBS got 41.0 percent. SabahUMNO has half of the BN's gain came froma sh~fiin PBS supporters, the otherhalf came from the strengthened itshold on the MB territory while PBS haslost ground. This suggests that floating voters who had supportedindependents in the 1994 polls. Many ofthe 1991 Sabah UMNO is close to its alm of taklng over the entireMusl~m USNO vote." independents were fundedby the BN to split the voteand therefore likelyto support the In the 1994 election. theChinese community was equally splitbetween PBS (49.96 BN this time. percent) and BN (46.96 percent). This was repeatedin 1995. BN received 43.58 per cent The defeat of the Kadazan-Dusun BN parties also meant that all the Kadazan- of the vote while PBS was close at 37.16 percent. DAP took a sign~ficant16.7 percent of Dusun representat~vesln the federal government d~ssipated-Jeffrey Kitingan was a the vote. Assuming that DAP voters would have voted for PBS ifthe party had formed deputy federal housingand local government minister whileDompok was aminister in an alliance w~thPBS against BN, one could argue that more than half of the voters In the Prime Min~s~er'sDepart~nent.'~ the Chnese constltuencles were against BN; hence the Chinesevote had split. From The results also suggest thatthe Kadazan-Dusun communityidentified morew~th Table 4, it can be seen that had there been an alliance, the opposition could easilyhave the PBS party than its personalities.For example, many of the candidates from AKAR won at least 2 constituencies (Gaya andSandakan). This was the polit~calprice paid by and PDRS were former seruorPBS office bearers. BN candidates likeJeffrey Kitingan the inability of PBS and DMto form an alliance. In other words, SAPPand LDP's and Bernard Dompok wereat one time regarded as possible successorsto Pairin as party victories were the result of the split In Ch~nesevotes. This is again borne out whenwe leader. Yet both men were defeated as much because they were notPBS candidatesas look at Table 5; DMgained at the expenseof both BN and PBS. This would suggest for the fact that they were widely seen to have betrayed the PBS party when they that whileabout half of the Sabah Chinese voterswere potential opposition voters,about defected to BN after the 1994 election. Other BN candidates who lost primarily because one-fifth were hard-core supponers of the DM. The Sabah Ch~nesevote also went they defected fromPBS were Monggoh Orow(Tuaran const~tuency),Othman Menud~n against the nation-wide trend where theurban Chinese voted for the BN ruling (Kinabalu) and Joseph Voon Shin Choi in the Chinese-dominated Tanjung Aru coalition. const~tuency. In the NMB areas, PBS managed to win nearly 60 percent of the popular vote versus BN's 40.67 percent. The domination by PBS in the five NMB constituencies S2~effreyKitingan's inabilityto win support is also reflected in /:is own party, meant the total defeat of all Kadazan-Dusun-based BNparties. Any notion that these m. At the time of writing, his attempt to take overthe presidency of AKAR with the open endorsementof incumbent partypresident MarkKod~ng was rebuffed when 34 SO~ST25 April 1995 of 45 AKARsupreme members refused to accept his leadership. 51~nOctober, AmlrkaharTun Mustapha, the former USNO president whoswitched 53~~~27 Apr~l1995 over to PBS and won under the PBS ticket, resigned from PBS and joined ~abah S4Afterthe election, in an apparent snubto the Kadazan-Dusun communityfor UMNO, clearly indicating that hed~d not think that PBS wascapable of holding On to voting against the BN, Mahathir appointed the LDP president as a member of the the Muslimvote. federal cabinet, a post usually reserved for anon-Muslim Kadazan. 122 Borneo Research Bullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo Resear_chMeun- 123 Overall the BN probably also gamed from the 'phantom' Illegal Mr~sl~mF~l~p~no vote, whose number cannot be ascertained accurately but IS In the region of 50,000. Total State 227962 183183 16902 3878 825 432750 accord~ngto PBS est~mates55 Altogether BNgamed about 6 5 percent uhile PBS lost 96 52 67 42 33 3 91 0 89 0 19 about 7 percent of the popular vote Table 5 shows clearly that BN's galns were ma~nly made ~nthe MB and NMB areas wh~lePBS suffered most ~nthe Ch~neseareas Key MB-Musl~mBurn~pu~era NMB-Non-Musl~mBumlputerfiada~an-Dusun Table 4 Results of the 1995 Sabah Parl~arnentaryConst~tuenc~es * V~ctor~ousparty (Source Raw data from Neu Slr trrtc Titnes TheAfar) BN PBS DAP IND PAS -MB 7 Table 5 Compar~s~onof the Sabah vole 1994and 1995 Marudu 10766 * 10880 1995 1994 Change Belud *I7368 10327 (O/O) ("/a) Papar *I2131 9015 2 57 -MB Beaufort *I4719 10076 22 1 BN 62 46 5593 +6 53 S~p~tang *9732 5208 162 PBS 36 63 41 01 -4 38 Beluran *5869 5679 L~baran *I2777 5453 215 NMB K~nabatangan *643 1 4533 BN- 67 40 27 82 +12 85 S~larn *I5815 6717 PBS 59 08 64 76* -568 Semporna * 17006 4788 INP 0 24 4 66 -4 42 Tawau *20 168 1 1037 372 825 Toral 1417783 83733 1237 82.5 2178567 mse % 61 46 36 63 051 036 BN 43 58 46 96 -3 38 PBS 37 15 49 96 -12 81 NMB DAP 16 70 2 69 +I101 Bandau 5851 *lo716 162 Tuaran 10108 "121 14 Total Sabah Penampang 12982 *I4652 BN 52 67 46 16 +6 51 Ken~ngau 8736 *I7510 PBS 42 33 49 18 -7 15 Tenom 7025 *9949 105 * The 1994 figure Includesthe two 'm~\ed'seats of Tenom and lnanan as both had Total 44 7017 64911 367 109 910 more non-Muslim voters,I've lncluded them Into the NMB category % 4067 59 08 0 174 Note Figures do not add up to 100% becausesome mlnor partles and Independents are not lnclrlded Ch~nese (Source New Strarts T~rr~es,The Stor and author's own data) Gaya *I2336 12127 1541 43 1 Tanjung Aru 8788 *I0306 4142 Conclus~onsand Prospects One Imponant reason for the BN's consistent victories in Malays~aIS the benefits K~nabalu 6462 *7973 1953 en~oyedby belng the incumbent These Include a monopolyof the broadcast medla, a Sandakan *I2892 4103 9818 near monopolyof the punt med~aand unllm~tedfinancial resources Total do478 34509 15501 2381 928717 In Sarawak and Sabah these two d~st~nctadvantages go a long way In expla~nlng % 43 58 37 15 1669 256 the electoral support enjoyed by the BN, espec~ally~n the non-urban areas The BN's monopoly of the mass med~aIS lmpresslve All the major dally newspapers In Pen~nsular SsSeeJoseph Pa~r~nKlr~ngan's speech In the Dewan Rakyat In NST,15 June 1995 Malays~aand the vernacular ones are owned by ~nd~v~dualsclosely connected wth 7 - I 123 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 1 vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 125 UMNO, MCA and MIC. In Sarawak, all themajor newspapersare owned by interests and Sarawak as many voters, includingthe younger educatedones, expect some form of close to PBB and SUPP. The Sarawak Tribune, Utusan Saruu~akand People's Mirror are financial reward for their polit~calsupport. controlled by PBB interests; for example, the executive edltorof the Sarawak Trrbutie 1s The 1995 parliamentaly elections in Sarawak and Sabah produced no major a PBB state assemblyman. The Borneo Post and See Hua Daily News are owned by surprises. There was never any doubt that the BN would win in both states. This was interests closeto SUPPand PBB. especially so in Sarawak when PBDS was readmittedto the SarawakBN. The near-total In Sabah, the s~tuationIS more flu~d.The Borneo marl is owned by PDS-related Sarawak BNdomination became clear onnominat~on day when nine seats fell to the BN ~nterestsand therefore tends to support theBN openly. Whilethe Daily Express 1s more without a fight. independent in its reponing, nevertheless it gives prominence tothe BN campaign.The What was surprising wasthe margin of loss suffered by DAP's Sim Kwang Yang Sabah edition ofthe Borneo Post is owned, as mentioned. by SUPP-related interests ~n in Kuching Many had expected a closer finish As mentioned earher, Sim's loss was Sarawak In general, Sabah newspaperssupport the state government in power. During due to h~slacklustre campaign and a long, well-plannedcampaign, skilfully the opposltlon PBS years, the newspapers took a more independent line, treading executed by the Kuching SUPP.The voting pattern of the Sarawak Chineseparalleled carefully between PBSand the BN: this was understandable as the federal government the nation-wide trendIn which the largely urban Chinese electorate backed the Chinese- lssues the newspaper publicat~onlicenses, whichare renewed annually based Bar~sancomponent part~es. There areonly three telev~sionstatlons in Malaysia-the government-ownedRTM The 1995 electionalso saw the demiseof any real opposition to PBB. With Permas I and I1and UMNO-controlled privately-ownedstation TV3. All three devote extensive politically defunct, PBB is virtually unbeatable inthe Malayhlelanau constituencies and openly biased coverage to the BN More often than not, all the lead Items in Ironically, the dominance of the PBB ~n its const~tuenciesmeans that theold fault lines television news are about Mahathir and other BN leaders, economic prosperity under a in the party, Malays vs Melanaus, will appear. Withno clear externalpolitical challenge BN administration, ethnic andreligious harmony with a subtle warning that voting for to solidifythe paw,jockeying has startedamong the seniorPBB leaders forthe position the opposition would risk turning Malaysia into a situation like Bosnia, e~c..'~In Sabah of party leader. and Sarawak, therad~o servlces in the indigenous languagesare an extremely powerhl Sarawak'snext focal point will be the state election, which must be held by the end tool in d~sseminat~nggovernment propagandain the interior, where the source of daily of 1996. The current term of the Taib administration expiresin September 1996,but it is information is usually the radio. almost certaln that he will call an election earlier ratherthan later. Given the pro- Unllmlted financial resources glves the BN an ~~npressivehead-start to any establishment mood of the electorate, and that there will be no real opposit~on,he is electoral contest.Not only does 11 allow the BN to publish as much election propoganda likely to be tempted to ride the current wave.The danger on the horizon is that, as in as it likes, more imponantly, it allows the BN to hire campaign workers to reach the previous elections, all the BN components will put up 'Independents', espec~allyin maximum number ofvoters Campaignworkers are not cheap and can cost up to M$100 Dayak areas. The Ch~neseelectorate m~ghtbe tempted to send a single DAP candidate a day in an urban constituencyand much more in the remote interior.The costs ~ncurred to the Council Negn given the party's disastrous performancein the 1995 election.The are significant. anywherefrom M$500.000 to M$lm in a parliamentary constituency. urban Chinese mood is difIicult to predict-sympathy for DMmay be the significant The financial factor is significant in the rural constituenciesof Sabah, and especially in factor in the next state election. Sarawak Sarawak's geography means that a candidate standing In constituenc~esli!:e In Sabah, the 1994 voting patternwas reconfirmed In the 1995 polls. Despite Hulu Rejang, Telang Usan or Bukit Mas has to travel several thousand kilometresin attempts to dilute the NMB constituencies, the solid support of the Kadazan-Dusun tropical jungle conditions. Access to serious financial resourcesmeans a candidate can community for PBS meant that PBS was vimally unbeatable in Kadazan-Dusun 'short-cut' the campaignby hlr~nga hellcopter and planting campaign workers 111 remote majorily constituenc~es.Desplte this,the Kadazan-Dusun BN parties fielded cand~dates. settlements to ensure that the votersare constantly being reinforced. The reasons are obvious-these Kadazan-Dusun BN parties could not claim NMB Additionally, cash is needed as many rural voters expect to be 'bought'--either b)' constituencies as they belonged to Sabah UMNO Moreover, there was a question of direct cash inducementsor material goods.In sonic instances, candidates do not even credibility In any case, these Kadazan-Dusun-based BNparties have now lost all bother to express the~rpolitical plalforrnas the voters are only interested in the amount credence in their claims to'represent' the Kadazan-Dusunpolitically. This reality was in exchange for their vote.57 Vote buy~ngis becoming more widespreadin both Sabah 56~ora discuss~on on how the Malaysian press promotesthe BN and bel~ttlesthe me confidently that he did not need to visit or worry about any longhousevotes in his opposition, see Clare Boulanger, 'Government and Press in Malaysia',Journal O/ASI(N~ consistency as long as he could &ord to pay for the votes Money,according to him, 'is and African Studie.~,XXVIII, 1-2 (1993) pp. 54-66. everything'. In the urban areas since the 1980s, it is common for gamblers to bet j70ne common comn~entmade by Sabah and Sarawak politicians was the mlllons on the outcome of electionsand thsfactor alone can alsoeffect the outcome of pervasive power ofthe cash inducementsin deciding the outcome of elections. One told elections. - 7 - I 126 Borneo Research Bulletin 1'0127 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bullet~n 127 reflected in statements madeby Jefiey I<~tinganthat the Kadazan-Dusun shoul(.be united under one part).Fedcral leaders alsoknow that parties such as AKAR, Ffiqs, i etc , are In effect parties with 'too marly chiefs and not enough Indians'.As a snub (6 ;he WANISATIONAND RURAL DEPOPULATIONIN SARAWAK Kadazan-Dusuncommunity. Mahathir appointed the leader of the small Chinese-t;lsed LDP pamy to be the Sabahan representativein the federal cab~net.Thls post ilad Philip S. Morrison trad~tionallygone to a Kada~an-Dusun l'icroria Universih,of Well/~?g/o~.i, However, as shown earlier. PBS Lost some ground In the NMB and Deparf~nentofGeography. PO Box 600, Wellingfon,blew Zealand constituencies If the trend continues.PBS m~ghtbe in trouble at the next state cleciion, E-~rtnilPhrlip.Morrison@vurr'.nc nz due by 1999. While the PBS may enjoy majority NMB supporl. its prospectsare not bright. The longer PBS stays in the opposition. the weaker it becomes, as !he By 1991 Sarawak had recorded the largest rural population in its history.This is In government machinery w~llensure that the economlc patronage network 1s extended spite of an increase in the area defined as urban and a common perception that rural into PBS strongholds. SabahBN has shown that pumping massive financialresorlcces areas were loos~ngpopulation. The early 1990s however may wellbe the last period In into Sabah can relurn some \.otes This In turn will push PBS more and more lniil a which Sarawak's rural population exceeds a millionpeople With the overall population Kadazan-Dusun issue parly, sinrilar to Dayakism. as espoused unsuccessfull!~in growh rate slowlng, the continued expansion of towns and cities will ensure the gradual neighbouring Sarawak.Whether PBS can carry Kadazan-Dusun nat~onal~smwhile in reduction in the numbers living in niral areas. the polit~calwilderness remains to be seen. Sarawak's PBDS carriedit for seven yr-ars The rate of labour d~sengagementfrom agriculture IS presently much higher than before capitulat~ngaftcr [Ire 1991 polls the rate of urbanlsation andthis is pafily responsible forthe high youthunemployment In the immediate hture, the political focus \YIIIbe on the rolatlon-system foi- l!le rate. The form that non-rural settlement takesis therefore a matter of sonre urgency. state's chlefm~nister as promised by Mahathir in 1994 The nest changeis due in Maich While the current debate considers patterns of population growthgenerally withinthe 1996 when either aNMB or a Ch~nesewill take over If the change takes placc- as state. the critical discussionsare over whether therestless young rural population should scheduled, Sabah BN's legitimacy will almost certainly improve:if the change IS be encouraged to mgrate to the large urban centres or be dlrected to planned rural cosmetic. Then the PBS \vlll ha\,e a powerful issue at the next electoral encounter. growth or so-called 'intermediatecentres'. Policy discussion focuseson the later as an In summary. the 1995 parliamentary elections didnot change the politir;al Integral pan of the accelerated com~nerciallsationof agriculture and downstream environment In e~therSarawak or Sabah. For both the ruling coal~tlonand he processing of land based products. opposition.it was back to square one. This paper addresses the measurement of the relationship between rural depopulation and urbanisation using data released from the 1991 census of population and dwellings. As such it complementsseveral prevlous ~nterpretationsof urbanisatlon in Sarawak (see Sutlive, 1985, 1986and 1989: KO, 1985, 1987 and 1989; Kedit, 1993 together with earlier discussions by Austin, 1977,Lee, 1970 and Jackson, 1968). The discussion begins by introducing the latest census results on the level of urbanisat~onthen turnsto the redistnbut~onof population overthe Sarawak settlement system. The analysis highlights theunusually rapid growth in the largest three urban centres in the state and questions the ability of potential intermediate centres toredirect the stream of rural urban migrants. URBAMHSATIONAND POPULATIONGROWTH Statistically speaking urbanisationis a simple concept.It refers to the combined effect of an increase in the proportion of a population as well as an increase in the absolute number of people living in urban areas. Sarawak appears tobe at a critical phase in 11s hstrans~tion. Table 1 shows that there has been a marked increasein the rate of urbanisation; the proponion livingin cities rose slowly from15.5 percent in 1970 to 18 percent In 1980 but then more than doubled to 37.6 percent in 1991. The average annual growth in the urban population was4.42% between 1970and 1980 and twice this rate at 9.18% between 1980 and 1991. T vol 27 BorneoResearch Bullet~n 129 Even w~ththls Increased level of urban~sat~on,populat~on growth wasst111 lugh enough to cause the number llvlngIn rural areas to contlnue to nse throughout the gz 28 1980s One component of th~sgrowth In the rural populat~onof Sarawak was the 0.0 number of (occup~ed)dwelling unlts (brleks)In longhousesThls count roseby nearly 20 s O\~ 1 a percent betweenthe last two census years, from 54,670 to 65,065 When comparedwlth -m - g2 the 5 2% average annual rateof increase for dwelllng urutsas a whole the Increaseof 26 percent per year In the number of dwell~ngsIn longhouses was substant~al ~8zg2$8 2 2% gN vN (Departmentof Statlstlcs 1995c,Table 2 3, p 1I) Althoughmany more longhousesare now w~thlncommuting d~stanceof non-agricultural employment centresdue to transpon A; % -0\P ~mprovements,the nse In the number of such dwelllng units1s st111 lnd~catlveof the low levels of ~ndustr~allsat~onand the precariousnature of alternative non-farm employment $ gq ZZ opportunltlesw~thln the state It IS In thls context thatwe need to explore the changlng 6u-- %$ S" X- charactenstlcsof the Sarawak settlementsystem g 5 The Sarawaksettlement system $k 5 ym0 "- We can dlstlngu~shat least four qual~talivelydifferent forms of settlement In $5 XK w a 3 N Sarawak beglnnlng wlth the large urban centresThe first three levels are broadly 3, 5 % consistent wlth theproposed nat~onalsettlement h~erarchy (see Dandot, 1993 17) 2 a 1 The fully grown townswhlch contaln a w~devarlety of commerc~al, -a c-4 SgZNmN N adnun~strat~veand recreat~onalfunct~ons zcooam 0 - a.-I- 2 The second level of settlement are the smallertowns whlch typ~callyhave a dz 01-- - w~dervarlety of spec~al~staswell as general shops, an adm~nlstratlveheadquarters up to z .;3 5 2 z - subdlvls~onand In some cases dlv~s~onallevel Large health centresand secondary m -om-n fjg sa-nm -5 schools may also appear *I-,,, s> 3 The tturd level of setrlementare the tradlng centresand bazaars poslt~oned or op, mi- Om -.= m- NO 2G along the rlvers and lncreaslngly the roads and whlch often serve aw~dely scattered Po 0' O) A Ji 2 2? rural population Bazaarstyp~cally contaln severalshop houses, often ahealth cl~nlcand - I sometimes a prlmaryschool It 1s a select~onof settlementsat thls level of the h~erarchy 35 gp,y-g 25 =a :-0-7 9 whch have been proposedas the bas~sfor rural growlllcentres '2 K 22 5E m 4 The fourth level of settlement1s the rural vlllage, kampongor longhouse These V1 dE 3 rural settlen~entswere developedto serve the~mmed~ate adm~~ustrat~ve, C "3 Y) accommodation, c %& securltyand community needs of rural households themselvesThe longhouseproved to 0 2: have a number ofadvantages In evploltlnga pafllcular agr~culturalform, notably the #m ,o 5 -3 cc "E 3 .r!kj $5 P. k& 23 lo hepost enumeration survey (PES) after the1980 censusrevealed undercoverage of 0 5 percent and suggestedan adjustmentof the 1980 figure to 55,000 The results of .-.W -52%g- aa 2; mCc.? 0 the 1991 PES have not yet been released butcan be expected to polnt to an smmm_ z; G see2 undercoverageas well b 233e: 2s 2~hereporting of the geography of longhousesdlffers between the two census The 1980census s~mplyclassdies all longhousesas rural but the lncluslon ofbu~lt-up areas In the definitionof urban In 1991 probaby accountsfor the classlficatlon of1 5 percent of longhousesas urban (b~dTable 2 5 14) Nearly seventy percent(68 0%) of all ban households In rural areas llved In longhouses~omparedto 157% of B~dayuhand 436% of 'Other Ind~genous'(Ib~d) I I 130 BorneaearchBullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo Research Bullet~n 13 1 forest fallow system although today the longhouse, lrke the kampong, often forms a TABLE2 Number of persons In urban areas, town and bu~lt-upareas, 1991 res~dentialbase for a much more d~verslfied 'rural' economy whlch can Include Urban area Total urban Propofl~on Cumulative Townland Built-up commuting and c~rcularmlgratlon to employment In larger settlements wrth~nthe of urban proportion area hierarchy (see Morr~son1993) populat~on of urban A senlement system defined In this way stands In contrast to the slmple dlchotonny populatlon of urban and rural whlch are used to organlse Inany of the census results Wh~lesuch a Kuchng 277,346 44 99 44 99 147,729 129,617 d~chotomymay appear to ~ntroducesonie co~~s~stencywlth the rest of Malays~a,as a Slbu 133,471 21 65 66 65 126,384 7,087 Mul 102,969 16 70 83 35 87,230 15,739 classificat~onII is not particularly sensltlve to the much more Ru~durban-rural Blnhllu 52,020 8 44 91 79 11,415 40,605 contlnulty \~.hlchstr~kes the student of Sarawak In order to address th~spo~nl, we turn Sanke~ 21,136 3 43 95 22 19,256 1,880 to the definitions of urban as they have been appl~edto Sarawak In the latest populai~on Sn Arnan 18,526 3 01 98 23 4,095 14,431 census Llrnbang 10,940 1 77 100 00 10,940 0 Total urban 407,049 209,359 Dejii7117g~(rhan 117 Sura~vul: urban 616,408 10000 Officially two dlstlnct crlter~aare used In definlng settlements a numerical one 646,I 11 a~~dan adrn~n~strative one The department of stat~st~cs~n 11s defin~tlonof stralum Sarawak Populat~on- unadj = 1,648,217, adj = 1,718,380 makes a dlstlnctlon between four types of urban area according to thelr populat~on hat Urbamsatlon rate - unadj = 37 4, adj = 37 6 they called metropolltan >=75,000, urban large >=lo 000. urban small 1,000< 10 000 and rural <= 999 (Department of Stat~st~cs1983) Note Adjusted populat~onand urbarusat~onrates from Department of Stat~st~cs,1995a, Table 1 1 The slLe of an urban area and hence 11s populat~ondepends on how the term urban ltseLf 1s defined Clearly the presence of non-agricultural acttvltles and thepopulation Source Department of Statlstlcs Malays~a,1992c, Table 10, page 55 (unadjusted counts) denslty are Important As a c~tygrows ~tw~ll expand so that areal ex7ent cannot be fi\ed over tlme without undercountlng the increase rn the urban population There was belref Although ldentlfylng size of urban areas helps mod18 the rural-urban d~chotomy, lhan In that such underbounding occurred between 1970 and 19" the concept of urban present ~nthe numerical crlterla st111 creates an artlficlalbreakpoint slmply declaring an area with 10,000 people or more 'urban' as In the 1970 and 1980 In In what IS a much more flu~dsettlement system We turn therefore to settlements defined the 1991 census "adjo~nlngbullt-up areas whlch had a comblned populat~onof 10,000 or by admmstrat~vecntena more" were also designated as urban In order to be so defined these bu~lt-upareas contiguous to a gazetted area also had to have 60 per cent of the11 population (aged 10 by years or more) engaged In non-agr~culturalactivltles and at least 30 percent of their In contrast to the numerical cnterla whlch d~v~deSarawak lnto urban and rural houslng unlts had to have modern tollel faclllt~es(Department of Stat~st~csMalaysia, areas on the bass of urban slze, adrmmstrat~vecr~tena use governance In order lo 1992b 12) drstingulsh between settlements The admlnlstratlve classlficat~onalso uses a loose As a of a~~l~lng seven 'urban' areas were 'dent'fied pop~!atiolIcrlterla and an appreclatlon of the vane@ of services centres provldlng urban and L1mbang and It Is these In 1991 Kuchlngl Sibu, B1ntulu,Sarlkei, type functions Such divlslons are largely h~stor~calwrth per~od~cchanges made to seven 'urban' areas whlch are used to calculate the official level of urbanlsatlon of 37 -% reflect changes In [he dlstnbutlonof populatloll and the changing needs of governance (or 37 6% uslng the populat~onadjusted for undercount~ng) As Table 2 shows, The adm~rustrat~vebasls for classlfylng settlements 1s the Local Authority Area or accordlng to ths defin~lronover two lhlrds of the urban populat~on~n the state IS LAA system These adnurustratlve areas form another level of adrn~n~strationwithln the concentrated In only two urban areas, Kuchlngand S1bu and Over e1gh5percent Ihihen Dlstnct for LAAs are usually gazetted consolldafions of towns and villages (lncludlng the thrd largest centre, Mln, 1s added new villages) They are adrn~n~steredby C~tyCounclls, Munlc~palCounclls and D~strlct Councilsformed In Sarawak under the provlslons of the respective enactments $f the Local Government Ord~nance(1977) (Depaflment of Stat~stlcsMalays~a 1992b 9) In Sarawak there 1s only one CI@ Council, two Mun~cipalCounc~ls, 19 D~str~ct Councils, two rural dlstnct counc~lsand a development board maklng a total of 25 local authontles (b~dAppendlx 1 189) In Sarawak, LAAs extend fully to the d~str~ct boundariesbut In some cases they cover more than one d~strlctThe data produced In the 7 134 Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 135 whlch alsogrew but at the much slower rate of 165 percent per Tnnumand by the Another questlon worthasklng IS whether our focus on the overall settlement bazaars wluchaveraged a growth rate ofonly 1 2 percent perannum A regression line systemas opposed to justurban areasaffects our estlmateof the rural populat~on?When fitted separately ~hroughthe large and small townlandslnd~cated qulte clearly LIat JIIS~towns, townlandsand ba/aars are used, the urban~sat~onlevel 1s actually reducedto w~th~neach settlementtype, the larger ones grew morerap~dly However no such change 30 6 percent whlch IS lower than the37 4 percent obta~nedwhen the e\tendeddefin~t~on proport~onalto slzewas apparentfor bazaars of urban 1s used The reason, as F~gure2 suggests, IS the lnclus~onnot only ofbazaars In The overall impressionwe get from F~gure2 therefore IS of bazaars, whrle areas about thelarge towns Intothe newly defined urbancentres, but other populations lncreaslngthe~r average slzeover the ~ntercensalpenod, dolng so at a slower rate than as well lncludlngup to 10% which rmght be agricultural Thrs bullt up populat~on1s dld townlands Also, unl~ketownlands, largerbazaar settlements dld not grow more clearly a substantla1proportion of the urban - over half ~nfact (as we saw ~nTable 2) A rapidly than small ones Thls suggests that thosecumulat~ve, re~nforclng forces whlch closer look at what the blanket appllcatron ofsuch defin~tlonsto the Sarawak case are charactenst~cof urban growthdo not come into play until settlelnentsreach a certa~n means for how we Interpret the geography ofpopulat~on growth In the statewould seem slze Furthermore, asslLe of the settlement Increases, so thesegrowth forces become \vorthwh~le stronger Conclusion Implrcatrons The Sarawak spaceeconomy 1s at an Important stage rn 11s transltlon from a What are the ~n~pl~cat~onsof these resultsfor a nal~onalsettlement strategy?In predom~nantlyrural to one In whch urban locat~on1s assuminga growlng lmponance panlcular whatdoes theplay of marketforces over the last lnlercensal perlod suggestfor both as a stat~st~calcategory and as a polnt of populat~onconcentration Th~s1s the llkely successof rural growthcentres and '~ntermed~atetow~1s'7 Size d~stnbutlons part~cularlyrelevant for the ban and other~nd~genous populat~ons whose urbanlsatlon alone are only a crudegu~de, but what emergesqulte clearly from the most recent rates have lustoncallybeen very low (see KO, 1985, Sutl~ve1985, 1986 and 1989) ~ntercensalev~dence 1s the l~nportanceof urban slze and strenglhof the largest centresto Although the rural populat~on1s at 11s largest recorded level,lncreaslng urban~satlon attract populat~onNot only were the large centres grou~llgmuch more rapldly than rates are operating on a rural populat~onwhose overallgrowth rate 1s slowly declln~ng smaller centresbut they were do~ngso at the expense of fhese smaller centresof and th~swill ensurethat the rural populat~onwill decl~nethroughout the1990s and into potent~allyh~gher growth the twenty-firstcenNry If d~fferencesin the rate of natural lncreasebetween rural and Thls last polnt ralses an Important questlon aboutthe relatlonshpbetween urban urban cont~nueto dlm~nlshand In and out mlgratlonrates betweenSarawak and other growthprocess In Sarawakand the pattern of nugratlonwithin the state Are we seeing states of Malays~aremaln lowthen 11 is l~kelythat growth ~n both the number and In the 1990snet movementsfrom rural longhouse settlementsto smallertowns and then proport~onof the populat~on~n urban areas will continue to depend almostent~rely on subsequent movement to the largecentres, or 1s the predom~nantmovement dlrectly rural-urban nugratlonw~th~n Sarawak Itself from ruralto large urban centres?Tlus 1s llkely tobe an lmponantquest~on if the staters The evidence presented In ttus paper shows that ratesof urban growth Into the loolung to thesmaller ba/aar sued areas and small towns as pollcy ~nstrumentsto early 1990s were proportional to urban slze, whlch means that most ofthe growth1s intervene and dlvert mlgratlon of11s young rural labour forceto the large towns of occumng In the three major urbancentres Ths 1s a strong force which IS also Kuclung,Slbu andMln exper~encedw~th~n Pen~nsular Malays~a as a whole and all ASEAN countr~esand one whlch 1s extremely difficult to counter Whllethe concept of rural growth centresand lntermedlate centres may be attractwe on paper they are pred~catedon the local relauve ranlungof the largest centresThe overall conclus~onswe draw from the acceptanceof wage labour In agrlcult~lralestates and semi-ruralagr~cultural and umber graph~cal analys~sare not greatly aEfected by thls sh~ftfrom 'urban' to 'townland' processing centres as well as an acceptance ofthe l~m~tededucat~onal opportunlt~es althoughthe magn~tudeof the parametersof growthwould be which presently characterlse rural and small town Sarawak Wh~legrowth centres 5Tlus estlmate 1s based only on those bazaars ~dentlfiableIn reports from both the Improve the bass for some specified local growth the overwhelm~ngtrend In the 1980 and 1991 censusesA number ofnew settlements were ldentlfiedas ba~aarsfol the decades leadlng to 2020 \v111 l~kelymlrror those justdescribed for the 1980s rapid first time In 1991, not because they were newsettlements per se but because they growth of the maJor centres, slower growth ofsmall towns and bazaar- coupled with (presumably) passed some threshold necess~tatlngthelr labelling as such The slLe labour shortages In commerc~alagriculture Ev~dencedurlng the 1990, suggests that dlstnbutlon of these 'new' bazaarsis shown on the vertlcal axls of F~gure2 onl) unprecedented~lnmlgratlon of a rural based labour forcefrom out-ideMalaysla 1s Unfortunately {here1s no d~scuss~onof such thresholds ~nthe census volumepublished likelyto slow thls net redlstr~but~onof the populallon to date nor are [he operat~onalmeasures of townlandsand bazaar discussed Census users would obv~o~slybenefit from such clarlficatlon I I 136 Borneo ResearchBullet~n !!GI. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 137 Acknowledgments KO, J.T.H. 1985 ban on the move: an empirical analysisSarawak Gazelle vol This paper was written while I was a ResearchFellow in ASEAN affairsat CXI No 1494 4th quarter issue 5-21 the Institute for Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS)In 1995. 1 w~shto thank the KO, J.T.H. 1987 Internal migrationin Sarawak, 1970-1980Saralvak Gazelle Institote permanent staff for their practical assistanceand to acknowledge the Vol CXIII NO 1499 1st quarter issue 4-7 role played by the New Zealand High Commission in their hnding of short KO, J.T.H. 1989 A socio-economic study ofthe ban today Sarawak Museunr term fellowships.I also wish to thank, Douglas AlauTayan, Abdul Rashid Journal XL No 6 1 (NS) Dec 79-96 Abdullah, Peter Songan. Jay1 Langub, Clifford Sather and Norjayardi Lee, Y.L. 1965 The population of Sarawak Geographic Journal 13I, 344-356 Abdullah for their assistance and hospitalityduring my visit to Sarawak in Lee, Y L. 1970 Popula~ronarid settlernen~ in Sarmvak. Singapore Donald November and legak Uli during my v~s~tto Kuala Lumpur. Any errors in this Moore for Asia Pacific Press Ltd paper remain mine. Morrison, P.S 1993 Transitions in rural Sarawak: off-farmemployment in the Kemena basinPacjic Viervoinr 34(1): 45-68 Sutlive, V.H 1985 Urban migratton into Sibu, Sarawak Borneo Researcli BIBLIOGRAPHY Bulletin 17(2): 85-95 Austin. R.F 1977 Iban migration- palternsof mobility and employment In the Sutlive, V.H 1986 Urban mlgratlon into S~buBorneo Research Bulletin twentieth centuryPhD dissertation. Un~versityof Michigan 18(1):2735 Dandot. B 1993 Issues of leadership and organisationalmanagement ar the Sutlive, V.H. 1989Ethnic ident~tyand asp~rationSarawak hluseum Journal XL v~llagelevel Jurnal AZAM (Develop~nenlIssues in Sarawak) IX (I): (61) (NZ) 35-49 15-33 Department of Statist~csMalays~a. 1983 Population anti housing census oJ Malaysia, 1980. Slate population report, Sarawak 1980 Par1 I. Kuala Lumpur: Departmentof StatisticsMalaysia December Department of Statistics Malaysia, 1991Population and housirig cen.strs oj Malaysra 1991. Prellnrinary counl reporl. Kuala Lumpur: Depanment of Statistics Malaysia December Department of Statistics Malaysia, 1992aPopulation and housing censzds oj h/u/aysia 1991. hjukim preljminarv colint report. Kuala Lumpur: Depanment of Stat~sticsMalays~a May Department of Statistics Malaysia. 1992b Populatio~land housing census oj Malaysra 1991. Preltminaty count report /or local aurhorip areas Kuala Lumpur. Department of Statistics MalaysiaAugust Department of Statist~csMalays~a, 1992c Populalion and housing census oJ Malaysia 1991. Preli~ninan,count report jar urban and rural aieas Kuala Lumpur:Depanment of Statistics Malaysia October Department of Statistics Malaysia, 1995aPopulalro~i and housing cerisus oj Malaysia 1991. General Report ofthe population census Vol 1 Kuala Lumpur Departmentof Statist~csMalaysia February Department of Statistics Malaysia, 1995b Population and housing census oJ Malaysia 1991. General Report of the population census Vol 2 ICuala Lumpur: Departmentof Statistics Malaysia February Jackson, J.C. 1968 Saran~ak-a geographrcal survey of a developing stale University of London Press Kedit, P.M. 1993 Iban bejalai Kuala Lumpur AmbangPress Sdn. Bhd for Sarawak LiterarySociety 7 138 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 , -Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 139 I BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS I for-word translation of all ofTSL in Indonesian and English, the basis for free 1 translat~onsstill incomplete. I do want to stress, flattered though I am by Bernard's threat elsewhere to publish both lexicon and text, that neither of these is now : KENYAH ORAL LITERATURE ~ublishable;they are process, not product. The more that's done with the 1 material (below),the better they'll become. Not that they're unavailable: again, anyone StephanieMorgan interested in program, lexicon ortext can contact mefor the files. Third (p. 66), though I thank Bernard for including me among the researchers P.O. Box 1179. Potilianak 7801 1. Indonesin 1 whose reports are to appear in C&C's final volume. 1 was surprised to see that I'\,e undertaken to sum up the types and themes of Dayak Kenyahoral l~teratureIn Long To differ with a Borneologistcan be dangerousto your academic health;it's rash to tug the tail of a lurklng python-dragon,as one poet put it. Though I dread distressing .Pujungan district. Fine as it would be to be able to write now at this level of generalization, I can't; nor would I have been eager to add that research to my job lily good friend Ben~ardSellato, for and with whom I've spentmany happy hours slaving over translation,I must note a few points in his recent article on "Culture and description if ithad been mentioned 111 1993, when I was contracted as consultant and Conservat~on"in Kayan-Mentarang (BRB 26) on wh~chhis energy, lnitlative and supervisor of C&C's fieldworkers inoral I~terature,w~th spec~al responsibility for crowded agenda seem to me to have led him astray. I'm the more ready to do this as it reworking TSL. An eventual paper on Kenpah perceptions of human-environment permits me to thank personally a numberof people to whom credit is due, and to add to relationships wasas general an analysisas I dared hope to make, andI did feel (still do) Bernard's repon br~efnotes on primary sources now preserved,and on a methodology that even this ought to be based on more than one flawed translation,or even four, from that could make more of them available faster to all of us just one of the district's dialects Then and now. I can't help but believe that primary First (p. 55),I thank IDRD for hosting the oral literature workshopI taught in sources-the carefully transcribed, meticulously translatedand well-annotated wordsof Pontianak in 1993, and Bernard for help~ngme. This gave me the chance to test my old singers and tale-tellersthemselves-wlll bemore valuable In the long run than anything "Outline for a Collector's QuestionList for Bornean Oral Literature" (BRB 24) as a that even the wisest and most experienced researcher may say about them now.These teaching tool and field guide, and soto find in its many flawsthe inspiration to revise are the voices that are golng s~lent;these are what there is to analyze, theonly source of and expand it. The 42-page Question L~stJorField Research m Oral Tradrtion, with 11s data in any field to which oral literature matters; these are what the tale-tellers' grandchildren should havethe chanceto read, what research pronlisesto preserve. translationA4anual untuk Peneliti Lapnngon Proyek Traclisi Lisan (for the first draft of which I thank IDRD's Stepanus Djuweng andJohn Bamba), can be had now as printout Quite a number of long tales(tekena' or kefena', the richest archives of cultural informallon) have in fact been recorded from the threeC&C field sites in the Bahau, or database(contact morgan@pont~anak.wasantara.net.id). and \vork in two dialects is still continuing.There have been two "phases" of fieldwork Second (pp, 63), to credit the linguist Sr, with work on the ~~k~~~ since cC& left Ihe in 1993, out at each site by native-speakers,under WWF L~~,~~~,for words foundin her field chartsof phonemes andprefises (1993), bes contract in early 1994 and more informallyslnce then for me. Of Bakung lekena ' from an unwarrantable neglect of equally helpful people such as linguist Anbton~aSoriente Long Aran, 6 were recorded in 1991, 17 in 1993, 20 more by Noh La'ing in early 1994, (for word lists in local dalects, 1993), and of those whose contdbubonswere greater, 15 SO far havebeen transcribed withword-for-word translations, and Noh is still at work most especiallyDrs, Albert Rufinus,whose 1991 Bakung word list formed the original Pafl-time. Five Lepo' Ke ketena ' were recordedat Apau Ping In 1993-94, two of which came from Tim Jessup, and published core of the Lexicon, have been transcribed and one translated word-for-word(few indeed, and noreflection offered other words and explanationsfor later checking, but by far the most ~mpollant of what could bedone). Seven Lepu' Ma'ut kefena'were recorded in late1993 and 35 among conuibutors is one who all but wrote the dictionary, Long Aran artist and schoolteacher Noh La'ing. He was involved from the start, making a first transcription more in 1994-95by Daruel Lawingat Long Alango, h~shome town; he has transcr~bed and translated 17 of these and is going back for more. Recording is not really a problem, Tekena Sinan La ~i,lg,helping and word-for-word translation of ~d~~~ given time, people, tools and a little money(U S. $1500 over the nvo years since WWF comp~lehls list from ths text (1991), and then In 1993 helping me expand and refine funding ended), at any rate, it's less problematic than dealingfa~rly with what's that list both off-the-cuff and through the new transcription, translationsand detailed recorded Wrestling with versionsof TSL taught me something about the pros and cons clarificahons of TSL; wh~chhe made for me. Noh also checked two versionsof ihe of word-for-word translation, in particular the absolute necessity @ace Bernard) of Lexicon that I sent to him in 1994 and 1995, and (alone amongall who've had copies) making an independent standard for spelling and translation, a lexicon storing every mailed them back with comments and additions. As for TSL itself. mentioned a bit subtlety of form and meaning 1 foundthat applyingSHOEBOX to that work spared me confusingly on p. 62, it is the first and still the only Bakungtext to have been cornpuler- a huge amount of drudgery From any good computer-typedtext you can create (or typed in full In spelling conforming to the standard the Lexicon defines.Us~ng the SIL refine) a lexicon; hat lexicon will make editing and translating any othertext in the program Wordperfect' I both len and Leuson 'lo language, at Lhe ‘‘crib.'level, rncreasingly preciseand automatic;hard-earned knowledge databases, and edited both at once as I made an increasingly automatic interlinearword- 7 - I I 140 Borneo Research Bulletin v , -Vol. 27 Borneo R~searchBulletin 14 1 IS stored to serve you later, or anyone else; and you'veleft free to translate with some British established their rule.There are also myths ,and legends These tell how the attention to, dare I say it. art I've tested this process on three of the five eplcs of the ~lorldwas formed, how it was populated, andhow it came to be as it IS. Some espla~n Kayan Tabla' Lmse' edited by Ding Ngo; using his massive Kamus as the lex~co~l:it how the landscapecame into being, highlighting symbolically significant topographic works, and it could work also for the Bahau tales,speeding theprocess of moving(hem features with local rel~g~ousconnotations. Thereare also long prayers that formerly off the~rshelves in Pontianak and Samar~nda,back out to where we want and lleed sacr~ficesmade to the rlce spirits and to spirits that destroy fields and them. (1 wrote a brief guideto SHOEBOX for translators, with commentson word-for- plantings. Finally,there are sacred texts recited by the hoholizan,the Rungus priestesses word and free translat~onand background glossar~es.to help spare other text workers and spirit-mediums. Theseare performed to cure illness, sanctify marriage ceremonies, my trials and errors; again,anyone ~nterestedin this or the tests themselves can contact increase agriculturalsuccess, prevent epidemics, restore fertility,and Increase successin me.) accumulat~ngwealth in gongs, jars, and brassware.These sacred texts are termed rinart. Last. I was a b~tbemused by Bernard's characterization of Bahau Kenyah culiures They tell of the work of the gods and demigods and are composed in poeticcouplets. as having maintained their traditionalways (p. 67): do we by now include in tradition a The first line of each coupletis in standard Rungus,the second line is In ritual lexicon. sturdy (~fsplintered) Protestant fa~thand satell~teTV? ... (Apau Plng got its first Some versesare chanted, otherssung, in movrng, beautiful performances. parabola while we were there.) Nowherein Borneo these days is remote enough to be changeless; nowhere can thestudy of oral tradition be safclypostponed About this. and Organizingthe Oral LiteraturePrqject the need for 11. we can all agree. How to collect this important oral literature?My wife and I are no longer young, and we have other obligations. sothat we recognized that we could not complete 1111s task ourselves. Furthermore, werealized that it needed the ~nvolvementof local people THE SABAHORAL LITERATURE PROJECT: to succeed This is particrllarly so for the critical taskof transcribingtape recordings. So REPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1986 TO 1993 we determined upon the following personnel. I. An individualto transcribethe texts. 2. A field collector and an associate to accompany him as he visited George N. Appell various villages totape record the literature. Deparrt~~enloJAnthropologv The first step was to select and train a local Rungus team. We began this while Rrnnt1er.s [/niversi(v visiting the Rungusin 1986. M/nl!l~n~~r.A~lassachusetls. 03?5-/. USA In 1987 we brought the now Director ofthe Kudat Officeto our research facilities in the Un~tedStates to tram him In tape recording and transcr~ption.He was Introduction accompanied by his father and at this time we also started to translate oralliterature, The Sabah Oral Literature Project was established to collect. presenle, and annotate it, and provide cultural commentaries. However, this indiv~dual,who was translate oral literature of the variouspeoples of northern Sabah.In 1986 we reallzed supposed to do collecting, was unable to get enough free time from hiswork with the that there was a need for such a project when wewere able to return to our study of the government Consequently,he undertook onlyto transcribe in his spare time and to run Rungus after a hiatusof 23 years. We found that the old adat of marriage anddeath had the Kudat Office largely disappeared, the Rungus language was belng eroded, and rel~g~ouscerernonles In 1990 the present field collectorand his assistant were added to the team and associated with agriculture, illness,infert~lity. and misfortune were no longerbelng recelved in~tialtralning when we vis~tedthe Rungus in 1990. Dur~ngthe follow~ngyear held All these ceremonies were occasions In the past of major oral performances. the field collector traveled throughoutthe Kudat area tape recordingvarious oral It was clear that ~fsomething were not done in the nest five to ten years. the oral traditions He was accompanied by an older man who rememberedthe traditional literature ofthe people in the Kudat Division would begone. In addition to the Rungus. cultureand had contacts with splrit-mediurnsand hlowledgeable in oral history, some 16 other Dusun~cor Pa~tanicspeaking peoples live 111 the area. folktales, and myth. It was decided in 1991 thatthe work of the field collector and his assistant had progressed sowell that they were in a posit~onto benefit from fimher The Oral Literatureof the Rungus training. Consequently,during thefirst half of 1992,they received additional trainingat The oral literatureof the peoples of Sabah contains important knowledgeregarding our facilities in the United states,T~~~ was intended to sl,arpen [heir skills In the environment andits uses. 11 glve US inslght into the human condltlon during a time locating types of oral literature, collecting background to the sacred texts, and In whlch small communities lived by subs~stenceagriculture. Most importantly. rhis recording exegesis, This was done by working on translationsof material already literaturehas aestheticvalue, as a fully developed art forni. collected. In addition to expanding the body of already translated works, training Rungus oral literature comprises avariety of genre. Flrs~.there are historical revealed gaps in our recordings, lines of inquiry that naededto be followed up, and narratives. Some tell of life beforethe arrival of the British: others tell of how !he 7 142 Borneo Research Bulletin v012 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 143 I questions to be asked In collecting additional texts andin the further exegesis of , In order to do proper translationand arrive at a full understandingof metaphorical materials already collected i language, we have been working over the years on a Rungus Cultural Dictionary. This In 1992 we discovered thatfor any particular ceremony, texts were highlyvariable . started out as a simple dictionary, but it is now much more than that. It includes between individual priestesses, even betweenthose who were teacher and student. explanations of words in their cultural context, descriptions of beliefs, accounts of the Consequently, we set a goal of collecting several examplesof the each type of text lor ' uses of tools, the nature of gods and spirits, andof different ceremonies.This work, at comparison. present, is still far from complete. We are adding to it each year from the oral literature Previously. our field collector had been working on the project in his spare tili~c, materials we and the project peronnel havebeen collecting We approached him with the proposition of working full t~meafter h~straining In 1992. He agreed to this. However, during our 1994 field session, we discovered that heand !lis Additional Purposesof The Project ass~stanthad ceased recording texts.We therefore had to locate and train a new teaill. i The project was designed tolest procedures for the collection and preservationof We had been working for several years with aRungus hoholizan on religious literature oral literature In Sabah. Whenwe began we did not know whether our methods would and she offered to help She had a ion who could write both Malay and Rungus, and we work or not. if they did, it was our hope thatthey could be developed into a working formed them as a team to continue collection. The hoholizan located other priestes;es 1model for other such projects. It is hoped that this project will encourage the and negotiated withthem to record their rinaif in exchange for an appropriatepaymcnt - development of similar projects in other regions of Sabah and Borneo anddemonstrate of beads and money. to local people how theycan rapidly move to collectand preserve their own oralhentage before it is lost In this regard, we are willing to help train anyone or any group of Collecting Experience and Expanding Collection to Other Groups in Mwtlat people who would like to start their own oral literaturecollection. Division But it is important to make one thing clear Taperecording this literature is only By the end of 1996 we expect to have collected about 90% of Rungus oial half the problem. While importantand critical,just as important is to have someone literature. Wehave also been able to record the tunes that sacred tests are sung to. Ye knowledgeable In the cultureto prov~dean exegesls of it and, drawingon this material, found that recording the songs interfered wilh traiiscr~ptionand comprehension of[he to build a cultural dictionaryfor the community. The Rungus in this sense are lucky. texts. It is difficult to understand phraseswhen sung, and so we focused first on testual But, for other groups, where will ethnographerscome from to produce similar cultural recording and transcription andthen on the runes. dictionaries? There seemsto be little interest in this problem. However, something is By early 1992we were concerned over the slow pace of collect~on,for there wcre better than nothlng. So we are going to continue to support our Rungus field team to st111other groups in the Kudat div~sionthat needed to have their oral literature collecied expand their activities into the other linguistic groupsin the Kudat Division.To collect and presenfed.The original Rungus team was prepared to begin collecting among these this literature will take years ofwork Perhaps we can train theKungus team to plck up groups and were tra~nedto locate personnel who have an interest ~n the work and to some of the cultural contexls in whichthis literature is performed and some of its traln thein on how to stan their own collecting teams Unfortunately,to date. this has complex metaphors and references, and, perhaps, they will discover local individuals not worked out. who would like to take on this work themselves. Philosophy of Project Payment for Tape Recording The philosophy has been to encourage and train local personnel to collect 8, ct We do not pay individuals for the myths, stories, legends,or oral hstories we preserve the oral traditions of their own ethnicgroup. record. Nor do we pay for recording agricultural rituals. However, to record the hymns, chants, and songsof the Rungus priestesses, payment is required. Thls IS because anyone Exegesis and a Rungus Cultural Dictionary who wants to learn these texts has to pay the priestesses a considerablesum for the Tape recording and transcriptionare only half the story. Whilethis work preserves [raining; thus, these textsare valuable and a form of income for the priestesses. We pay important tex?s, unless this inaterial is translated, commentedupon, interpreted, &: d in both beads and money. explained, the task is only half done. Without exegesis. interpretation, annoratio. explanation, andcommentary, textslose much of their beauty and power. Metaphors, for Equipment andProcedures example, need to be unraveled in order to understand the depth of meaning of texts. It .S We use a Sony Pro Wallunan Portable Cassette tape recorder forrecording in the important to note that this effort IS not just for those who are strangers to the soclei::'. field. A duplicate of each tape is made to be used for transcribing the materialinto Theyounger generation are also loosing their understandingof trad~t~onalmetaphors, 50 Rungus. To transcribe the tests, a Sony transcrib~ng~nachlne is used All original tape that in the future, unless we record exegesis, such texts will remain opaque and recordings are archived infireproof fil~ngcab~nets at our homeofice. inexplicable. In this area, timeis runningout. 7 144 Borneo Research Bulletin Vois Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 145 Progress to Date in standard languageand the second, amplifyngthe first, in an esoter~c,ritual leucon, 1 Cultural Dictionary: Manuscriptto date includes 1723 pages and approximc,ely used only in these textsand in songs.This is s~nularto what is reported for the Berawan 18,000 entries. by Metcalf (1989)and found in Sulawasiand Eastern Indones~a(see Fox 1988). 2 Oral Literature Tape Recorded and Transcribed An interesting aspectof the Rungus ritual lexicon is that it contains lexemes that a. Tape recordings to date: 225 hours are part of the standard lexicon of other languages in Borneo. For example, the b. Number of pages transcribedto date: 6916 longhouse apartment in Rungus 1s ongkob. In Rungus ritual language, however, IS it c. Percentage of tape recordingstranscr~bed. 60% latn~n,which is the standardterm for longhouse apartment amongthe Bulusu', whollve 3 Translat~on-In first draft approximately 10% of corpus. . up nver from Tarakan in East Kalimantan. Not all Rungus sacred texqs are in poetic form using couplets. There is also a Fundingof the Project significant body of oral literature that is composed in prose and has none of the We are now trying to find the funds to support th~seffort, but if we are 1101 characteristicsof formulaic composition. successful,we have assured the team that \ve w~lluse our own limitedresources to fruld the project, which requires a commitmentof 15 to 20 years Up toth~s po111t the v~rork Conclusions has been supportedby grants from the Wenner-Gren Anthropological Foundation,the I Thsproject will result in an archive of tape recordings and transcriptions.Just as Borneo Research Council, TheHalcyon Fund, and by my wife and myself. in the United Kingdom, where studentsread, study, and enjoy the magruficent Beowulf, We do not believe that this project will be completely successfulw~th just the the old Welsh, Ir~sh,and Scon~shSagas; just as in Norway where people read theold involvement of local people inthe collection of ths oral I~terature.It \v111 have reached Norse Sagas to learn about their historyand where they came from;just as in Iceland its full potentialonly when the costs of the project are also funded locally in Sabah. where Icelanders read, enjoy, and discuss the Saga of Burnt Njal; just as in Greece where Greeks read and study their Homeric epics to inform themof their history and to Some TheoreticalIssues define their identity;just as in Ind~awhere the Ramayana and Mahabhartraare read to In some cases we have collected the same text from the same ~nd~v~dualat two provide similar understanhng, 11 IS my hope that some day in Sabahstudents will read dLfferent points in tlme. This is to ascertain how fluidor set the tests may be. We have in their schools someof the great oral literature that we are collecting and find out more also collected texts from a teacher and her student, to see how accurate the oral about their own roots, more about their history, and more about those times thattheir transminal and commitment to memory of these texts can be. And we have found ancestors lived in. And it is also my hope that these epic poems, stories, myths, and variation in both instances. legends will be read by educated people everywherenot only for their great aesthet~c The origin of sacred texts IS attributed to dreams But in the~rrepetition and merlt but to understand the human conditionas ~t was once l~vedin Sabah transm~ual,they are embellished and modified by each performer. Wh~lesome of rh~s n~o~~cationrepresents true creatlve genius, notall of it can be described as inspired creative acts. Thereare creative annotations in which versesfrom one text are added to APPENDIX I another, or embellishments describing the behavior ofthe gods that are added at places where they were not present before These mater~alshave impl~cationsw~th regard to the Patron, Personnel,and Sponsoring Committee interpretationof oral literature, particularly w~thregard to the concept of 'formula'. The idea of the formulaic characterof oral literature originated with MilmanParry in his Patron study of Yugoslavianoral epicpoetry. He compared the formsof formulaic dictionfound The kght Honorable DatukSeri Joseph Pairin Itingan,former Ch~efMnister of in these texts to those found in the Homeric epics.He concluded that the Homericeplcs Sabah arose originally as oral literature andwere not composedas written tex7s, as we I(I!OW them today. This conclusion was developed and refined by Albert Lord. In essence the Personnel fonnula is a "group of words which is regularly en~ployedunder the same metrical G. N. Appell, Director; L. W. R. Appell, Assistant Director;Win Malanjun, conditions to express a given essentialidea" (Stolz and Shannon 1976: ix). Examples Director of the Kudat Office. are- "Achillesswift of foot," or "Hector of the flashnghelmet," but there are otherforms as well, such as the repetition of phrases and whole sequences of lines (Lloyd-Jorles SponsoringCommittee 1992. 52). Professor Vinson H. Sutlive, Jr.( College of William and Mary), Dr. Jacqueline Cemintypes of Rungus sacred texts, those whch are Poems and are chanted F'ugh-Kitingan (Sabah Ministry of Culture, Youth,and Sports), Ms. Joama &ssey sung, ehbitformulaic construction. Theyare composed in couplets, withthe first line @epartrnent of Sabah Museumand State Archives), Mr. Jude kssey, Professor V~ctor I 146 BorneoResearch Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 147 ' T. King (Centrefor South-East AsianStudies, Hull Universiry), Dr. Clifford Sather The workshop was opened with a prayer ritual(beclara') performed by n/fal,ang (Reed College). Tuing ak Remangof Pakan. This was followedby a welcomingspeech by Daruk Amar Leonard Linggi,Chairman of the Tun Jugah Foundation, and by speeches by Tan Srl Datuk Gerunsin Lembat, Director,Majlis Adat Istiadat, and YB Tan Sri Datuk Amar ' BIBLIOGRAPHY ~lfredJabo ak Numpang, theDeputy Chief Mi~sterof Sarawak The openingceremo~~y Appell. G. N. / was concludedby a performance ofthe nyetnpiang ayu (clearing aroundthe ayu) rite by ,990 Guide to the Varieties of Oral L~teratureFound in Borneo. BRB 22: 1 Maliang kmpaak Ngerubung of Baleh,one of four femaletnanang who participated In ' 98-113 the workshop This was followed by a traditionalbratr petigabang (ritual welcom~ngof Appell, G. N. and Laura W. R. Appell guests) performedby ManangBakir ak Ajan of Awik, Saratok. 1993 Converse with the Gods:The Rungus Bobolizan-Spirit Medium The main workshop was organized aroundtwo morning and one afternoon and Priestess. In: The Seen and the U~iseen.Shatilanist11, Meclrutilship sessions,beginning at 8 a.m. and ending at6 p.m., followedby dinner and an evening and possession rn Borneo, Robert Winzeler, ed. Borneo Resexich performanceand furtherdiscussions. Followingthe opening ceremony, two sessions Council Monograph Series, 2. Williamsburg: Borneo Research were held on August 1lth and three on August 12th. Each session had a chair and Counc~l. organizingpanel, wh~lethe t?lanangspoke, often at length. from the floor In treating Fos, James J., ed. topics, an effon was made to obtain the views of nzanang from each major river area 1988 T~ Speak ;~iPairs: Essays on the Ritual Langl~ages of Easfefti represented among the participants. While the chair and panelkept discussions focused, /nc/onesia. Cambridge- CambridgeUniversity Press. and at timesposed general questions,sessions were wide-ranging anddiscussions were Lloyd-Jones.Hugh dominated throughoutby the manang themselves. 1992 Becoming Homer.The Nen~York Revrew ofBooks(March 51152-55. Metcalf,Peter 1989 Hfhere re You/Spirits.Washinaon: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1 1TH AUGUST hggsby,Andrew M. el a/. Session One, "Jalai Peiian" (Chair, YB Dr. James Masing; panel, T.S Dattlk 1992 'Becoming Hon~er':An Exchange. The New Yovk Review o/ boo!^ Gerunsin Lembat, DarukAmar Leonard Linggi, YB Jimmy Donald,and Henry Gana (May 14) 41-42. Ngadi) Discussionduring this session focusedon the nature and purpose of different stolz.Benjamin A, and kchardS. Shannon,eds. pelian (shamanic curingrituals); symptomsof illness, particularlyas related to the state 1976 Oral Literature attd the Formula. Ann Arbor: Center forthe of the senrengaf and ayu; and proceduresand stagesof diagnosis and treatment. Coijrdinatlon of Ancient and Modern Studies. The University of Session Two, "Ensera Manang" (Chalr,T.S. Datuk GerunsinLembat; panel,Daruk Michigan Tenlenggong Jinggutak Attan, DatukAmar Leonard Llnggi, YB Jimmny Donald, and Henry Gana).This session tookup mylhs, narratives,and saga (etisera')relating to the origins ofban shamanism; theidentity ofthe major shama~cgods and spirits, andthe IBAN SHAMANISMWORKSHOP (A Uhf BALA AfUNANG) natureof the cosmolog~calworld oflban shamans. Kapit, Sarawak, 10-12th August. 1995 Even~ngWorkshop: "Randauenggau Bala Manang",8-1 1 p.m. This session consisted of conversationsby the shamans concerningprohibitions @enli/pemali).restrictions on visitors,and other rules relating to thepelian, or observed Clifford Sather after their conclusion,and the fees (upah) paid for performanceof different typesof Depf ofdnlhropology,Reed College pelta~i.Also discussed wasthe role of the shamans' spirit-gu~de@g) and the special Portland, OR 97202. U.S.A. rules observed uponthe deathof a shaman From 10th through 12th, 1995,the Tun Jugah Foundation, in cooPeratlon with the Majlis Adat Istiadat, sponsored.as the first of its kind. a gatheringand 12m AUGUST workshop of practicingban shamans(t?~anar?g). The gathering washeld at Kapil and Session Three. "Jalai Nyadi Manang" (Chair. YB J~mmyDonald; panel,Prof was attended by thirty-eight nlanang from communities throughout the Sri Aman. "inson Sutlive, Dr. Clifford Sather, T.S Datuk Gerunsin Lembat, and Henry Gana) Sarikei, Sibu, and Kapit Dimsions.In addition, l4 lemambangpards) participated This session concernedthe processesby which ordinaryban become manang, the role together with a numberof othersespecially versed in adal and oral tradition of dreams andspirit-guides, and the significanceof trance (luput) in curing. A major 7 Vol. 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 149 148 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 procedure wasthe measure of a woman's highestlevel of prestige in the community. top~cof the session was the ritual of induclion (bebangun)by which initiates become The number of highquality ban cloths is quite limited because onlythe most skilled acknowledged shamans. Also touchedon was the role of women nzanang and the place , weavers couldproduce the most powerful patterns,and the ban reserved such cloths for of the manang bali or "transformed shamans". the most importantevents. Sessioti Four, "Perengka Manang" (Cha~r,Datuk Amar Leonard Linggi;panel, , Most of the cloths in the exhibitiondate from the 19th century, when headhunting Datuk TemenggongJinggut, YB J~mmyDonald, Prof. Vinson Sutlive, Pemanca Mandi and textile-making still functionedas parallel avenues of prestige. Today, although ak Sana). A demonstration and discussion of the equipment used by ban shamans, 1 headhunt~nghas long ceased, the Ibancontinue to use blanket-like ritual cloths, "pua," including the pagar api, charms and medicines (batu/pengaroh/ ubat),the medicineICII (hipung),and diviningcrystal (batukaras). as decorative elements for a varletyof ceremonialoccasions. The exhbit~ondocuments the Use of "PU~" at ceremoniesculminating withthe raising of carved hornbill figureson .mserara.B,,ngai Bebunllh Buyuvq(chair, H~~~~G~~~ N~~~~; poles (one of which is included in the Fowler presentation).In former times, the hornb~ll panel Damk Temenggong J,nggut, TS ~~~k G~~~~~,~~~~b~~,and YB ~i~~~ ' Donald).This session concerned various aspectsof two major rituals, the serara' bungal was symbolically sent to attack enemy longhouses,but in today's context, it bnngs (or blmga),a rlte by which ban shamans seek to establish a properseparat~on between fortune and fame to the ceremony's sponsor.The r~tualpower of a texlileused at such ' an event was a function ofthe complexity ofits pattern, and, therefore, the skill of the the livingand the dead, and the bebunuh buy',a rite of spirit slaying. weaver who produced it During the final night Datuk Amar Leonard Linggithanked the participants for the success of the gather~ng;he and other panel members presentedsummary remarlts, Although lban textiles have long beenhighly prized by collectors, vlsltlng: curator while the tnanang spoke to a number of concerns, among them a wish for greater Traude Gav~n'smany years of field research among the Iban have yielded a wealth of recognition for their calling. The ceremony ended with pantun singing and a ritual new informationand revealed a number of misconceptions aboutthe role of these cloths recall of the participants' souls(mtrlai ke setnengat). and their makers in Iban society The scholarly book that accompanies theexhbit~on, A volume in Iban, Aum Bala Mannng [1996], containing transcript~onsof the written by Gavin, serves as a comprehens~vecatalog of Iban design and breaks new workshop proceedings, IS ava~lablein the archves of the Tun Jugah Foundation, theoretical groundabout the significanceof titles and praise poems the ban attach to Kuching, and in theoffices of the Majlis Adat Istiadat. A limited number of copies are their most powerful patterns. It contains 44 black and white and 69 color illustrations. also available for sale at cost to interested scholars and institutions Inquiriesshould be The exh~b~~~onand publication were developedby the UCLA Fowler Museum, under the d~rectionof Roy Hamilton, the museum's curatorof Southeast Asian and Oceanic addressed to the Research Direclor, Tun Jugah Foundation, P.O. Box 734, 93714 collections. Kuching, Sarawak,MALAYSIA. The exhibition will be on view at the museum Wednesdaythrough Sunday,noon to 5 p.m.,and Thursday until 8 p.m. The museum is on the UCLA campus west of Roy'ce ANNOUNCEMENTS Hall. Museum adrmssionis $5 for adults; $3 for senior citizens65 or older, non-UCLA students, UCLA facultylstaffand Alumni Association members;$1 for UCLA students; free for museum members and visitors 17 and under Admiss~onis free to everyone on EXHIBITIONANNOUNCEMENT: Thursday The exhibit~oncatalog, The Wotnen's Warpath:Iban Rifual Fabrics jrotn Borneo, by Traude Gavin, is ava~lablethrough the UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural 'THE WOMEN'SWARPATH: 1B.W RITUAL FABRICSFROM BORNEO' History Publications, Box 1549, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1349, U.S.A., in both JUNE 23 THROUGHOCTOBER 20,IN THE UNITED STATES AT UCLA'S hardbound ($40) and sohbound($22) ed~tions. FOWLERMUSEUM OF CULTURAL HISTORY Fifty magnificent, ritualcloths in 'The Women's Warpath: ban htual Fabrics ASIA PACIFIC I/IElVPOINT from Borneo' mark the first exhibition to focus in depth on ban r~tualtext~les and the masterful women weavers who transform them intopowerful expressio~lsof artistry and The journal PacrJc J'iewpo~nt(est. 1960), as of next year, will be published by tradition. Datlng fromthe 19th to early 20th century, the cloths in this exhibition Blackwell Publishers under a new title,Asia Pacrfrc Viewpoint(APV). Thejournal deals represent the finest grouping of bantextiles ever assembled inone place. with developmentissues in countries ofthe Asia Pacific regon and publ~shesworks by The ban people are rice farmers who live In longhouses along the rivers of geographers, anthropologists, economists,and other social scientists. The Editor, a Sarawak. In traditional ban society, men gamed prestlge by talung enemy heads In contributor to the BRB, Dr. Phil~pMorrison, invites submissions from those writingon warfare, while women achieved similar status by producing beautiful, handwoven Borneo, either as Research Notes or full papers (5000words approx). Since thejournal fabrics. In particular, the process of applying mordant to the yarn in reparation for is moving from two to three issues a year with more papers per issue there is, for the dyeing it red was referred toas "the women's warpath." Mastering ths complex - I50 Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol 27 Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 151 moment at least,an opportumty for very rap~dpubl~cat~on of accepted papers Enqu~r~es acknowledgement ofh~s s~gn~ficant contr~but~on to 'our understand~ngof the h~storyof and/or subrmsslons shouldbe sent toThe Ed~tor,Asla Pac~ficV~ewpo~nt, Departmen1 of the Island of Borneo and 11s place In the w~derSoutheast AsIan reg~on' Thevolume 1s Geography, V~ctonaUruvers~ty of Wellington, PO Box 600, Well~ngton,NEIY edlted by V~ctorT K~ngand A V M Horton, who also, In the~rPreface, prov~dea ZEALAND,fa\: 64-04-195-5127,Emall ph~llpmorr~son@ww ac nz personal and ~ntellectualb~ography of Father Robert The volume was produced In a ' specla1 l~mltededlt~on by the Centre for South-East AsIanStud~es, Unlverslty of Hull, Hull, England, 1995 (ISBN 0-85958-836-X)In tlme for a presentation to Robert N~choll ASSESS AUSTRALIAN STUDIES IN SOUTHEASTASIAN ISSUES at a gather~ngof famlly, friends, and colleagues on 27th Octoberat the Royal Overseas League In London It 1s hoped that the collect~onw~ll be publ~shedIn due course by the Spec~alIssue 'AustrallanAnthropology In Borneo' Sarawak LlterarySoc~ety Therefore, only a few coples are ava~lableat cost prlce from The Centre for East and Southeast As~anStud~es, James Cook Un~vers~tyof Noi'ih the Centre at Hull The essays comprlse Queensland (Townsv~lleand Calms), has ~naugurateda new journal, ASSESS, to V~ctorT Klng Preface XV-XXI accompany 11s three annual Newslefters Volume 1 ofASSESS (December 1994) and A V M Horton compnsesa Spec~alIssue, devoted ent~relyto "Austral~anAnthropology In Borneo" The ' I. Robert Niche" Issue IS ed~tedby Douglas M~lesand 1s ded~catedto the memory of W~ll~amGeddes "In 1 1 Margaret N~cholsonB~bl~ography recogmtlon of the advances he led on behalf of Australian Anthropolgy In Asla" 2-10 John Knott RobenN~choll unt~l 1946 11-18 Volume 1 contalnsthe follow~ngpapers 1 John R Dunsmore B~ograph~calsketch 19-25 Murray G D~cksonRoben N~choll~n Sarawak 26-27 Douglas M~lesEd~tor~al The Chang~ngof the Guard?, Austral~anAnthropology Hllary Nyambau A Tribute28-29 In Borneo, 1-4 Matuss~nb~n Omar, Robert N~choll~n Bmnel 30-32 Clifford Sather Wooden Weapons Constra~nedv~olence and the evolut~onof adat i ~n a N~neteenth-Centuryban soc~ety,5-23 P M , Shar~ffudd~n,and Jean Lawr~e John Knott Ret~rement 33-35 Jlm Chalmers Mercant~llsm,Brookean pol~cyand loss of Iban autonomy,24-35 Selected by Joan Rawl~nsFour short storiesby Robert Nlcholl kta Armstrong Fromdifficult nat~vesto good cltizens marglnal~tyand autonoiny 36-46 ~n a central Borneo soclety, 3647 n. Monh and Missionary 47 Chnstlne Helllwell The hero as farmly man construct~ngmasculln~ty In a Borneo Robln Clutterbuck Buckfast Abbey an Engl~shBenedlct~ne Monastery Dayak community, 18-55 w~th11s roots In the M~ddleAges 48-63 Deny ldayal~Adopt~on of ~nd~genouspractlce surv~valstrategies of Java~ese Joan Greatrex Prlor John de Eveshamof Worcester One of St transm~grantsIn Southeast Kallmantan,56-69 Bened~ct'sWorthy Stewards? 64-76 Douglas Miles Monkey-bus~nessIn the anthropology of Sarawak shaman~c Mart~nBaler Vent~mlgl~aIndones~a's first B~shoplost In the actuality versus soc~olog~cal~llus~on In Dayak pol~t~cs,70-96 jungles of Borneo three hundredyears ago 77-81 Correspondenceregard~ng purchase of the Journal (A$ IS), mallng, subscr~pt~ons, John Rooney Don Carlos Cuarteron 'Not wlth a bang,but and future contnbut~onsshould be addressed to The Ed~tor,ACCESS Journal, a wh~mper' 82-90 Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, James Cook Unlvers~ty,Townsv~lle Graham Saunders The Angl~canM~ss~on and the Brookes of Sarawak QLD 4811, AUSTRALIA ACCESS IS a multld~scipl~naryjournal of East and Southeast 1848-1941 An assessment 91-102 AsIan stud~esand lnvltes contr~but~onsfor future volumes from anthropologists, economists, geographers, lustor~ans,pol~tlcal sclentlsts, wnters on the artsand Illeracure Education 103 Graham Saunders Some themes ~nSarawak educat~on 104-115 and others ~nthe soc~alsc~ences and human~t~es D R Rawl~ns Progress and Personal~tlesthoughts on educauon ~n Sarawak 1945-1965 116-123 EROM BUCKFASTTO BORNEO ESSAYS PRESENTEDTO FATHER ROBEKr Roger Kershaw Msslng L~nksThe elus~veEuropean factor In the NICHOLL ON THE 85TH ANNIVERSARYOF HIS BIRTH 27 MARCH1995 Brune~Teachers' Gu~desfor H~story~n Upper Pnmary School 124-134 G E D Lew~s Go~ngto School Eastand West 135-148 The Centre for South-East AsIan Stud~es,Un~verslty of Hull, has published as a festschrfi volume, a collect~on of essays In honor of Robert N~choll, In 7 152 Borneo ResearchBul!etin VO:~ Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 153 IV. Languageand Literature 549 establishment ofthe North Borneo Chartered G.E. Mamson A note on Cham studies 150-154 Company 188 1-1905 45 1-460 G.E. Marrison ban and Malay: a linguistic comparison 155-166 Mark C. Cleary BritishBorneo tradein the 'colonial'era: qualitative and Linda Amy Kimball Brunei Malay:the sha'er reciter's art 167-!77 quantitativesources of ev~dence 46 1-468 Allen R. Maxwell Who is Awang Simawn? 178-206 Martin Baler The enlgma of Apo Kayan Megal~th~csculptures and Annabel Teh Gallop Malay sources for the history ofthe Sultanateof sarcophagiin the Apo Kayan area (study of a journey to Brunei in the early Nineteenth Century 207-23j the south-east Apo KayanIn July-August 1994) 469-488 Peter W. Martin Some views on the languageecology of Brune~ Kenneth R. Hall Upstream anddownstream network~ng In Darussalam 236-25 1 seventeenth-centuryBanjarmasln 489-504 V. Sarawak 252 Joseph E Schwartzberg Bornean and Sumatran tribal cosmographies 505-520 Jim Warren Who were the Balangingi Samal? Slave raiding N~cholasTarling The Brookes and the Br~t~shGovernment 253-260 521-435 D K Bassett British attitudesto Sarawak andBrunei in the and ethnogenesisin nineteenth-century Sulu Nineteenth Century 261-271 G.S.P.Freeman-Grenville A beach findin the Northern Territory, Australia 536-540 Ooi Keat Gin Protection of native interestsand economicde\~elopment: the economic polic~esof Raja Charles JohnsonBrooke Adrian Horridge The story of Pacific sailing canoes and theirrigs 54 1-558 of Sarawak, 1868-1917 272-285 , Naimah S Talib TheNative Officers' Servicein Sarawak:gro~~h, developmentand eventual dissipation 286-295 S;IA,LR BAJAU STUDIESNEWSLETTER G.C. Harper Go East YoungMan. 'Jim Han' and the Miri and Seria Oilfields ~n the 1920s and 1930s 296-305 A newsletter of Sama/Bajau studies hasbeen launched, called SAA/L1:Bajau A.J.N. Richards Englishinfluences in Sarawak 306-308 i Sft~diesNewsletrer, co-sponsored by the Center for Southeast As~anStudies (CSEAS), Bob Reece Sarawak Fever 309-324 Kyoto University, and by Soph~aUniversity. Tokyo The first lssue appeared in May. 1 1995,and includedsemlnar, exhibition. and other news announcements.a research note VI. Brunei 325 (Nagatsu Kazufumi 'Maga,nhir: Sama's tradit~onalfishing techn~queand 11s change'). Victor Klng and BantongEthnograph~ccollect~ons in the Brunei and a bibliography section. Correspondence regarding the newsletter should be Antaran Museum 326-334 addressed to Nagatsu Kazufumi, The Center Tor Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto Lewis Hill Is there a Brunei keris? 335-342 University, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku. Kyoto 606. JAPAN. fas (+81) Graham Saunders Thoughtson Brunei historiography 343-348 , 074-753-7350. A.V.M.Horton Roben Nicholl's contribution lo the historiography of Brunei: an assessment 349-362 1 Gerald H. Krausse Bninei andthe sea: transformation of a maritime BORNEONEWS state 363-386 1 Carrie C Brown Notes on the first Ch~nesetemple of Brunei Town 1918-1960 387-396 1, REG:sYOSN;4LSFSDT (ABD) focuses on a tasonom~crcvlslon of the genus Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae) for FloraMales~ana, Including an exam~nationof the biodiversity and A V M Horton A visitor's impress~onsof Brunei in the 1930s 397- :04 ecology of its representatives in Borneo. She started her researchby exploring characters E R B~~~~~,~~~h~ cons~ructlonof the Brunei National Mosque 405-407 from both living and herbarium material for their taxonomic usefulness. includ~ng Donald E. Brown Mechanismsfor the maintenance of traditional elites in Brune~,to the eve of Independence 408-:!19 macromorphologicalas well as ultrastructural characters (by using electron microscopy). MRS. N. CELLINESE (JBG) recently started a study of the syitemalics and VII.BorneoandBeyond420 phylogeny of the Sonerila-generic group with special focus on flojver and fruit D.K. Bassett The role of the indigenous elite undercolonial characters of the Bornean representatives. First she will collect the bxic taxonomic 421-:'35 i government in South-East Asia information available in the literature, and a preliminary survey or systematically A.V.M.Horton Some aspects ofequestrian history in North-West informative characters and of the biological Funclion of the characteristic flowers and Borneo 436-450 ~psule. cotin Crisswell Disputes between the colonial powers arising h.om the -- I54 Borneo ResearchBullet~n ".'ol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 155 Tree Flora ofSabah and Sarawak. The Steenng Comm~tteedec~ded that Volume 1 A geographic information system(GIS) for Mt Kinabalu is in preparation by Mr. will be published in two parts. Volunie 1, pan 1, will conraln about 300 species in 31 R. BEAMAN. Thls includes coverage of the topography, hydrography, specles families: Aceraceae, Alangiaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Araucanaceae, Bignoniilceae, distributions, satellite imagery, vegetation,geographic iocations, geology,and land use. Burseraceae. Capparaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Chloranthaceae, Connarsceae, E~ghtcollaborators w~ll use morphological and molecular data to test Cornaceae, Datiscaceae, Goodeniaceae, Hypericaceae. Illiciaceae, Juglandaceae, biogeographicand evolutionary hypothesesand to examineevolut~on and speciation on Mo~miaceae,Nyssaceae, Oclulaceae, Olacaceae, Oxalidaceae, Pittosphoiaceae, Kinabalu in nine well-representedexemplar generain eight families. Rhamnaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Sonneratiaceae: An associatedethnobotanical project (Projek EtnobotaniKinabalu. PEK)employs Staphyleaceae, Styracaceae,and Trigoniaceae It was published as Tree Flora of &hah "ative collectors formcomn~unities around the mountainto collect useful plants in their and Sat-awak, Vol. 1, edited by E. Soepadmoand K.M. Wong, 1995. KualaLui;lplIr: areas and gather information about plantnames and uses. Mrs. G. Martin (Paris) is Forest Research InstitueMalaysia (FRIM) helping directly with this project, which is under the supervision of Ms. L Majuak~m, Articles on new taxa in Alangiaceae, Goodeniaceae, Juglandaceae. Sabah Parks ethnobotanist. More than 3,500ethnobotanical collections thus far have Rh~zophoraceae,Pittosporaceae, and Podocarpaceae have been published inSanda!:ania been obtained and data entered into a database. Th~sresearch focuseson the value of 3 (1993) and 4 (1994) Taxonomistswho are interested to prepare treatments offanulies and sustainabilrry of lion-timber forest products, Including biochemicalprospecting for (or other taxa)for volumes 2, 3, and 4 are cordially invitedto contact the Ch~efEditor. lnedicinalplants, assessment ofthe impact of harvestingon selected commercialspecies Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Project, Forest Research Inst~tuteof Malaysia. suchas rattan palms, and the role of non-marketed useful plants in the health care and Kepong, 52 109 Kuala Lumpur.Malaysia. Fax603-6367753 diet of local conim~~nitiesOne ultimate objective of PEK will be the analysisof Dusun botanical classification and its correspondenceto scientific classification. J.H. Beaman, SABAH NEWS Institute of Biodiversity and Env~ronmentalConservation (IBEC), Unlverslti Malaysia Beheen 10 and 24 September, 1993, Mr. A.BERHAMAN, L. MADANI, andDr. Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. K. M. WONG (SAN) led a team to Marai Parai, the ultramafic spurof Mt Kinabalu, The Tree Flora of Subah and Sorawak Newsletfer issue 211 (August 1994) is hiking via the DahobangRiver They were joined for a few daysby Dr M.G PUCE available at the Secretarial. The next issue IS distributed freeof charge. The Secretanat, (MICH) and Mr. P.S. SIUM (SAFODA) to collectferns. In total c. 300 numbers upere Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Project, Forest ResearchInstitute of Malaysia, made. Between 11 and 15 October, 1993, Mr. A. Berhaman,Dr K.M. Wong and Mr. Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Fas 60-3-6367753. The first volun~eof the C.L Chan went to Sipadan Island off the coast of East Sabah and found 125numbe~c i TFSS is expected toappear by the end of 1995. L. MADANI, J. SUGA'U, D. SUNDALING, and K.M. WONG (SAN), and J. Developmentof a Rainforest InterpretationCentre is plannedat the Arboretum site PEREIRA (SAN)made a collecting trip to the Teno~npokForest Reserve near Kinabalu at Sep~lok,Sabah, with financial support of the Deutsche Gesellschaftfur techn~sche between 27 May and 2 June, 1994. In total 54 numbers were collected. Between9 and Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)of Germany Principal coordinators for ths project are R C. 12 JUIY, 1994,~essrs. A. ~erhaman,J.B. Sugau, D. Sundaling(all Sandakan), andB. ! ong (Head of Research), J. Tangah (Conservation), C.V. Chak (Research Support), Pemmal (WWF-Malaysia) investigated the conservation and tourism potentialof Mt A Y.C Chung (Entomology), and A. Berhaman and K M. Wong (Botany, Sandakan). Silam, E. Sabah, and collected 130 numbers. A.Berhaman, L. Madani, and J. Sugau The Centreis expected to be completed in 1995. (Sandakan) collected at Balambangan Island. N. Sabah, between 16-26October, 1991 About 50 numberswere taken. INTERNATIONALBAJAUISAMA CONFERENCE, MOTA KINABALU,1995 Botanical inventoryof Mount Kinabalu. The project to inventory the flora of An 'International Conferenceon BajauJSama Community' was held in Kota Mount Kinabaluhas been in progress for 9 years, during which time enumerations of , ~,~~b~l~,J~~~ 241h through 28th, 1995, under the auspiclesof the persatuan seni the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, andorchids, about two-fifths of the flora of c. 4500 Budaya Bajao, Sabah (PSBB) [the Bajau Arts and CulturalAssociation ofSabah], and species, have been published. The north s~deof the mountaln has received scan1 the Centre for Borneo Studies, Yayasan Sabah. The Conference represented the botanical attention, as noted by Van Steenis over 30 years ago, and native collectorsare second international BajauJSama studiesgathering, the first, organized by the now be~ngemployed to obtain speclrnens from that area. A specimen database of over Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),having been held in Jakarta in November 1993 20,000 records has been developedand made ava~lableon the Internet. Other relat~onal ! [see 1994BRBI. ' specimen and taxon files nlill be prepared, from which a camera-readycopy of the The Conference was held in the Yayasan Sabah Headquarters Budding,Icota remain~ngsegments of the enurnerat~onwill be produced. Dr. C. ANDERSON (MIC:J) . I(inabalu. and was opened on June 21th b~,the Min~sterof Culture, Artsand Tourism, IS providing extensive help in the project by preparing treatments for various dicot ! Data' SabbaNddinCllik The opening ceremony was followedby a welcoming lunch families. About 40 other collaborators are contributing datafor taxa in their areaof hosted by !he chief ~i~,~~~~of sabah,yang ~~~h~~~~~~~~~k ~~h~~~d salleh expertise. Tun Mohamad Said Keruak [who is also the PSBB Pres~dent]. - 156 Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 157 In conjunction with the Conference,the Sabah Museum opened on June 24'th a Lioba Senhan (Univ. of Cologne):'The 'alien' and the 'familiar': perceptionsof special exhibition, 'Warisan BudayaBajau' ['The Bajau Cultural Heritage'],which ethnicity with regardto inter-ethnic contact betweenOrang Suku Laut subsequently ran through July 9th Materials on display~ncluded costumes, musical and others in the hau Islands' instruments, weavlng,carved gravemarkers, and boats and other maritimegear. Tile Artemio Barbosa (Nat. Museum, Philippines): 'The Abaknunof Capul Island, exhbition was formally opened by the State Minister of Culture, Youth and Spo~~s, Samar, Philippines' Datuk Pandlkar Arnln Hajl Mulia Also presentwas the new Sabah Museum director, Session SMater~alCulture Datuk Iamdin Buyong. The opening ceremonies featured a weddingand traditio~lal Natasha Stacey (NorthernTerritory Univ. Australia): 'Materialculture of shark dances andwere followed by a reception in the Heritage Village's'Rumah Bajau' located fishing of Bajo fishers from the Tukang Besi Islands, Southeast on the museum grounds. On June 25th: a visit to Kota Belud was organized lor Sulawesi' conferencepanicipants, completewith a tamu-visit and an escort of Bajau horsemen. Brian Dunans (British Museum): 'Materialculture of Bajau and neighbouring There were threedays of conference papers,June 26th through 28th, with speakers maritme communities~n museum collections ~nBrita~n' and topics as follows. Jacqueline Pugh-Kilingan(Sabah): 'Bajau musicensembles: three casestudies' Session I-Socio-Political Dimension (June 26th): Paul Clark (Museum of the Northern Territory. Australia). 'Bajau material Yap Beng-Liang (Universlti Malaya): 'SocialChange in the Bajau Community culture in the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, of Kota Belud, Sabah' Australia' Clifford Sather (TunJugah Foundation). 'Theideology and polit~csof setthng Session &Dynamics of Development down: the Bajau Laul of Semporna' H.M. Dahlan andGusni Saat (Univ. Kebangsaan Malaysia): 'BajauIn Sabah: Zainal Kling(Universifi Malaya): 'Local Genius; a Bajau village poet' On or off course for change?' Session 2-Language in Transition Nicole Revel(CNRS, France). 'Oral epic:quest and queries' Asmah Haj~Omar (Universiti Malaya): 'Processes in the developmenr of Bruno Bottignolo (STHS. Philippines):'Human body as the Badjaos' metaphor numerals in Bajau Darat and Bajau Laut' to organize theworld' Ed~thaM~rafuentes (Normal Univ.. Ph~lippines)'Bajau Panta~Barat adult Patricia Regis, Jacquel~nePugh-Kit~ngan, and Judeth John-Baptist (Sabah). literacy materials as a bridge for learning Bahasa Malaysia' 1 'Berunsai: meeting,match-making andmusic' ~ollowingLhe second day of papers. the participants were invited to a dinner at the James T. Collins (Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia). 'Preliminary notes on the , Dewan LLS hosted by the Miiuster of Land and Cooperative Development, DatukOsu language of the Bajo Sangkuang conununltyof Bacan, East Indonesia' , Nik Safiah Karim(Universiti Malaya): 'Lexical development ofmodem Malay: I Sukam.1 the contributionof the Bajau dialect' Session 7-Maritime Community (June 28th) Session >Ethnic D~versityand History Aurora Roxas-Lim (Univ of the Philippines): 'Marine adaptations and James F. Warren (MurdockUniversity): 'Looking back on 'The Sulu Zone': ! ecological transformations: the case ofthe Bajao and Samalan state formationand ethn~cdiversity in Southeast Asia' Communities' Jesus T. Peralta @at. Museum. Philippines): 'PrehistoricLinks of the Sama Maria Mangahas (Univ of the Philippines):'Tradition and change in deep sea 1 Lepa of Tawi-Tawi Province' Mataw fishingin Batanes' Patricia Regis (Mi~stryof Tour~srnand Environmental Develpmenl.Sabah): Judistra Garna (PadjadjaranUn~v, Indonesia): 'A seafanng and a hill tribe: the I 'Bajau in mgh, migration and material culture' Mesuku, Orang Laut and Baduy' Abu Bakar Hamzah (Un~vKebangsaan Malaysia): 'Somehistor~cal accounts Session %-Indigenous Knowledge , on the SululBrune~Sultanate and the Bajau Community' Adirukmi N.S.and Haillah A. (Unlv Sains Malaysia): 'A study of traditional I medicines use by the Bajau tribe and the possibilities for its Following thefirst day of papers, the participants wereinvited to a dinner at the Istana ; hosted by the Governor of Sabah.] development' Admkmi N.S., Halilah A. and Saleh M.N. (Univ. Sains Malaysia); 'Typesof Session LRegionalSettlement (June27th) 1 H.A. Mattulada (HasanuddinUniv, Indonesia). 'The Bajau (Bajo) of South traditional medicinalplants of the Bajau tr~bein Menggatal and Kota Sulawes~and other eastern Islandsof Indonesia' 1 Belud, Sabah' Daw Tin Yee (Un~versityof Yangon. Myanmar):'The Daweis' David Scott Blundell (NationalTaiwan Univ): 'Southern OceanAscent: Early histonc voyagers and their settlement' I Session 9-Research Collaborat~on 158 Borneo Research Bulletin vou Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin I59 Nagasura T. Madale (MindanaoState Univ-Marawi Campus,Philippines): '~h~ National Commission for Culture and the Arts and Culiural Assoc~ation:Exploring possibilit~esfor comparativestudies' John Wayne hng (SIL, Sabah): 'A SamaBajau dialect survey and fui.lller opportunities for research' Zakra Yaacob (Center for Borneo Studies) 'Yayasan Sabah ResearchLibrary. Spenser St. John: The Lye of Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak. with an introduction by Reece. Oxford University Press,Kuala Lumpur 1994. 168 Developmentof its Bornean Collection' RB.W. Plenary Discussion (June 28) During this discussion,11 was resolved thatthe nest pages.' b~enn~alBajadsarna meetings be held In 1997 in the Philippines, with Dr. Nagasura James Brookewill always remain the most romantic Englishmanassociated w~th Madale of Mindanao State University, Marawi, actlng as co-ord~natorand the Marawl Borneo, ~ndeed,with all of Southeast Asia.He caught hisfirst sight of Borneo in August unlverslty campus senrlngas the possible venue. Participantsthen jo~nedto thank the 1839, a private gentleman in his yacht.By September of 1841he was installed as rajah. Conference organizers,the Persatuan Seni Budaya Bajau (PSBB) and the Yayasan Suddenly, there he was, a white man, k~ngw~th absolute power over a nation of"naked Sabah, and in panlcular, the organ~zingsecretary, Mohamad Said Hinayat and hsstaff. savages," as they liked lo call them in those days.Brooke's story was the stuff of boys' for a superbly run conference A finalclosing ceremony wasofficiated by the Direcror of books, and sure enough, quickly appearedin boys' books (devoured by future little the Yayasan Sabah,Datuk Musa Haji Arnan,and was followed by a dinner, hosted by empire-builders in chillyBritain), and most famously reworkedby Conrad intothe tale Yayasan Sabah, held in the KimanisBallroom of the Hyatt Kinabalu Hotel. of Lord JI~.Image apart,Brooke leftan extraordinarymark on thehistory of Sarawak. Before the opening of the main conference sessions, a specialvideo presentation The history of the Brooke raj has been told over so manytimes that ~t must be was made of Below [he IfitiO, a 55-minute documentaryfilm about the Bajo [Bajau] of farmliar to everybody in Malaysia. It IS a strangestory, and has attracted some excellent Sulawesi and their marltuneconnections with the northern Australian coast.The film, historians, including Prof Reece, whose introductionis a lucid key and guide to the which was madeby the Western Australian film-maker. John Darling, was brought lo complexities ofSt. John's verslon. St~ll,every aspect ofit remains controversial, and in the Conference, w~ththe latter's permission.and briefly introduced by Professor James reviewing this Life I am tempted to go over the whole thing and offer my interpretation. Warren During the1993 BajadSama conference in Jakarta, partially ed~ted'lakes' of But I must make a review, not an essay, and I will only touch upona few points. the same film were shown, also with John Darling's permission, followingbrief Among all thetypes of white men who came toAsia, James Brooke magnificently introductory remarks by Dr. Gregory Acc~aioliof the University of Western Australia refused stereotyping, he was ent~relyatypical, and a number of things about hmwere [The editor, who was alsoa participant in the Jakarta meetings, hadthe good fortune to mysterious, if not actually weird. Brooke wasborn in Varanasi in 1803, whlch makes be in Australia soon afterwards, in 1991, when the finished film was shown for the first him, technically anyway,an Asian. He stayed in India until the late age of 12 years, rime to much deserved critical acclaim on Australian publictelevision. Part of the film when he was sent home to a brief spell inschool deals with current Australian maritlmepolicy and the 'intrusion' of eastern Indonesian In 1819 Brooke was back in India, commissioned-at 16-an officer in the fishermen Into Australian territorialwaters, their arrest and deportation, so that, in colonial army. Six years later, in a little war with the Burmese, Brookewas shot and addition to being a superb documentary,the film wasalso t~mely]. seriously wounded while charging a stockade. As St. John tells it,Brooke was shot Finally, it might be obsenled that the Kota Kinabalu meetings offered participants, through the lungs; rumours persist thatthe bullet entered not there but in tus gemtals, especially fromthe Plulippines and Indonesia,the opportunity to see in Sabah a large malung him impotent. Of course, no Victorian woulddiscuss such a thing, and tlus and politically accomplished BajauISama communitythat, happily, can be described as remains unproved. If true, this wound could explain why Brooke never mamed, never neither 'depressed' nor 'marginalized' Further ~nfomationregarding the 1995 went farther than fnendship withwomen. Conference can be obtained by writing:-Mohamad Said Hinayat, General Secretary, Brooke recovered in England (tusmother took the emactedbullet and kept it In a Persatuan Seni Budaya Bajau, Sabah (PSBB), Blok D, Lot 4, 3rd Floor, Sadong laya. glass case on the mantelpiece) and led a life ofaristocratic boredom for someyears. He Karamunsing; 88100Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA. Faxs 088-262874, 008- was determined to get back to the east,wlth vague ideas of exploration and trade.Bs 427888. [Clifford Sather] deepest w~shwas just to do somethng, to adventure among exotic peoples and places with no whitecon;entions tobother him r~ditor'snote Originally published inthe New Sri-a~tsTimes, Saturday Apnl 8, 1995, under the title "One ofthe noblest of men.") 1 160 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin With the inheritance hereceived from his father Brooke bought a yacht, avessel as H.M.'s Consul-General in Borneo. From the time he stepped aboard the warship big enough tomount six guns, andafter a shakedowncruise through theMediterranean, Aflaeander that carned him and the Rajah back to Sarawak, St. Johnwas In constant and departed for the South China Sea. From Singapore he left for Borneo. intimate contact with Brooke until Brooke'sdeath In the opinion of all the Rajah's The beginnings of h~srule seem the most exciting, most romantic, and, to me, friends, there was no one who knew James Brooke as well as St. John knew him St. most interesting perlod of Sarawak's modern hlstory Brooke got to be rajah with John speaksabout Brooke with aunique authority. astonishing speed and largely by accident. He may have thought that he was planning hstorians have made deep use of St.John's Life.It. is a most important source. his moves carefully,but one gets the impressionthat he sleepwalkedto the crown. Still, St. John is not the perfect biographer. Where hefelt Brooke's case was secure, as Before 1839 Sarawak was a outpost of the Sultanate of Brunei. The Sultan chose when Brooke's crushing of the "pirates" caused bitter controversyin England -and for her governor thePengiran Mahkota, who codlded later to St. John " ...1 was brought now again is the most debated part of Brooke's career-he's plentiful with fact and up to plunder the Dyaks, and it makes me laugh to think that I have fleeced a tribedown comment. Other parts St. John glides over, more disturbing episodes such as the to its very coohng-pots." Such rapacity brought about a "rebellion"-a low-intensity annesation of the Mukah area, Brooke's panicked loss of nerveduring the Chinese codict if ever there wasone--of Malays who dug themselves in at the little pasar of rebellion, whenhe wanted to sell Sarawak to the Dutch, "or to anybody that would have Siniawan, tothe uh~of Kuching on the Sarawak river. it," and his paranoid squabblesover the succession whlch ended in his dislnherltingJ. The Sultan replaced Mahkota withMuda Hassim, who tried to resolve things Brooke Brooke the Rajah Muda. diplon~atically;but too many interests conflicted. Mahkota was playing all sidesagalnst Nonetheless, though the Englishmen whowrote about Sarawak at this tlme d~d the middle andthe Sultan of Sambas had his iron In the fire also.The result was, as they . interpret, they did not Ire. St. John does not hes~tateto criticize the Rajah. He deplores used to say in the Old West, a"Mexican standoff" Brooke's lackof adnunistrativeskills, though he doesnot go as far as Admiral Keppel, Then arrived Brookewlth his armed yacht and his military training. Muda Hassim who declared that the Rajah "had as much idea of business as a cow has of a clean and Brooke got to llke one another.The rebeillon dragged on, and in despair, Muda shirt." Hassim begged Brooke to help, finally offer~ngBrooke the raj if only he'd restore Some modern historians have decidedthat James Brookewas an inscrutableman. authority. He is opaque, an enigma, they say. Nicholas Tarling, author of a modern full length James accepted the deal and, taking the lead, defeatedthe insurgentswithout doing biography, confesses that afier reading thousands of Brooke's lettershe cannot discover Brooke had a thirst for adventure, and I mean that he relished the occasional conflict but hatedconquest andslaughter Hardly all of life was spent In war. He passed i resentment. concentratedon trade and development.He out these aims sticking scWulously esactually suggest,but did not exactly mind @urns hmself, too, was not exactly an to two ~rinciplesthat became the core of "Brookerule" ldeolog~:always to respect local archbishop). Brooke&splayed hsfeelings and idealsto everyone. And he could use this customs, and to make changes very slowly. From the start of his reign, Sarawak never openness to beguile, but he practiced downright machiavellianism onlywith grave ceased growingexcept dunng the nlusin Jepun. anxiety. What hewrote or said in public, to Dayaks or to Englishmen, hebelieved, and The rest of Brooke's story is common knowledge, his expeditionsagainst the sea- you could trust him for that.In our suspicious age,Such simplicity looks suspicious, and borne headhunters andprates, whose power he crushed; his acquisition of tenito~that we are reluctant to accept it as genuine. expanded Sarawak up to the Batang Lupar area and beyond; the rebellion of the miners at Bau in 1857, who almostdestroyed the young raj. There's no doubt that James Brooke did a great deal of good for the peoples of Spenser St. John was an eyewitness to nearly every event in Sarawak after 1848, Sarawak in establishing a secure and dependable government. Brooke's name is when the British government appointed himSeCretaV to Brooke in Brooke'snew remembered fondlyby many Sarawakianseven today, and to gain that reputation Brooke 162 Borneo Research Bullet~n Vol 21 Vol 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 163 must cenanly have possessed the real~tyof ~ustlceand decency St John sad that he dl0 Such was Mansel's career, really a very lnoffens~veand even unadventurous not Intend to sum up the Rajah's character In hls blograph)' he Strove hard to remain 8.; routine A ladlo techlclan posted to the ulu could eas~lyexperience as much ~h~~ [he ,-leal of bias as possible and to allow the reader to form his Own eshnlate '(el Just flop he caused the gol'ernment both state and federal 1s a most surprlslng the facts Is hard not to come away from Brooke without thnklng, as \$'as John': accom~llshlent.except for one th~ngThe Penan were being logged out of house and personal Judgment, that he was Indeed 'one of the noblest and best of men" (Otto and Bruno was eager to obtain the most publlcl~~possible for them and [hell Stelnmayer, Kampung Stunggang Dayak, PO Box 13, Lundu, Sarawak, MALAYSIP desperate slh~atlon ~h~ thanks the New Sfrarts Tonec for permlss~onto republish, with sonl? Bruno could hardly avoid being typed as that romantrc figure, the Whlte-Man- changes, ths and the following levlew) Gone-Natlve So what d he looked s1lly7 In the post-modern world, are negotiable, and If Bruno could trade on h~sto br~ngsome help to the Penan, It was a shame he had to endure At least this is the way I reconstruct his reasoning M~~~~~ J~~~~ htchie:Bruno M,q~sep:The Insrde Story. SummerTimes, Singapore,199 . had no llluslons about ~Ournallsts,whlch ever side of the Glee L~~~ they occupied ZSIpages.' It was made known that the medla were welcome, and, soon enough, reporters and ~h~ mysterious Bruno Manser-the mysterious Penan What ever happened 10 vldeo-crews came and went frequently up and down the Baram The present James B~~~?we used to hear a lot about him, ln art~clesby A/ew Slrnlfs 7'11ne5 stzf fitchle came and swallowed the ba~tof a lund story hook, line and slker ~h~ whole of correspondent James btchre, \vho descr~bedhim-and ln this his book st111 descrlbp!, hs contact with Manser consisted of one personal meeting and Interview, wllh a a of ~ordJim, Tarzan, and Rasput~nGra111y photos accom~anledthese s~nnkllngof leners Paucity of fact dld not hinder the legend of Bruno from being squibs whch actually made hln~wlth hls r~ng-beardlook more like a cheerfill and created and dl~semlnatedwith great speed and success This was what got him In trouble myopic Thoreau AS for the Penan Mostly they they were Just weird But more on them with authon@ poverty 1s nof nearly as much of an embarrassment to a government's later Image as PrlmltlVlty The Malaysian el~tewere aghast that the world should know not sighs of relief could be heard 111 a few government offices when Bruno Manser lcit only that there were still real, "pnrnltlve," bare-ass, naked-tlt [nbesmen and sarawak in 1990 The man had been a duri rn the foot of authority for Years, llvlng Out there In the Jungle, but that the government Itself should be accused of d~spossesslngthem gained quite a reputation It's not easy to d~sentanglethe few facts from the verbiage In btchle's account, but 1f we read carefully, the following becomes clear There wasn't much that the government was w~ll~ngto do about logging, as long B~~~ Mansel was born ~nSw~tzerland sometlme around 1954 famll~lives in as the money came In, but It was always possible to hush up hepainful details M~~~~~ ~~~~l H~ anended medical school but dld not take a degree he was lmprlsol1ed for was clever with words and clever wlth commurucat~on In this he was a threat ~h~ refuslng to perform the mll~tarytralnlng requlred by law of every Swiss male, he herded Mala~slancounter-~ropaganda campaign came down on hlm \~rthboth feet, and btche cows He Is an anlst of some sk~ll,and apparently knows at least five languages Penan was the man who led 11 and ~~~l~~has well as the three offic~allanguages of h~s Own country He 1s of mlddlc But I promsed to speak about the Penan, too, so let us digress helght-average for a Dayak--dark, and as photos elsewhere show, In good shape The Penan are allogether admirable people Wlth due respect to my ]ban In-laws, I B~~~ first vlslted Malaysia In 1983, staying In Trengganu I11 1984 he came 10 mustsay I Ih1* them the most admirable people In Sarawak They are perhaps the most sarawak with a ~~~t~~h~~l~ Caves Expedltlon, and, when his vlsa expired at the end of Ongna' the Present lnhabltants of northern Borneo Hundredsof years ago, before the ]bans Illat year, simply stayed on Long Serldan,not far from Gunung Mulu, was his base, hilt Out Over Sarawak, do~ensof small bands llved ~n the forest, among them the mt. the he travelled also Lundu, the Baketan and the Penan Eventually all of these were ln 1986 was arrested at Long Naplr, but managed to escape Later that Same larger tribes, took to longhouses on the11 own, were killed, or slnlply died year (he PFF attempted to capture hm from ambush, but he escaped then, too ThPn Out-xcept for Ihe Penan were truly Jungle people B~~~ lay lo% untl[ the end of March 1990, when 111s parents fell sick and he Of all the Day* tribes, only the Penan never went headhunt~ng,though they were Sarawak for Sw~tzerland often the hunted, and suffered much as the other races pushed across Borneo D~~~~~~these six years in [he forest, Bruno studled Penan life and recorded It The Penan are called non~ads,In other words, they "wander," hunting and or helped In [he wntlng of, a number of remonstrances and petltlons 10 he gathering The Penan might more accurately be called "forest-rangers-at-large,"because goverilment of Sarawak on behalf of his hosts the1rsearch for food leads hem on settled routes In the forest bemeen known stands of wild sago, which they tend and harvest at appropriate tlmes Sago supplies the11 dally 2nd game hell PrOteln Fruits and vegetables g~oweverywhere I am ~~d~~~~'~note Onglnally publ~shedIn the New Slrarls rimes, Saturday Oct , 29, s~eaklng,of course, about Penan lLfe when the forest was not devastated Animals and 1994 under the t~tle'btch~e's Ragout "1 - Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 165 164 Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol. 27 fish are now scarce.The native life cannotbe sustained In an environmentthat is gutted. '7 learned that Germvat belonged to a group living in the nearby jungle and would Whatever the officialsmay say about forest cover, youcannot hunt p~gon an oil-palm be returning there irn17zedrarel~~Excited by this news, it seemed to be jus! the opportunify thal I had been hoping for, so without hesitation I asked rf 1 could go with plantationnor fish downriverfrom a sawmill. There is much more to know about the Penan,but I have nospace to writea him. He looked at me suspiciously as he scratched the buck of one leg with his foot. treatise on them here. One day Manserwill publish something-\ve hope this will Somehow, I felt that Germat would trust me-he reminded me of the kampung children include a personal memoiras well as academic papers-that maywell proveto be the I knew in my younger days in Alor Star and Kelanlan, in Peninsulur Malaysia. I was definitive generalbook on the Penan,such as the other Dayak peopleseach possess sincere and I have found that rjyou have sinceri~you need not be afraid. already. Until then, we have to make do with whatinformation we can get. htclie's [At this point, Gerawatturns to a Chinese acquaintanceand asks whetherRitchie book is valuable for mnveylngto us Manser's own words and the wordsof Penan who is an "orang putih.' Ritchie, unwilling either to unravelthe skein of his ancestry orsay have chose to let their opinionsbe heard. htchie shows commendablehonesty in simply thathe is a Malaysian, replies thathe is a white man.] ...erawal slared at me, me-struck.. [My emphases.] repeatingManser's and the Penans' words as they stand. Well, isn't this exactly the sameway a white travellerdescr~bed the bashful natives Unfortunately,In order to get to these valuable bits,we have to push through much tedious andunwelcome commentary. Perhapshtch~e can be forgiven for his numerous a hundred yearsago? The native IS inscrutable, like a Hollywood RedIndian. He's inconsistencies, errors,and embarrassinglapses of judgement. He worked in haste, and suspicious of the white-man, the first he's seen, who in actualityis br~mmingwith no doubt had little time to research or to think. Though Brosius's dissertationThe brotherly love.htchie shall win thePenan's trust. They're all rather child-l~ke,aren't Axiological Presence of Death, which has alot about the Penan, was available, htchie they? Perhapsdangerous. And so closeto the earth as to scratch in publ~cRather nasty, too, to give them the epithet"illiterate" in an NST articlequoted later Inthe book. omitted to consult it, and elsewhere he shows little more than the most casual acquaintance withpenan cullure. He is unfamiliarwith their character, theiradat, their This is only one sideof Ritchie's labyrinthinerhetoric. To discussthe other tricks of his trade would prolong thisreview over-much, so we must pass by his habits of poetry (thshe could have read in the translationsof Carol Rubenstein),their otherarts, and their demography. Whathe repeats he could have picked up from any tourist guide innuendoand argument by probability; ofbegging the question;of reporting mistakes and misinformation prominently,then tackingon a slight correction; his"economical" book or traveller'stale. use of facts and references, whose irrelevanceis obscured in a downpourof words;hs Even more strange,he says littleabout Sarawak that onecould not obtain from the same sources He, I suppose, triedto tan up a narrative which, delivered in asober and appeal to authority. Forexample, who is this "ProfessorBruelug" who slams Bmno's economical stylemight have filled a thirdof the pages he has deliveredhere.. It is clear book? For all we know he could be Professor of Plumb~ngat the University of Knockwurst. from the very lack of detail,as well as from the over-abundanceof the usual htche may have a point when he insinuates w~ckedmotlves among the suspects-all thosemini-excurses on blowpipes, warriors, etc , the routine tourist stuff-that BM is not intended forthe home market but for a foreignaudience. The fact environmental groups Inthe battle of the elephants of ideological green-ism and that he glossesthe most common Malaywords (parang "= bush-knife" etc.) confirms its staunchly profit-driven government. thePenan are the proverbial "pelanrlok in the middle." However, groups suchas the Rainforest Action Network havebent the rules destination. if But what I cannorpardonis Ritchie's conceit.The itch to editorializeafflicts him, a little, it's certainlynot been for profit.htche, in a climactic attempt toconvince us of the insincerity ofthe Penans' foreign advocates,states that of monies collected onthe and evelyone1s hsscratching-post. He is constantly telling whatthe Penan ought to be thnking,what Brunoought tothink, telling us what we ought to think. "Voices for the Borneo Rainforest" world tour in 1990, notpenny a went to the Penan. The patronizing anltude he adopts towards the Penan and thecolonialist language True. htchieprints the balancesheet. Not only did tour expensesuse up all themoney donated,but the organizationwent in debtto the tuneof US$21,000.Some profit. he uses in reference tothem'is highly offensive Whenhtchie first meets the "real" Finally, htchie's style is most inelegant and occasionally he writes just bad (scil."nomadic") Penan,they are "milling arounduncertainly near the [logging] sundry shop" suchlanhage is better appliedto a flock of geese than to human beings English. I noted a cho~cemixed metaphor onp. 213: "If these people are not careful, these wolves can sow seeds of discord and disharnrony."Here wlldllfe, agriculture,and at ease. music mash togetherin a hldeousl~nguistic car-wreck. Ritchie latches uponone Mr. Gerawat as lus intended guide to the mysterious Bruno. Gerawat is clad in a "skimpy" loincloth andnorhng else, beside rottan calf- Manser Iumself, after carefullistening and thought,devlsed a programfor the Penan, who he knew would lnev~tablyleave the ~unglelife after two or three rings, a blowpipe,'and a container for darts.His physiqueis without defect.He's sure virile buck. Therest of the passage runs in the same vein: generations.In ths, htchieat least-thank goodness-lets Manser andthe Penan speak "Germat looked out of place, I smiled at him, but he didn't smile back 6' have for themselves.If progressis schoolsand clinics,the Penan likeprogress; but if progress also means an deprival of livelihood and relegation to the status of despised noticed that nomads do not smile as a habit. unemployables, they'dlike to takechange a bit slowly.To thsend, Manser proposed,as Vol 27 Borneo ResearchBullet~n 167 Universal Book Services, P.O. Box 321, 2300 AH Leiden, The Netherlands King, Victor T. and Naimah S. Talib 1995 Robert Burns (d. 1851): explorer of north-west Borneo.IN: V~ctorT. Klng, ed. Explorers of South-Ea.c.1Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford Un~versityPress, pp. 158-193. Majlis AdatIstiadat 1995 ,Jerita Tzial enggazr E17.c.era (Iban). Kuching, Majlis Pembangunan Sosial. Manser, Bruno 1996 Vorces po111the Ra~tiforest Te.stit?~on~e.~of a Threatened People translated by Anthony Dixon and Johanna Veth [.Ytinunen aus cler Regenwall Zytglogge Verlagf Gumlingen, Switzerland,19921. Bruno Manser Foundation and INSAN [Institute for Soc~alAnalysis], Petaling Jaya, Selangor [may be ordered from INSAN, 11 Jalan 11/4E, 46200 PetalingJaya, Selangor, MALAYSIA]. Miles, Douglas 1994 Monkey-business in the anthropology of Sarawak: shamanicactuality versus sociological illusion in Dayak politics. ASSESS 1-70-96 Monden, Osamu 1986 fiyokaimin: Tsuki to Nanzako lo Sangosho (Japanese: The Sea Nomads: Moon, Trepang and Coral Reef) Tokyo: Kawade Shobo Shnsha,2 lop. 1990 Kaizoku no Kokoro: Sulu Kaizoku Homonki (Japanese: Pirate Heans: Visits with the Pirates of Sulu)Tokyo- Chikuma Shobo, 377p. Morrison, Ph~lipS. 1993 Transitionsin rural Sarawak:Off-farm employment in Kemena Basin. Pacijc I'iewpoint 34 (I): 45-68 Muh~ddinYus~n 1990 Islam di Sabah. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Pearce, Fred 1994 Are Sarawak's forests sustainable? .Ve~vScietttrst, 26 November, 1994, pp. 28-32. Porrin, Vernon L. 1994 Brit~shColon~al Rule in Sarawak, 1946-1963 PhD dissertat~on. Murdoch University. Reece, ~ob 1995 Carl Bock (1849-1932). explorationsand travels in Sumatra, Borneo, and Siam.IN: Victor T. King, ed.Explorers of South-Easl Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press,pp. 194-228. Sandln, Benedict 1994 Sources of Iban Traditional Histoy. Clifford Sather, ed., Special Monograph,No. 7, Sarawak MuseumJournal, vol 46, ns 67. 'I' 1 168 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 169 Sather, Cllfford languages to form a subgroup withthem. They have some phonolog~caldevelopments In 1994 The one-sided one: ban rice myths, agricultural ritual and notions of common with Buginese, with whichthey seem to form a separate branch within the ancestry. n\J: A R. Walker, ed hce in Southeast Asian Myth and South Sulawes~language group.The Land Dayak languages have a few strik~nglexical Ritual. Contribuiions to Southeast Asian Elhnography,10: 119-50. and phonological similarities with Aslian languages.This suggests that LandDayak 1994 Wooden weapons. constrainedviolence and the evolution of adat in a onginated as the result of a language shift from Aslian to Austronesian,or that both nineteenth century Ibansociety ASSESS 1: 5-23. Land Dayak andAslian have incommon a substratum from an unknown third language Tan, Chee-Beng (P. Bellwood, J J. Fox, and D. Tryon). 1994 Communal Associationsof the Ind~genousCommunities of Sarawal:. A study of ethnicity and national integration. KualaLumpur: Institute Bahan, S. Herculanus. Pantak sebagaialat kesatuan komunitas radakng dalambinua of Advanced Studies, Universityof Malaya suku Dayak Kanayatn Kolimo~i!anReview. thn. 2, no 3 (1993), pp 3-10. 1995 The Badeng Kenyah of Long Geng: An Ethnographic Repon. A pantok is a statue which is thought to be imbued with spiritual powers. In this Community Studies in BakunHEP Area, Report no. I, Kuch~ng:State paflicular article the author concentrates on the s~gnificanceof paniak among the Planning Unit, Chief Minister's Department,x~ + 152, 26 plates. Kanayatn Dayak in West Kalimantan. Thisleads him to an exposition of Kanayatn ideas 1995 Chinese associationsIn Kap~tAsian Culture 19 29-42. about links with their ancestors(pama) Although these are not bound by time nor Tillotson, Dianne Margaret space, there are certa~nset times of the year In wh~chspecial ceremonies are held to 1994 Who invented the Dayak? Historical case studies inart, material emphasize this connection, e.g. Nabo' Padagi and Nabo' Panyugu. He discusses such culture and ethnic Identity from Borneo. PhD d~ssertation,The ceremonies in one Kanayatn longhouse(radokng)8. Included is also a descript~onof the Australian National University. radokng; its manner of construction and its social organization mosemary L. Robson- Van Goor, Jumen Mckillop). 1995 A W. Nieuwenhuis (1864-1953): explorerof central Borneo. !N: Vlctor T. King, ed. Explorers of South-Eosf Asio. Kuala Lumpiir: Barren, Robert and Rodney H. Lucas. Hot and cold In transformation:Is Iban medicine Oxford UniversityPress, pp. 229-280. humoral? Soc. Sci Med. vol 38, no. 2 (1993), pp. 383-93. Yap, Beng Liang ban categories of hot and cold are examined in the context of humoral medical 1993 Orang Bajou Pulou Omodal: Aspek-ospekbudaya. Kuala Lumpur: systems in Southeast Asia.These caiegorles are more than binary and oppositional: they Dewan Bahasa dan Pusaka. are also contradictory and can only be understood in terms of their capacity for transformation in 'depth'. This paper developsan ethnographically groundeddefinit~on of humoralism whch emphasizes non-reductive logic, cultural practice and ABSTRACTS transformation. The key element, transfonnation, IS defined as a transition between categories and a shift in the level of interpretation wiuch fundamentally alter theban Adelaar, K. Alexander. Borneo as a cross-roads for comparative Austrones~an experienceof body and illness (journalabstract) linguistics.IN: Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox and Darrell Tryon, eds.The Aus!ronesioi7s: His!orical and Comparative Perspect~ves.1995 Canberra: Papers, Department of Barrett, Robert and Rodney H. Lucas. The skulls are cold, the house is hot: interpreting Anthropology, Research Schoolof Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian~ational depths of meaning in ban therapy. Mon. vol 28,3 (1993), pp. 573-596. Univers~ty,pp. 75-95. Available throughthe Department of Anthropology, RSAPS, This article examines how the Iban of Sarawak ascribe 'depth' to meaning. It is ANU,Canberra, A.C.T. 0200, Australia. concerned with interpretation as an actlve process. It identifies how Interpreters are The autochthonous languagesof Borneo have been divided into10 separate enlisted and sociallyengaged, andhow meanings accumulate, extendand raw.These subgroups. This paper d~scussesfour subgroups on which the author has done research. processes are examned at work on the ban categones of angoi and chelap ('hot' and The Southeast Barito subgroup includes Malagasy.This language underwent 'cold') in diverse cultural domains, including corporeality, longhouse sociability, and considerable influence from Malay and Javanese.The author puts forth the hypothesis healing In the course of ntual treatment, theban shaman manipulates themeanings of that the Malagasy, rather than having sailed to Madagascar on their own, may have angot and chelap from one level to another, and it is this movement between shallow been transported thereby Malays. The Malayic subgroup ~ncludesban and Malay. The and deep referents which transformsthe experience of illness and health Thus, a diversity and relative archaismof the Malaylc languages spokenIn West Borneo suggest fundamental sourceof transformation,whether healingthe slck, giving birth,or burying that the Malayic homeland may have been In ths area The Tamanic languages are the dead, is the capacity of language itself to move from shallow to deep (journal phonologically, m~rphos~ntactically,and lexically close enough to the SouthSulawesi abstract). -1, 170 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 171 Blust, Robert. Kelabit-Engl~shvocabular). Sarmvak MuseumJournal. vol 44, 63 Aklionsarl properties, the same situation can be presented from differentviewpoints; (1993), pp 143-226. hence, inherentAktionsarf properties do not changewith a changeIn vlewpolnt aspect. Kelabit IS spoken ~n amore or less continuous area ~n uprlver partsof the Fourth Viewpoint aspect in Bonggi is expressed in (1) verb morphology, (2) free form and Fifih Divisionsof Sarawak andin neighboringareas of Kalimantan Barat,generally auxiliaries,(3) encliticparticles, and (4) temporal adverbs. Althoughaspect, tense, and at altitudesabove 2.000 feet. At present Kelab~tis grouped with Lun Dayeh and Lun modalityall belongto the operatorproject~on, they mod~fjdifferent layers of the clause. Bawang in an 'Apo Duat' dialect comples.The author surveysthe available literature This model notonly provides a frameworkfor treating aspect independently ofmodality He outlineswhat he considers tobe the three inadequacies which recur throughoutmost and tense but also for lreat~ngthe interrelationshipof aspect with modality, tense,and of the sources: (1) lack of specific informallonabout the d~alectcited; (2) orthographic other verbal categories(author) errors; (3) incomplete morphemic analysisHis own goalsare to provide a foundation for an eventual Kelab~t-Englishdictionary and a more abundantcorpus of lexical Chabot, Lyne.La foret indonesienne. un recul aus causes multrples. IN: Rodolphede informat~onfor linguists. Before presenting a71-page list, hediscusses some of the Koninck, ed Le de/j forestier en Asie clu Sud-Est Quebec: GCrac, UniversitP.Lava!, technical problemsinvolved in itscompilation (RosemaryL. Robson-McKillo~). 1994, pp. 4966. Humid tropical forest covers 61.5 per cent of Indonesia and holds 25,000 different Bottignolo, Bruno Celebrations withthe Sun. An overview of religious~henomena species or 10 per cent of global flora. In 1988the forest sector made up 15 per cent of amongthe Badjaos. 1995.Manila. Ateneo de ManilaUniversity Press. 27%~. Indones~a'stotal export. Kalimantanand Sulaweslare affected by commerciallogging A pioneering study of the Badjaos (Bajau)of Tawi-Tawi, whoare often mistakenl~ (80 per cent); next are transmigrationand agricultural colonizationThe author classified as Muslims or animists. it presents the systems of thought and belief that he discusses the impact of both loggingand transmigration,as well as the practlce of slash- behind the peoples' rel~giorlspraxis- thevar~ations as well as degradationsof tlle~r and-bum cultivation onforest conditions in Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, and to a lesser religious observances and rituals Muchof Badjao ritual,exemplified by the centralPQg- extent inSumatra and the Lesser Sunda islands (YouettaM. deJager). umboh ceremony, revolves around the sunand 1s therefore set at"the fullness of time" when sunlightfirst emerges from the eastern horizonand when the sunis at its peak In Christensen, Hanne and Ole Mertz.The risk avoidancestrategy of traditional shifting the heavens-hence the book's title (publisher's abstract). cultivallon in Borneo.Sarawak MuseumJournal. vol 44, 65 (1993), pp. 1-18. Traditional shifting cultivationis usually in equilibriumwith the environment. Boutin,Michael E Aspect in Bonggi PhD dissertation. Universityof Florida, 1994- Methodshave been developedover many generationsand valuable knowledge ofhow to An analysisof aspect in Bonggi, a Western Austronesianlanguage of Sabah. manage the environment has been accumulated. On closer inspection thefirst examinedwithin the frameworkof role and reference grammar(RRG). The morphology impression of chaos isreplaced by admirationof the complex farmingsystem whichhas of Bonggi distinguishesfour situation types: states, achievements, actlvlties, and been ad~usledto the sustainability ofthe environmentand to the needs of the farmers. accomplishments. Because these types are the startingpolnl fora RRG analysls, thereis There are some interesting referenceshere to how the farmers manage themature forest, a reciprocal harmony betweenthe RRG modeland Bonggi. which is used for hunting andas a source of fruits, nuts, mushrooms, vegetables, sago, Bonggi verbsare classified semanticallyaccord~ng to the relatlonships whichexist honey, medic~nalplants, fibres,and timber for the construct~onof houses and canoes. between predicates and {heir arguments. Theserela1ionships are described in terms cf The paper is based on fieldworkcarried out in two native societies:the Bukit of the logical structureswtuch are linked to verb morphology by a series of rules incluhng Loksado area of South Kalimantan and the Taboyanof the Kandu~area of Central assignment of thematic relations, semantlc macroroles, syntactic functions, case, and Kal~mantan(Rosemary L. Robson-McKillop). verbal cross-referencing.Each situation type has a unique set of inherent as~ectual properties(Aklionsarl) which are reflected in the logical SlrUclUresOf predicates anda Collier, WilliamL. Fifty years of spontaneous andgovernment sponsored migrationIn small set of operatorssuch as BECOMEand CAUSE. the swampy lands of Kalimantan: past results and future prospects.Prisrna no. 18 The model highlights thedistinction between Akrionsarl and viewpoint aspectb>' (1980),pp. 32-55. treating aspectas an operator. WhereasAklionsurl properlies are determined fromule Mgrat~onto the swampylands of Kalimantanwas sponsoredby the governmentin logical structures in a constituentprojection that accounts for argumentstructure. 1937and after considerable discussionand planning wasdone again in1953. However, assignment of viewpoint aspect belongsto an operator projection whch Includes companngthe income and welfare of spontaneousmigrants and those sponsoredby the aspect, tense, modality, negation. and illocutionary force. UnlikeAktionsflrf, government,the authorfound that the former have considerablyhigher income than the is determined fromlogical structure, viewpoint aspectis independentof logical lalter. Throughgroup discussions and Interviews, the author describes what achally structure. ~ltho~gheach situation type has a unique logical structure and set of happened in four transmigrationsites in Kalimantanand suggests howto improve their situation (journal abstract). - Borneo ResearchBulletin Vol. 27 Vol 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 173 ~il~~,Dihi, Radakng kehidupan orang DayakKanayatn. Kal~rnanlanReview. In 1991 No Hegel Type I bronze drums, known in Indonesia as nekara, were thn. 2, no. 3 (1993), pp. 11-15. discovered on the slopes of Bukit Selindung in the kecamatan Pemangkat, kabupaten hi^ article discusses [he form and function of the radakng (longhouse) among the Sambas, West Kalimantan. The drums are said to have contained a bronze 'bowl1 (now Kanaya[n Day& of West Kalimantan. The people inhabiting a longhouse regard lost), beads, copper and glassbracelets, and copper and bronzeear ornaments. Theyare themselves as one family and as such it plays an important role in social organization now in the PontianakMuseum. The SambasHoard which is now in the British Museum, 2nd ~nthe socializationof ch~ldren(Rosemary L Robson-McKillo~) was in an earthenware jarcovered with a badly corroded bronze plate. 11 consists of two standi~lgBuddha images, two standing Boddhisatva images,and an incense burner. It D~~~,Michael R. Perladangan padi paya sukuKantu di Kalimantan Barat Al7~ropologi dates from between the 8th and 10th century. It was found at asite south of Sambas in Indonesia. vol. l5,49 (1 991 ), pP. 61 -65. 1941 On stylistic ground NllakantaShastri dated it to the Srivijaya period. In the area A brief description of swamp-rice swiddensof the Kantu' who inhabit the upper there are no traces of architectural remains nor,not surprisingly as it was all alluvial, reaches of the Kapuas river valley. Besidescultivating dry swiddens, the Kantu' also traces of early gold-mining. The author belleves that the drums and beads suggest utilize [he swamp land surrounding theirdwellings to increase their food supply as this Indian influencesin the Bukit Selindung area, a goodsite for ancient trade, which may land is very fertile and give a high yield. A day's work in the swamp swiddengelds 11.3 predate the early trade sites of Kutai and Si Kendeng on the Krama river in south l~lresa day, compared with 9.7 litres from dry fields, but requires a great deal nore Sulawesi, bothof which werealso near gold works (RosemaryL. Robson-McKillop), work, 204 days compared to 98 days per year Another positive factor 1s that swamp land is relatively 'immune'to floodingand a fallow period of 1.5 10 2.5~earsis sufficient Evers, Hans-Dieter The emergenceof trade in a peasant society: Javanesetransmigrants for the ground torecover (RosemaryL. Robson-McKillo~). in Kalimantan. IN Hans-Dieter Evers and HeikoSchrader, eds.The rnoral economy of [rude' efhnicity and developrng markets. London Routledge, 1994,pp 76-87. D~~~,~i~h~~lR. uncertainty, humility, and adaptation in the tropical forest: the The model of peasantlzation depicts theprocess of an increasingly sedentary life agriculturalaugury ofthe Kanm'. Efhnol~~.Val. 32, 2 (1993): PP- 14M7. 2nd a closed, self-sufficient economy.Under a government resettlemenl scheme The augural system of the Kantu', a tribal ban-speaking people, living along the Javanese Peasantswere transported to the district of Kutai,Kalimantan. Theyoriginated tributaries of the Kapuas bver in West Kalimantan. linksritual to ecologY no( only from highly diversified ruralsenlements with a complex job structure, where tradingis instrumentallybut also symbolically and pedagogically.They tap rubber for the market an important additionalsource of income. The transmigrationsettlement was to colgorm and grow rice and other cultigens for the~rsubsistence. Swidden success dependsupon to the planners' image of the ideal Indonesian peasant village,with a total subsistence several variables In the environment whlch fluctuate fro111year to year The Icanlu' economy, where all outsideeconomic relations were to be taken care of by government of bird augury randomizestheir sw~ddenstrategies and thereby m~ancestheir agencies, but quickly after their arrivalthe Javanese settlers re-established the patterns to a complex and uncertain environment.Development of Pepper and they knew from the11 former homes, desp~tethe availability of ample land, the especially rubber cultivation this century have decreased their dependence on inaccessibilityof urban markets and the generally poor infraslructure. Based on data swiddening,which may in turn have increasedKantu' tolerance of risk, thereby making drawn from a study ofthe transmigration settlementsin the districts of Kutai, East omen-based randomization somewhat less important than was Once the case (journal Kalimantan, the author analysesthe ways in which trade is initiated, traders become dlfferenfiatedinto distinct occupational groups,and complex trading networks emerge (Youena M.deJager) Dransfield, J. and N Manokaran, eds Rattans. 1993, hardbound, US$ 69.001 Wageningen: PUDOC(ISBN 90-220-1057-0); 1994, paperback, US$ 7.00, Bogor: Florus, Paulus. Catatan tentang tradisi pada Orang Muwalang.Kal,,,tanla17 Review, thn, PROSEA(ISBN 979-8316-06). T~Sbook contains an introductory chapter of 28 pages, an alphabetical treaCment pages. In total, 17 speclalists contributed. longer provide fortheir livelihood. They have seen great changes during thelast 30 ~dwwdsMcfinnon, E. The Sambas Hoard: bronze drums,and gold ornamentsfound in Years. They have abandoned traditional longhousesfor single dwellings andimproved Kalimantan in1991. Journal of the Malapian Branch of the RoyalAsialrcSociefy, Infrastructure has meant thattheir area has been opened up to commercial agriculture 67, pt. 1 (1994),9-28. and transmigration proJects. Many have recently convertedto Christianity, whch means that their traditional rellgionis disappearing andwith ita rich tradition of myths and Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 175 legends The author also outlines theirsocial I~fe,including traditional mechan~smsfor Helliwell, Christine. Good walls make good neighbours:the Dayak longhouse as a settling conflict, as well as their art and religion (RosemaryL. Robson-Mckillop). community ofvoices. IN: JamesJ. Fox, ed Inside Auslronesian Houses:Perspecfives on Domeslic Designs for Living.Canberra The Australian National University. 1993,pp Ghazally Ismail and Muriedza Mohamed. Health and environmentin Sabah. Borneo 43-62. Availablethrough the Department of Anthropology, RSPAS, ANU, Canberra, Review. vol 1, 1 (1990). pp. 41-59. A.C.T 0200, Australia The major physical and soc~o-economicdevelopments experiencedIn Sabah within The household is often mlstaken as the pre-eminent Dayak social unit,at least to the last ten years have substantially influencedthe quality of its environment. The some Dayak societies, in that there the primary social entity is not necessarily co- environmentof Sabah has been modifiedby several factorsthat may have a directeffec, residential, and therefore doesnot constitute a household in its proper sense on human health.The prevalence of malaria, filariasis and other vector-borned~seascs Unwarrented emphasis uponthe household can lead to serious m~sunderstandingsof the may have arisen from a variety of environmental changes which include the creation ni character of Dayak social relations. Geraiis a Dayak community of about 700 persons, artificial catchment areas resultingfrom deforestation and agricultural activitiesFood- locatedIn the northeast section of Ketapang District, Kalimantan Barat, where the borne d~seases,also h~ghlyprevalent In Sabah, may have primarily or~ginatedfrom cultivation of rice is the primary econon~icactivity. The Gera~longhouse is laid out faecal contaminationof rivers that still serve as major sources of domesticwater suppig uponseven separate namedlevels, each dfferentiated from the others by its function. in many pans of interior Sabah Other factors contributing to the rapid deteriorat~onof The author focuses on the lawang (the Inner space)wh~ch is opposed to the sawah (the the env~ronmentinclude air pollution, pesticideresidues, nutrients and heavy metal outer space). The lawang/smvah div~sionis a conceptual opposition between the contaminationof the major river systems (journal abstract). longhouse community and those outside it. Examination of the lmvang and the communlty interaction that takes place withinit has long been neglected in Guerre~ro,Antonio J. Enliles, rhetoriqueet inlention dans le discours rituel Modang anthropological literatureon Dayak societies. The space delimited by the lawang Wehea (Kalimantan Est. Indontsie) [Spiritual agencies, rhetoric and Intentionin construction in Gerai is not 'private': resources, light, and sound are shared across Modang Wehea ntual d~scourse]. Document de Trava~l no 1. Prograrnll~e permeable boundaries that separatethe apartments.Thus the lawang structure gives rise Plurid~sciplina~rede Recherche sur Borneo (PIBOR), 4lpp.. 4 figures, 2 photographs. to a particular form of social control. The spatial arrangement within the Gerai 1996. Aix-en-Provence [French,available May, 1997). longhouse indicates the embeddedness of a householdIn the larger longhouse There eslsts a close relat~onshipbetween the r~tualdiscourse uttered during /?a' community. In a Gera~longhouse it IS not the impermeable walls thatmake good w7ding and the myth of Long Deang Yung as told by the Wehea of East Kalimanian. neighbors,as in a Westernarrangement, but the gaps and tears whichoccur within them The invocation appearsto be a commentary onthe myh. of which certain elements (Youerra M. de Jager) emerge as the context of a sacr~ficeoffered to the Pa&-LongDeang Yungand the omens of rice cultivation.Indeed. during the rite 'Uding in the swidden', custom dictatesthat Jessup, Timothy C., Longhousesof East Kalimantan.Kalimanlan Review.thn. 2, no. 3 the myth, or at least a resume of it, be recited toevoke the sacrificeof a young girl. The (1993),pp. 16-20. author's hypothesis is that what characterizes this ~nvoctionis the juxtapos~tlonby Longhouses wereonce widely found throughout EastKalimantan, but now they are means of oral ingenuity of more or less fixed formulas, lists, or 'signs of value 0' with built only in a few remote communitieson the Apo Kayan plateau In formertimes they performative unerances The rheloric of discourse alms primar~lyat producing siiual could be massive constructions housingup to 500 to 600 inhab~tantsw~th an overall effect~veness height of 40 metres and could be up to about 400 metres in length. Theywere built or rebuilt as frequently as once a decade. Since the 1980s there has been an innovation in Hatmaji, Sri Hariyah. Ayke S Kiting and Evi Nurvidya Anwar. Penduduk lndoilcsia construction as relatively light-weight, sawn umbers are now used instead of the Timor danpeluang b~snrs.Majalah DemograJ Indonesia. vol. 20. 39 (1993). pp. j1-'7*. tradtional heavy hand-hewn timber.In many areas social pressures are now forcing The paper surveys the inhabitantsof four provincesin Eastern Indonesia,viz Ball, people to abandon longhouses (RosemaryL. Robson-Mclllop) East Kalimantan, South and Southwest Sulawesi, in order to weigh their potentla1 as customers, i.e., to estimate their value as a 'target market' for business. Factorsw.hich Juweng, Stepanus,Turbulence in Sabah and Sarawak and its implications forIndonesia. are taken into consideration are age distribution and breakdown accordingto se!;, as The Indonesian Quarterly. vol21,2 (1993), pp. 187-201 well as degree of urbanization. The extent of double-income households andthe Relations between Sabah and Sarawak and the central governmenthave tended to project~onof future growth are also included. Special attentionis paid to women as very be turbulent. This can pose a threat to the stability of the ASEAN area. This article dscnfinating buyers and as general managers of ~ho~~seholdbudgets (RosemakY L reviews the current political and economicsituat~on in both Malaysian states. Thereis a Robson-McEClllop). growing problen~of illegal Indonesian immigrants, especially in Sabah where the problem is compoundedby a number of Moro refugees. As it is, although the income per 1 176 Borneo ResearchBullet~n Vol. 27 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 177 capita is tugher than Sarawak, thepoverty rate in the latter state is much lower. The Laade, Wolfgang.In search of roots:the interpretation ofancient and tribal Southeast article then moves on to examine federal-state relations (RosemaryL. Robson- Asian muslcal phenomena as sources of East and Southeast Aslan muslc.Bulletin of the McKillop). Internalional Conrtnilfee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnographical Research. Nos. 34-35, 1992-93,pp. 49-78, bibl., diagrs, maps, photogrs. Klokke, A. H. Description of a bambootube (solep) from Central Borneo depicting East and SoutheastAsia is an area which offers many possibilities for studying the Ngaju Dayak religious iconographySarmvak Museum Journal vol 44, 65 (1993), py question of stabil~tyand change in musical tradit~onsover a long period of time. In 60-69 musical terms, the author sees East Asla as an area apart fromWest Asia. Heterophony The Ngaju depict sacral rites and mythical narratives on rattan mats, wooden is much more complex. He examines variousmusical instruments whichare found in objects, and bamboo tubes (solep). In lhis article the author describes the mythcal many of the cultures inthe region. Particular attention is paid to bronze 'kenledrums', scenes illustrated on a bambootube which was given to him by a priest (basir) in Telo'c In reality a form of gong, which are e~therin the form of a kettle (Indoch~na)or Nyatu on the Kahayannver. Thepnest had formerly used it in rel~giousceremonies asa hourglassshape (mokko) in Indonesia. FollowingHood, he sees these as a variant of the kind of visual aid for religious instruction.The bulk of the article consists of a detailed now usual roundbossed gong used in Indonesia. Bronze bells are found anlong the 'hill description of the various scenes andmyths that are associated withit. The scenes have tribes' in Vietnamand the Phllppines.However, the Jew's harp is found throughoutthe been cawed from the bamboo and the background stained with dragon's blocd whole area. The musical bow IS less frequent, inSoutheast Asla being confined to New (larenang)(Rosemary L. Robson-McIOllop). Guinea [Irian].On the other hand, the mouth reed orgari is found overa very wide area, but in Indonesia is confined to the Kayan and the Semputanin Kalimantan. Polyvocal Klokke, AH Oorsprongsmythen en afbeeldingen van Ngaju-Dayak tnihing: de slnging is a common phenomenon.Attention is also drawn to kolotomy or the division achtergrond van een bestaande methodevan vlsvangst. Bijciragen lot de taal-. 1a11cl-en of musical forms into temporal units ofequal length whichare marked by specific volkenkunde. Vol. 150, 1 (1994), pp. 67-109, bibl., photogrs. instruments struckone after the other in a specific order This is a characteristic of The Ngaju Dayak word mihing refers to a wooden construction erected in the Indones~angamelan and Japanese gagaku. The article ends with a detailed planfor upstream part of the Kahayan hver (Central Kalimantan) des~gnedto catch fish. Two further urgent research(Rosemary L. Robson-McKillop). myths of ongin about the mihblg, In Ngaju Dayak and Dutch, give insight into ]is religious background and present a clear picture of Ngaju life in former Lin!es Lim, David Economicadjustments under conditions ofabundance. implicat~onsfor Depictions of the mihrng on a rotan mat and a bamboo tube are presented wlthdetatled Malaysia and Sabah. Borneo Review. vol I, 1 (1990), pp. 149-59. information about the various elements in thesedes~gns. The meanlng of ril~ials A government facedwith massive revenuesfrom a resource boomcan use different involved in the construction and use of the ~nihing,and differences behveen artistic mechanisms to absorb the revenues into the domestic economy.This paper examines designs, can only be understood from a knowledge of thesemyths of origin whlch three- currency appreciation,expansion of the domestic money supply and increasing circulated as oral literature. the level of protection It then looks at the relevance of such an analysis to Malaysla and Sabah. It concludesthat prima facie the analysis isrelevant but points out that empirical Kreps, Christina.On Becoming 'Museum-minded': a study of museum developmentand work is neededbefore morecan be said(journal abstract). the politics of culture in Indonesia PhD dissertation,University of Oregon, 1994. This dissertation 1s based on an 18-month ethnographic study of the Provincial Noorduyn, J. A Bugs inscription in the Udok-Udok cemetery, Brunei. Journal of the Museum of Central Kalimantan, Museum Balanga. The study considers how the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Sociey. vol. 66, 2 (1993), pp. 103-112. museum is a transnational cultural form,and how museum development inIndones~a is The subject of this article wasfound in the Udok-Udok cemetery in Brunei in 1986. part of a global museum phenomenon.It examines how Museum Balanga functionsto It consists of five short lines of Buginese script engravedon stone. The author first collect, preserve, and represent the cultural hentage of Dayak peopleswithn the context provides a bare transliteration with all the linguistic features needed for an adequate of national policieson museum development.The study investigatesthe interests and interpretation.The script used is discussed in some detailand then the contents of the purposes museums servein the Indonesian setting, andhow museum development 1s inscriptionare described. On the surface it would seem that it was erected inmemory of informed by state ideologies on nationalintegration, socioeconomic development,2nd a Bugis man who d~edin 1272 H?jrah (A.D. 1855-56), accordingto a date in European modernization. The dissertation advocates community-based museum developmentand numerals on the reverse of the stone. On the other hand, by the mid 19th century, the I the recognition of indigenous concepts of preservation and methodsof treating culiural Buginese were excecrated inBrunei, whereas in the 18th century they had been all materials (Cop~esof the dissertation are available through UMI or can be obtained powerful. Therefore, we may be confronted with a'recycled' tombstone on which the directly from Christ~naKreps on diskette Center for Asianand Pacific Stuflies, inscription actuallydates fromthe mid-18th century (RosemaryL. Robson-McIGllop). University of Oregon, Eugene,OR 97403, U.S.A.) 178 Borneo ResearchBulleun Vol LI Vol 27 Borneo Research Bulletln 179 Peluso, Nancy Lee The ranan trade ~n EastKal~mantan, Indonesia 1N Dan~el13 Sarnlan Mukhtar Perubahan status sos~aldan moral ekonom~petaru kajlan pada Nepstad and Stephan Schwanzman,eds Non-timber products )om troprcal forests komurutas petanl plasma PIR karetDanau Slak,Kal~mantan Selatan Prrs~nathn 23, Jr- no 7 (1994),pp 69-86 evalualron of a conservatron andclevelopment rtralegy New York The New Yolk Botanical Garden, 1992, pp 1 15-27 Does soclal Improvement necessarily lnvolve soclal change? Ths questlon 1s Slnce more and more people have access to the lnterlor of Kal~mantan,11 IS examned ~n relat~onto the rubber farmers of the Danau Salak planation ~n South unl~kelythat local peoplecan recapturecontrol of the forests surround~ngthelr vlllag~s Kallmantanwho have jusl becomepan of the PIR These farmersare nicknamed petanr Extractwe reserves constitute a conservation and development strategy thatalloca~es plas~na They comprlse twoethruc groups lnd~genousOrang Banjar and Javanese rlghts of usufruct and control over resourcesto people wlth long-stand~ngcla~ms !o transnugrants Innovat~onmeans thatthey have now the rlght to convert the land they them To Improvethe chances of success the soclalorganlzatlon of extractwereseives work, amounting to a rubber plantallon of approx~mately3 hectares There 1s a great must be grounded In local history The author discusses the pressures on the trade In difference In anltudetowards ths freedom Ways ofmeasuring status also d~fferThe non-timber productsIn East Kallmantanfocuslng onrattan (Calamusspp ) cons~denng Banjarese tendto spend extra money on consp~cuousdisplay The Javanese planmore both the potentla1for and the constra~ntson creatlng extractive reservesIn thls pol~t~cal- carefully, llvlng slmplyand taklng care of the~rresources, although both groupshave economlccontext (Youetta M de lager) becomemore consump~lonorlented (RosemaryL Robson-McKlllop) Potess, Fernando People's conservat~onand development why support naturalresource Sather, Cl~ffordTrees and tree tenure In Paku Iban soclety the management of secondaryforest resourcesIn a long-establ~shedIban community Borneo Revrew vol 1, base conservatlonKalrtnantan Review thn 1,2 (1992), pp 44-50 (1990), pp The author analyses the ~mpllcat~onsof Act no 5 (1990) In whlch Indonesrn's 1 16-40 ban methodsof land-use havebeen representedas manger laforet Recent studles, conservatlon pollcy IS lald down He argues that lndlgenouscommunllles should be allowed to pracucethelr own natural resource basedconsenlation Th~shas alwaysbeen however, dlsputeths vlew and the present paperIS a contr~but~onto th~s crltlque In the an Integral part of thelrsun~lval strategy and a component of the systemctlc Paku rrver reglon of the Second Dlvls~onof Sarawak, theban have remained rn developmentof the~rnatural resource-basedeconomies In a word they are ecologically continuous occupation of the same area for more than 14 generations, practlclng a sound and can offer different ways of sharing and managlng resources (Rosemary L sustained form of sw~ddencult~vat~on and managlng the resources of the secondary Robson-McKillop) forest by means of an established system of s~lvl-tenureHere, the baslc featuresof th~s system are descr~bedThe longhouse1s the prlmary unlt of forest-resource management Potter, Lesley Forest class~ficatron,polrcy and land-use plannlng In Kallmantan In the upper andm~ddle Paku, tracks of landare set aslde forjolnt forest exploltatlonby longhouse membersas cemetery sltes,fru~t-tree reserves, river corridors, and forest Borneo Revrew vol 1,1 (1990),pp 91-128 Ths paper beglns by exanunlng the level ofknowledge regarding the present '~slets'under rltual lnterdlct~onIn addrt~on,temporary bans on felling are observed, condltlon of Kallmantans forests, once considered Indonesia's nchest The forest partlcularly around worklng nce-fieldsFinally, hentabler~ghts are also acknowledged, classlficat~onsystem 1s scrutln~sedfrom thepo~nt of vlew of land-useplannlng andthe Independent of land-user~ghts, over indlv~duzltrees and other useful plant specles These rights, partlcularlyIn fru~tand honey trees, have links to oral history, belng varylngdemands made on the forest estate forprotection of waterhedsand preservatfon traced through as many as 11 generatlons The~rrecogrutlon thus transcends thepnrnary of ecosystems,for producbon to feedthe burgeoning plywood Industry,or for conversion to accommodate humansettlement Conclus~onsare drawn as to the effect~venessof unlts of everyday soc~aleuperlence, contr~butes to the maintenance of ~ntra-reg~onal relat~ons,and h~stor~c~sesthe landscape (Journal abstract) present pollc~esand suggestions made for changes In dlrect~onsmore lkely to secure susta~nabll~tyof the resourceQournal abstract) Sather, Clflord Sea nomads andrainforest hunter-gatherers foraglngadaptat~ons In I the Indo-MalaysranArch~pelago IN Peter Bellwood,James J Fo\ and Darrell Tryon, Rufinus, Albert Beberapa aspek permasalahansoslal budayadalam masyarakatDa~ak eds The Auslronesrans Htslorrcatand Comparalrve Perspectrves 1995 Canberra Kanayatn dlkapbuaten Pont~anak Kalrmanlan Revrewthn I,no 2 (1992),pp 19-23 Papers, Departmentof Anthropology, Research Schoolof Paclfic and AsIan Studles, The KanayatnDayak, sometimes called Dayak Melayu,lnhablt thekabupalerl of AustralIanNat~onal U~verslty, pp 229-68 Pontianakand SambasIn WestKallrnantan In thsarticle the author evtrapolates on the Ths chapter dlscussesthe non-agr~culturalaspects of Austrones~anhlstory and past, present and future problemswith whlch these people,specifically those in ethnography, talong the vlew that the early Austrones~an colonlzat~onsm~ght have Pontlanak,have been, are, andwall be confronted (Rosemary L~obson-McIOllop) ~nvolveda range of both food producing and foraging economles and that sharp dlchotom~esbetween these two lunds of economy are unl~kelyto have existed Modern Austrones~anhunter-gatherers such as Lhe Agta and Penan cannot beseen as 'foss~llzed' 180 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 2'7 Vol. 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin 181 foragers from the Pleistocene, but, like the Semang, as parties to a process of symbiosis This article concerns a Bukat community, one of the partly settled hunting- with agriculturalistswhich has continued for several millennia.The Idea of 'devolutior' gathering communitiesof West Kalimantan,based on a short manuscript in Indonesian from a pnor dependence on agriculture amongthe Penan is critically assessed anr: writtenby Sawing Gemala, a Bukat notable ofthe hamlet of Nanga Balang, upper rejected. Also discussedare the historical roles of the sea nomads-Moken, Orang La: Kapuas River. The legend contamedin this manuscript, whichis to explain the findings and Sama-Bajau (P. Bellwood,J J. Fox, and D. Tryon). of archaeological artifacts, contradictsother sources, a thing which is only natural. The author analyzes in a regional cultural contextBukat manipulationsof historical tradition Schiller, Anne L. Journalist~cimputation and ritualdecapitat~on: human sacrifice anci in the context of their changing circumstances. He argues that this counter evidence media controversy in CentralKalimantan. Southeast Asian Journal of Soc~alScience. proves that current 'revisio~st'hunter-gatherer studles,some of which conclude too vol. 21, no 2 (1993),pp. 97-110 hastily that hunter-gatherers have'devolved' from agricultural societies, may be In 1991 Tempo published an article entitled Gadut, tumbal tiwah (Gadut, spiiir overdrawn (YouettaM, de lager) offering at tiwah),purporting to describe a ritual murder carriedout to comply wii. requirements fora secondary burialamong the Ngaju Dayakof Central Kalimantan.The Sellato, Bernard. SaltIn Borneo. IN: Pierre le Roux and Jacques Ivanoff, eds. Le sel de present paper contex~uallzesand descr~besa case of media portrayal of the religious lavie in Asiedu Sud-Est. Bangkok:Prince of SongklaUn~vers~ty. 1993, pp. 263-84. practices of a less well known part of Indonesia. It also examines the way in which the AS in most parts of Southeast Asla, salt is produced along the coasts of new religious bureaucracyhelped to find a solution.The Tempo article intimated tha! Kalimantan, butthis article focuses on the situation inthe hghlandswhere imported sea the adherents of one indigenous belief system, Kaharingan, more recently Hinclu salt and locally produced brine-salt coexisted. It looks at the world of tastes andits Kaharingan, were st111 taking heads as a prerequis~tefor secondarydeath rites known as terminology; methods offood preparation; techniques of food preservation; salt-making tiwah (RosemaryL. Robson-Mcbllop). technology; salt trade patterns and theireconomic context; and thesymbolic meaning and ritual role of salt The author concentrateson the Aoheng of the Upper Mahakam Schouten, MariaJohanna C. Heads for force: on the headhuntingcomplex in Southeast and their neighbors such as the Kenyah. Among the points examinedare the presence or Asia and Melanesia.Anais universitrios. no. 3 (Outober 1992),pp. 1 13-30. absence of semantic oppositions such as 'sweet/salt'. Interestingly, among nomadic What is it that makes human heads so important that warriors should risk groups suchas the Penan and Bukat, who do not consciouslyeat salt, thereIS, according harzardous expeditions to fetch them? The author analyses the religious and political to the author, no hgher incidence of goitre than among coastal people. H~stoncally,a motives for headhunting amongthe Dayak, Toraja, Minahasan and othercultures in self-sufficiency in salt was a factor inmaintaining autonomy,as it evaded dependency Melanesia and Southeast Asia.The head, she argues, as the repository of mana or 'soul- on coastal sultanates(Rosemary L. Robson-McKillop) substance', plays a central roleIn rituals associated with fertility or death. Apart from headhunt~ngfor ritual purposes, headhunt~llgwas also a means for gaining soc~alstatus Set~aningsih,hta Margaretha. Perahu dalambeberapa prasasti Indonesia.Berkala or increasing personal power wlthn the community, as among the Iban and the Arkeologi. thn. 13, no. 1 (1993), pp. 10-21. Minahasans.Colonialisn~ banished hepractice in the 19thlearly 20th century.However, Indonesia is a maritime nation and ships have always played an important role in the abolition of a custom which was the core of a cluster of beliefs, rituals and the economy and communications. Therehave been a few archaeological finds of the accompanyingcustoms had far-reachngconsequences for headhunt~ngsocieties, whch remains of early ships, e.g. at Sambirejoand Kolam Pinisi at Palembang,Bukit Jakas in have developeddifferent ways of dealing with the vacuum whichhas ansen (Youena lvi. Riau, and Paya Pasir near Medan. Thereare the ship-shaped sarcophagiof some Dayak de Jager). people, traditional ships woven into textiles, and the depict~onof a merchant shp on Borobudor, which give an idea of what early ships looked like. There are also ships Sellato, Bernard Collective memory and nomadism: ethno-historical investigationsin mentioned in a number of inscriptions The author reproduces the texts of nine such Borneo. Indonesia no. 57 (1993). pp. 155-71. inscriptions (RosemaryL. Robson-McKillop). Ths article was orig~nallyentitled Memolre collective et nomadismeand first appeared in FrenchIn Archipel 27 (1984): 85-108. The author cautionsthat he has 10 Sihbud~,hza. Persepsi Ekonoml-PolitlkKauni Muda 'Pinggiran'.studi kasus tigakota some extent modified the tea as his ideas have grownand matured over the last IcQ Analisis CSIS vol. 22, 2 (1993), pp 128-42 years (Rosemay L.Robson-McKillop). The study concerns the politico-economic perceptionsof 'marginal' youngpeople who work in factories in villages In three kabupaten in outer provinces of Indonesia, Sellato, Bernard. My~h,history, and modem cultural identityamong hunter-gatherers a including Kalimantan Barat.The group studied numbered 122 people, with an average Borneo case.Journal of SoutheastAsian Studies. Vol. 21. 1(1993), pp. 18-43. age of 30, all of them wlth a techn~calschool (SLTA) education. Their wages were less than Rp. 100,000 a month. Without exceptionthey regarded tbs income as far too low 'I' - 182 Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 2'1 Vol. 27 Borneo Research Bulletin 183 to meet their responsibilities,but it was difficult for them to find supplementary work. vulnerable child, an indicator of soclal status, and an Instrumentof socialization. The ba As far as politlcs are concerned, most are woefully ignorant, not even knowing thename may be decorated with pieces of textile(for the lower classes), beads,silver coins, shells, of the governor oftheir province. Only a small percentage (0.8) hadsome understanding or other objects. The authors discuss the patternsand figures which are connected with of DPRD. The author says that this does much to negate government claims to be the social status. Tiger teeth, for example, are reserved for the aristocracy (Youetta M, de gude to people's poli~lcalconsc~ousness (Rosemary L Robon-McKillop). Jager). Soedinnan, Soeyitno. Study of the changes in forest conditions in the Bukit Soeharto Zeppel, Heather Authenticity and the ban: Cultural tourism at ban longhouses in DipterocarpForest Area, East Kalimantan IN: Ishemat Surianegara,ed Proceedingsof Sarawak, East Malaysia. PhD dissertation. Material Culture Unit, JamesCook the FourthRound-table Conference on Diprerocarps.1991 Bogor: SEAMEO, pp.221- University of NorthQueensland. 1994. 238. ban longhouses are a key tourist attraction in Sarawak. This thesis examines The province of East Kalimantan isthe most important log-producer in Indonesis, tourist responses to authenticity in Iban culture at the Sarawak Museum,Sarawak but about 32 percent of the forest area is allocated for protectlon andconservation. T!re Cultural Village, and during guided ban longhouse tours. In addition to the importance of the tropical rainforest for Indonesiacannot be measured simply in investigation of tourist reactions to ban longhouses, the present set of studies also economic terms; the ecological and conservational aspects also must neverbe examines sigruficant factors Influencing touristdemand for authentic cultural underestimated.Taman Hutan Raya Bdat Soeharto, 60 km south of Samarinda in East experiences. A mainobjective is to evaluate authenticitythrough the ~nterplaybetween Kallmantan has not been designated a multifunctional area. It offers an interestiag tourist responses to the longhouse setting (situational) and fulfilling inner needs example of the problem of human interaction and forest resources. The paper presenis (behavioral). an estimate of the changes in forest conditions in the area caused by human activity Field researchon Iban longhouse tourismprovides hrther insight intothe concept using the techique of aerial photography(Rosemary L. Robson-McKillop). of authenticity. Itevaluates tourist reactions to the physical markers of ban cultural identity, and the social mechanisms used by tourists to validate genuine cultural Sukanda, A L Yan. Gagasan pengembangan musk tradisional Dayak. Kulrmantct~-r experiences. This thesls develops the notlon that tourists actively select meaningful Revrew.thn. 1,1 (1992), pp. 17-22. elementsin banculture accordingto their own needs for authenticity. Touristreactions Theethnomusicology of Dayak music has so far been neglected. Among the almost to authenticity are evaluated using survey responses,supported by observations of tourist 450 Dayak groups,there is a wide range of music and musical instruments. There area behavlor at ban longhouses. number of Merent gongs, cymbals,as well as Jew's harps. LLkewise there IS a great diversity of tympany and stringed instruments.The Dayaks are the only Indonesizn people whose wind instruments include the keledi or shawm, which indicates a connection wthpeople on the malnlandof Southeast Asia.There is also a great variety of songs (RosemaryL. Robson-McKillop). Sumawinata, Basuki. Adaptive agricultural practices and land-use cycles In pyritic sedmentsin South Kalimantan.Southeast Asian Studies.Vol. 30, 1 (1993),pp. 93-104. This article describes the 'adaptive' agricultural technique useby the Banjarese cultivate rice and perennial cropson potentially acid sulphate soils. Its characteristics are (1) drainagekept to a nlinlmurn in reclamation so as to depress oxidation of pyritic sdment;(2) traditional swampland rice cultivation; (3) secondary Melaleucaforest is conserved by the shifting cultivationof rice with long-term planting and long-term fallow periods(Rosemary L. Robson-McKillop). Wttier, Herbert L. and Patricia Whittier Tijgenanden vooraristocratische baby's. IN 1.C van Hout, ed. Lieve lasten:hoe kinderengedrugen worden.Amsterdam: Koninkli~k Insutuut voor de Tropen. 1993, pp. 100-105, photogrs. The Kenyah of Kalimantan carrytheir babies ontheir backs in a rotan basket, the ba, wluch is at once a canier of bables, a work of art, protection for the young and - Borneo Research Bulletin Vol. 2'1 Vol. 27 Borneo ResearchBulletin of the Bulletinbut which havean interest and relevance for them. They will be included with the contributor's name in parentheses following the item to THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL indicate the source. Summariesof news longer than one or two paragraphswill appear withthe contributor's name underthe title and prefaced by "From". The Borneo Research Council was foundedin 1968 and.its memberslupconsists of Bibliographic Section: A Bibliography of recent publications willappear in Fellows, an international group of scholarswho are professionally engagedin research each issue of the Bulletin,and, consequently, reprints or other notices of recent in Borneo. 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Please 15th at the Universit~Brunei Darussalam, were the largest and, I thnk, most participantswould agree, themost successfulyet undertaken, anda report on theFourth Biennial Conferencew~ll appear in the next volume of the RRB In the meantime, I take this opportunityto thank our Brune~hosts, and in particularProfessor Peter Eatonand all of those who ass~stedhim, for a truly memorablegathering It was proposedat the I conclusion of the Brunel meetlngs that thenext biennial conferencein 1998 be held, I - -- th; nkxt volume I will outlinethe current statusof planning for our Fifth Biennial BRC Conference. Finally, 1 am pleased to report that the results ofour annual fund campaign have been gratifying. 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