Islam in the Early Modern World Economy

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Islam in the Early Modern World Economy HSTAFM 162 Class 7.2 (2/16/16) H A of Islam Spreads 08–14 21/5/04 9:57 AM Page 54 H A of Islam Spreads 08–14 21/5/04 9:57 AM Page 55

H A of Islam Spreads 08–14 21/5/04 9:57 AM Page 55

HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD TRADE ROUTES c. 700–1500

TRADE ROUTES c. 700–1500

30° 15° 0° 15° LAPP REINDEER30° 45° 6060° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° HERDERS Trade Routes and Empires Iceland - c. 1500 (Denmark) K R I A N R E I N D E E R H E R D R Y S I B E E R S Empires Routes A A 60° D E N 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° W E Portuguese Trading routes M W R S N O Trade Routes and Empires E Spanish Gold trade N

60° D c. 1500 I A N R E I N D E E R H E R RUSSIAS I B E R D E R S Empires Routes State society Silk road S I B I R T A T A R S Portuguese SCOTLAND Trading routes Other Spanish Gold trade TATARS ENGLAND POLAND- State society Silk road KAZAN HOLY LITHUANIAS I B I R T A T A R S Other E U R A ROMAN S I A N S T E P AINU HUNTER- ATLANTIC OCEAN N O G P E A N D EMPIRE A I D E S E R N I S T N O S GATHERERS A M A D S M O N G O L HUNGARY K H A S T R R K FRANCE Venice S A Astrakhan I R A T G 45 T A H ° T U S T K Z I Z K A L M Y U B Pisa O E U R A R E S I A N S R K AINU HUNTER- Marseille Rome T T E P P K S T Edirne E A N D D K A I VENICE O E S E R T O Tashkent GATHERERS S M Constantinople N O M M Chiwa O L S PAPAL A A D S A M O N G SPAIN Amalfi N N STATES Bursa E M S BukharaBukha K P I R Samarkand Kashgar Azores PORTUGAL I R E Denia G Ardabil Schar-i-SabzSc (Port.) Cordoba U H Tabriz S Merv KOREA N T Y K Algiers Tunis Z IzmirI Z Konya Lajazzo K A L M Almeria U Palermo Nishapurhapur B E Balkh A R Kairouan K S P ALGIERS K Mahdia Samarra A O Crete TashkentCyprus Damghanghan M U G H A J Tlemcen M Chiwa L Fez TUNISA Damascus Herat E MING N Baghdad SAFAVIDAVID M TIBET Meknes TripoliS Bukhara CHINESE TRIPOLI Samarkand JerusalemKashgar EMPIREP IRE Lahore P Marrakech Basra I I 30° Schar-i-Sabz S R KOREA EMPIRE MOROCCO Merv Cairo A L N A E hapur R A Delhi A BalkhSiwa M Canary Is. Sijilmasa A P (Spain) B IC A ghan M U G H A A RAJPUTANA J L N N Ghat Herat E MINGD AVID M MedinaTIBETO H Tropic of Cancer Kubra M MuscatMuscat IN C A M Lahore P A CHINESEDU Taiwan E L N P IRE Kambaya ST BURMESE O M I I D OMAN ATES A S R S EMPIRE BENGAL KINGDOMS PACIFIC OCEAN D L Mecca S E A Delhi GHARRAARRA Thana LAOS M Suakin FUNJ IC Goa ORISSA Timbuktu MAHRAAHRA PEGU A A RAJPUTANA (Portugal) N Cape Verde Is. N Sanaa NGH D Soba N 15° (Port.) O A HADRAMAUTMAUT A A SENEGAL S I KANEM- H Y Muscat IN YEMEN A M Cacheu Abeche DU VIJAYANAGARATaiwan MOSSI BORNU S BURMESE H (Portugal) OMAN DARFURKambaya TATES Aden Philippine MALI STATES HAUSA WADAI BENGAL KINGDOMS PACIFICT OCEAN Islands Zaila T STATES ARRA Thana LAOS CAMBODIA Kulum Mali U AKAN ADAL Y OYO AHRA Goa ETHIOPIAORISSA SAYLAN A (Portugal) PEGU A N Colombo Ceylon Benin N (Portugal) MAUT A A Galla Y ACEH BENIN M Elmina A (Portugal) VIJAYANAGARA Fernando Póo H Malacca DROMO Philippine (Portugal) (Port.) T Islands Mogadishu T MALACCA Borneo 0° CAMBODIA Kulum Mali U Lamu Y SAYLAN A INDIAN OCEAN Sumatra M A ColomboMombasa L LUBA Ceylon AYA New Guinea (Portugal)(Portugal) N IS LAMIC S CONGO LUNDA Zanzibar ACEH N STATE ISLAMIC Malacca Java CITY-STATES (Portugal) Timor MALACCA Borneo (Port.)

AUSTRALIAN INDIAN OCEAN Sumatra M Madagascaragascar A ABORIGINAL 15° L HUNTER-GATHERERS AYA New Guinea N I SLAMIC N STATES 54 Java 55 Timor (Port.)

AUSTRALIAN agascar ABORIGINAL HUNTER-GATHERERS

55 1492

• The year 1492 was marked by two interconnected events of great significance—the voyage of Columbus to the New World, and the finale of the Reconquista with the fall of Granada. • Early exploration of the New World was fundamentally tied to the experience of the Reconquista—Cortés for instance described Aztec temples as mezquitas (Arabic masğid “mosque” and their priests as alfaquí (Arabic faqīh, religious judge). Image from a dispersed Mughal album, painted by Manṣūr ca. 1612, one of several known turkeys from the reign of Jahangir. Victoria & Albert Museum, IM.135-1921 Fragment of Piri Reis’s World-Map of 1513, depicting the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, and the coastline of South America H A of Islam Spreads 08–14 21/5/04 9:57 AM Page 54 H A of Islam Spreads 08–14 21/5/04 9:57 AM Page 55

H A of Islam Spreads 08–14 21/5/04 9:57 AM Page 55

HISTORICAL ATLAS OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD TRADE ROUTES c. 700–1500

TRADE ROUTES c. 700–1500

AUSTRALIAN INDIAN OCEAN Sumatra M Madagascaragascar A ABORIGINAL 15° L HUNTER-GATHERERS AYA New Guinea N I SLAMIC N STATES 54 Java 55 Timor (Port.)

AUSTRALIAN agascar ABORIGINAL HUNTER-GATHERERS

55 “And it is said that they are providing the Sultan with everything he needs to know about how to prepare a fleet to send to the Red Sea, and that because of them he is now very knowledgeable about the Kingdom of Portugal and the capabilities of its king to such an extent that the Sultan is now preparing an even larger force than he previously intended.” —Portuguese report concerning the activities of Venetian merchants in Egypt, ca. 1539. Ottoman Trading

CommunitiesThe Circulation of Men and Credit 143

Archangel St. Petersburg

Libau Moscow Casanca/Kazan Amsterdam Brussels Astrakhan Livorno Venice Erivan/ Constantinople Yerevan

Smyrna/ Tabriz Izmir Aleppo Malta Isfahan/Julfa

Hormuz Calcutta Canton Surat

Manila Madras Pondicherry Tenesserim

Tranquebar INDIAN OCEAN Cities Batavia Santiago Barrachiel (1720s) 0 1000 mi Gregorio di Zaccarias (1720s) 0 1500 km MapItineraries 4. Itineraries of Julfan commenda of Armenianagents. Merchants tino) afer which they lef their homes in search of proftable investments overseas. Te young age of these agents indicates that they were already considered adults before they lef home on their travels. Indeed, this is supported by a testimony at a notary public in Amsterdam given in the second half of the seventeenth century, according to which “among the Armenians [of Julfa] one is considered to be able to conduct business if he has only the age of 15 or 16 . . . [afer which] all his acts are considered as being valid like those of a mature person.”62 By the time some of these men had reached Manila and had decided to convert to Catholicism, they had already been away from their families for at least a decade. Some, like Santi- ago, worked in a brief visit home in the course of their long travels for the purpose of marrying a bride from their home community. Others probably married local womeninthemarketplacestheyvisited,thus“creolizing”astheytraveled,asGeorges Roques suggests in his manual of trade in India.63 Most of the Julfans who crop up in the Inquisition records in Manila were clearly seasoned agents in the employ of wealthy aghas or khwajas residing in Julfa. Tough the Inquisition records do not provide us with the names of the masters for whom these forlorn agents toiled, we can be certain that their employers were wealthy Julfan family frms with their head- quarters in the nodal center in New Julfa. Coffee beans were newly brought in large quantity in the cities of Yemen and the Ḥijāj at the close of the 9th century (late 15th century CE). They were pounded into powder, cooked, and drunk in a liquid form called qahwa. People were abuzz about it. Its drinking is permissible. Some learned men of Zubayd composed verses about it: Qahwa made of coffee-beans is a drink, a solace— Tarry not, o Jirjis. Poured into Chinese porcelain, it is like the eyes of the Narcissus. Bring it to me in the morning— Darkness ﬂees. Lord, expand my chest, So that I can drink more of it. —ʻAbdullāh Muḥammad al-Makkī Ḥājjī al-Dabīr, Ẓafar al-Wālih bi-Muẓaffar al-Ālih, early 17th century. Detail, Coffee House, Ottoman Album, Chester Beatty MS 439, Late 16th C. Sūrnāme-i Hümāyūn TS H 1344, illustrated by Nakkaş Osman, late 16h century PARADE OF TEXTILE WEAVERS AT THE HIPPODROME IN ISTANBUL, SURNAME (BOOK OF FESTIVITIES), 1582 AUSTRIAN HABSBURG AMBASSADOR SIGISMUND HERBERSTEIN WEARING OTTOMAN ROBE OF HONOR, 1559 Ottoman silk brocades: unisex patterns, 1550s TILES AND TEXTILES Court carpet and tile panel Court Carpet and Jewish Synagogue Carpet (Torah Curtain) Ottoman palace interior in Istanbul, miniature painting, 1580s

Aleppo Room, built for a Christian merchant in Ottoman Aleppo (Berlin Museum, 1600-1603) Ceramic wares from Iznik, c. 1530-40

Süleyman’s tughra (monogram), c. 1530-40 AUSTRIAN HABSBURG GIFTS/TRIBUTE TO THE OTTOMAN COURT, GOLD CLOCKS WITH ORIENTAL FIGURES, LATE 16th CENTURY Economic Stratification and the 1% of the Ottoman Empire

Also, velvet and brocade, gold-embroidered beauties like the gold brocade made in Istanbul, in particular, jackets made of sable and lynx fur, belts set with jewels, gem-studded daggers and knives are not proper for anyone but for high notables and priveleged personages. Especially Persian and Egyptian rugs and carpets, gold-laced and gold-embroidered sofa spreads, precious cushions and table mats, silver basins and candlesticks—to decorate their dwellings with these […] has to be the privilege of those glorious ones at the highest peak. If men of lower status than these have the audacity to make use of them, sharp-tongued critics will lash them and will punish them severely by their abuse. —Muṣṭafā ʻAlī, Rules for Party-Hosts (1599) İstanbul, Süleymaniye Camii, 1551-57

Beşiktaş, Kapudan Sinan Paşa Camii, 1554-55 (posthumous) IZNIK TILES: Grand vizier Rüstem Pasha’s mosque,1560s Pious endowments (waqf) Pious endowments (waqf) of Rustem Pasha of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha