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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-79433-6 - Plants: Evolution and Diversity Martin Ingrouille and Bill Eddie Index More information

Index

ABA see abscissic acid algae 49 animals differences from plants 49, Abies 218, 336 colonial 40--41 52 abscissic acid 77, 78, 264 coenocytic or siphonous 39--40 anisogamy 29--30 abscission 58, 103 ﬁlamentous 41--43 anisophylly 68 Absinthe see Artemisia absinthum groups of 34--35 anisospory 145 Abutilon, nectar 171 intertidal 45 ANITA group 224 Acacia 103, 242, 272, 285, 298, 338 multicellular 38--39 annatto see Bixa orellana phyllodes 126 unicellular 36--37 Annonaceae 173 Acanthaceae 247, 286, 288 Alismatales 231, 254 annual see life-forms Acanthus as a mangrove species allele 29 annulus 142, 162 267 allelopathy 99, 159 Anothofixus 279 Acetabularia 38--39, 46 Alliaceae as vegetables 329 ant plants, ant-thorns 293, 299 development 93--94 allicin 341 Antheridium 137 Acetobacter 21 Allium 61, 223 Anthocerophyta, Anthocerotales, Achillea, sneezewort 352 allometric growth 106--107 hornworts 198--199 Acorus 230, 254, 350 Alluaudia place in phylogeny 195 Acrostichum 267 Alnus 243, 255 Anthoceros 143, 199 Actinidiaceae 246 catkins 161 anthocyanadins 175, 176 Actinomorphy see ﬂower symmetry Alocasia 180 anticlinal cell division 42 Adanson, M. 384 Aloe 185, 232, 301--302, 232, 314 Antirrhinum 91, 418 Adansonia 186, 303 Aloeaceae 185 Apiaceae, Apiales 249, 339 adaptation 99, 396--398, 410 Alsomitra 164 apical dominance 76 adaptive landscape 119 alternation of generations 31--32, apical meristem 64, 127 adaptive radiation 313--314 136 Apiopetalum 313 Adenium 303 Amaranthaceae 238--239 Apocyanaceae 246, 289, 303 adventitious roots 158 leaf venation 84 Apoideae 249 Aegialitis 267 pigments 176 apomorphy 416 vivipary 165 Amborella, Amborellaceae 227, 312 Aponogeton 165 Aegiceras 267 Ambrosia maritima ragweed 342 apophysis 142, 143 Aegle marmelos, Bael Tree 343 Ammophila, marram grass 160, 297 apoplasm 78 Aeonium 313 Amorphophallus 180, 186 apostasioideae 233 Aerenchyma 56, 259 Ampelodesmus 235 apple see Malus Aeschynanthus 278, 313--314 Amyema 279 aquatic plants, general adaptations Aeschynomene 258 Anabaena 18, 41, 212, 257, 273 254--257 Aesculus 187 Anacamptis 233 Aquifoliaceae 248 Aextoxicon 239 Anacardium occidentale 331 Aquilegia 185 Agalmyla 313 Anacyclus pyrethrum, white pellitory as Arabidopsis 81 agar 21 snuff 352 Araceae 175, 290 Agathis 218, 220, 311--313 Anadenanthera peregrine 355 Araliaceae 249 Agavaceae 169 Ananas pineapple 173, 332, 335 Araucaria 116, 218, 312--313 Agave sisalina, sisal 335, 345 Anarcardiaceae 245 island endemics 311 Agave tequilana 349 Andopogon 297 male gametophyte 153 Aggregate fruit 329 Andreaea protonema 138 regular branching 76 Aglaophyton 203 Andreaeopsida, stone or lantern Araucariales, Araucariaceae 220 air plants 234, 235 mosses 201 Arber, A. 371, 387, 412, 414--415, 423 Aizoaceae 238--239, 263 place in phylogeny 195 Arbutus 172, 270 Alchemilla 150 anemochory, see seeds, dispersal Arceuthobium 279 alcohol, production of 349 Angiopteris 208 archaebacteria 13, 19--22, 49 Aleurites, Tung Nuts 326, 337 Angraecum sesquipedale 171 Archaeopteris 125, 207

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-79433-6 - Plants: Evolution and Diversity Martin Ingrouille and Bill Eddie Index More information

INDEX 427

Archegonia 137 Austrobaileyaceae 312 Belliolum 173 archetypes 191, 192 Austrotaxus 313 Bennettitales 215 Archezoa 23 autochory, explosive fruit 163 Bentham, G. 402 architecture 116--118, 129--132 autopoiesis 1, 4--7, 401 benthic organisms 38 Arctic-alpine plants 303--306 auxins 66, 76--77, 82--83, 87 Berberidaceae 237 Arctium, burdock fruit 170 Avicenna see Ibn Sina Berberidopsis Berberidaceae, Arctocarpus 157 Avicenniaceae, Avicennia 266--267 Berberidopsidales 239 Areca catechu 319 avocado see Persea americana Berberis 80, 171, 345 Arecaceae, Arecales palms 234, 284, Ayahuasca 355 berry 329--330 318, 326 Ayurvedic medicine 343 Berry, W. 422 Argemone 169 Azadirachta indica, neem 245, 346 Bertholletia aril 170 Argranthemum Azolla 212, 257, 259 Bessey C. E. 402 Argyroxiphium 307--308, 313--314 Azorella 305 Beta vulgaris, sugar beet 332 arid habitats 299 Azorina 315 beta-carotene 10, 36 aril 170, 173 Azotobacter 272 beta-cryptoxanthin 36 Arisarum 181 betalains, betanidin, betaine 176, Aristolochia 180, 223, 343--344 Bacillariophyceae 35--37 264 Aristotle’s Essentialism 372--374 bacteriochlorophyll 11 betel nut see Areca catechu Armeria 261, 262 Baer K. E. von 399 Betula 74, 161 Aroid, see Araceae Balanites 241 Betulaceae 243 Arrhenatherum elatius, False oat-grass Baldwin effect 119 beverages 347 298 Baldwin effect 405 Bidens 250, 260, 315 Artemisia absinthum, A. nilagirica Balsam of Peru see Myroxylon biennial 90, 103 350--351 Balsaminaceae 245 Bignoniaceae 247, 289 allelopathy 159 Balsawood see Ochroma bi-lipid membrane 6 Arthrocnemon 262 bamboo 235, 297 Biological Species Concept, BSC see Artocarpus altilis 329 leaf anatomy 86 species concepts Arum 180 use of 318 BIOS 109 pollination 175 Bambusoideae 235 bird pollination 184--185 Arundo 297 banana see Musa Bird’s nest fern 288 Asclepias 178, 246 Bangia 42 Bixa orellana, annatto, bixin 337 pollination, pollinia 246--247 Bangiophycidae 36 bloodroot see Sanguinaria Canadensis Asclepiad, Asclepiadaceae 180, Banisteriopsis caapi 355 blue-green algae, see cyanobacteria 300 Banksia 185 Bobart, J. 380 Ashwagandha see Withania Baobab see Adansonia Boehmeria 60, 334 asparagales 231--232 Barinophyton 145 Bolax 305 aspirin 344 bark 73, 291 Bonnet, C. 382 Asplenium 214, 288 barley see Hordeum vulgare Bonnier, G. 410 Astelia 313 Barringtonia 165 Borassus flabellifer 318 Aster 178, 264 Bartram, John 364 botanical exploration 388 Asteraceae 189, 249--250, 313--315, Bartsia 276 botany, evolutionary 388 326, 329, 339 bat pollination 171, 186 botany, history of 372--385 Asterales 240, 245, 249 Bateson, W. 400--401, 404, in the Age of Enlightenment Asterella capsule 142 411 381--384 Asterid see Asterales Batidaceae 244 in the Age of Romanticism 385 Asteroxylon 68--69, 124, 203 Bauer, F. 406 in China 376, 377 Astilbe 239 Bauhin, G. 379 in the Renaissance 377--380 Astragalus 242, 305 Bauplan 413 of Ancient Greece 372--374 ATP 9 Bazzania 196 Bourbon 349 Atrichum 201 bee pollination 182--183 Bower, F. O. 414 Atriplex 261, 264 beetle pollination 184 bracken see Pteridium Atropa belladonna 355 Begonia 86, 243 Bradley, R. 380 Aucuba 246 Belamanda 224 branching 67--69, 76 Aulocomnium 202 belladonna see Atropa Brasenia 254

428 INDEX

Brassicaceae, Brassicales 149, 244 Calamus 288, 289 cassava see Manihot as crops 318, 326--329 see also Acorus calamus Cassia 242 lack of mycorrhizae 270 Calceolaria, Calceolariaceae 172, 247 Cassytha 276, 277 brassinosteroid 78 California nutmeg 221 castor oil plant see Ricinis Braun--Blanquet vegetation Calliandra 179 Casuarina, Casuarinaceae 243--244, classification 406 Callistemon 185 270, 273, 279 breadfruiut see Artocarpus altilis Callitriche 255, 418 Catharanthus roseus 344--345 breeding systems 186 Calluna 184, 246, 270 Caulerpa 40 Brighamia 316 calmodulin 81 cauliflory 186 Bromeliaceae 185, 234, 288 Calobryales 197 Caytonia 149, 215 Brongniart, A. and A.-T. 389 Calvin cycle 16, 17 Cecropia seedling germination 158 brood place flowers 168 Calycanthus 180, 181 Cedrus 130 Broussonetia papyrifera, paper CAM see Crassulacean Acid Ceiba 186 mulberry 162, 335 Metabolism Celastrales 241 brown algae, see Phaeophyceae cambium, bifacial 207 cells 20--30 Brown, R. 390, 399 Camellia 245 complex 19 Brugmansia 247, 355 Camellia sinensis, tea 347 determination 81 Bruguiera 267 Camerarius, R. J. 381 division 22, 30 Brunoniaceae 250 Campanula, Campanulaceae 188, 315 membrane 21, 58 brush blossom 179, 185 Campnosperma 157 signaling 75, 78--79 Bryidae, arthrodontous mosses 202 Canacomyrica 313 size 21--22 Bryophyta, Bryopsida, mosses 199--201 Canada balsam see Abies types, cell wall 20, 57--59, 66 adaptation 31, 47, 126, 138--142, canalization 405 cellulose 21--23, 58 160--163, 294--295, 299 Canarina canariensis 315 in paper-making 335 phylogeny 195, 196 canellales 229 Celmisia 304 Bryopsis 40 Candolle, A. de 388--390, 395, 402 Centaurea 250 Bryum 162, 202 Canna 178, 236 centriole 26 Bubbia 173 Cannabidaceae 243, 326 Centropogon 175 Buch, L. von 395 Cannabis 60, 334, 353 Centrospermae see Caryophyllaceae buckwheat see Fagopyrum esculentum Cannaceae 236 Cephalotaceae 279 bud 62, 67, 68 canola see oilseed crops Cephalotaxus 143 Buddleja 183 cantharophily see beetle pollination Cephalotus 241 Buffon G. L. L. 389, 395 Canthium 313 Cephaloza, spore dispersal 162 bulbil 61, 62 capitulum structure 249, 250 Ceratonia 337 Bulbophyllum 61, 178 Capparis 179 Ceratophyllum Ceratophyllales 166, Burmanniaceae 231 Caprifoliaceae 248 254, 256 Burseraceae 245 capsaicin 341 Ceratopteris 260 Busbecq, G. 363 Capsella embryogenesis 156 Cercidiphyllaceae 239 Butomaceae 231 Capsicum 341 cereal crops 318, 321 Butomus 230 capsule 142 Ceropegia 180--181 butterfly and moth pollination 183 Caralluma 300, 302 Cesalpinioideae 242 Buxbaumia 140 carbon fixation 9, 18 Cesalpino, A. 378, 381 buzz pollination 182 cardamon see Elettaria cardomomum Chaetomorpha 42 Byblidaceae 279 Carex 235 Chaleuria 145 Caricaceae 244 Chamaecyparis foliage 110 C3 plants 282 Carnegia gigantea 303 Chamaelium, chamomile as snuff 352 C4 plants 282 carnivorous plants 279--280 Chamaephyte see life-forms Cabomba Cabombaceae 228, 259, carob see Ceratonia Chara, Charophyceae, Charales 32, 43, 260 carotenoid 10--11 47--48, 137, 257 Cactaceae, cactus 103, 238, 290, carpel 149 chemical evolution of the Earth 2 300--303 Carpinus winged fruit 163, 164 chemical repellants and deterrants Cakile 260, 264 carragheen 21 249, 251 Calamites 209 Caryophyllaceae 238 chemoton 6 Calamostachys 145 cashew nut see Anacardium occidentale Chenopodiaceae 176, 238--239

INDEX 429

Chenopodium quinoa 325 Coca Cola 354 Corydalis 237 chewing gum see Manilkara cocaine, see Erythroxylon coca Corylus 244 chews 352 Coccolithophore see Prymnesiophyta Costaceae 236 chicle, see Manilkara cocoa see Theobroma cacoa cotton see Gossypium Chilopsis 255 cocoanut, Cocos nucifera 165, 318, 336 Couroupita 168--169 Chinese medicine 343--344 Codex Vindobonensis 343 crassinucellate see nucellus Chionophila 305 Codium 40 Crassulaceae 239 Chirita 115 Coelastrum 46 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 102, chiropterophily see bat pollination coenocytic see algae, coenocytic 257, 282, 292, 300 Chlamydomonas 20, 29, 36--37 Coffea, coffee 347--348, 358 Crataegus 150 Chloranthus, Chloranthales 229 Coir see cocoanut, Cocos nucifer Crataeus 376 Chlorella 37 Cola nitida, C. acuminata 348 Crocetin see Crocus sativus chlorenchyma 58 Colchicaceae 232 Crocosmia 62 chlorobionta 28, 46--47 cold habitats, plants of 299 Crocus sativus 337 Chlorobium 14 Coleochaetales, Coleochaete 48 Croizat, L. 395 Chlorococcus 18 collectors 363 Cronquist, A. 418 Chloroflexus 14--15 collenchyma 58--59 crop plant improvement 356--357, 358 chlorophyll 11--13, 25 Colocasia 180 Crossomatales 241 Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae 35--42, colonial, see algae, colonial Crotalaria 242 46--48 columnar plants 307 Cruciferae see Brassicaceae chloroplast 13, 24--26 Columnea florida 176 Cryophyllaceae, Caryophyllales 73, chlorosome 14, 19 Combretum, Combretaceae 241, 266 151, 176, 238, 279 chocolate see Theobroma cacoa Commelina Commelinales 236 cryoprotectant 305 Chondrodendron 344 commelinid 234 Cryptocoryne 165 chromatin 23 Commerson, Philibert 364--365 cryptophyte see life-forms Chromatium 15 Commiphora 336 Cryptothallus 197 chromophore 9, 13 competition 397 Cucurbita Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbitales Chromophyta see Ochrophyta compression wood 102 188, 243, 326, 329 chromosome 23, 27, 30 cone, strobilus 142, 216 Cuivier, G. L. 399 Chrysophyta, Chrysophyceae, 36 Conifer, Coniferopsida 30, 137, 156, Cupressus, Cupressaceae, Cupressales Chyavanprash 343 218--219 221 Cinchona 346 Conium maculatum, hemlock 345 Curarea 344 cinnamaldehyde 341 Conocephalum gametophyte 139 Curcuma longa 340, 343 Cinnamomum 229, 340 Conophyton 8 Cuscuta, dodder Cuscutaceae 276--277 circadian rhythm 102 conservation 370 cushion plants 304 Cissus 239 convergence, evolutionary 105, 301 Cutleria life-cycle 33 citronella see Eucalyptus citriodora 337 Convolvulaceae 247, 276, 327 Cyanea 316 Citrus bergamia 356 Cooksonia 54, 68, 124, 141 cyanelle 25 citrus see Rutaceae Coprosma 315 Cyanidium 37 clade, cladistics 416--417 Corallinaceae 21 cyanobacteria, cyanobacteriaceae 8, Cladophora 28, 42, 46 Corallorhiza 274 13, 16--18, 21, 24--26, 36--37, 41 classiﬁcation see taxonomy Corchorus 334 nitrogen ﬁxation 273 Clausen, J. 410--411 Cordaites 215 Cyanophora 36 cleistogamy 187 Cordyline 313 Cyathea, Cyatheales 213, 313 Clematis winged fruit 163 Coriaria 243 Cyathium 188 Clements, F. 410 cork cambium see phellogen Cyathodium capsule 142 Clermontia 316 cork oak see Quercus Cycas, Cycadaceae, Cycadidae, cycad Clethraceae 246 cork see phellem 137, 143, 154, 156, 195, 217 cline 122 corm 62 Cyclanthus, Cyclanthaceae 283, 284 cloud forest 283 Cornaceae 245 Cymbalaria muralis 98 cloves see Eugenia caryophyllus Corner E. J. H. 192, 252 Cymbidium 363 clubmoss see Lycopodium Cornus 245 Cymbopogon citrates 338--339 Clusia resin production 173 Cortaderia selloana, pampas grass 296 Cymodocea 260 Cobaea 186 Coryanthes 180 Cynara 250

430 INDEX

Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda grass 297 dicliny, diclinous 188 ebena stuff 355 Cyperaceae 234--235, 255, 270 Dicnemon gametophyte 139 ebony see Diospyros Cyphostemma 239 Dicranella 202 Ecbalium, seed dispersal 163 Cyprepedioideae 233 Didiereaceae 238, 301 Echeveria 239 Cypripedium, Lady’s Slipper Orchid differentiation 57, 89 Echinocactus 301 179 Digitalis 248, 418 Echinops 250 Cypress see Cupressus Digitaria 324 Echium 307,313,314,315 Cyrillaceae 246 Dillenidae 244 ecology 395, 406, 410, 421--422 Cyrtandra 314 Dinobryon 36 ectocarpales 44 Cytinus 275 Dinochloa 288 egg cell, ovum 137 Cytisus 180, 181 dinophyta, dinoﬂagellate 23, 35--36 Eichler, A. W. 402 cytokinesis 27, 28 diocles 375 Eigen, M. 4 cytokinins 77 dioecy 30, 145, 187--188 Elaeis guineensis 320 cytoskeleton 23, 27, 28 Dionaea 99, 280 Elaeocarpus 313 Dionocophyllaceae 279 elaiosome see oil bodies D’Arcy Thompson, W. 110, 400 Dioscorea, Dioscoreaceae, Dioscoreales, elater 141, 162 Dacrycarpus 218 231, 327--328, 345 electron transport 13 Dahlgren, B. E. 418 Dioscorides 342--343 Elettaria cardomomum 340 Dalbergia, rosewood 333 Diospyros ebony 313, 333 Elizabetha princeps 355 Dalechampia 173 diplobiontic see life-cycle Elodea 63, 166 Darlingtonia 246, 281 diploidy 29, 33--34 Embryobionta, Embryophyta, plants, Darwin, E. 389 Diplophyllum 142 land plants 28, 36, 46--53, 195 Darwin, C. 97--98, 107, 388, 391--395, Dipsacaceae 248 embryogenesis 156 399--401 Dipteridiales 210, 211 embryosac 152 Dasycladales 46, 93 Dipterocarpaceae 244 Empetrum hermaphroditum 306 date palm see Phoenix Dischidia 293 Encelia allelopathy 159 Datura 172, 355 dispersal 31, 135--136, 140, 157--170 Encephalartos 156, 217 Dawsonia 201 distichous arrangement 68, 129 endemic plants 308--313, 369 Decaspermum 187 DNA 6 endocytosis 24 decumbent 68 sequencing 419 endosperm 149 Degeneria, Degenericeae 312 doctrine of signatures 344 Endospermum 157 Deherainia 184 Dodecathon 245 endospory 146 Delissea 316 Dokuchaev N. N. 395 endosymbiont, endosymbiosis 24--26 Delonix 242 domains of life 21, 22 Engler, A. 402 deme 409 domestication of crop plants 318 Enhalus 260 Dendroceros 199 double cocoanut see Lodoicea Entada gigas hydrochory 165 Dendrophatae 278 Douglas, David 365 Enteromorpha 48 Dendrosenecio 307 Dracaena 312 environment 97, 98 Dendroseris 315 Dracophyllum 307 Ephedra 222, 345 Dendrotrophe 278 Drakea 181 ephemerals 300, 301 Dennstaedtia 214 Draparnaldia 42 Ephemerum 202 Derrbesia 47 Driesch, H. 400 epicotyl 62 Descartes, René 379 Drimys 229 Epidendrum 178, 392 Deschampsia klossii 307 drip-tip 285, 295 epidermis 84--85 Desmarestia life-cycle 32 Drosera Droseraceae 239, 279, 282 epigenetics 87--91 desmid 37 drought, response to 103 Epilobium 164 determinate growth 89 drupe 329 epiphyte, diversity and adaptations development 56--61, 70, 75, 110, Dryandra 270 286--294 116 Dryas octopetala 98 Episcia 288 Dianella 313 Drynaria 290 Epulipiscum 21 diaspore 157 Dryopteris 63, 137--138, 141--143 Equisetum Equisetopsida, horsetails diatom see Bacillariophyceae Dubautia menziesii 307--308 85, 106, 138, 140, 143, 195, Dichondra 247 durra see Sorghum 209 Dicksonia 213, 313 dyes 337 Eremoplepidaceae 277--278

INDEX 431

Erica, Ericacaee, Ericales 152, 168, Ferocactus 301 gametophyte 31--32, 138--140, 146--147, 245--246, 270--271, 290 ferredoxin 12 152--153 Eriocaulaceae 235 fertilisation 144, 155 Ganti, T. 6 erucic acid 326 Ferula (Apiaceae) 338 garden history 360 Eryngium 249, 314 Festuca, Fescue 62, 298, 307, 325 Garner and Allard 102 Erythroxylon coca 354 Fibonacci angle 127--128 Garrya, Garryales 246 Espeletia 307, 314 fibre 60 Gaza, T. 377 essential oils 339 Ficus 169--170, 173, 288--290 gelatinous fibres 102 ethanol 349 fig, see Ficus gemmae 160 ethylene 77 Filipendula 150, 345 gene regulation of development see eubacteria 18--22, 49 Fisher, R. A. 406 epigenetics Eucalyptus 74, 185, 241, 291, 334--337 Fissidens 202 genetic drift 29 Eucalyptus citriodora, as source of flagellum(a) 26--27, 31, 36 genetic manipulation of crops citronella 337 flavonoids 168 359--360 Euchema 21 flavourings 340--341 genetic repair 29--30 eudicots 237, 240 flax see Linum genetics, influence of 405 Eudorina 41 Fleur de Lis see Iris Genlisea 281 Eugenia caryophyllus 340 florets in Asteraceae 250 genome 5 eugenol 356 flower form (architecture, colour, genotype 33, 116--117, 121 Euglenophyta, euglenoids 34--36, patterning, symmetry) 174--179 Gentiana, Gentianaceae 246 46 advertising 173 Gentianella 117 Eukarya, eukaryotes 19--27, 34, 49 development, ABC model 92--93 geological periods 53 eumagnoliid 229 pollination 175, 182--184 geophyte/cryptophyte see life-forms Euonymus 241 flower symbolism 360 geotropism 98 Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae flowering plants see Magnoliopsida geraniol 356 Euphorbiales 173, 188, 241, flypaper traps 280 Geranium, Geraniaceae, Geraniales 300--302, 326, 327 Foeniculum vulgare fennel 351, 362 240, 307--308 Euphrasia 177, 276 follicle 149--150 Gesner, C. 378--379 Euphyllophytina euphyllophytes 195, Fonio see Digitaria Gesneriaceae 247, 290 203, 206--207 Fontinalis 63, 202 Gestalten 413 Eupomatia Eupomataceae 173, 312 food body 173 Ghini, L. 378 eusporangium 141--142 Ford,E.B.406 gibberellins 66, 77, 87 Eustigmatophyceae 36 Fouqueria Fouqueriaceae 303 Gimour, J. 350 Everglades 256 Fragaria 150 ginger see Zingiber evolution 112--113, 406 Frankenia, Frankeniaceae 238, Ginkgo Ginkgoidae maidenhair tree Excoecaria 255 264 83, 137, 153, 155, 195, 217 exfoliation 74--75 Frankia 243 ginseng, see Panax exons 7 Franklinia 313 Glaucocystis 36 Exospermum 173 Fremontodendron 313 Glaucophyta, Glaucocystophyta 25, explosive fruit see autochory Freycinetia 185, 288--290 35--36 extinction, rates on islands 308 Fritillaria 176--177 Glaux 264 Fritschiella 42, 138 Glechoma hederacea 187, 352 Fabaceae, Fabales 161, 179, 242, 272, fruits 149, 173, 329 Gleicheniales 210, 211 326 Frullania 196 Glochidia 104 Faboideae 242 Fucus, Fucales 32, 44 Gloeochaete 36 Fagus, Fagaceae, Fagales 161, 243--244 fuel plants 338 Gloger, C. W. L. 396 Fagopyrum esculentum 325 Fumarioideae 237 glucosinolate distribution 244, 326 Fagraea 290 fungi 49, 51 Glycine max 325 Fairchild, T. 380 fynbos 269 Glycyrrhiza glabra, source of liquorice favism 325 345, 351 feedback loops 108, see also hypercycle Galactites 250 GM crops 359--360, 421 fen succession see hydrosere galactose 21 Gmelinin, S. G. 384 Fennel, see Foeniculum vulgare Galeola 274 Gnetum Gnetidae, gentophytes 73, 83, fern see Polypodiopsida Galvezia speciosa 310 148, 195, 222

432 INDEX

Goethe, J. W. von 99, 129, 387--388, Haptophyta see Prymnesiophyta Hooker, J. D. 388, 365, 394--395, 402, 423 hardwoods 333 404 archetypes 413--414 Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium 34, 406 hopeful monster 412 Goldschmidt, R. 412 harmony 373 hops see Humulus Gonium 40--41 Hartig Net mycorrhizae see Hordeum vulgare, for alcohol 349 Goodeniaceae mycorrhiza hormones see plant growth Goodwin, B. 93--95 haustorium, in parasitic plant compounds Gossypium 174, 335--336 275--276 Horneophyton 203 Gould S. J. 107 heathland 269 horticultural traditions 367 Gram positive bacteria 20 Hebe 304, 314, 418 Hottonia palustris 259 Gram, Christian 20 hedgehog plant 305 Humboldt, A. von 388 grapes see Vitis Hedwig, J. 384 humulone 341 Grass see Poaceae Hegel, G. 386--387 Humulus 187, 350 grassland 295--297, 324--325 Heliamphora 246, 281 Hura 344 gravitropism 101 Helianthus annua, sunflower 327 Hutchinson, J. 418 Gray, A. 395, 404 Helichrysum 249 Huxley T. H. 112 green algae see Chlorophyta Heliconia 236 Hyacinthoides 62 green non-sulphur bacteria 13 Heliobacterium Heliobacteriaceae 13--15 hybridisation, 409--410 green plants see Embryophyta Helleborus, honey leaves, nectar 171 hydathode 257 green revolution 421 helophyte, marsh plants see life-forms Hydnocarpus kurzii, source of green sulphur bacteria 14 Helwingia 248 Chaulmoogra oil 345 Grevillea 185 hemp 334, see also Cannabis Hydrangea 245 Grew, N. 380 henna see Lawsonia inermis Hydrasperma 147 Grisebach, A. 395 Hennig, W. 414, 416 Hydrilla 165 Grossulariaceae 239 Heracleum 249 Hydrocharis, Hydrocharitaceae 62, 231 ground meristem 65 Heraclitus 373 Hydrocotyle, Hydrocotyloideae 249 growth 69 herbaceous vegetation 160 hydrocyanic acid HCN 328 Grypania 22, 39 herbalism 374--375, 378 Hydrodictyon 40 Guaiacum officinale 333 Herberta 196 hydrophyte, aquatic plant see life guerilla growth 159 herbivory, defences against 298--299 forms gum trees see Eucalyptus herbs 338 hydrosere 255 Gunflint Rock Formation Canada heroin 353 Hymenophyllales 210--211 38--39 Hesperidium 329, 330 Hyoscyamus niger 344 Gunnera 273 Hesperoromannia 316 hypanthium 243 gutta percha see Palaquium gutta Heterachaenia 313 hyper- and ultra-epiphyte 290 guttation 257 heteroblastic development 110 hypercycle 4 gymnosperm 215 Heterochaenia 313 Hypericum 168, 169, 241 heteromorphy 32 hyperpachycaul 314--315 Haeckel, E. 110, 399, 414 heterospory 145, 164 Hypnum 202 Haldane, J. B. S. 406 heterotroph 24 hypocotyls 62 Hales, S. 380 Hetrochaenia 315 Hypolepis 214 Halimeda 40 Hevea 241, 337 Halimione 265 Hibiscadelphus 316 IAA see auxins Hallé, F. and Oldeman R. A. A. 130, Hibiscus kenaf fibre plant 179, 244, Ibn Sina 376 423 335 Iboga vine see Tabernanthe Halophila 260 hierarchy see taxonomy ichthychory, fish dispersal 166 halophyte 260--262, 265 Himantandraceae 312 identity genes 89--92 Hammarbya 61 Hippuris 106, 418 idioblast 60, 61 hapaxanthic 130 historical contingency 397 Ilex 248, 347 haplobiontic and haplodiplobiontic Hofmeister, W. 391 Illicium 228, 351 see life-cycles holdfast 42, 45 Impatiens, seed dispersal 163 haploid 29 homeosis 412 indeterminate growth 90 Haplomitrium 197 homoiohydry 196 Indigofera 242, 337 Haplopappus canus 310 honey-guides see flower patterning indusium 143

INDEX 433

initiation of organs 76 Knautia 248 Limnanthaceae 244 integument 147--152 Kniphofia 224 Limonium 123, 189--190, 263--265, 410 intercalary concrescence 111 Koeberliniaceae 244 Limosella 187 intercellular connections 43 Koelreuter, J. G. 384 Linaria 418 interfascicular cambium 72 Kokia 316 Lindenbergia 276 internode 62, 67, 69 kola see Cola Linnaeus, C. 382 Intsia bijuga 332 Kranz anatomy 86 linoleic and linolenic acid 326--327 Inula helenium, I. racemosa, source of Linum Linaceae 326, 334 Radix helenii, absinthe 345 Lactoris, Lactoridaceae 312 litchi 245 involucre in Asteraceae 249 Lagariosiphon 165, 167 Lithops 300 ionone 356 Lamarck, J. B. 388, 389 Lithospermum 343 Ipomoea batatas 328, 355 Lamiaceae, Lamiales 247--248, 339 Litorella 257 Iris 178, 352, 362 Laminaria 32, 33, 43, 45 liverwort see Marchantiophyta Isatis tinctoria 337, see also woad land plant see Embryobionta Loasaceae 245 island floras 308--311, 314 landscape gardening 365--367 Lobelia 257, 307, 314 theory of island biogeography, 395 Langiophyton 138--139 Locke, J. 379 Isoetes Isoetopsida, quillworts 137, 147, language of flowers 362 Lodoicea 165, 312 195, 205--206, 257 Lantana 178 Loiseluria 306 isoetid form 257 Larix larch 130, 333--334 Lolium 298 isogamy 29--30 Larrea 241 long shoots/short shoot arrangement Isoplexis 313 laurel see Prunus 130 isoprene 196 Lauraceae, Laurales 229 long-day plants 102 parasitic plants 276 Lonicera 183 Jacobi, K. G. J. 386 Lavandula 182, 345 Lophocolea 196 Jasione 250 Lawsonia inermis, henna 337 Lophophora 355 jasmone 356 leaf anatomy 82--87, 285--286 Loranthaceae 239, 277--279 Jepsonia malvifolia 310 form 66--67, 109, 124--125, 253, 416 lotus (water-lily) see Nymphaea johannsen, W. 405 Lecanopteris 214 Lotus 315 Juglandaceae 243 Lecythidaceae 168, 245 Lunularia gemmae 160 Juglans 159, 243, 330, 337 Leea 239 Lupinus 307, 314, 325, 326 Juncaginaceae 231 legumes see Fabaceae Lycopersicon, tomato 327 Juncus Juncaceae 235, 257, 264, 269 Leibniz, B. von 382, 398 Lycopodium, Lycophytina, Lycopsida, Jung, J. 380 Lemna 112, 230, 259 clubmosses 116, 137--138, 195, Jungermanniopsida, leafy and simple lemon grass see Cymbopogon 204--206, 287 thalloid liverworts 195, 197 Lentibulariaceae 279 Lygodium 212, 288 Juniperus 218, 221, 279, 333, 345, 349 lenticel 74, 267--268 Lyonophyton 138--139 Jussieu, A. and B. de 383--385, 402 Lepidocarpon 164 Lyonothamnus 313 Justicia pectoralis 355 Lepidodendron 73, 206 Lysichiton 231 jute see Corchorus Lepidophloios 146 Lysimachia 343 Leptosporangium 141--143 Kadsura 228, 239 Leucadendron 269 Maathai, W. 424 Kalanchoe 61, 160, 239 Leucobryum 202, 205 mace see Myristica Kallstroemia pollen 174 liane see vines and woody climbers Macrocystis 45 Kant, I. 386 Libocedrus 313 Macromitrium 145 Karite nuts see Vitellona life cycle 31--32 madder see Rubia Karwinskia humboldtiana 345 life-forms of plants 253 MADS-box genes 91--92 Kauffman 128 annual habit 90, 300 Magnol, P. 381 kava see Piper methysticum 347 chamaephyte 304 Magnolia Magnoliales 168, 229 kenaf see Hibiscus cryptophyta 35, 305 Magnoliopsida, angiosperms, khaya 245, 333 light, quality 284--286 flowering plants 195, 223--227 Kidstonophyton 138--139 lignin 58 reproduction 137, 138, 153--156 kinetin see cytokinins Lignum vitae see Guaiacum officinale mahogany 332 kingdoms 49 Lilium, Liliaceae 183, 232, 360, 362, Maize see Zea Klebsormidiales, Klebsormidium 48 363 Maloideae 243

434 INDEX

Malpighi, M. 380 Mercurialis 162, 188 moss see Bryophyta malpighiales 241 mericarp 169, 249 Muir, John 368 Malus, apple 330 meristem 61--64, 69--70, 90, 103 Muir, J. 386--387 Malva 168 meristemoids 83, 85 mulberry see Broussonetia Malvaceae 244 mescal see Agave tequilana Muller, H. J., Muller’s ratchet 29 Mamiella 46 Mesembryanthemum 239, 264--265 multicellarity 38 Mandragora officinalis, mandrake 344 mesophyll 58--59, 84 advantages of 39 mangroves 263, 266--267 Mesostigma 46 multiplication 31 Manihot 241, 328 metabolism 7 Musa Musaceae 236 330, 331 Manila hemp see Musa textilis metamer 68 Musa textilis, Manila hemp or abaca Manilkara, 245, 327, 356 metaxylem 65, 70 336 Mantoniella 46--47 methionine 196 Musschia 313, 315--316, 410 Maranta, Marantaceae 236, 286 Metrosideros 313, 315 mutation 112 Marattia, Marattiopsida, primitive Metroxylon 320 mycorrhiza 71, 270--271 ferns 142, 195, 208 Metzgeriiidae, simple thalloid mycotrophic plants, saprophytes Marcgravia Marcgraviaceae 176, 245 liverworts 197 273--274 Marchantia, Marchantiopsida, Micrastias 37 myophily see pollination Marchantiophyta, complex Micromonadophyta, Myriophyllum 166, 257 thalloid liverworts 126, 138--144, Micromonadophyceae 46--47 Myristica fragrans 340, 350 160--163, 195--198 Micromonas 46 myrmechory see dispersal marijuana see Cannabis microphyll 125 Myrmecodia 293 maritime plants see halophyte microsporangium, microsporophyll myrmecotrophy see ant plants 293 Marsilea, Marsileales 212 and microspore 143 Myroxylon 336 Masson, Francis 364 microtubule 23, 26 myrrh see Commiphora maté see Ilex Miller, P. 364 Myrsine 313 Materia medica 342 Miller/Urey experiment 3 Myrtaceae Myrtales 185, 241, 270 Matonialaes 210, 211 millets 324, 349 Matricaria 264 Mimosa 80, 98--99, 242 NADPH 9 Maturana, H. 5, 401 Mimosoideae 242 Naess, A. 423 Mauritia 320 Mimulus 411, 418 Nageli, C. 391 Mayr, E. 378, 400, 408 Misodendraceae 239 Narcissus 363 Maytenus 241 mistletoe 278 Nardus stricta 298 medicines, from plants 342--345 mitochondrion 24--25 nastic movement 100 Mediterranean climate regions, plant mitosis 27, 28 Natural Selection 397 adaptation in 300, 303 Mnium gametophyte 140 nectar, nectary 170--172 medullosales 215 modular construction 68, 129--130 neem see Azadirachta Medusagyne, Medusagynaceae 312 molecules, complex molecules 4 Nelumbo 237, 362 Megaceros 199 Molluginaceae 238 Nemesia 418 megaherbs 307 Moniliformopses 195, 207 Neobalanocarpus heimii 285 megaphyll 126--127 monocarpic 90, 114 Neocallitropsis 313 megasporangium 151 Monoclea 197 Neocystis 45 megaspore 146--147 monocot 84, 230 Neo-Darwinian views 105, 406 meiosis 28 monoecy, monoecious 30, 188 neoteny 111 Melaleuca Monotropaceae, Monotropa 274--275 Neottia 233, 274 Melampyrum 121--122, 276 Monstera 125, 285, 288--289 Nepenthes Nepenthaceae 239, 279, 281 Melastomataceae 168, 241 Moraea 232 Nepeta cataria, catnip 345 Meliaceae 245 moriche 320 see also Mauritia Neptunia 258 Melianthiaceae 232 Moringaceae 244 Nerium 246, 255 Melilotus officinalis, source of morphogenesis 99, 103 nerol 356 dicoumarol 345 morphology, Nesocodon 313, 315, 316 melittophily see bee pollination process 132 New Caledonia ﬂora 309--311, 313 Mendel, G. 391, 405--406 rational 398 New Systematics, the 403--404 Mentha mints 339--340, 347 morphospace 94--95, 106 Nicotiana tabacum 352, 353 Menyanthes hydrochory Morus, Moraceae 102, 169, 243, 329 Nitella 47, 257

INDEX 435

nitrogen fixation, in the rosids 240, origin of species 396, 402 Pediastrum 41 243, 271--272 ornithophily see bird pollination Pedicularis 276 node 62, 67, 69 Orobanche, Orobanchaceae 163, 248, Pelargonium 240 Nolanaceae 247 275--276 Pellia 137, 162, 198 nomenclatural rules 382 Orris root see Iris peloric flower 91 nominalism 377 orthostichy 128 Pelvetia 30 Nostoc 273 orthotropic axis 68 Pennisetum glaucum 324 Nothofagus 313 Oryza, rice 321, 322, 323 Pentaclethra 285 Notholaena parryi, resurrection fern Osbornia 267 Pentastemona 231 299 Oscillatoria 17 Pentstemon 418 Notothyllales, Notothylas 199 osmoregulators and osmoconformers Peperomia 313 nucellus, crassinucellate and 263 pepper see Piper tenuinucellate 151--152 Osmunda Osmundales 142, 210 peppermint 339 nucleus 20, 22 ovule and seeds 147--148, 151--152, peptidoglycan 20 numerical taxonomy 416--417 215--216 perennial 90 Nuphar 165, 166, 228 as pollination attractants 168 Pereskia 104 nutmeg see Myristica fragrans ovum see egg cell perfume 356 nutrient conditions 269 Owen, R. 400 pericarp 149, 169 nuts 331 Oxalis, Oxalidales 61--62, 241 periclinal cell division 42 Nyctaginaceae 238 Pericopsis elata, afromosia 333 Nymphaea, Nympheaceae, Nympheales pachycaul 73 periderm see bark 91--92, 165--166, 228, 254, Pachypodium 303 peristome 162 258--260, 362 paedomorphosis 111 Pernod 351 Nypa fruticans 266, 318 Paeonia, Paeoniaceae 224, 239, 363 Persea americana, avocado 329 Palaeonitella 47 petals 224 Oak see Quercus Palaquium 246, 337 petiolode 114 Ochroma 186, 333 palisade layer 84 peyote see Lophophora Ochrophyta 26, 35--37 palm see Arecaceae Phaeoceros 199 Ockham, W. 377 pampas grass see Cortaderia Phaeocystis 36 Oedogonium, life cycle 32 Panax ginseng 344 Phaeophyta, Phaeophyceae 30, 35, 37, Oenanthe 260 Pancratium maritimum 260, 363 39, 43--44 oil bodies 172 Pandanus, Pandanaceae Pandanales phagocytosis 24 oilseed crops 326 185, 231, 255 phalanx growth 159 Oken, L. 386 Pandorina 41 Phalaris arundinacea 255 Olacaceae 239 Papaver Papaveroideae, Papaveraceae phanerophyte see life-forms Olea europaea, Oleaceae, source of oil 237, 326, 353 phellem, see bark 73 247, 326--327, 360 paper making 335 phellogen, cork cambium 61 oligotrophy 256, 258 Papilionoideae 242 phenomenology 423 Onagraceae 241 pappus 163--164, 250 phenotype 33, 116--117 Oncidium 176, 233 Paracryphia 313 Philesiaceae 232 ontogenetic contingency 117 Paramecium 46 Philodendron 288 oogamy 29, 30 parasitic plants 275--277 Phlegmaria 204 oogonium 137 Parasponia 272 phloem 59, 65--66, 70 Ophioglossopsida, Adder’s-tongue and parastichy 128 Phoenix dactylifera 319 Moonworts 195, 208 parenchyma 58 Phormium tenax, New Zealand flax Ophrys 174, 181 Parkinson, John 363 193 Opiliaceae 239 Parmenides 374 photomorphogenesis see opium poppy see Papaver Parnassia 121 morphogenesis Opuntia 303 Passiflora 179 photoreceptors 102 Orchid, Orchidaceae 163, 178, 190, Pastis 351 photosynthesis 8--16, 25, 36, 234, 238, 233, 274, 287, 291, 294 pattern formation 90 282 order 108 pattern, cell 86 Phragmipedium 233 organelle 19--20, 23, 25 pectic substances 58, 59 Phragmites australis 260 organisation, polarity 81--83 Pedaliaceae, source of oil 326 phragmoplast 28

436 INDEX

phycobilisome 18, 25, 36 plant growth, growth compounds 60, polysymmetry see flower symmetry phycocyanin, phycocyanobilin, 77--78 Polytrichum Polytrichidae 126, 138, 201 phycobilin 10--12 Plantae, kingdom see Embryobionta pondweeds see Zannichelliaceae and phycoerythrin 11--13 Plantago 263, 265, 418 Ruppiaceae Phyllanthus embelici, Indian gooseberry plasmalemma see cells, membrane population genetics 406, 411 343 plasmodesmata 43, 58 Populus 255 Phyllites 214 plasticity 13, 117--119, 397 Posidonia Posidoniaceae 167, 231, 260 Phyllocladus 218, 220 plastid 24 Potamogeton 165--166, 257--260 Phylloglossum 204 Platanus 237 potatoes see Solanum tuberosum phyllomorph 114 Plato’s Idealism 372--374 Potentilla 62 Phyllonoma 126--127, 248 Platycerium 214 Pottia 202 phyllotaxis 127--129 Platyzoma 145 Prantl, K. 402 Physoplexis 250 pleiotropism 106 prasinophyte 46 Physostigma venenosum, calabar pleonanthic 130 prebiotic Earth 1--2 345 plesiomorphy 416 Prigogene, Ilya 4 Phyteuma 109 pleurastrophyceae 47 primordium see apical meristem phytochrome 10, 100 Pleurothallis 175 Primula, Primulaceae 189, 245 Phytolacaceae 238 Plicosepalus 278 Pringlea 315 phytosociology 406 plumbaginaceae 238 procambium 65 Picea 306, 333 pneumatophore 266 Prochloron Prochlorophytes 18 Picrorhiza kuroa, Kutki 343 Poa 298 procumbent 68 Pilularia 146, 212 Poaceae, grasses 85--86, 234--235 proembryo 156 Pimelea 304 for food 321 programmed cell death 56--57 Pine see Pinus grasslands and savanna 295--298 prokaryote 22, 24, 27, 49 pineapple see Ananas lack of mycorrhizae 270 prolepsis see growth Pinguicula 282 Podocarpus Podocarpaceae proline 264 Pinopsida, gymnosperms, 195 Podocarpales 153, 220 promeristem 64, 69 Pinus, Pinales, Pinidae, conifers Podophyllum peltatum, source of protandry 188 143--144, 151--153, 164, 195, 215, etoposide, podophyllotoxin 345 Protea Proteaceae, Proteales 185--186, 218 Podostemaceae 255 237, 270 anatomy 63, 64, 74, 270 poikilohydry 196, 205 protoctista 49 pioneer species 157, 158 poisons, plants as a source of 344 protogyny 188 resins and timber 332--333, 336 polarity see organisation protonema 138, 139, 140 Piper methysticum, kava 347 Polemoniaceae 245 Protosiphon 39 Piper, pepper seedling germination pollard 62 protoxylem 65, 66, 70 158, 229, 290, 340, 343 pollen 143--144, 153--155, 168 Prunoideae 243 Pipturus 313 pollen flowers 168--169 Prunus 150, 188, 360 Pistacia 245 pollen sac 144, 152 Prymnesiophyta 35--36 Pistia 231, 257, 258 presentation in Asteraceae 250 pseudanthium 248 pistil 149 release, deposition and entrapment pseudocarp 330 Pitcher plants 281 161--164 Pseudoscourfeldia 46 pitfall traps 280 pollination flowering plants 153--155 Psilotum Psilotophytina Psilotopsida, Pitocalyx 228 in aquatic plants 166, 167 whiskferns 63, 68, 195, 207--209 pits 43, 58, 60 buzz-pollination 168 psychoactive drugs 354--355 Pittosporum 313 syndromes 171, 181--186 psychophily see butterfly and moth plagiotropic branching 68, 76, 129, pollinia 179, 183, 247 pollination 130 polyembryony 156 Psychotria 313 plant breeding and improvement Polyepis 307 Pteralyxia 316 356--360 Polygonaceae 125, 238, 270 Pteridium 214 plant disease 357--359 polyploidy 30, 251 Pteridium lateral spread, phalanx plant form, concepts of 61, 105, 123, polypodiophytina 195, 208--214 growth 159 413 Polypodiopsida, Leptosporangiate Pterocarya 243 plant geography of Darwin and ferns 195, 209 Puccinellia 265 Wallace 393, 396 reproduction 137, 162 pulses 325

INDEX 437

purple bacteria 13 Rhododendron 171--172, 246 Salvia 159, 248, 355 Puya 307 Rhodophyta 21, 25, 30, 33--36, 42 Salvinia Salvinelaes 124, 210, 212, 258 Pyramimonas 48 Rhodospirillum 15 Sambucus, bark 74 pyrethrum see Tanacetum Rhoiocissus 239 Sanguinaria bloodroot 337 cinerarifolium Rhynia 68--69, 203 Santalaceae, Santalales 239, 277 Pyrrosia 214 rhynie chert 142 Sapindaceae Sapindales 245 Pythogorean School 373 Rhyniophyte 203 Sapium sebiferum 327 Ribes 239 Sapotaceae 245, 326 Quassia cedron, source of cedron 345 rice paper plant see Tetrapanax saprophytes see mycotrophic plants Quercus 74, 120, 243, 255, 332, 335 rice see Oryza Sargassum 44 quinine see Cinchona Ricinis 168, 170, 241, 327 Sarracenia Sarraceniaceae 246, 279, quinoa see Chenopodium quinoa Riella 198 281 quinone 12 Rieske iron--sulphur protein 12, 15 satinay see Syncarpia r--K strategists 157 sattler 112, 125, 132--133 radiatopses 195, 207 RNA world 6--7 Saurauria 223 radicle 158 Robin, Jean and Vespasian 364 savanna 295--298 rafflesia 275--276 Robinia pseudoacacia 364 Saxifraga Saxifragaceae 160, 239, 305 Ramie see Boehmeria Rohdea 186 Scabiosa 248 Ranunculus, Ranunculaceae, Rollandia 316 Scala Naturae 381, 382, 389, 399 Ranunculales 171, 237, 260, 305, Romanticism, appreciation of plants Scenedesmus 41 412 and the landscape 367 scent 174, 356 Raoulia 305 Romya 316 Schefflera 288, 290 Raphidophyceae 36 root Schimper, A. F. W. 395 rattan palm 288--289, see also Calamus adaptation 71, 267 Schisandra, Schisandrales 228 Raunkiaer, C. 252--253, 395 anatomy 62, 70--71 Schizanthus 247 Rauvolfia serpentina, source of crop 327 schizeales 210, 212 reserpine (alkaloid) 345 Roridula 246 Schleiden, M. J. 386, 390, 399 Ray, J. 380, 381, 384 Rosa 150, 174, 243, 362 Naturphilosophie 386 rays, wood 73 Rosaceae fruits 150, 329--330 Schmalhausen, I. F. 412 reaction centre 9 rosette trees 307 Schroeter, C. 410 reaction norm 405, 412--413 rosewood see Dalbergia Sciadopitys, Sciadoptyales, 221 reaction wood 102 rosid 240 sciophyte, plants of moist shady recapitulation 399 Rosoideae, Rosaceae, Rosales 243 habitats 282--286 receptor 100 Roucela 300 Scirpus 235 red algae see Rhodophyta rubber see Hevea sclerenchyma 58--60 reductionism 420 Rubia 337 sclerophyllous shrubs as tropicalpine redwoods 221 Rubiaceae 246, 293 plants 307 Regnellidium 212 Ruppiaceae 257 scophulariaceae 247--248, 275, 418 relict flora 312, 313 Ruscus 126--127 secondary thickening 72 reproduction 27, 56, 61--62, 135, 157 Rutaceae 329--330 Sedum 239 reproductive isolation 408--409 seed 147--148, 157, 215--216 Resedaceae 244 Saccharaum officinarum, sugar cane dispersal 247, 283 resin 173 331--332 seed fern 215 restionaceae form of roots 270 Sagittaria 259 seedling types 158 resupinate flower 179 sago palm 320, see also Metroxylon Selaginella Selaginellopsida, clubmoss Reynold’s law 136 Saint-Hilaire, G 399 137, 146, 195, 205, 283--284, 287, Rhacomitrium 202, 205 Salicornia 264--265, 268 299 Rhamnaceae 243 Salix, as dwarf shrubs 304, 306 Selago 418 Rhetinodendron 315 Salix, as source of aspirin 346 selection, directional 117 Rhinanthus 276 Salsola kali 264 self-incompatibility 187--190, 251 Rhizobium 272 salt-exclusion mechanisms 262 self-replication 7 Rhizoctonia see mycorrhiza salt-flat, salt-marsh and mud-flats Sempervivum 239 Rhizophora, Rhizophoraceae 165, 263, 261, 268 Senecio 251, 314, 408 266--267 salt-gland 262, 267 Senna leaf anatomy 85

438 INDEX

sepals 224 spikelet 235 swamp-cypress see Taxodium 254 Sequoia 144, 221, 285 spindle 27--28 sweet potato see Ipomoea battatas Sequoiadendron 221 Spirochaete 26 Swietania 245, 333 Sesbania 255 Spiroideae 243 syconium see Ficus Setchellanthaceae 244 Spirulina 18 Symbegonia 243 sex, sexual development 33--34, Splachnum see apophysis symplasm 78 135--137, 150--153 sporangium 31, 141 sympodial see branching sexual system of classification spore, meiospore 31, 135, 140--141, synapomorphy 416 383 168 Syncarpia 332 shade tolerance see sciophyte release 161--162 synergid 152 shifting balance theory 119--120 sporophyll 142 syngamy 32--33 shoot model 123--124 sporophyte 31--32 systematic biology 40, 414, short-day plants 102 Sprengel, C. von 385 417--418 Sideritis 313 Spretnak, C. 424 Syzigium source of eugenol 291, sieve-plate 43 spur, floral 171 345 Sigillaria 206 stamen 144, 168--169 signalling, electrical 80--82 Stangeria, Stangeriaceae 217 Tabebuia ironwood 333 Silene dioica 187--188 Stapelia foetid scent 174--175 Tabernanthe iboga 355 silica body 85 star anise see Illicium Takakia, Takakiopsida, 195, 200--201 Simmondsiaceae 326 Stebbins, G. L. 111--112, 406 Takhatajan, A. 110--111, 418 Sinapis 172, 326 stele 87 tallowtree see Sapium sebiferum siphonogamy 138, 154--155, see also Stephania 343--344 Tamarix Tamaricaceae 238, 255, pollination Sterculiaceae 303 265 sisal see Agave sisalina stigma 153--154 Tanacetum cinerarifolium 339 skototropism 101 stipe 45 Tansley, A. 410 Smilacaceae 232 stolon 62 tapetum 144, 152 smokes 352 stomata 85--86, 285--286 Taraxacum 123, 163--164 snuff 352 Stomatophyte 196 Taxodium, Taxodiaceae 143, 144, 221, Socrates 371--372 stramenopile 26 255 softwoods 333--334 stranglers 290 taxon 193, 194 Solanum, Solanaceae, Solanales 182, Strasburger, E. 414 taxonomy, the science of 247, 327 Strasburgeria 312 classification 49, 121--122, 371, Solanum tuberosum, potato 327, 349, Stratiotes aloides 259 401--402 358 Strelitzia 186 Taxus Taxales 221, 345 as vegetables 329 streptobionta 28, 47 Tchetverikov, S. S. 406 Solidago 250 Streptocarpus 114--115 tea see Camellia sinensis 347 Sonchus 313 Streptothamnus 239 Tectona grandis, teak 332 Sonneratia, Sonneratiaceae 263, 266 Striga 275--276 teosinte see Zea Sorghum 298, 324, 332, 349 strobilus see cone tecquila see Agave tequilana soybeans see Glycine max stromatolites 7--8 Terminalia 241, 343 Spartina 261, 268--269 Strongylodon 186 terpenoids 174 speciation 408 Strophanthus 344 Tetracentron 238 species 122 Strychnos 344 tetrad 140--141 species concepts 408--411 stylopodium 249 Tetramolopium humile 207 sperm 138, 154 Suaeda 264--265 Tetrapanax 335 Spermatophytina, seed plants 195, Subularia aquatica 258 Tetraphis Tetraphidae 202--203 215--216 succulence 104, 238, 301--302 Thalassia pollen 167 Sphacelaria 42 sugar beet 332, see also Beta vulgaris Thalassina 266 Sphaerocarpus, Sphaerocarpidae, sugar cane see Saccharaum officinarum Thalictrum carpel 149 bottle liverworts 198--199 sulphur bacteria 12 Theaceae 245 Sphagnum, Sphagnopsida, bog mosses sunflower 327, see also Helianthus Theobroma cacoa 340--341 138, 162, 195, 200--202 annua theobromine 341 spice trade 338--341 swamp 255 Theophrastaceae 184

INDEX 439

Theophrastos 375--376 Tulipa, tulip 232, 363--364 Vicia 242 therophyte, annual plants see Tung Nuts see Aleurites Victoria 228, 258--259 life-forms Turbinia corymbosa 355 Vinca 246 Thesium 277 Turesson, G. 406, 409, 410 vines and woody climbers Thoreau, H. D. 386 turmeric see Curcuma longa 286--290 Thorne, R. F. 418 tussock grassland 297 Viola, Violaceae 163, 171, 241, 411 thorns 298--299 Typhaceae 235 Viridiplantae see Embryophyta thrip pollination 184 typology 413--414 Virola theidora 355 Thuja 156, 350--351 Tzu, Lao 372 Viscaceae 277--279 thylakoid 18--20 Vitellona, Karite nuts 326 Thymus 247 Ulex 180 Vitis, Vitales, Vitaceae 239, 275, 351 Tilia winged fruit 163--164, 172 Ulmaceae 243 vivipary 159 Tillandsia 235, 294 Ulothrix 42 vodka 349 timber 332--333 ultraviolet light 9, 10 volatile oils 356 Tipuana 163--164 Ulva, Ulvophyceae 32, 47--48 Volvox 40, 41 Tmesipteris 207 Umbelliferae see Apiaceae tobacco 352--353, see also Nicotiana Undulipodia 26 Waddington, C. H. 119, 405 tabacum Unger, F. 391 Wallace, A. R. 391--394 tomato see Lycopersicon Urtica dioica, pollen dispersal Warming, E. 395 Torrenticola 256 162 water relations, in epiphytes Torreya 221 Utricularia 80--81, 127 292--294 Tortula 202 Uvaria chamae, source of finger-root Watsonia 232 Tournefort, J. P. de 381 345 wax 172 tracheid 59, 60 Weiditz, H. 377 Tracheophyta, vascular plants 31, Vaccinium 168 Weismann, A. 406 195--196, 203 Valeriana, Valerianaceae valerian 164, Welwitschia 137, 148, 155, 222 Tradescant, J. 364 248, 347 wheat see Triticum Tradescantia 364 Vallisneria 165--166, 257 Willdenows, K. L. 388 transplant experiments 410 Vanilla 340--341 Wilson, E. O. 422 trap flowers and inflorescences Varela, F. 5, 401 wine varieties 352 179--180 variation, genetic or population Withania somnifera, source of Trapa 166 120 ashwagandha 343, 345 tree architecture 131 Vascular cambium 72--73 woad 337 tree trunk 129 vascular system 66 Wolffia 112, 231, 257, 259 treeline 303--304 Vauquelina 313 Wollemia 313 tree-rings 69, 73 Vavilov, N. I. 411--412 Woltereck, R. 405 Tricholea 196 vegetable oils 320 wood anatomy and development 60, trichome, microhair, macrohair 85, vegetables, important families 72--73 171 328 woodiness 253 Trifolium 242 Venus’s fly-trap see Dionaea wormwood see Artemisia Triglochin 260, 264 Veratrum album, source of Wright, S. 119--120, 406 Trimenia 228 protoveratrine 345 triphala 343 Verbascum 418 Xanthium hydrochory 165 Triticum, wheat 321--322 Verbena 176--177 Xanthocephalum sarothrae, source of Trochetiopsis 316 Verbenaceae 248 snakeweed 345 Trochodendron, Trochodendrales vernal herbs 283 Xanthophyceae 36 238 vernalization 103 Xanthorhoea 232 Troll, W. 412--414 Veronica 418 xerophytic adaptations 301 Tropaeolaceae 244 vesi see Intsia bijuga xylem 59--61, 65--66, 72 tropicalpine plants, adaptation vesicular--arbuscular mycorrhizae see Xyridaceae 234--235 306--307 mycorrhiza tropism 80--81, 100--101 vessel element 59--60 yams see Dioscorea trumpet-hyphae 45 Viburnum 183 yew see Taxus

440 INDEX

Yucca 168, 300, 314, 345 Zeaxanthin 36 Zosterophyllum 203 Yunquea 315 Zimmermann, W. 125, 414 Zygenamatales 48 Zingiber Zingiberaceae Zingiberales Zygogynum 173 Zamia Zamiaceae 143, 217 178, 236, 340, 343 zygomorphy see ﬂower Zanichellia, Zannichelliaceae Zingiberene 341 symmetry inﬂorescence 167, 257 zoochory see dispersal Zygophyllales 241 Zanthoxylum 313, 345 Zostera, Zosteraceae 167, 231, Zygophyllum 241 Zea, maize 101, 149, 318, 323--324 258 zygote 29, 32