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Zusammenfassung Systematische Biologie: Pflanzen Zusammenfassung Systematische Biologie: Pflanzen - FS18 v0.2 Gleb Ebert 6. M¨arz 2018 Vorwort Diese Zusammenfassung soll den gesamten Stoff der Vorlesung Systematische Biologie: Pflanzen (Stand Fruhjahrssemester¨ 2018) in kompakter Form zusammenfassen. Ich kann leider weder Vollst¨andigkeit noch die Abwesenheit von Fehlern garan- tieren. Fur¨ Fragen, Anregungen oder Verbesserungsvorschl¨agen kann ich unter [email protected] erreicht werden. Die neuste Version dieser Zusammenfassung kann stets unter https://n.ethz.ch/˜glebert/ gefunden werden. 1 1 Landpflanzen 1.2 Stammbaum 2.4 Systematik (nur vervorgehobene Taxa prufungsrelevant)¨ 1.1 Entwicklung • Klasse: Marchantiopsida (Lebermoose) – Bebl¨atterte Lebermoose – Thallose Lebermoose • Klasse: Antheceropsida (Hornmoose) • Klasse: Bryopsida (Laubmoose) – Sphaginidae (Torfmoose) → Deckel ohne Peristom – Andreaeidae (Klaffmoose) → Spalten + Kolumella – Bryidae (Echte Laubmoose) 2 Bryophyta (Moose) → Deckel mit Peristom – Einteilung nach Wuchsform 2.1 Allgemeine Merkmale ∗ Akrokarpe Moose (Gipfelmoose) ∗ Pleuokarpe Moose (Astmoose) • ¨alteste Landpflanzen • Verbreitung durch Sporen (Kryptogamen) • Generationswechsel mit dominantem Gametophyt 2.5 Wuchsformen • Vielzellige Gametangien, Embryobildung • Organisationsstufe: – keine Leitgef¨asse – St¨ammchen, Bl¨attchen – Rhizoiden 2.2 Vorkommen / Eigenschaften • Artenzahl: 25’000 • an Orten mit hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit 1.1.1 Charophyceen vs. Landpflanzen • Lichtbedarf (0.1%) • Trockenheitstoleranz Gemeinsamkeiten neu in Landpflanzen • Temperatur (-30 bis +70 Grad Celsius) homologe Chloroplasten Apikalmeristem in Spross (A) Hornmoos mit Chlorophyll b und und Wurzel 2.3 Okologische¨ Bedeutung (B) Bebl¨attertes Lebermoos β-Karotin • (C) Thalloses Lebermoos rosettenf¨ormige vielzellige Gametangien Wasserhaushalt • (D) Echtes Laubmoos Proteinkomplexe fur¨ Torfmoose (rund 400 Mio. Tonnen) • (E) Torfmoos Cellulosesynthese Bioindikatoren Enzyme in Peroxisomen Embryonen Ultrastruktur der Sporen mit Sporopollonin Spermatozoiden Phragmoplast bei Generationswechsel Zellteilung 2.6 Generationswechsel • Klasse: Filicopsida (Eigentliche Farne) 3.4 Generationswechsel – Unterkl.: Ophioglossidae Bsp: einh¨ausiges Laubmoos (Eusporangiate Farne) ∗ Familie: Ophioglossaceae (Natternzungengew¨achse) – Unterkl.: Equisetidae (Schachtelhalmgew¨achse) ∗ Familie: Equisateaceae (Schachtelhalme) – Unterkl.: Polypodiidae (Leptosporangiate Farme) ∗ Familie: Polypodiales (Tupfelfarne)¨ ∗ Familie: Salviniales (Wasserfarne) 3.5 Formen 3 Pteridophyta (Farnpflanzen) 3.3 Merkmale wichtiger Farngruppen 3.1 Allgemeine Merkmale 3.3.1 Spross • Gliederung in Wurzel, Spross und Bl¨atter (Korno- phyten) Lycopodiopsida klein, moosahnlich, Blatter nadel- • Echte Leitgef¨asse (Tracheiden) ¨ ¨ oder schuppenformig • Stutzgewebe¨ (Einlagerung von Ligning) ¨ Equisetidae gegliedert mit quirlst¨andigen • Transpirationsschutz (Cuticula aus Cutin/Suberin) 4 Spermatophyta (Samenpflanzen) • Seitentrieben, Bl¨atter als Scheide Generationswechsel mit selbstst¨andigem Sporophyt Polypodiidae Blatter meist gefiedert, kleine bis • ¨ 4.1 Allgemeine Merkmale Ausbreitung durch Sporen (Gef¨asskryptogamen) grosse Wedel • Pteridophyta sind eine paraphyletische Gruppe • heute erfolgreichste Pflanzengruppe • Reduktion des Gametophyten, inkl. Sporophyt 3.2 Systematik • Entwicklung von Pollen • Bluten:¨ Fortpflanzungsorgane bildende Sprossab- (nur vervorgehobene Taxa prufungsrelevant)¨ schnitte mit beschr¨anktem L¨angenwachstum; • Urfarne (Psilophyten) geschlechtliche Differenzierung: • Klasse: Lycopodiopsida (B¨arlappgew¨achse) 3.3.2 Sporangien – weibl. Fruchtbl¨atter = Megasporophylle – Familie: Lycopodiaceae (B¨arlappe) – m¨annl. Staubbl¨atter = Mikrosporophylle – Familie: Selaginellaceae (Moosfarne) – Blutenh¨ ulle¨ = Perianth (neu) Lycopodiopsida einzeln, auf Blattoberseite, • hetero-/isospor Samen Equisetidae in endst¨andigen Ahren¨ – ersetzen Sporen als Verbreitungseinheit – Embryo & N¨ahrgewebe“ (zapfen¨ahnlich), isospor ” Polypodiidae in Sori, auf Blattunterseite, isospor – Dauerform des Sporophyten 4.2 Phylogenie 4.3.2 Fortpflanzungsorgane 4.3.4 Systematik (nur vervorgehobene Taxa prufungsrelevant)¨ • Spermatozoiden: 1. Unterklasse: Ginkgoidae (Ginkgogew¨achse) – Bl¨atter f¨acherf¨ormig – eine Art Ginkgo biloba, lebendes Fossil 2. Unterklasse: Cycadidae (Palmfarne) – Bl¨atter wie Fiederpalmen – Samenanlagen am Rande von schopfartigen Fruchtbl¨attern – m¨annliche Blute¨ in Zapfen – 300 Arten, Tropen und Sudhemisph¨ ¨are, nicht waldbildend • Pollenschlauch: 3. Unterklasse: Pinidae (Nadelh¨olzer) – Bl¨atter schuppen- oder nadelf¨ormig – weibliche Bluten¨ meist in Zapfen (Koniferen) – 600 Arten, alle einheimischen Nadelb¨aume, waldbildend Familien: 4.3 Gymnospermae (Nacktsamer) 4.3.3 Entwicklung der Samenanlage – Pinaceae (F¨ohrengew¨achse) ∗ Bl¨atter stets nadelf¨ormig 4.3.1 Allgemeine Merkmale ∗ weibliche Bluten¨ in Zapfen • Vegetative Merkmale – Cupressaceae (Zypressengew¨achse) – Holzpflanzen, Tracheiden dienen der Leitung ∗ Bl¨atter meist schuppenf¨ormig und Festigung ∗ weibliche Bluten¨ in holzigen oder beeren- – sekund¨ares Dickenwachstum artigen Zapfen – meist immergrun¨ mit Nadeln oder Schuppen – Taxaceae (Eibengew¨achse) • Bluten:¨ eingeschlechtlich, ohne Blutenh¨ ulle¨ ∗ Bl¨atter nadelf¨ormig, stachelspitzig weibliche Samenanlage: ∗ Samen einzeln, von fleischigem Becher – offen (nackt), am Rande von Fruchtbl¨attern umgeben (Arillus) oder auf Tr¨agern in Samenschuppen der Zap- • Ordnung: Gnetales (systematische Stellung unklar) fen Familie: Ephedraceae – keine Fruchte¨ – H¨ochstentwickelte Gymnospermae m¨annliche Staubbl¨atter: (Blutenh¨ ulle,¨ Insektenbest¨aubung) – schuppenf¨ormig, oft in Gruppen (k¨atzchen- – Schachtelhaltartig, verholzt (Bsp. Ephedra ¨ahnlich) helvetica) 4.4 Angiospermae (Bedecktsamer) • Samenanlagen: – oberst¨andig: Blutenh¨ ulle¨ unterhalb des 4.4.1 Allgemeine Merkmale Fruchtknotens angewachsen. ′ • gr¨osste & vielf¨altigste Pflanzengruppe (> 250 000 – unterst¨andig: Blutenh¨ ulle¨ oberhalb des Arten) Fruchtknotens angewachsen. • Folgen der Insektenbest¨aubung – chorikarp: Fruchtknoten aus freien Frucht- – Bedecktsamigkeit → Frucht bl¨attern bestehend. – Blutenh¨ ulle¨ – synkarp: Fruchtknoten aus verwachsenen – Zwittrigkeit Fruchtbl¨attern bestehend. • • Vegetative Merkmale Griffel: Verbindungsstuck¨ zwischen Fruchtknoten 4.4.3 Doppelte Befruchtung und Narbe. – nicht verholzte Pflanzen vorherrschend • Gyn¨oceum: Gesamtheit aller Fruchtbl¨atter. – Ausbildung von Tracheen (plus Holzfasern fur¨ • Nektarblatt (=Honigblatt): Blutenbl¨ ¨atter mit Nek- Festigung) tardrusen.¨ – unterirdische Dauerorgane (Rhizome, Knollen • Hullblatt¨ : Blatt, das Blutenst¨ ¨ande umgibt. etc.) • Kelch: ¨ausserer Teil der Blutenh¨ ulle,¨ meist grun.¨ – vegetative Fortpflanzung verbreitet • Krone: innerer Teil der Blutenh¨ ulle,¨ meist auff¨allig – grosse Vielfalt von Spross und Bl¨attern gef¨arbt. • Fortpflanzungsorgane (meist in zwittrigen Bluten)¨ • Narbe: Gewebe des Fruchtblattes, in das die Pollen weibl. Gyn¨ozeum: eindringen. – Fruchtbl¨ ¨atter (Karpelle) • Perigon: Blutenh¨ ulle¨ aus gleichartigen Bl¨attern – Samenanlagen (nicht Kelch und Krone). m¨annl. Andr¨ozeum 4.4.4 Fachausdrucke¨ bei Bluten¨ • Samenanlage: Eizelle mit Integumenten. • Staubbeutel: oberer Teil des Staubblattes, in dem – Staubbl¨atter (Stamina) • aktinomorph: mehrere Symmetrieebenen vorhan- der Pollen gebildet wird. den (radi¨arsymmetrisch). • Staubblatt: m¨annlicher Teil der Blute,¨ besteht aus • Andr¨oceum: Gesamtheit aller Staubbl¨atter. 4.4.2 Fortpflanzungsorgane Staubfaden und Staubbeutel. • Butenh¨ ulle¨ : Gesamtheit der Blutenbl¨ ¨atter (Kelch- • Staubfaden: Tr¨ager der Staubbeutel. Kron- und Perigonbl¨atter) • Tragblatt: Blatt, in dessen Achsel eine Blute¨ vor- • Blutenstand¨ : Gesamtheit der Bluten¨ eines Stengels. handen ist. • Frucht: reife Fruchtbl¨atter, enth¨alt die Samen. • Vorblatt: am Blutenstiel¨ stehendes Blatt. • Fruchtblatt: weiblicher Teil der Blute,¨ der die Sa- • zygomorph: nur eine Symmetrieebene vorhanden. menanlagen tr¨agt. • Fruchtknoten: bauchig erweiterter Teil des Frucht- blattes (oder Fruchtbl¨atter), enth¨alt die 4.4.5 Begriffe fur¨ Blutenbeschreibung¨ 4.4.6 Evolution einiger Blutenmerkmale¨ • Blutenh¨ ulle¨ (=Perianth) Perianth: kein Perianth → Perigon → Kelch & freie – Einfach: alle Perianthbl¨atter gleich (= Peri- Kronbl¨atter → Kelch & verwachsene Kronbl¨atter gon) Staubbl¨atter: zahlreich, Zahl variabel → wenige, fixe – Doppelt Anzahl ∗ Kelch (meist grun)¨ Fruchtknoten: ∗ Krone (bunt gef¨arbt) • oberst¨andig → unterst¨andig • → · choripetal (frei) chorikarp synkarp · sympetal (verwachsen) • Symmetrie – radi¨arsymmetrisch (= aktinomorph) – monosymmetrisch (= zygomorph) • Stellung des Fruchtknotens – oberst¨andig – unterst¨andig ∗ chorikarp (Fruchtbl¨atter frei) ∗ synkarp (Fruchbl¨atter verwachsen).
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