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Litter Production and Decomposition in Cacao (Theobroma Cacao) and Kolanut (Cola Nitida) Plantations

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Litter Production and Decomposition in Cacao (Theobroma Cacao) and Kolanut (Cola Nitida) Plantations ECOTROPICA 17: 79–90, 2011 © Society for Tropical Ecology LITTER PRODUCTION AND DECOMPOSITION IN CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO) AND KOLANUT (COLA NITIDA) PLANTATIONS Joseph Ikechukwu Muoghalu & Anthony Ifechukwude Odiwe Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, O.A.U. P.O. Box 1992, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Abstract. Litter production and decomposition were studied at monthly intervals for two years in Cola nitida and Theo- broma cacao plantations at Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Three plantations of each economic tree crop were used for the study. Mean annual litter fall was 4.73±0.30 t ha-1 yr-1 (total): 3.13±0.16 t ha-1 yr-1 (leaf), 0.98±0.05 t ha-1 yr-1(wood), 0.46±0.12 t ha-1 yr-1 (reproductive: fruits and seeds), 0.17±0.03 t ha-1 yr-1 (finest litter) in T. cacao plantations and 7.34±0.64(total): 4.39±0.38 (leaf), 1.57±0.17 (wood), 1.16±0.13 (reproductive) and 0.22±0.01 (finest litter or trash) in C. nitida plantations. The annual mean litter standing crop was 7.22±0.26 t ha-1 yr-1 in T. cacao and 5.74±0.54 t ha-1 yr-1 in C. nitida plantations. Cola nitida leaf litter had higher decomposition rate quotient (2.00) than T. cacao leaf litter (1.03). Higher quantities of calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, managenese, iron, zinc and copper were deposited on C. nitida than on T. cacao plantations. The low litter decomposition rates in these plantations implies accumulation of litter on the floor of these plantations especially T. cacao plantations. This accumulation of litter in the plantations has an impact on nutrient cycling in plantations of these economic tree crops because it is only when litter is decomposed that nutrients are recycled back into the soil for the maintenance or sustenance of soil fertility under these plantations. Accepted 7 January 2011. Keywords: Litter fall, decomposition, tree crop plantations, tropics. INTRODUCTION formation and the maintenance of soil fertility (Gottschalk & Shure 1979). The stability of an ecosystem depends upon the All natural forest ecosystems depend on cycling orderly transfer of nutrients between the living and of nutrients to meet the nutritional demands of the non-living components (Mehra et al. 1985). The growing plants (Grierson & Adams 1999). Produc- material fixed in the above-ground biomass is tivity of individuals or whole ecosystems may be re- sooner or later returned to the soil through litter fall duced by an inadequate supply of mineral nutrient and precipitation (Mehra et al. 1985). Nutrients are (Chapin et al. 1986). In agricultural systems, nutrient primarily transferred as leaves and other plant parts supply rate and nutrient limitation are closely linked fall to the ground as litter, where they are subse- via management in contrast to natural systems where quently leached by percolating water and decom- differences in species, plant life stage and moisture posed by organisms (Eaton et al. 1973). The subse- supply can uncouple low nutrient supply rates from quent release of elements during decomposition nutrient limitation (Specht et al. 1983, Binkly & completes the cycle of elements in plant litter Vitousek 1989). within the soil-plant system (Attiwill 1968). There- Of recent there has been clearing of natural for- fore, decomposition of organic matter and mineral- ests for the establishment in plantations of eco- ization processes are responsible for virtually all of nomic tree crops such as cocoa, coffee, kola nut, the nutrients taken up by vegetation. The wide- oranges, rubber and fast-growing timber trees (Euca- spread use of pesticides poses potential threat to the lyptus spp., Gmelina, Teak, etc.) which have contrib- decomposing processes (Gottschalk & Shure 1979). uted to deforestation in tropical countries because of Pesticide accumulation in the litter-soil ecosystem the continuing demand for these especially in devel- may disrupt detrital food webs and thus impair soil oped countries. It is only when a ‘steady-state’ stage is reached that the plantations can be considered to e-mail: [email protected] ‘mimic’ natural forests they replaced and the conse- 79 Umbruch Ecotropica 17_1.indd 79 07.06.11 14:20 MUOGHALU ET AL. quent renewal of earlier immobilized nutrients take METHODS place (Ewel 1986, Ewel & Bigelow 1996, Grierson Study area. The study was carried out in cacao & Adams 1999, ). and kola nut plantations in Aba Gboro village The forest areas may seem remarkably fertile and within the Obafemi Awolowo University Estate, Ile- productive but once the forest is destroyed or re- Ife, Nigeria. The study area covers latitude 7° 32.654´ moved, the soils that once supported it can rapidly N, longitude 4° 30.661´ E and is situated at an eleva- lose its fertility and are incapable of supporting agri- tion range of 253.2 to 292.5 m above sea level. The cultural production for very long. Without constant plantations lie within the same area, with plots no turnover of nutrient elements from the plantations, more than 4 km distant from each other. The actual these nutrients present in the soil proper can be ages of the plantations could not be ascertained be- quickly leached away by rain or exhausted by being cause the owners had no record of when they were removed in the production of a few years of crops. established. However, they were able to identify cacao Also, farmers faced with the problems of pest and and kola nut plantations that were established at disease control in these plantations use pesticides to about the same time as those selected for this study. control them such as copper based fungicides to The mean tree density in T. cacao plantations used control Phytophthora pod rot in cacao plantations. for this study was 816 ± 144 plants ha-1 while in Widespread use of pesticides in these plantations to C. nitida plantations it was 192 ± 11 plants ha-1. The control pests may cause the disruption of nutrient mean circumference at breast height of trees in the cycling by adversely affecting the microorganisms, T. cacao plantations was 43.0 ± 2.4 cm and in C. ni- especially bacteria and fungi, involved in decomposi- tida 97.7 ± 10.4 cm. The area lies in the dry decidu- tion processes thus altering normal nutrient cycling ous forest zone (Onochie 1979). White (1983) de- pattern in these ecosystems (Weary & Merriam 1978, scribed the vegetation as Guineo-Congolian drier Gottschalk & Shure 1979, Eijsackers & Van de Bund 1980). Appreciable litter accumulation would have forest type. There are two seasons in the area, a short profound implications, including a major reduction dry season from November to March and a rainy in nutrient cycling. In south-west Nigeria, planta- season from March to November. The mean annual tions of cacao, kola nut and oranges abound. Mature rainfall in the area is 1413 mm (Duncan 1974). The tropical forests are regarded as steady state ecosystem annual rainfall measured in the experimental plots where the decomposition of litter on the forest floor for the years of the study was 1880.7 mm between is in equilibrium with the production rate of litter or September 2001 and August 2002, and 1748.5 mm litter fall (Swift et al. 1981). It is to be expected that from September 2002 to August 2003. The mean the decomposition rate in monoculture tree crop annual minimum and maximum temperatures were plantations will not be as rapid as in tropical forest 22.5° C and 31.4° C respectively. because the microflora community is not likely to be The area is underlain by rocks of the Basement fully developed and the management practices, such Complex which are of the Precambrian Age (Wilson as the use of pesticides, in such tree crop plantations 1922, De Swardt 1953). The soil has been classified (Grierson & Adams 1999). There is therefore a need as Lixisols (FAO/UNESCO 1974) and Ultisols to investigate litter production and decomposition in (USDA 1975). The soils which are usually acid, tree crop plantations to determine litter fall, accumu- contain less than 10% clay, mainly kaolinite and lation, and decomposition, as a contribution to the hence are characterized by low cation exchange understanding of ecological functioning of tropical capacity and low water holding capacity (Ayodele tree crop plantations. Our study reports data on 1986). litter production and decomposition in two eco- Sampling procedure. Three sample plots, 25 m x 25 m nomic tree crops: cacao (Theobroma cacao Linn) and each, were established in different cacao and kola nut kola nut (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.) from plantations in the area, a total of six sample plots. plantations in Ile-Ife, south-west Nigeria. It specifi- Litter fall and standing crop of litter were measured cally addressed the patterns of litter fall, litter stand- at monthly intervals for two years in each of the plots. ing crop (accumulation of litter on the plantation Leaf litter decomposition was studied for 15 months floor), litter decomposition and nutrient element in kola nut plantation and for 20 months in cacao deposition via leaf litter, and compared these pro- plantation using the litter bag method (Bocock & cesses in plantations of the two tree species. Gilbert 1957). 80 Umbruch Ecotropica 17_1.indd 80 07.06.11 14:20 LITTER PRODUCTION AND DECOMPOSITION IN TREE CROP PLANTATIONS In each plot, twenty 1 m x 1 m x 50 cm nylon were determined by digesting in mixed acid and litter traps of 1-mm mesh size suspended 1 m above reading the cations in Atomic Absorption Spectro- the ground were laid out at random to collect litter photometer, and K in a Flame Photometer.
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