Una Analisi Comparata Tra Beppe Grillo, Matteo Renzi E Matteo Salvini La Tesi Di Laurea Qui Pubblicata È Stata Discussa Il 18 Ottobre 2017 Dal Dott

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Una Analisi Comparata Tra Beppe Grillo, Matteo Renzi E Matteo Salvini La Tesi Di Laurea Qui Pubblicata È Stata Discussa Il 18 Ottobre 2017 Dal Dott Daniele Mu L’antipolitica come arma retorica: una analisi comparata tra Beppe Grillo, Matteo Renzi e Matteo Salvini La tesi di laurea qui pubblicata è stata discussa il 18 ottobre 2017 dal Dott. Daniele Mu nell’ambito del corso di laurea in Strategie della comunicazione pubblica e politica della Scuola di Scienze Politiche “Cesare Alfieri” dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, relatore Prof. Vittorio Mete. Il Corecom della Toscana ha premiato questo lavoro il 22 dicembre 2017 come migliore tesi di laurea in comunicazione della Toscana 2017, ex aequo con la tesi di laurea della Dott.ssa Elena Rosi. Consiglio regionale della Toscana Progetto grafico e impaginazione: Patrizio Suppa Stampato presso la tipografia del Consiglio regionale della Toscana Novembre 2018 ISBN 978-88-85617-28-5 Sommario Presentazioni Eugenio Giani, Presidente del Consiglio regionale della Toscana 7 Enzo Brogi, Presidente del Corecom Toscana 9 Introduzione 11 Capitolo 1 Antipolitica: alcune nozioni di carattere generale 15 1.1 – Crisi della democrazia o crisi nella democrazia? 15 1.2 – Antipolitica: una definizione operativa 20 1.3 – Gli attori dell’antipolitica dall’alto 26 1.4 – Antipolitica e populismo: un rapporto simbiotico 31 1.5 – L’antipolitica in Italia: dal paradigma dell’incompiutezza a quello del degrado 34 Capitolo 2 Nozioni metodologiche e di contesto 39 2.1 – Cenni su linguaggio politico, discorso politico e simboli politici 39 2.2 – Le scelte metodologiche 44 2.3 – La politica nell’era della rottamazione: Matteo Renzi 50 2.4 – Beppe Grillo e il MoVimento 5 Stelle: il popolo contro la casta 55 2.5 – La Lega di Matteo Salvini: dall’etno-regionalismo al populismo patrimoniale 60 Capitolo 3 L’antipolitica tra primarie ed elezioni nazionali: il 2013 67 3.1 – Il contesto 67 3.2 – Matteo Renzi: da outsider a segretario del Pd 68 3.2.1 – L’ntervista alle «Invasioni Barbariche» (17 aprile) 68 3.2.2 – La comunicazione online: l’utilizzo di Facebook (17 novembre) 76 3.2.3 – Renzi segretario: l’intervento al comitato (Firenze, 8 dicembre) 79 3.3 – Beppe Grillo: dalla piazza alle istituzioni 85 3.3.1 – L’intervista alla tv pubblica svedese (20 gennaio) 85 3.3.2 – La comunicazione online: il blog di Beppe Grillo (1 gennaio) 91 3.3.3 – L’intervento di Beppe Grillo durante lo Tsunami Tour (Milano, 18 febbraio) 96 3.4 – La Lega dopo Umberto Bossi: Matteo Salvini segretario 102 3.4.1 – L’intervista a «Tg Nord» (10 dicembre) 102 3.4.2 – La comunicazione online: l’utilizzo di Facebook (11 dicembre) 105 3.4.3 – Il discorso al Congresso federale (Torino, 15 dicembre) 107 3.7 – Osservazioni conclusive 113 Capitolo 4 La campagna per il referendum costituzionale del 4 dicembre 2016 117 4.1 – Il contesto 117 4.2 – Matteo Renzi: l’impegno per le riforme e le dimissioni 118 4.2.1 – L’intervista a «Sì o No» (30 settembre) 118 4.2.2 – La comunicazione online: l’utilizzo di Facebook (14 novembre) 125 4.2.3 – L’annuncio delle dimissioni (5 dicembre) 131 4.3 – La campagna per il No del MoVimento 5 Stelle 135 4.3.1 – Luigi Di Maio a «Quinta Colonna» (25 novembre) 135 4.3.2 – La comunicazione online: il blog di Beppe Grillo (9 agosto) 139 4.3.3 – L’intervento di Beppe Grillo contro la riforma costituzionale (Roma, 26 novembre) 144 4.4 – Salvini contro Renzi: la Lega contro la riforma costituzionale 148 4.4.1 – L’intervista a «Domenica Live» (20 novembre) 148 4.4.2 – La comunicazione online: l’utilizzo di Facebook (8 ottobre) 151 4.4.3 – L’intervento in piazza Santa Croce (Firenze, 12 novembre) 154 4.5 – Osservazioni conclusive 158 Capitolo 5 Le primarie, la legge elettorale e le elezioni amministrative: il 2017 163 5.1 – Il contesto 163 5.2 – La conferma di Matteo Renzi alla guida del Partito Democratico 166 5.2.1 – L’intervista a «Porta a Porta» (27 aprile) 166 5.2.2 – La comunicazione online: l’utilizzo di Facebook (29 aprile) 171 5.2.3 – Il discorso all’Assemblea nazionale del Pd (7 maggio) 174 5.3 – Il MoVimento 5 Stelle, tra cooperazione e campagna elettorale 181 5.3.1 – Luigi Di Maio a «Piazza Pulita» (8 giugno) 181 5.3.2 – La comunicazione online: il blog di Beppe Grillo (28 maggio) 185 5.3.3 – La campagna per le amministrative: Beppe Grillo a Genova (9 giugno) 190 5.4 – Matteo Salvini: la conferma alla segreteria e le elezioni amministrative 195 5.4.1 – L’intervista a «Di martedì» (13 giugno) 195 5.4.2 – La comunicazione online: l’utilizzo di Facebook (24 marzo) 201 5.4.3 – Il discorso di chiusura al congresso della Lega (Parma, 21 maggio) 203 5.5 – Osservazioni conclusive 209 Conclusioni 215 Bibliografia 227 Presentazioni Le pubblicazioni del Consiglio regionale della Toscana si arricchiscono da quest’anno di un filone dedicato ad uno dei temi più cruciali del dibattito pubblico, quello del- la comunicazione. Lo facciamo grazie ad una iniziativa del Corecom della Toscana, punto di riferimento a livello regionale per tutto ciò che riguarda la vigilanza e l’ana- lisi dei media locali e delle nuove forme di comunicazione. Dal 2017, infatti, nell’ambito del riconoscimento attribuito al “Comunicatore toscano dell’anno”, il Corecom premia le migliori tesi di laurea discusse negli Atenei della Toscana in materia di comunicazione. La tesi di laurea qui pubblicata, discussa ad ottobre del 2017 presso la Scuola di Scienze Politiche “Cesare Alfieri” dell’Università di Firenze dal Dott. Daniele Mu, af- fronta l’attualissimo tema dell’antipolitica come arma retorica, analizzando in modo comparato e con studi sul campo il linguaggio di tre protagonisti della vita pubblica degli ultimi anni: Beppe Grillo, Matteo Renzi e Matteo Salvini. Si tratta di un contributo di notevole livello scientifico agli studi sulle nuove forme della comunicazione politica, che mi auguro possa incontrare il vostro interesse e che può aiutare a comprendere meglio il presente. Per questo, oltre all’autore, ringrazio il Corecom e il suo presidente, Enzo Brogi, per l’impegno profuso a sostegno della qualità della comunicazione regionale e, in questo caso, dei giovani studiosi che ne analizzano trasformazioni e tendenze. Eugenio Giani Presidente del Consiglio regionale della Toscana Presentazioni 7 Tra le prime iniziative organizzate dal nuovo Corecom della Toscana, che ho l’onore di presiedere dal settembre 2017, rientra il riconoscimento al “Comunicatore toscano dell’anno”, attribuito a una personalità della nostra regione che si sia distinta per una particolare capacità nell’ampio settore della comunicazione e nel diffondere un’im- magine positiva della Toscana. Nell’ambito di questo riconoscimento, che ha una na- tura simbolica e non pecuniaria, abbiamo voluto premiare anche un giovane laureato in una delle tre Università toscane sui temi della comunicazione, con un contributo in denaro e la pubblicazione della tesi di laurea magistrale. Il 22 dicembre 2017, nel corso della cerimonia di premiazione della scrittrice Elena Favilli, prima “comunicatrice toscana dell’anno” grazie al successo internazionale dal libro “Storie della buonanotte per bambine ribelli”, di cui è coautrice insieme a Francesca Cavallo, il Corecom ha dunque premiato non uno ma due neolaureati to- scani, che hanno raggiunto ex aequo la prima posizione nel bando di concorso pub- blico. Daniele Mu è uno dei due premiati, grazie alla sua brillante tesi di laurea su “L’antipolitica come arma retorica: una analisi comparata tra Beppe Grillo, Matteo Renzi e Matteo Salvini”, discussa nel Corso di laurea magistrale in “Strategie della comunicazione pubblica e politica” della Scuola di Scienze Politiche dell’Università di Firenze. La sua tesi è stata valutata dalla commissione meritevole del premio in quanto affronta una tematica centrale nella contemporaneità attraverso un ottimo lavoro di riflessione e descrizione delle retoriche discorsive populiste di alcuni leader politici, alcune di esse collegabili a un inasprimento del conflitto sociale e culturale della nostra società. Un lavoro di analisi importante e approfondito, che arricchisce il patrimonio di conoscenze del Corecom e della società toscana e che mi auguro possa incontrare il vostro interesse e gradimento. Enzo Brogi Presidente del Corecom Toscana Presentazioni 9 Introduzione Pur essendo un fenomeno antico1, negli ultimi decenni l’antipolitica sembra essere diventata un elemento costitutivo delle odierne democrazie occidentali. Non solo una parte significativa dell’elettorato esprime sentimenti di sfiducia, disillusione e ostilità nei confronti della classe politica e, più in generale, delle élite detentrici del potere; ma tali sentimenti sono spesso fatti propri e rilanciati dagli stessi esponenti della classe politica, che li utilizzano per consolidare o allargare il proprio consenso e, di conseguenza, per guadagnare un vantaggio competitivo sugli avversari. Tali argomentazioni sono correntemente impiegate tanto dalle forze di opposizione, quanto da leader e partiti al governo. Le prime, infatti, hanno gioco facile nel pre- sentarsi come outsider e nel mobilitare il risentimento popolare nei confronti del cosiddetto establishment; i secondi, invece, vi fanno ricorso al fine di ottenere, raf- forzare ed ampliare il consenso del quale già godono, enfatizzando la loro presunta differenza rispetto alle élite al potere – dalle quali, in ogni caso, sottolineano la loro estraneità – e mostrandosi vicini ai cittadini che rappresentano. Il presente lavoro, dunque, muove dall’ipotesi che l’antipolitica, intesa principal- mente come modalità del linguaggio politico, rappresenti un elemento costante e connaturato degli odierni regimi democratici occidentali, caratterizzati peraltro da un clima di permanent campaign2. Di conseguenza, essa viene studiata a partire dalle strategie comunicative che i leader politici, di opposizione e di governo, adot- tano al fine di perseguire i propri obiettivi. Per far ciò, si è scelto di circoscrivere l’indagine al contesto italiano, individuando alcune tra le personalità politiche che, negli ultimi anni, hanno inciso maggiormente sulla vita politica del Paese: Matteo Renzi, Beppe Grillo e Matteo Salvini.
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