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Title the Japanese Naming System The Japanese Naming System ―Morphology and Semantics of Title Individual Names( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Collazo, Anja Maria Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2016-03-23 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k19809 Right Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University The Japanese Naming System Morphology and Semantics of Individual Names Anja Maria COLLAZO 2 Abstract The present study analyses the morphological and semantic aspects of Japanese individual names and aims to provide a synchronic insight into the same naming system at two different points in time. The first half is dedicated to the names of the common people in the 18 th and 19 th century. Therein, different name creation patterns are observed for male and female names. Male names employ productive onymic suffixes and are created according to a bipartite principle. Female names show prosodic restrictions, but also have complex inner structures. Furthermore, a low type-token-ratio is observed, indicating a high degree of uniqueness in the pre-modern naming system, possibly related to customs of name magic and name avoidance. Finally, a comparison of the different names types (childhood names, adulthood names and female names) shows that they are differentiated through morphological rather than semantic criteria. The second part then aims to classify the contemporary Japanese naming system and explores the most popular names of the years 1990 to 2014. For these, a gender-specific usage of onymic affixation is observed, which indicates a formal naming system. At the same time, contemporary names also show varying degrees of semantic transparency, notably due to the influence of the logographic writing system, and a general tendency towards gender-specific usage of semantics, which is characteristic of a semantic naming system. Lastly, certain conventional patterns, in form of a prosodic restriction of female name length and possible gender-specific distribution of long vowels, are also noticed. This leads to the overall conclusion, that due to its strong formal characteristics combined with distinct features of conventional and semantic systems, the Japanese naming system can be classified as a hybrid system. 3 4 Acknowledgments When I embarked on the journey of studying Japanese onomastics, I did so out of pure personal fascination for these names, which seemed so different from those of my surroundings. By now, the same names have become deeply familiar companions, who came along all the way on a trip from Germany to France and finally to the city of Kyoto. First of all, I want to thank my supervisor Dr. Yasushi Kawasaki for making this whole adventure possible and for being supportive and understanding even during the more complicated times. I also express my gratitude to the members of the thesis committee, Dr. Masatake Dantsuji, who repeatedly gave critical feedback and offered advice on phonetic issues, Dr. Haruyuki Saito, who took a kind interest in my research topic and brought additional references to my attention, and Dr. Kazumi Taniguchi, for feedback from a different perspective and taking the time to point out those easily overlooked typos. I am indebted to Dr. Damaris Nübling, who has taken the time to offer crucial advice in the initial stage of this project, thereby setting it on the right track. Another person I’d like to thank is Dr. Hiroshi Kawaguchi for granting me access to the Danjuro-Database, which provided me with the actual raw material for analysis. The members of Kawasaki laboratory have sacrificed many hours to correct my Japanese scripts. The friendly atmosphere and solidarity in this group made my time at Kyoto University one that I will look back on fondly. Speaking of looking back, I also want to express my gratitude to my Master thesis supervisor Dr. Sakae Murakami-Giroux and my other former teachers at the department of Japanese studies at Strasbourg University. This thesis is built in many ways on what I have learned during my time there. Finally, my family and friends back home have supported me over distance and sometimes even close-by. Thank you for simply being there. Last but not least, home is where the heart is and I am forever grateful to my fiancé for accompanying me all these years and across half the globe. 5 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 9 2. MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND NAME CREATION PATTERNS ......................................... 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION : MORPHOLOGY IN LINGUISTICS AND ONOMASTICS ...................................................... 13 2.1.1 The Morphology of Japanese names .................................................................................. 15 2.2 METHOD AND MATERIALS .......................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Sample area and sample period .......................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Sample population size and name count ............................................................................ 19 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.1 Simplex male names ........................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2 Lexeme distribution in complex male names ...................................................................... 21 2.3.2.1 Affixoids ....................................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2.2 Productivity ................................................................................................................................. 25 2.3.2.3 Onymic base and head ................................................................................................................ 26 2.3.2.4 Complex name elements ............................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2.5 Background of complex name elements ..................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 Bithematic principle ............................................................................................................ 30 2.3.4 Possible reasons for the high occurrence of complex names .............................................. 31 2.3.5 Prosodic restrictions in female names: The bimoraic principle ........................................... 32 2.3.5.1 Reasons for the emergence of the bimoraic principle ................................................................. 33 2.3.6 Reconstructing the inner structure of female names .......................................................... 34 2.3.6.1 Motio and the correlation between male and female names ..................................................... 35 2.3.6.2 Reconstructed female names ...................................................................................................... 35 2.3.7 Complex inner structure of female names .......................................................................... 37 2.3.7.1 Difficult female name structure: The case of the element ‘no’ ................................................... 38 2.3.7.2 Complex bimoraic female names ................................................................................................ 41 2.4 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3. NAMING CUSTOMS IN THE EDO PERIOD .................................................................................... 44 3.1 INTRODUCTION : SUBTYPES OF PERSONAL NAMES AND NAMES AS SOCIAL MARKERS .................................... 44 3.1.1 Name magic and polyonymy ............................................................................................... 44 3.1.2 Names as social markers ..................................................................................................... 47 3.1.3 Life-Stage-Names ................................................................................................................ 48 3.2 METHOD AND MATERIALS ................................................................................................................. 49 3.2.1 Sample areas ....................................................................................................................... 49 3.2.2 Sample period ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.3 Sample population size and name records count................................................................ 51 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 52 3.3.1 Name frequency .................................................................................................................. 52 3.3.2 Name magic as a reason for low token frequency .............................................................. 54 3.3.3 Name changes..................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.4 Childhood names ................................................................................................................. 59 3.3.5 Adulthood
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