Insect and Mite Pests of Narcissus E
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Liliaceae S.L. (Lily Family)
Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Ben Legler Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Lilium columbianum Xerophyllum tenax Trillium ovatum Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Fritillaria lanceolata Ref.1 Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Erythronium americanum Allium vineale Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Herbs; Ref.2 Stems often modified as underground rhizomes, corms, or bulbs; Flowers actinomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals, 6 stamens, 3 carpels, ovary superior (or inferior). Tulipa gesneriana Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) “Liliaceae” s.l. (sensu lato: “in the broad sense”) - Lily family; 288 genera/4950 species, including Lilium, Allium, Trillium, Tulipa; This family is treated in a very broad sense in this class, as in the Flora of the Pacific Northwest. The “Liliaceae” s.l. taught in this class is not monophyletic. It is apparent now that the family should be treated in a narrower sense and some of the members should form their own families. Judd et al. recognize 15+ families: Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amarylidaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Dracaenaceae (Nolinaceae), Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Ruscaceae, Smilacaceae, Themidaceae, Trilliaceae, Uvulariaceae and more!!! (see web reading “Consider the Lilies”) Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Sisyrinchium douglasii Sisyrinchium sp. Iridaceae (Iris family) Iridaceae - 78 genera/1750 species, Including Iris, Gladiolus, Sisyrinchium. Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial; Underground stems as rhizomes, bulbs, or corms; Leaves alternate, 2-ranked and equitant Ref.3 (oriented edgewise to the stem; Gladiolus italicus Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals; Stamens 3; Ovary of 3 fused carpels, inferior. -
Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- LILIACEAE
Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- LILIACEAE LILIACEAE de Jussieu 1789 (Lily Family) (also see AGAVACEAE, ALLIACEAE, ALSTROEMERIACEAE, AMARYLLIDACEAE, ASPARAGACEAE, COLCHICACEAE, HEMEROCALLIDACEAE, HOSTACEAE, HYACINTHACEAE, HYPOXIDACEAE, MELANTHIACEAE, NARTHECIACEAE, RUSCACEAE, SMILACACEAE, THEMIDACEAE, TOFIELDIACEAE) As here interpreted narrowly, the Liliaceae constitutes about 11 genera and 550 species, of the Northern Hemisphere. There has been much recent investigation and re-interpretation of evidence regarding the upper-level taxonomy of the Liliales, with strong suggestions that the broad Liliaceae recognized by Cronquist (1981) is artificial and polyphyletic. Cronquist (1993) himself concurs, at least to a degree: "we still await a comprehensive reorganization of the lilies into several families more comparable to other recognized families of angiosperms." Dahlgren & Clifford (1982) and Dahlgren, Clifford, & Yeo (1985) synthesized an early phase in the modern revolution of monocot taxonomy. Since then, additional research, especially molecular (Duvall et al. 1993, Chase et al. 1993, Bogler & Simpson 1995, and many others), has strongly validated the general lines (and many details) of Dahlgren's arrangement. The most recent synthesis (Kubitzki 1998a) is followed as the basis for familial and generic taxonomy of the lilies and their relatives (see summary below). References: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998, 2003); Tamura in Kubitzki (1998a). Our “liliaceous” genera (members of orders placed in the Lilianae) are therefore divided as shown below, largely following Kubitzki (1998a) and some more recent molecular analyses. ALISMATALES TOFIELDIACEAE: Pleea, Tofieldia. LILIALES ALSTROEMERIACEAE: Alstroemeria COLCHICACEAE: Colchicum, Uvularia. LILIACEAE: Clintonia, Erythronium, Lilium, Medeola, Prosartes, Streptopus, Tricyrtis, Tulipa. MELANTHIACEAE: Amianthium, Anticlea, Chamaelirium, Helonias, Melanthium, Schoenocaulon, Stenanthium, Veratrum, Toxicoscordion, Trillium, Xerophyllum, Zigadenus. -
Phylogeny of Syrphidae (Diptera) Inferred from Combined Analysis of Molecular and Morphological Characters
Systematic Entomology (2003) 28, 433–450 Phylogeny of Syrphidae (Diptera) inferred from combined analysis of molecular and morphological characters GUNILLA STA˚HLS1 , HEIKKI HIPPA2 , GRAHAM ROTHERAY3 , JYRKI MUONA1 andFRANCIS GILBERT4 1Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland, 2Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, 3National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, U.K. and 4School of Biological Sciences, Nottingham University, Nottingham, U.K. Abstract. Syrphidae (Diptera) commonly called hoverflies, includes more than 5000 species world-wide. The aim of this study was to address the systematic position of the disputed elements in the intrafamilial classification of Syrphidae, namely the monophyly of Eristalinae and the placement of Microdontini and Pipizini, as well as the position of particular genera (Nausigaster, Alipumilio, Spheginobaccha). Sequence data from nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes in conjunction with larval and adult morphological characters of fifty-one syrphid taxa were analysed using optimization alignment to explore phylogenetic relationships among included taxa. A species of Platypezidae, Agathomyia unicolor, was used as outgroup, and also including one representative (Jassidophaga villosa) of the sister-group of Syrphidae, Pipunculidae. Sensitivity of the data was assessed under six different parameter values. A stability tree sum- marized the results. Microdontini, including Spheginobaccha, was placed basally, and Pipizini appeared as the sister-group to subfamily Syrphinae. The monophyly of subfamily Eristalinae was supported. The results support at least two independ- ent origins of entomophagy in syrphids, and frequent shifts between larval feeding habitats within the saprophagous eristalines. Introduction At the beginning of the last century, Syrphidae was divided into 2–20 subfamilies by different authors. -
1 the Global Flower Bulb Industry
1 The Global Flower Bulb Industry: Production, Utilization, Research Maarten Benschop Hobaho Testcentrum Hillegom, The Netherlands Rina Kamenetsky Department of Ornamental Horticulture Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Center Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Marcel Le Nard Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 29260 Ploudaniel, France Hiroshi Okubo Laboratory of Horticultural Science Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan August De Hertogh Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 29565-7609, USA COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL I. INTRODUCTION II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES III. GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD FLOWER BULB INDUSTRY A. Utilization and Development of Expanded Markets Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36 Edited by Jules Janick Copyright Ó 2010 Wiley-Blackwell. 1 2 M. BENSCHOP, R. KAMENETSKY, M. LE NARD, H. OKUBO, AND A. DE HERTOGH B. Introduction of New Crops C. International Conventions IV. MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH A. Plant Breeding and Genetics 1. Breeders’ Right and Variety Registration 2. Hortus Bulborum: A Germplasm Repository 3. Gladiolus 4. Hyacinthus 5. Iris (Bulbous) 6. Lilium 7. Narcissus 8. Tulipa 9. Other Genera B. Physiology 1. Bulb Production 2. Bulb Forcing and the Flowering Process 3. Morpho- and Physiological Aspects of Florogenesis 4. Molecular Aspects of Florogenesis C. Pests, Physiological Disorders, and Plant Growth Regulators 1. General Aspects for Best Management Practices 2. Diseases of Ornamental Geophytes 3. Insects of Ornamental Geophytes 4. Physiological Disorders of Ornamental Geophytes 5. Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) D. Other Research Areas 1. Specialized Facilities and Equipment for Flower Bulbs52 2. Transportation of Flower Bulbs 3. Forcing and Greenhouse Technology V. MAJOR FLOWER BULB ORGANIZATIONS A. -
Narcissus Pests
Bulletin 51 HMSO 13s Od [65p] net Narcissus Pests Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FOOD Narcissus Pests Bulletin 51 LONDON HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 197o First published June 1932 Sixth edition 197o The Ministry does not accept responsibility for any of the private or trade advertisements included in this publication. SBN 11 240351 4 Foreword THE growers of Narcissus have been very fortunate in that the pests of this valuable crop have received specialist attention for nearly forty years. Names like W. E. H. Hodson and L. N. Staniland, both past authors of this Bulletin, rank high in the list of pioneer researchers on bulb pests in this country. They have been followed with no less enthusiasm by the con- tributors to this sixth edition which brings up-to-date our knowledge of the important pests of the crop and tested and practical methods of control. Although the present Bulletin mainly follows the pattern laid down by Mr. Hodson in 1932 many sections have been extensively rewritten. Mr. H. C. Woodville has dealt with narcissus flies as he did in 1958, and Mr. H. G. Morgan with detection of pests in the field, stem and other eelworms and their control. Mr. A. L. Winfield covered bulb scale mite and the general problem of hot-water treatment of bulbs, and chemical dips to control stem eelworm, and also contributed the notes on miscellaneous pests. Mr. P. Aitkenhead dealt with bulb mites. Mr. J. F. Southey provided the section dealing with eelworms as vectors of virus diseases of the crop. -
Elucidating and Mining the Tulipa and Lilium Transcriptomes
Plant Mol Biol DOI 10.1007/s11103-016-0508-1 Elucidating and mining the Tulipa and Lilium transcriptomes Natalia M. Moreno-Pachon1 · Hendrika A. C. F. Leeggangers1 · Harm Nijveen1,2 · Edouard Severing2,3 · Henk Hilhorst4 · Richard G. H. Immink1 Received: 26 April 2016 / Accepted: 27 June 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Genome sequencing remains a challenge for resource via a user-friendly web-based interface. The species with large and complex genomes containing exten- Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform was applied and the tran- sive repetitive sequences, of which the bulbous and mono- scribed RNA was sequenced from a collection of different cotyledonous plants tulip and lily are examples. In such lily and tulip tissues, respectively. In order to obtain good a case, sequencing of only the active part of the genome, transcriptome coverage and to facilitate effective data min- represented by the transcriptome, is a good alternative to ing, assembly was done using different filtering parameters obtain information about gene content. In this study we for clearing out contamination and noise of the RNAseq aimed to generate a high quality transcriptome of tulip datasets. This analysis revealed limitations of commonly and lily and to make this data available as an open-access applied methods and parameter settings used in de novo transcriptome assembly. The final created transcriptomes are publicly available via a user friendly Transcriptome browser (http://www.bioinformatics.nl/bulbs/db/species/ Natalia M. Moreno-Pachon, Hendrika A.C.F. Leeggangers and Harm index). The usefulness of this resource has been exempli- Nijveen have equally contributed equally to this work. -
Growing Lilies in the Pacific Northwest
Growing Lilies in the Pacific Northwest Planting and Care of Lilies (lilium) Below you will find useful planting/care instructions. And some helpful hints I have learned over the years. Consequently, helping your lilies thrive for years of enjoyment. Also, notice we recommend our Power Grow product line. Developed over ten years, our Power Grow products are best suited for growing all lilies. Therefore, maintaining a healthy bulb, plants, and flowers. Most Popular Lilies Asian Hybrid Lilies Asian hybrid lilies are easiest to grow. And mostly non-fragrant. However, some have a subtle fragrance. They come in all shades and color combinations, too. Multiplying rapidly, they bloom over long periods. As well as in the Fall. Similarly, the flowers can be up facing, side facing or down facing. Additionally, Asian lilies vary in height. From 12 inches to 36 inches. Also, flowering early to mid season (depending on the cultivar). Orientals, Trumpet and Aurelian’s Orientals, Trumpets, and Aurelians are the most exotic. And showy of all lilies. But also multiply more slowly. Also, can be grown in somewhat arid, colder climates. And in low fertile soil. However, will be more effort for good survival in these conditions. Likewise, amending the soil, providing heavier winter protection with mulch coverings is recommended. Spring planting allows them to settle in. And are more apt to make it through harsh winters. Growing here locally, protect them from getting too wet. Especially over winter. Likewise, during extreme cold weather will allow the bulbs to mature more fully for the following year. The large beautiful scented flowers that bloom late summer will be well worth any extra effort. -
Lilium Polyphyllum D
Marsland Press Journal of American Science 2009;5(5):85-90 Anatomical features of Lilium polyphyllum D. Don ex Royle (Liliaceae) Anurag Dhyani1, Yateesh Mohan Bahuguna1, Dinesh Prasad Semwal2, Bhagwati Prasad Nautiyal3, Mohan Chandra Nautiyal1 1. High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, Srinagar, Pin- 246174, Uttarakhand, INDIA 2. Department of Botany, Delhi University, Pin-110007, Delhi, INDIA 3. Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plant, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Pin- 796001, Mizoram, INDIA [email protected] Abstract: Present paper reports anatomical investigation of Lilium polyphyllum, a critically endangered important medicinal herb. Plant samples were collected from Dhanolti, a temperate region in North-west Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Transverse sections of plant parts viz., stem, leaf, anther, stigma, ovary, seed, bulb scale, bulb peel and root were investigated. In leaves, stomata are hypostomatic and anomocytic type. Pollen shape was ellipsoid and its surface was reticulate, it also possesses oil drops. Ovary is superior and having axile placentation, ovules are anatropous. Sections of bulb scale show eccentric type starch grains and tracheids. Stem section show scattered vascular bundles. These anatomical features will help to provide information of taxonomic significance. [Journal of American Science 2009; 5(5): 85-90]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). Key Words: Anatomy; Oil drop; Pollen; Starch grains; Stomata; Tracheids 1. Introduction: The taxonomic classification divides the genus Lilium polyphyllum is a bulbous, perennial herb Lilium into seven sections (Comber, 1949; De Jong, (Figure 1, 2) and recently reported as critically 1974) with approximately 100 species distributed endangered (Ved et al., 2003). The species found in throughout the cold and temperate region of the North-west Himalaya in India to westward of northern hemisphere. -
LILIUM (Lilium Species)
LILIUM (Lilium species) Lilium is one of the most important bulbous flower, belongs to Liliaceae family, commercially grown in India for cut flowers. Recently, this crop has become popular in Manipur, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Sikkim. The world famous Siroy lily (Lilium mackliniae) is native to Manipur state in India. Varieties Alaska, Beatrix, Connecticut King, Cordelia, Elite, Paris, Menton, Massa, Mona Lisa, Orange Mountain, Yellow Giant, Casa Blanca, Tiber. Growing environment Lilies are grown in polyhouse or shade net houses. The maximum day and night temperature for obtaining good yield is 21 to 25 DC and 12 to 15DC, respectively. Lilies grow well under low light intensity of 2000 to 3000 foot candle. Therefore, during summer months, shade net can be used to cut off 75 percent light and 50 percent during winter season. The optimum humidity inside the green house must be 80-85 %. Sandy loam soil with pH 6-7 is suitable. Nursery raising Bulbs are planted on raised beds about 15 cm above the ground level and 6-8 cm deep during winters, 8-10 cm in summer months. The bulb size generally used is between 10-12 to 14-16 cm in Asiatic and 16-18 cm in case of oriental lilies. Bulbs are planted at a spacing of 15x25 cm in the month of April-May in hills. Propagation Lilies can be multiplied through seeds, scales, bulblets and bulbils. Tissue culture method is used for large scale multiplication. Lilies are commonly multiplied by division of bulblets formed on the stem of most lilies just below the ground level. -
Review of the Eumerus Barbarus Species Group (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Western Mediterranean Basin
Bonn zoological Bulletin 66 (2): 145–165 December 2017 Review of the Eumerus barbarus species group (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the western Mediterranean Basin Jeroen van Steenis1, *, Martin Hauser2 & Menno P. van Zuijen3 1 Research Associate Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden. Hof der Toekomst 48, 3823HX Amersfoort, Netherlands 2 Plant Pest Diagnostics Centre California, Department of Food and Agriculture. 3294 Meadowview Road Sacramento CA 95832-1448, USA 3 Kolkakkerweg 21–2, 6708 RK Wageningen, Netherlands * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract. The species of the Eumerus barbarus group from the western parts of the Mediterranean Basin are revised. Two species new to science are described, i.e. Eumerus gibbosus sp. n. (from Portugal and Spain) and Eumerus schmideg- geri sp. n. (from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia). The other two species included in this group are Eumerus barbarus (Co- quebert, 1804) and Eumerus sulcitibius Rondani, 1868. A neotype is designated for E. barbarus and we also designated a lectotype for Eumerus iris Loew, 1848. All species are figured, their synonyms are reviewed and an identification key is presented. Eumerus truncatus Rondani, 1868 is withdrawn from synonymy with E. barbarus and considered a bona species; additionally, this species is recorded from Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Tunisia for the first time. A short dis- cussion on the value of the Mediterranean Basin as biodiversity hotspot for hoverflies is given. Key words. Eumerus barbarus group, new species, description, Mediterranean Basin, hotspot, threat. INTRODUCTION sis for each species reviewed here is therefore only based on males. The characters used in the key to the females Eumerus Meigen, 1822 is a well-defined genus restrict- are often subtile and a certain identification is not always ed to the Old World, except for some Australasian species. -
Rapid Multiplication of Ornamental Bulbous Plants of Lilium Orientalis and Lilium Longiflorum
Pak. J. Bot., 45(6): 2051-2055, 2013. RAPID MULTIPLICATION OF ORNAMENTAL BULBOUS PLANTS OF LILIUM ORIENTALIS AND LILIUM LONGIFLORUM FARAH ASLAM1, SHAGUFTA NAZ1*, AMINA TARIQ2, SAIQA ILYAS1 AND KIRAN SHAHZADI2 1Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan 2Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Abstract A protocol for micropropagation of Lilium orientalis and Lilium longiflorum cv. White Fox has been developed. Effect of different media and sucrose concentrations on shoot formation, root formation and vigour of the plant was observed in this study. Bulb of the plant was used as explant. Among different treatments used for culturing of the plant, the MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 3.0 mg/L was found to be the best for shoot initiation from scales of the bulb. After that plants were transferred to different media for multiple shooting. Out of different concentrations used the medium with 0.1 mg/L BAP + 0.1mg/L NAA and 6% sucrose increased frequency of shoot formation up to 100%. An average of about 10 ± 3.94shoots/explants; well-developed roots and bulblet formation were obtained in this medium. Rooted plants were hardened-off in a greenhouse and normal plants with beautiful flowers were produced.A completely randomized design was used for the experiment withfive replicates. The data was analysed by applying one way ANOVA and the treatments’ means were compared forsignificance by Duncan’s New Multiple Range (DMR) test at 0.05% P. Introduction Surface sterilization: Bulbs were washed thoroughly under running tap water for 20 minto remove traces of dirt At present, 100 species of Lilium, belongs to the large etc., soaked in detergent for five min, rinsed six times family Liliaceae are found in the temperate and subtropical with distilled water, and then submerged in 96% ethanol zones of the northern hemisphere (Nhut, 1998). -
Vol 10 Part 1. Diptera. Syrphidae
Royal Entomological Society HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS To purchase current handbooks and to download out-of-print parts visit: http://www.royensoc.co.uk/publications/index.htm This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Copyright © Royal Entomological Society 2012 ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Vol. X. Part 1. HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS DIPTERA SYRPHIDAE By R. L. COE LONDON Published by the Society • and Sold at its Rooms 4-1, Queen's Gate, S.W. 7 2sth August, 195"3 Accession No. 4966 Author Coe R L Subject DIPTERA HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS The aim of this series of publications is to provide illustrated keys to the whole of the British Insects (in so far as this is possible), in ten volumes, as follows : I. Part I. General Introduction. Part 9. Ephemeroptera. , 2. Thysanura. , 10. Odonata. , 3. Protura. , 11. Thysanoptera. , 4. Collembola. , 12. Neuroptera. , 5. Dermaptera and , 13. :Mecoptera. Orthoptera. , 14. Trichoptera. , 6. Plecoptera. , 15. Strepsiptera. , 7. Psocoptera. , 16. Siphonaptera. , 8. Anoplura. II. Hemiptera. Ill. Lepidoptera. IV. and V. Coleoptera. VI. Hymenoptera : Symphyta and Aculeata. VII. Hymenoptera : Ichneumonoidea. VIII. Hymenoptera : Cynipoidea, Chalcidoidea, and Serphoidea. IX. Diptera: Nematocera and Brachycera. X. Diptera : Cyclorrhapha. Volumes II to X will be divided into parts of convenient size, but it is not po....a.1~u:-....:~.----.....l.L ___....__ __ _ ...:.• _ _ ....._-J....._,_. __~ _ _.__ Co ACCESSION NUMBER .................... .. .......... and each 1 >Ugh much 1ted, it is e British Entomological & Natural History Pa Society availa c/o Dinton Pastures Country Park, Oli Davis Street, Hurst, 1trar at th• Reading, Berkshire Tli RG10 OTH cost of init Presented by ..