Alchrome (Iron-Chromium-Aluminum) FeCrAl Electric Resistance Heating Elements

Alchrome or iron-chrome-aluminum (FeCrAl) resistance alloys are developed with the change in composition of chromium and aluminum elements. They offer excellent anti-oxidization, anti- sulfur and anti-cementite properties. They also provide the benefits such as small density, high surface load, high electric resistivity, high application temperature, prolong life service and affordability. These heating elements are used in the diverse applications in the metal industry in processing such as melting and holding.

Iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloys have higher service temperature as compare to nickel-chromium alloys. For furnace applications, FeCrAl proves to be an economical material because of its lower cost and a longer service life. The heating elements made of FeCrAl provide sufficiently longer service life as compare to Nichrome materials. They are considered as the best fit heating elements providing large power, prolong life, small weight, easily designed to existing power controls and supply. They offer high reliability and do not need the regular maintenance. The elements will function at the higher power output than a standard design of radiation elements. They can also function at voltage lower than the supply. In various conditions they are resistant to ageing; hence variable voltage supply is not necessary.

The oxide produced upon heating is of non-spalling nature therefore neither scaling nor contaminants interact with the heating element that ensures the suitable performance of the materials in the furnace. Outstanding form stability at the high temperatures.

Heanjia Super-Metals can describe its capability in the production of heating elements under the specific needs for particular applications.

Why FeCrAl resistance heating alloys are superior to Nickel-Chromium alloys

Larger operation temperature: FeCrAl alloys can attain the maximum service temperature up to 1400oC or 2550oF whereas Nickel-Chrome alloys have maximum application temperature up to 1200oC or 2190oF

Longer service life: FeCrAl heating elements have two to four times longer life than Nickel-Chrome alloys when they function in air at the identical temperature limits.

Larger surface load bearing capacity: Higher service temperature and longer life enable the elements to withstand higher surface load to be applied on the Kanthal elements.

Superior oxidation resistance

The alumina oxide produced on FeCrAl alloys is more consistent and hence less contaminated. It acts as superior diffusion wall for greater electrical insulator and higher resistance to carburization conditions than chromium oxide produced by Nickel-Chromium alloys.

Smaller Density: FeCrAl alloys have lower density than Nickel-Chromium alloys. It refers to more availability of equivalent elements that can be produced from the same weight material.

High resistivity: FeCrAl alloys have higher electric resistivity than Ni-Cr alloys hence they are made in larger cross section which upgrades the element’s life. It is particularly considerable in fine wire. For identical cross-section area, these become more weight – savvy than that of Ni-Cr alloys. Additionally, FeCrAl alloys are hardly influenced by cold and hot processing.

Greater yield strength : Offering larger yield strength in FeCrAl alloys means small alteration in cross-section area while coiling wire. Higher resistance to sulfur: In conditions containing sulfuric compounds and in the availability of pollutants such as sulfur on the wire material. FeCrAl alloys offer greater corrosion resistance in hot state. FeCrAl alloys have greater corrosion resistance in the hot form. Nickel-Chrome alloys are intensely corroded in sulfur conditions.

Service life

The resistance heating alloys upon heating produce an oxide layer on the outer surface that reduces the oxidation level of the internal metal. For this, the oxide layer should be firm to prevent the interaction of diffusion gases and metal ions. It should also be thin and adherent to metal in the temperature fluctuations.

The security oxide layer on FeCrAl alloys produced at temperatures exceeding 1000oC or 1830oF is mainly of alumina. The shade is light grey while at lower temperature limits below 1000oC or 1830of the oxide shade becomes darker. The alumina has outstanding electrical insulating characteristics and great chemical resistance to the various compounds.

Prevention of Corrosion

The moderate to severely corrosive agents can significantly decrease the element’s life. There can be several types of corrosive agents such as:

Steam: It decreases the heating element’s life.

Halogens: various types of halogens like fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I) intensely corrode the most of high temperature alloys at medium to low temperature limits.

Sulfur: In the sulfur based conditions, FeCrAl alloys offer greater reliability as compare to nickel based alloys. Iron-Chromium-Aluminum alloys are specifically stable in the oxidizing conditions of sulfur but the reducing conditions of sulfur severely attack the element.

Salts & oxides: Alkaline salts such as of boron in high magnitudes are of attacking nature towards FeCrAl elements.

Ceramic support material: More care should be given to ceramic supports that are used directly with the heating elements. The firebricks in furnace are lined with alumina up to 45%. In the elevated temperature operations, the concentrated alumina firebricks are commonly used.

Applications of FeCrAl electric resistance heating elements Irons, air blowers,, oil heaters, glow plugs, hot plates, ovens, grills, toaster ovens, frying utensils, deep fryers, rice cooker, boilers, immersion heaters, dishwashers, coffee-makers, radiators, storage heaters, panel heaters, infrared heaters, heating plates, ceramic pots, cast iron plates, kettles, domestic ovens, metal dies, refrigerators, defrosting, electric blankets & pads, floor heating, plastic moulding dies, water heaters, soldering irons, liquid heating, storage heaters, boiling plates, air guns, hobby kilns, space heating, industrial infrared dryers, panel heaters, waffle irons, stress relief annealing of welded components, stationary hair dryers, fan heaters, land dryers, laundry dryers, convection heaters, low-watt aquarium heaters, tumble driers, regulating resistors, instantaneous water heaters, steam generators and showers.

FeCrAl forms specification:

Dia (mm) Sectional Surface area/ CrAl 25-5 CrAl 21-6 CrAl 27-7 area (mm2) M (cm2/m) Weight/m kg/m Ohm/m at Weight/m Ohm/m at 20oC Weight/m kg/m Ohm/m at 20oC 20oC kg/m .10 mm .008 mm2 3.142 cm2/m .00006 kg/m 180.8 Ohm/m .0001 kg/m 184.6 Ohm/m .0000558 kg/m 194.8 Ohm/m .12 mm .011 mm2 3.8 cm2/m .0001 kg/m 125.6 Ohm/m .0001 kg/m 128.2 Ohm/m .0001 kg/m 135.3 Ohm/m .15 mm .017 mm2 4.7 cm2/m .00013 kg/m 80.4 Ohm/m .00012 kg/m 82.1 Ohm/m .00013 kg/m 86.58 Ohm/m .17 mm .023 mm2 5.3 cm2/m .0002 kg/m 62.56 Ohm/m .0002 kg/m 63.88 Ohm/m .0002 kg/m 67.41 Ohm/m .21 mm .0346 mm2 6.597 cm2/m .00025 kg/m 41 Ohm/m .00025 kg/m 41.9 Ohm/m .00025 kg/m 44.17 Ohm/m .25 mm .049 mm2 7.85 cm2/m .00034 kg/m 28.9 Ohm/m .00034 kg/m 29.54 Ohm/m .00035 kg/m 31.17 Ohm/m .27 mm .057 mm2 8.48 cm2/m .00041 kg/m 24.8 Ohm/m .0004065 25.33 Ohm/m .00041 kg/m 26.72 Ohm/m kg/m .29 mm .066 mm2 9.11 cm2/m .00047 kg/m 21.5 Ohm/m .000469 kg/m 21.95 Ohm/m .00047 kg/m 23.16 Ohm/m .31 mm .075 mm2 9.74 cm2/m .00054 kg/m 18.81 Ohm/m .00054 kg/m 19.21 Ohm/m .00054 kg/m 20.27 Ohm/m .35 mm .096 mm2 11 cm2/m .00068 kg/m 14.8 Ohm/m .0006830 15.07 Ohm/m .00068 kg/m 15.90 Ohm/m kg/m .40 mm .13 mm2 12.57 cm2/m .00089 kg/m 11.3 Ohm/m .0009 kg/m 11.54 Ohm/m .00089 kg/m 12.18 Ohm/m .45 mm .16 mm2 14.14 cm2/m .00113 kg/m 8.93 Ohm/m .00113 kg/m 9.12 Ohm/m .00112 kg/m 9.62 Ohm/m .50 mm .19 mm2 15.71 cm2/m .0014 kg/m 7.23 Ohm/m .0014 kg/m 7.4 Ohm/m .0014 kg/m 7.79 Ohm/m .60 mm .283 mm2 18.85 cm2/m .0020 kg/m 5.02 Ohm/m .00201 kg/m 5.13 Ohm/m .002007 kg/m 5.411 Ohm/m .70 mm .385 mm2 21.99 cm2/m .003 kg/m 3.7 Ohm/m .003 kg/m 3.77 Ohm/m .0027 kg/m 3.976 Ohm/m .80 mm .503 mm2 25.13 cm2/m .006 kg/m 2.83 Ohm/m .0036 kg/m 2.89 Ohm/m .003569 kg/m 3.044 Ohm/m .90 mm .64 mm2 28.3 cm2/m .0045 kg/m 2.23 Ohm/m .0045 kg/m 2.28 Ohm/m .0045 kg/m 2.41 Ohm/m 1 mm .79 mm2 31.42 cm2/m .0056 kg/m 1.81 Ohm/m .0056 kg/m 1.85 Ohm/m .0056 kg/m 1.95 Ohm/m 1.20 mm 1.131 mm2 37.70 cm2/m .00803 kg/m 1.256 Ohm/m .008030 kg/m 1.282 Ohm/m .008030 kg/m 1.4 Ohm/m 1.40 mm 1.539 mm2 43.98 cm2/m .01093 kg/m .9224 Ohm/m .011 kg/m .9419 Ohm/m .011 kg/m .994 Ohm/m 1.60 mm 2.011 mm2 50.27 cm2/m .01428 kg/m .7063 Ohm/m .0143 kg/m .7212 Ohm/m .0143 kg/m .7610 Ohm/m 1.80 mm 2.545 mm2 56.55 cm2/m .0180 kg/m .558 Ohm/m .0181 kg/m .5698 Ohm/m .0181 kg/m .6013 Ohm/m 2 mm 3.142 mm2 62.83 cm2/m .0223 kg/m .452 Ohm/m .02231 kg/m .4615 Ohm/m .0223 kg/m .49 Ohm/m 2.20 mm 3.801 mm2 69.12 cm2/m .0269 kg/m .373 Ohm/m .027 kg/m .3814 Ohm/m .027 kg/m .4025 Ohm/m 2.50 mm 4.90 mm2 78.54 cm2/m .03485 kg/m .289 Ohm/m .0349 kg/m .2954 Ohm/m .035 kg/m .312 Ohm/m 2.80 mm 6.158 mm2 87.96 cm2/m .0437 kg/m .2306 Ohm/m .04372 kg/m .2355 Ohm/m .044 kg/m .248 Ohm/m 3 mm 7.069 mm2 94.25 cm2/m .0501 kg/m .2009 Ohm/m .0501 kg/m .2051 Ohm/m .0502 kg/m .2165 Ohm/m 3.50 mm 9.62 mm2 110 cm2/m .068 kg/m .1476 Ohm/m .06831 kg/m .1507 Ohm/m .06831 kg/m .159 Ohm/m 4 mm 12.57 mm2 125.7 cm2/m .089 kg/m .1130 Ohm/m .08922 kg/m .1154 Ohm/m .08922 kg/m .122 Ohm/m 4.50 mm 15.90 mm2 141.1 cm2/m .1129 kg/m .08928 Ohm/m .1129 kg/m .09117 Ohm/m .113 kg/m .09620 Ohm/m 5 mm 19.63 mm2 157.1 cm2/m .1394 kg/m .0723 Ohm/m .1394 kg/m .074 Ohm/m .1394 kg/m .0779 Ohm/m 5.50 mm 23.76 172.8 cm2/m .169 kg/m .05977 Ohm/m .1687 kg/m .061 Ohm/m .169 kg/m .0644 Ohm/m 6 mm 28.27 mm2 188.5 cm2/m .200 kg/m .05022 Ohm/m .2007 kg/m .0513 Ohm/m .2007 kg/m .05411 Ohm/m 6.50 mm 33.18 mm2 204.2 cm2/m .235 kg/m .0428 Ohm/m .2356 kg/m .044 Ohm/m .236 kg/m .04611 Ohm/m 7 mm 38.48 mm2 219.9 cm2/m .273 kg/m .0369 Ohm/m .2732 kg/m .038 Ohm/m .273 kg/m .0398 Ohm/m

FeCrAl wire mesh

FeCrAl Wire Mesh Hole(mm) Wire Dia(mm) Width(m) Weight(Kg/sqm) Mesh/Inch Gauge(SWG) 8 mm 21 mm 2.375 m 0.8 Kg/sqm 0.5 2.5 SWG 8 mm 21 mm 2.375 m 0.8 Kg/sqm 1 2.5 SWG 8 mm 22 mm 2.475 m 0.7 Kg/sqm 0.5 1.84 SWG 8 mm 22 mm 2.475 m 0.7 Kg/sqm 1 1.84 SWG 10 mm 23 mm 1.94 m 0.6 Kg/sqm 0.6 1.69 SWG 12 mm 24 mm 1.557 m 0.559 Kg/sqm 1 1.8 SWG 17 mm 24 mm 0.94 m 0.55 Kg/sqm 0.6 2.57 SWG 20 mm 33 mm 1.02 m 0.25 Kg/sqm 1 0.587 SWG 20 mm 32 mm 1 m 0.27 Kg/sqm 1 0.685 SWG 20 mm 30 mm 0.97 m 0.3 Kg/sqm 1 0.846 SWG 25 mm 30 mm 0.71 m 0.3 Kg/sqm 1 1.125 SWG 30 mm 38 mm 0.69 m 0.15 Kg/sqm 1 0.3 SWG 34 mm 33 mm 0.49 m 0.25 Kg/sqm 1 1.06 SWG 40 mm 35 mm 0.425 m 0.21 Kg/sqm 1 0.83 SWG 44 mm 35 mm 0.367 m 0.21 Kg/sqm 0.6 0.912 SWG 44 mm 35 mm 0.367 m 0.21 Kg/sqm 0.7 0.912 SWG 44 mm 35 mm 0.367 m 0.21 Kg/sqm 0.9 0.912 SWG 40 mm 35 mm 0.425 m 0.21 Kg/sqm 1 0.83 SWG 44 mm 35 mm 0.367 m 0.21 Kg/sqm 1 0.88 SWG 60 mm 38 mm 0.273 m 0.15 Kg/sqm 1 0.66 SWG

Iron chromium aluminum wire mesh performance Chemical 1Cr13AL4 1Cr21AL4 0Cr21AL6 0Cr23AL5 0Cr25AL5 0Cr21AL6Nb 0Cr27AL7Mo2 composition Cr 12.0-15.0 17.0-21.0 19.0-22.0 20.0-23.5 23.0-26.0 21.0-23.0 26.5-27.8 AI 4.0-6.0 2.0-4.0 5.0-7.0 4.2-5.3 4.5-6.5 5.0-7.0 6.0-7.0 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Re Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Others - - - - - nb:0.5 nb:0.5 Highest use temperature ( ) 950 oC 1100 oC 1250 oC 1250 oC 1250 oC 1350 oC 1400 oC Melting point 1450 oC 1500 oC 1500 oC 1500 oC 1500 oC 1510 oC 1520 oC density(g/cm³) ℃ 7.40 7.35 7.16 7.25 7.10 7.10 7.10 Resistivity(μΩ·m，20 ) 1.25±0.08 1.23±0.06 1.42±0.07 1.35±0.06 1.42±0.07 1.45±0.07 1.53±0.07 Tensile strength (Mpa) 588 to 735 Mpa 637 to 784 Mpa 637 to 784 Mpa 637 to 784 Mpa 637 to 784 Mpa 637 to 784 Mpa 637 to 784 Mpa Elongation ℃ ≥16 % ≥12 % ≥12 % ≥12 % ≥12 % ≥12 % ≥10 % Count of repeated bending ≥5 ≥5 ≥5 ≥5 ≥5 ≥5 ≥5 Fast life (h / ) - ≥80/1250 ≥80/1300 ≥80/1300 ≥80/1300 ≥80/1350 ≥80/1350 Specific heat (J/g ) 0.490 0.490 0.520 0.460 0.494 0.494 0.494 Coefficient of℃ thermal conductivity 52.7 46.9 63.2 60.2 46.1 46.1 45.2 (KJ/m.h ) ℃ Linear expansion coefficient of 15.4 13.5 14.7 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 A 10-6 x ℃/ (20 ~ 1000 ) Hardness 200 to 260 HB 200 to 260 HB 200 to 260 HB 200 to 260 HB 200 to 260 HB 200 to 260 HB 200 to 260 HB Microstructure℃ ℃ ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite Magnetic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Electric resistivity data

1Cr23Al5 0Cr25Al5 0Cr21Al6 Cross Resistivity (μ Ω • m 1.25± 0.08) Resistivity (μ Ω • m1.42± 0.07) Resistivity (µ Ω • m 1.42± 0.07) Dia. (mm) sectional Resistance Resistance Resistance Length per Weight per Length per Weight per Length per Weight per area(mm2) per meter per meter per meter kg(m/kg) Meter(kg/m) kg(m/kg) Meter(kg/m) kg(m/kg) Meter(kg/m) (20º C Ω /m) (20º C Ω /m) (20º C Ω /m) 0.10 0.0078 173.1 17683 0.0000566 180.6 17933 0.0000558 180.6 17905 0.0000558 0.12 0.0113 119.5 12206 0.0000819 125.6 12453 0.0000803 125.6 12360 0.0000809 0.15 0.0177 76.4 7793 0.000128 80.4 7970 0.000125 80.4 7891 0.000128 0.17 0.0227 59.5 6076 0.000165 62.6 6205 0.000161 62.6 6153 0.000163 0.19 0.0284 47.5 4854 0.00206 50.1 4959 0.000201 50.1 4918 0.000203 0.21 0.0346 35.5 3986 0.000276 41.0 4066 0.000246 41.0 4037 0.000248 0.25 0.0491 27.5 2809 0.000356 28.9 2870 0.000346 28.9 2844 0.000352 0.27 0.0573 21.9 2407 0.000447 24.8 2460 0.000407 24.8 2437 0.000410 0.29 0.0661 19.1 2087 0.000513 21.5 2132 0.000469 21.5 2113 0.000473 0.31 0.0755 16.8 1827 0.000583 18.8 1866 0.000536 18.8 1849 0.000541 0.35 0.0962 14.0 1434 0.000697 14.8 1464 0.000683 14.8 1452 0.000689 0.40 0.1257 10.7 1097 0.000911 11.3 1121 0.000892 11.3 1111 0.000900 0.45 0.1590 8.49 867 0.00115 8.93 886 0.001129 8.93 878 0.001138 0.50 0.1963 6.88 703 0.00142 7.23 717 0.001394 7.23 711 0.001406 0.60 0.283 4.77 496 0.00205 5.02 498 0.00201 5.02 494 0.002026 0.70 0.385 3.51 358 0.00279 3.69 366 0.00273 3.69 362 0.002751 0.80 0.503 2.69 274 0.00365 2.83 280 0.00357 2.83 278 0.003601 0.90 0.636 2.12 217 0.00461 2.23 221 0.00452 2.23 220 0.004554 1.00 0.785 1.72 176 0.00569 1.808 179.5 0.00557 1.808 177.9 0.005620 1.20 1.131 1.194 122 0.00820 1.256 124.5 0.00803 1.256 123.5 0.008098 1.40 1.539 0.877 89.6 0.01116 0.922 91.5 0.01093 0.922 90.8 0.01102 1.60 3.01 0.672 68.6 0.01457 0.706 70.1 0.01427 0.706 69.5 0.01439 1.80 2.54 0.532 54.3 0.01842 0.558 55.5 0.01803 0.558 54.9 0.01819 2.00 3.14 0.430 43.9 0.02277 0.452 44.8 0.0223 0.452 44.5 0.02248 2.20 3.80 0.355 36.3 0.02755 0.374 37.0 0.0270 0.374 36.8 0.02720 2.50 4.91 0.275 28.1 0.03849 0.289 28.7 0.0349 0.289 28.4 0.03516 2.80 6.16 0.191 19.5 0.05126 0.231 22.9 0.0437 0.231 22.7 0.04411 3.00 7.07 0.140 14.3 0.06975 0.201 19.92 0.0502 0.201 19.8 0.05062 3.50 9.62 0.107 11.0 0.09113 0.1476 14.64 0.0683 0.1476 14.5 0.06888 4.00 12.57 0.0849 8.67 0.1153 0.1130 11.21 0.0892 0.1130 11.1 0.09000 4.50 15.90 0.0688 7.03 0.1423 0.0893 8.86 0.1129 0.0893 8.78 0.1138 5.00 19.63 0.0568 5.80 0.1726 0.0723 7.17 0.1394 0.0723 7.11 0.1406 5.50 23.80 0.0477 4.88 0.2052 0.0598 5.92 0.1690 0.0598 5.87 0.1704 6.00 28.30 0.0407 4.15 0.2407 0.0502 4.98 0.201 0.0502 4.94 0.2026 6.50 33.20 0.0351 3.58 0.2791 0.0428 4.24 0.236 0.0428 4.21 0.2377 7.00 38.50 173.1 17683 0.0000566 0.0369 3.66 0.273 0.0369 3.63 0.2757

0Cr21Al4 0Cr21Al6Nb 0Cr27Al7Mo2 Cross Resistivity μ Ω • m 1.23± 0.06 Resistivity (μ Ω • m 1.45± 0.07) Resistivity (μ Ω • m 1.53± 0.07) Dia. (mm) sectional (20º C Ω /m) Length per Weight per Resistance Length per Weight per Resistance Length per Weight per area(mm2) Resistance kg(m/kg) Meter(kg/m) per meter kg(m/kg) Meter(kg/m) per kg(m/kg) Meter(kg/m) per meter (20º C Ω /m) meter(20º C Ω /m) 0.10 0.0078 156.6 17452 0.0000573 184.6 17933 0.0000558 194.8 17933 0.0000558 0.12 0.0113 108.8 12033 0.0000831 128.2 12453 0.0000803 135.3 12453 0.0000803 0.15 0.0177 69.6 7692 0.000130 82.1 7970 0.000125 80.6 7970 0.000125 0.17 0.0227 54.2 5988 0.000167 63.9 6205 0.000161 67.4 6205 0.000161 0.19 0.0284 43.4 4785 0.000209 51.1 4968 0.000201 54.0 4968 0.000201 0.21 0.0346 35.5 3937 0.000254 41.9 4066 0.000246 44.2 4066 0.000246 0.25 0.0491 25.1 2770 0.000361 29.5 2870 0.000349 31.2 2870 0.000349 0.27 0.0573 21.5 2375 0.000421 25.0 2460 0.000407 26.7 2460 0.000407 0.29 0.0661 18.6 2058 0.000486 22.0 2131 0.000469 23.2 2132 0.000469 0.31 0.0755 16.3 1802 0.000555 19.2 1866 0.000536 20.3 1866 0.000536 0.35 0.0962 12.8 1414 0.000707 15.1 1464 0.000683 15.9 1464 0.000683 0.40 0.1257 9.79 1082 0.000924 11.54 1121 0.000892 12.19 1121 0.000892 0.45 0.1590 7.73 855 0.00117 9.12 886 0.001129 9.62 886 0.001129 0.50 0.1963 6.26 694 0.00144 7.38 717 0.001394 7.79 717 0.001394 0.60 0.283 4.35 480 0.00208 5.13 498 0.00201 5.41 498 0.00201 0.70 0.385 3.20 353 0.00283 3.77 366 0.00273 3.98 366 0.00273 0.80 0.503 2.45 270 0.003697 2.88 280 0.00357 3.04 280 0.00357 0.90 0.636 1.93 213 0.004675 2.28 221 0.00452 2.41 221 0.00452 1.00 0.785 1.57 173 0.005770 1.85 179.5 0.00557 1.95 179.5 0.00557 1.20 1.131 1.09 120 0.008313 1.282 124.5 0.00803 1.35 124.5 0.00803 1.40 1.539 0.799 88.4 0.01131 0.942 91.5 0.01093 0.994 91.5 0.01093 1.60 3.01 0.612 67.7 0.01477 0.721 70.1 0.01427 0.761 70.1 0.01427 1.80 2.54 0.483 53.56 0.01867 0.570 55.5 0.01803 0.601 55.5 0.01803 2.00 3.14 0.392 43.33 0.02308 0.462 44.8 0.0229 0.487 44.8 0.0229 2.20 3.80 0.324 35.80 0.02793 0.381 37.0 0.0270 0.402 37.0 0.0270 2.50 4.91 0.251 27.71 0.03609 0.295 28.7 0.0349 0.312 28.7 0.0349 2.80 6.16 0.1740 19.25 0.05196 0.205 19.92 0.052 0.216 19.92 0.052 3.00 7.07 0.1278 14.14 0.07071 0.1510 14.64 0.0683 0.159 14.64 0.0683 3.50 9.62 0.0979 10.82 0.09239 0.1154 11.21 0.0892 0.1218 11.21 0.0892 4.00 12.57 0.0773 8.55 0.1169 0.0912 8.86 0.1129 0.0962 8.86 0.1129 4.50 15.90 0.0626 6.93 0.1443 0.0738 7.17 0.1394 0.0779 7.17 0.1394 5.00 19.63 0.0518 5.72 0.1749 0.0610 5.92 0.1690 0.0644 5.92 0.1690 5.50 23.80 0.0435 4.81 0.2080 0.0513 4.98 0.201 0.0541 4.98 0.201 6.00 28.30 0.0371 4.09 0.2440 0.0437 4.24 0.236 0.0461 4.24 0.236 6.50 33.20 0.0320 3.53 0.2830 0.0377 3.66 0.273 0.0398 3.66 0.273

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