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English; Regional Periodicals Come out in Tajik, Uzbek and Russian; and District Periodicals Are Available in Tajik, Uzbek, Russian and Kyrgyz RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 1 THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA MEDIA FREEDOM IN TIMES OF ANTI-TERRORIST CONFLICT THIRD CENTRAL ASIAN MEDIA CONFERENCE ALMATY, 10-11 DECEMBER 2001 Vienna 2002 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 2 The cover is a drawing by the German author and Nobel prize laureate (1999), Günter Grass, Des Schreibers Hand (The Writer’s Hand). He gave his kind permission for its use as the logo of the publications of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. The drawing was created in the context of his novel Das Treffen in Telgte, dealing with the literary authors of the time of the Thirty Years War. The views expressed by the authors in this publication are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. © 2002 Office of the Representative on Freedom of the Media Organization on Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Kärntner Ring 5-7, Top 14, 2. DG A-1010 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1 512 21 450 Fax: +43-1 512 21 459 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.osce.org/fom 2 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 3 CONTENTS Almaty Declaration on Freedom of the Media in Times of Anti-Terrorist Conflict . 5 Ambassador Heinrich Haupt Opening Statement. 7 Freimut Duve Opening Statement . 11 I. Latest Developments for the Media in Central Asia Sergei Yezhkov The Development of Mass Media in Uzbekistan in the Light of Recent Events . 19 Tamara Kaleyeva Freedom of Speech in Kazakhstan: Legislation, Practice and Outlook . 25 Kironshokh Sharifzoda Mass Media and Freedom of the Press in Tajikistan . 35 II. New Challenges for the Media in Times of Anti-Terrorist Conflict A. D. Sultanbayev The Role of Journalists in Covering Conflicts . 53 Yuri Chernogaev Mass Media in Uzbekistan: An Eventful Autumn/Winter 2001. 57 Andrei Sviridov The Kazakhstani Press since 11 September . 63 Kironshokh Sharifzoda Tajikistan’s Mass Media and the War on Terror . 71 III. Opportunities for the Next Generation in the Media Gulmira Kozhokeyeva Challenges for Journalists in Kyrgyzstan . 79 Iskandar Firuz The Independent Media in Tajikistan Need Support . 83 3 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 4 Alexander Khamagaev The Main Challenge Facing the Young Generation of Journalists . 89 Sergei Duvanov A New Wave in Kazakhstani Journalism . 93 IV. Protection of Journalists in Conflict Zones Alexander Gabchenko The Organization of Journalists’Activities in Conflict Zones . 101 Turko Dikaev The Mass Media in Tajikistan: You Can’t Go Forward if You Keep Looking Back . 105 Marfua Tokhtakhodjaeva Journalists in Wartime . 119 4 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 5 ALMATY DECLARATION 11 December 2001 THIRD CENTRAL ASIAN MEDIA CONFERENCE "MEDIA FREEDOM IN TIMES OF ANTI-TERRORIST CONFLICT" On 10-11 December 2001, the Third Central Asian Media Conference was held in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The Conference was organized by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Freimut Duve and the OSCE Centre in Almaty in co-operation with the International Foundation for Protection of Freedom of Expression Adil Soz and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. More than 80 journalists of all five Central Asia countries, government officials, members of parliament and NGOs took part. Similar to the last two conferences (Bishkek in 1999 and Dushanbe in 2000) the lively debate was focused on the latest developments in the media field. Structural issues, such as legal media framework and media ownership, were also discussed. The crucial role of the media in the development of the civil society was particularly underlined. Special attention was paid to the opportunities for the next generation in jour- nalism. The new challenges for the media in times of anti-terrorist con- flict, especially in Central Asia that is affected by the conflict, became the main point of discussion. The participants noted that the problems highlighted in the Dushanbe Declaration adopted at the Conference last year still remain of great concern. Almaty Declaration on Freedom of the Media in Times of Anti-Terrorist Conflict The debates during the Conference in Almaty stressed these conclu- sions. 1. The governments of the Anti-Terror Alliance should not, in times of conflict, use national security arguments to limit human rights at home and reduce their support elsewhere. 2. In particular, the governments of the Central Asian States should not take the new conflict situation as a justification for repressive 5 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 6 steps against opposition media. On the contrary, they should use it as a catalyst for further steps towards creating a free media land- scape in their societies. 3. The media should be free to exercise their corrective function towards economic, ecological and military decisions in their coun- tries especially in times of conflict. The free public debate is imper- ative. 4. The media should be free to play its fundamental role as society's watchdog against corruption, which is a serious obstacle for all countries on their way to democracy. Especially after 11 September the media should not be prevented to inform the public about exist- ing financial links between terrorist group activities and corrup- tion. 5. Leading international media have to be, and must remain more actively engaged in the region, both as an important source of infor- mation and as example of professional journalism for their col- leagues. 6. Under the conditions of increased international tension and contin- ued contradictions in Central Asia journalists should manifest more solidarity and support for each other. 7. Journalists must undertake further efforts to report objectively and edit carefully their coverage of the conflict. Journalistic ethic is needed more than ever in times of conflict and the journalists have to be aware of their increased responsibility. 8. The international community, governmental and non-governmental organizations must do more to safeguard journalists working in conflict zones. The leading media outlets could provide the needed training and insurance and can establish so-called security pools. Media foundations can be approached to financially support these pools. The creation of more efficient identification documents for professional journalists working in conflict zones should be pro- moted. 6 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 7 OPENING STATEMENT THIRD REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON MASS MEDIA IN CENTRAL ASIA - “MASS MEDIA IN TIMES OF ANTI-TERRORIST CONFLICT” OPENING STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR HEINRICH HAUPT HEAD OF THE OSCE CENTRE IN ALMATY Almaty, 10 December 2001 Ladies and Gentlemen: I would like to welcome you to this Regional Conference on Mass Media organized by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OSCE Centre in Almaty, in cooperation with the International Foundation for the Protection of Freedom of Expression Adil Soz and the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Kazakhstan. We express our special gratitude for the generous financial support provided by the United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Portugal and the United States. We have gathered here today to follow up on the Regional Conferences on Mass Media in Central Asia held in Bishkek and Dushanbe, and to reflect on developments in media issues in the five Central Asian countries, also on the background of the crisis in neigh- bouring Afghanistan. Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right under inter- national law. Freedom of expression prominently figures in many OSCE docu- ments. At the Copenhagen Conference and at the Lisbon and Istanbul Summits, OSCE participating States have reaffirmed their obligation to ensure independent and pluralistic media in society. All OSCE partici- pating States have committed themselves not only to tolerate media free- dom, but to actively defend it. 7 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 8 Ambassador Heinrich Haupt Free expression of facts and opinions is essential for any democ- ratic process. The free flow of information and ideas helps citizens to evaluate matters of public interest, and to foster public debate and par- ticipation of civil society in the democratic process. The level of freedom of expression existing in a given country is one of the prime indicators of democratic maturity in this country. A country which unduly limits freedom of expression can not claim to be democratic. Restrictions to the freedom of expression are admissible only under very strict conditions as defined by competent international bod- ies. Politicians and public officials on all levels shall tolerate more criticism than ordinary citizens do. This principle, which has been established by the European Court on Human Rights in the case Lingens v. Austria has been recognized by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights as reflecting international standards. Therefore, legal or administrative dispositions granting public officials of any level a higher degree of protection than ordinary cit- izens are contrary to international standards. As for fines or financial compensation: Courts should award a com- pensation only in case where a refutation statement is not sufficient to repair the harm caused to the victim. In any case, compensation must be proportional. The European Court on Human Rights in the case Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. UK and then the UNHCHR have qualified as an unlawful restriction of freedom of expression the allocation of an excessive compensation. Ladies and Gentlemen: many Central Asian media representatives affirm that their working conditions have been deteriorating in the last years. Let me evoke some examples: • Concentration and monopolization of the media is continuing, 8 RFOM_e124_02 10/21/02 16:41 Page 9 OPENING STATEMENT primarily to the benefit of groups or individuals close to the political leadership. • Public officials, when criticized in the media, often turn to the courts demanding compensation for "libel", instead of entering into a public dialogue on the facts or opinions published.
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