Arithmetic Flags and Instructions
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E0C88 CORE CPU MANUAL NOTICE No Part of This Material May Be Reproduced Or Duplicated in Any Form Or by Any Means Without the Written Permission of Seiko Epson
MF658-04 CMOS 8-BIT SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTER E0C88 Family E0C88 CORE CPU MANUAL NOTICE No part of this material may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means without the written permission of Seiko Epson. Seiko Epson reserves the right to make changes to this material without notice. Seiko Epson does not assume any liability of any kind arising out of any inaccuracies contained in this material or due to its application or use in any product or circuit and, further, there is no representation that this material is applicable to products requiring high level reliability, such as medical products. Moreover, no license to any intellectual property rights is granted by implication or otherwise, and there is no representation or warranty that anything made in accordance with this material will be free from any patent or copyright infringement of a third party. This material or portions thereof may contain technology or the subject relating to strategic products under the control of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law of Japan and may require an export license from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry or other approval from another government agency. Please note that "E0C" is the new name for the old product "SMC". If "SMC" appears in other manuals understand that it now reads "E0C". © SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION 1999 All rights reserved. CONTENTS E0C88 Core CPU Manual PREFACE This manual explains the architecture, operation and instruction of the core CPU E0C88 of the CMOS 8-bit single chip microcomputer E0C88 Family. Also, since the memory configuration and the peripheral circuit configuration is different for each device of the E0C88 Family, you should refer to the respective manuals for specific details other than the basic functions. -
X86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language
VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Department of Computer Science, FEECS x86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language Ing. Petr Olivka, Ph.D. 2021 e-mail: [email protected] http://poli.cs.vsb.cz Contents 1 Processor Intel i486 and Higher – 32-bit Mode3 1.1 Registers of i486.........................3 1.2 Addressing............................6 1.3 Assembly Language, Machine Code...............6 1.4 Data Types............................6 2 Linking Assembly and C Language Programs7 2.1 Linking C and C Module....................7 2.2 Linking C and ASM Module................... 10 2.3 Variables in Assembly Language................ 11 3 Instruction Set 14 3.1 Moving Instruction........................ 14 3.2 Logical and Bitwise Instruction................. 16 3.3 Arithmetical Instruction..................... 18 3.4 Jump Instructions........................ 20 3.5 String Instructions........................ 21 3.6 Control and Auxiliary Instructions............... 23 3.7 Multiplication and Division Instructions............ 24 4 32-bit Interfacing to C Language 25 4.1 Return Values from Functions.................. 25 4.2 Rules of Registers Usage..................... 25 4.3 Calling Function with Arguments................ 26 4.3.1 Order of Passed Arguments............... 26 4.3.2 Calling the Function and Set Register EBP...... 27 4.3.3 Access to Arguments and Local Variables....... 28 4.3.4 Return from Function, the Stack Cleanup....... 28 4.3.5 Function Example.................... 29 4.4 Typical Examples of Arguments Passed to Functions..... 30 4.5 The Example of Using String Instructions........... 34 5 AMD and Intel x86 Processors – 64-bit Mode 36 5.1 Registers.............................. 36 5.2 Addressing in 64-bit Mode.................... 37 6 64-bit Interfacing to C Language 37 6.1 Return Values.......................... -
Overview of IA-32 Assembly Programming
Overview of IA-32 assembly programming Lars Ailo Bongo University of Tromsø Contents 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2 2 IA-32 assembly programming.......................................................................................... 3 2.1 Assembly Language Statements................................................................................ 3 2.1 Modes........................................................................................................................4 2.2 Registers....................................................................................................................4 2.2.3 Data Registers .................................................................................................... 4 2.2.4 Pointer and Index Registers................................................................................ 4 2.2.5 Control Registers................................................................................................ 5 2.2.6 Segment registers ............................................................................................... 7 2.3 Addressing................................................................................................................. 7 2.3.1 Bit and Byte Order ............................................................................................. 7 2.3.2 Data Types......................................................................................................... -
Optimizing Subroutines in Assembly Language an Optimization Guide for X86 Platforms
2. Optimizing subroutines in assembly language An optimization guide for x86 platforms By Agner Fog. Copenhagen University College of Engineering. Copyright © 1996 - 2012. Last updated 2012-02-29. Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Reasons for using assembly code .............................................................................. 5 1.2 Reasons for not using assembly code ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Microprocessors covered by this manual .................................................................... 6 1.4 Operating systems covered by this manual................................................................. 7 2 Before you start................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Things to decide before you start programming .......................................................... 7 2.2 Make a test strategy.................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Common coding pitfalls............................................................................................. 10 3 The basics of assembly coding........................................................................................ 12 3.1 Assemblers available ................................................................................................ 12 3.2 Register set -
Assembly Language: IA-X86
Assembly Language for x86 Processors X86 Processor Architecture CS 271 Computer Architecture Purdue University Fort Wayne 1 Outline Basic IA Computer Organization IA-32 Registers Instruction Execution Cycle Basic IA Computer Organization Since the 1940's, the Von Neumann computers contains three key components: Processor, called also the CPU (Central Processing Unit) Memory and Storage Devices I/O Devices Interconnected with one or more buses Data Bus Address Bus data bus Control Bus registers Processor I/O I/O IA: Intel Architecture Memory Device Device (CPU) #1 #2 32-bit (or i386) ALU CU clock control bus address bus Processor The processor consists of Datapath ALU Registers Control unit ALU (Arithmetic logic unit) Performs arithmetic and logic operations Control unit (CU) Generates the control signals required to execute instructions Memory Address Space Address Space is the set of memory locations (bytes) that are addressable Next ... Basic Computer Organization IA-32 Registers Instruction Execution Cycle Registers Registers are high speed memory inside the CPU Eight 32-bit general-purpose registers Six 16-bit segment registers Processor Status Flags (EFLAGS) and Instruction Pointer (EIP) 32-bit General-Purpose Registers EAX EBP EBX ESP ECX ESI EDX EDI 16-bit Segment Registers EFLAGS CS ES SS FS EIP DS GS General-Purpose Registers Used primarily for arithmetic and data movement mov eax 10 ;move constant integer 10 into register eax Specialized uses of Registers eax – Accumulator register Automatically -
Introduction to Assembly a User’S View of Computer Systems
Introduction to Assembly A User’s View of Computer Systems 2 Courtesy: Guide to Assembly Language Programming in Linux, Sivarama P. Dandamudi, 2005 What is Assembly Language ? • Low-level programming language • Influenced by: • The architecture of the processor • The instruction set • Two basic types of processors • CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) • RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) • Pentium is an example of a CISC processor • Assembler translates assembly to machine code • NASM is a popular assembler for x86 architecture 3 Advantage of High-Level Languages • Program development is faster • Programs are easier to maintain • Programs are portable so, why to program in the Assembly language ? 4 Why to program in Assembly ? • Efficiency • Time efficiency • Space efficiency • Direct hardware control 5 When is it Useful? • Practical purposes (embedded systems) • Cracking Personal Satisfaction 6 Example _start: mov ecx, [var1] cmp ecx, [var2] ; Data section begins jg check_third_var section .data mov ecx, [var2] var1 dd 40 var2 dd 20 check_third_var: var3 dd 30 cmp ecx, [var3] jg _exit section .text mov ecx, [var3] global _start _exit: mov ebx, ecx mov eax, 1 int 80h 7 IA – 32 Architecture (IA - Intel Architecture, i386) • 32 bit Registers • Logical and Arithmetic instructions (instruction set) • Fetch-decode-execute cycle • Addressing Modes • Registers • Immediate • Direct • Indirect 8 Fetch-decode-execute Fetch Execute Decode 9 Registers 32-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit registers: . General registers . Control registers . Segment -
Assembly Language Tutorial
Assembly Language Tutorial ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Assembly Programming Tutorial Assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device specific to a particular computer architecture in contrast to most high- level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems. Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler like NASM, MASM etc. Audience This tutorial has been designed for software programmers with a need to understand the Assembly programming language starting from scratch. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on Assembly programming language from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic understanding of any of the programming languages will help you in understanding the Assembly programming concepts and move fast on the learning track. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at [email protected] TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Table of Content Assembly Programming Tutorial ............................................. -
Embedded Systems Programming with the Microchip PIC16F877 Microcontroller
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING WITH THE PIC16F877 Second Edition By Timothy D. Green Copyright 2008 by Timothy D. Green All Rights Reserved. Table of Contents Preface …………………………………………………………………. 5 List of Figures …………………………………………………………. 6 Abbreviations and Acronyms …………………………………………. 7 Trademarks ……………………………………………………………. 10 Chapter 1 Introduction to ESP and the PIC …………………………. 11 Chapter 2 Microcontrollers and the PIC16F877 ……………………. 15 Section 2.0 Chapter Summary ……………………………….. 15 Section 2.1 Memory and Memory Organization ……………. 15 Section 2.2 The PIC16F877 …………………………………. 16 Section 2.3 Programming the PIC …………………………… 17 Chapter 3 Simple PIC Hardware & Software (“Hello World”) …….. 20 Section 3.0 Chapter Summary ……………………………….. 20 Section 3.1 A Simple Example System ……………………… 20 Section 3.2 Summary of Instructions and Concepts …………. 25 Chapter 4 The PIC Instruction Set (Part I) ………………………….. 27 Section 4.0 Chapter Summary ………………………………. 27 Section 4.1 The PIC16F877 Instruction Set ………………… 27 Section 4.2 Summary of Instructions and Concepts …………. 33 Chapter 5 The PIC Instruction Set (Part II) …………………………. 34 Section 5.0 Chapter Summary ……………………………….. 34 Section 5.1 Introduction ……………………………………… 34 Section 5.2 Keypad and Display Interface …………………… 35 Section 5.3 The STATUS Register and Flag Bits ……………. 39 Section 5.4 The Keypad Software ……………………………. 40 Section 5.5 The LED Display Software ……………………… 43 Section 5.6 Improved Display and Indirect Addressing ……… 46 Section 5.7 Odds & Ends …………………………………….. 50 Section 5.8 Using KEY_SCAN and DISPLAY Together ……. 54 Section 5.9 A Last Look at the Advanced Security System ….. 56 Section 5.10 Summary of Instructions and Concepts ………… 57 Chapter 6 Fundamental ESP Techniques ……………………………. 59 Section 6.0 Chapter Summary ………………………………… 59 Section 6.1 Introduction ………………………………………. 59 Section 6.2 Software Readability …………………………… 59 Section 6.3 Software Maintainability …………………………. -
X86 Assembly Programming Part 2
x86 Assembly Programming Part 2 EECE416 uC Charles Kim Howard University Resources: Intel 80386 Programmers Reference Manual Essentials of 80x86 Assembly Language Introduction to 80x86 Assembly Language Programming WWW.MWFTR.COM Reminder – Coding Assignment Listing (.LST) File of Assembly Code (.asm) Registers for x86 Basic Data Types • Byte, Words (WORD), Double Words (DWORD) • Little-Endian • Align by 2 (word) or 4 (Dword) for better performance – instead of odd address Data Declaration • Directives for Data Declaration and Reservation of Memory – BYTE: Reserves 1 byte in memory •Example: D1 BYTE 20 D2 BYTE 00010100b String1 BYTE “Joe” ; [4A 6F 65] – WORD: 2 bytes are reserved • Example: num1 WORD -10 num2 WORD FFFFH – DWORD: 4 bytes are reserved •Example: N1 DWORD -10 – QWORD: 8 bytes • 64 bit: RAX RBX RCX ,etc • 32 bit: EDX:EAX Concatenation for CDQ instruction Instruction Format • Opcode: – specifies the operation performed by the instruction. • Register specifier – an instruction may specify one or two register operands. • Addressing-mode specifier – when present, specifies whether an operand is a register or memory location. • Displacement – when the addressing-mode specifier indicates that a displacement will be used to compute the address of an operand, the displacement is encoded in the instruction. • Immediate operand – when present, directly provides the value of an operand of the instruction. Immediate operands may be 8, 16, or 32 bits wide. Register Size and Data • Assuming that the content of eax is [01FF01FF], what would -
X86 Assembly Language Reference Manual
x86 Assembly Language Reference Manual Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 N. San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303-4900 U.S.A. Part No: 805-4693-10 October 1998 Copyright 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California 94303-4900 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, SunDocs, Java, the Java Coffee Cup logo, and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and SunTM Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. -
Embedded Intel486™ Processor Family Developer's Manual
Embedded Intel486™ Processor Family Developer’s Manual Release Date: October 1997 Order Number: 273021-001 The Intel486™ processors may contain design defects known as errata which may cause the products to deviate from published specifications. Currently characterized errata are avail- able on request. Information in this document is provided in connection with Intel products. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or oth- erwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Except as provided in Intel’s Terms and Conditions of Sale for such products, Intel assumes no liability whatsoever, and Intel disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to sale and/or use of Intel products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual property right. Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life saving, or life sustaining applications. Intel retains the right to make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order. *Third-party brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Copies of documents which have an ordering number and are referenced in this document, or other Intel literature, may be obtained from: Intel Corporation P.O. Box 5937 Denver, CO 80217-9808 or call 1-800-548-4725 or visit Intel’s website at http:\\www.intel.com Copyright © INTEL CORPORATION, October 1997 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 GUIDE TO THIS MANUAL 1.1 MANUAL CONTENTS ................................................................................................. -
PC Assembly Language
PC Assembly Language Paul A. Carter August 25, 2002 Copyright c 2001, 2002 by Paul Carter This may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety (including this au- thorship, copyright and permission notice), provided that no charge is made for the document itself, without the author’s consent. This includes “fair use” excerpts like reviews and advertising, and derivative works like trans- lations. Note that this restriction is not intended to prohibit charging for the service of printing or copying the document. Instructors are encouraged to use this document as a class resource; however, the author would appreciate being notified in this case. Contents Preface iii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Number Systems . 1 1.1.1 Decimal . 1 1.1.2 Binary . 1 1.1.3 Hexadecimal . 3 1.2 Computer Organization . 4 1.2.1 Memory . 4 1.2.2 The CPU . 5 1.2.3 The 80x86 family of CPUs . 5 1.2.4 8086 16-bit Registers . 6 1.2.5 80386 32-bit registers . 7 1.2.6 Real Mode . 8 1.2.7 16-bit Protected Mode . 8 1.2.8 32-bit Protected Mode . 9 1.2.9 Interrupts . 10 1.3 Assembly Language . 10 1.3.1 Machine language . 10 1.3.2 Assembly language . 11 1.3.3 Instruction operands . 11 1.3.4 Basic instructions . 12 1.3.5 Directives . 13 1.3.6 Input and Output . 15 1.3.7 Debugging . 16 1.4 Creating a Program . 17 1.4.1 First program . 18 1.4.2 Compiler dependencies .