Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

Compiled by Rinaldo Vignati

January

1 Fiat announces the 100 percent acquisition of Chrysler. 2 In a letter to the other political leaders, , the secre- tary of the Partito Democratico (PD, ), presents three proposals for electoral reform: a revamped Mattarellum electoral system, the Spanish system, and Sindaco d’Italia (Mayor of ). 4 Offended by a remark made by Renzi, Stefano Fassina (PD) resigns as vice-minister of the economy. 8 Renzi presents the main points of his Jobs Act: reduction of con- tractual forms, new labor code, universal unemployment benefits, reduction in taxes on labor. 10 The TAR (Regional Administrative Court) accepts the appeal made by (PD) and annuls the 2010 Pied- mont regional election results. In the opinion of , the leader of Piedmont’s (LN, Northern League) this is “a disgrace.” Meeting between (PD) and Renzi to clarify their positions on the electoral law and the relations between the PD and the government. 13 The rationale behind the sentence passed by the Constitutional Court on the electoral law is released: “The current Parliament is legitimate.” Renzi, in a meeting with the president of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, denies that he intends to reshuffle the government. 16 Meeting between Renzi and Letta. The newspapers report dis- agreements between them on the government’s work.

Italian Politics: The Year of the Bulldozer 30 (2015): 1–28 © Berghahn Books doi:10.3167/ip.2015.300102 2 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

17 After days of arguments following the publication (in the daily Il Fatto Quotidiano) of wiretapped conversations concerning the alleged pressure on the Benevento local health authority made by Minister of Agriculture Nunzia De Girolamo (PdL), the minister defends herself in the Chamber (“I have never abused my role”), but it is half-empty. 18 Meeting between Renzi and Silvio Berlusconi (FI, ) in the PD’s Rome head office: “Profound agreement” on electoral reform. Positive comment from Letta: “Things are moving in the right direction.” 20 The executive of the PD approves the agreement on the elec- toral reform between Renzi and Berlusconi. However, a minority expresses doubts: the party’s president, Gianni Cuperlo, walks out during Renzi’s speech. 21 Cuperlo resigns as PD president: “There have been personal attacks against me.” 22 The Nuovo Centrodestra (NCD, New Center-Right) signs the pro- posal drawn up by Renzi and Berlusconi for electoral reform. 23 Berlusconi under investigation for bribing witnesses in relation to “Rubygate.” 24 The Salerno Tribunal announces that Vincenzo De Luca, vice- minister of infrastructure, has to step down as mayor of Salerno due to reasons of incompatibility. FI issues a statement that Giovanni Toti, ex-director of the news programs on Rete 4 and Italia 1, has been appointed as “political adviser” to Berlusconi. 25 Official opening of the judicial year. The president of the Milan Court of Appeals, Giovanni Canzio, states that judges have been subjected to “personal attacks and derision, and they have occa- sionally been pilloried in the media and received threats.” 26 De Girolamo resigns as minister of agriculture. 28 Controversy over words used by a deputy from the Movimento 5 Stelle (M5S, Five Star Movement), Giorgio Sorial, who refers to Napolitano as an “executioner.” 29 Renzi and Berlusconi clarify the electoral reform: 37 percent threshold to gain the majority premium, second ballot in the event of no coalition reaching the threshold, 4.5 percent mini- mum requirement. Uproar in the Chamber: the M5S protests about the decree on the second installment of the IMU (municipal property tax), which in its view contains “gifts” to the banks, and criticizes the president of the Chamber, Laura Boldrini, for putting a time limit on the debate. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 3

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles is founded, with its headquarters in the Netherlands and its tax residence in the UK. 30 The M5S protests continue in Parliament. Arguments are heard concerning the insults of Massimo De Rosa (M5S) directed at PD parliamentarians and the shoving of Loredana Lupo (M5S) by former magistrate and MP Stefano Dambruoso (Scelta Civica [SC, Civic Choice]). The M5S presents a formal request for the impeachment of President Napolitano. 31 First vote in the Chamber on the new electoral law: the challenges on the law’s constitutionality are rejected.

February

1 The M5S is once again at the center of controversy: the insults aimed at Boldrini among the comments on Beppe Grillo’s blog cause a stir. After days of arguments over the excessive number of his duties, Antonio Mastrapasqua resigns as president of the Isti- tuto Nazionale Previdenza Sociale (INPS, National Social Security Institute). 2 Responding to Letta (“The crisis is over”), Confindustria’s presi- dent, Giorgio Squinzi, states that the figures “do not allow us to look toward the future with optimism.” 3 Controversy over Letta’s announcement that he had accepted the invitation to take part in the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia. 4 Speech by Napolitano in the : “That’s enough of austerity.” Letta expresses satisfaction with his trip to the countries in the Persian Gulf, as he brings back investment and commercial agree- ments: “Great results.” 5 Despite the contrasting opinion of the prime minister, the presi- dent of the Senate, Pietro Grasso, decides that the upper house should take legal action in the trial of Berlusconi due to the brib- ery of members of Parliament. 6 In the PD executive there are arguments between Letta (“I do not want to float in the wind, otherwise the country’s problems will not be solved”), Renzi (“Letta had given us 18 months for the reforms, and 10 have already gone, more than half”), and the internal minority (Cuperlo: we need “a real new start for the gov- ernment, with Letta or with Renzi”). 4 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

7 The prosecutor’s office calls for a nine-month prison term for Grillo for breaking the judicial seals in a “No TAV” demonstration. 10 Storm over the statement made by Mario Monti to the journalist Alan Friedman and published in advance by Corriere della Sera: Napolitano allegedly consulted with him as early as the summer of 2011 to explore the possibility of replacing Berlusconi as prime minister. Letter from Napolitano: “Just smoke.” The head of state is criticized by FI and M5S. India’s attorney general calls for the application of the anti-ter- rorism law against the two Italian marines held in India following the murder of two fishermen in the sea off Kerala. A commu- niqué from Palazzo Chigi declares the decision “unacceptable, disproportionate.” 11 The Parliamentary Committee on Indictment Procedures dis- misses the request for Napolitano’s impeachment. FI abstains. 12 Meeting between Letta (“I ask for clarity. Everybody must say what they want, especially those who want to take my place”) and Renzi (“I will say what I have to say in the party executive, openly”). At a press conference, Letta presents “Impegno Italia” (The Italian Task), a proposal for the coalition pact. The Constitutional Court rejects the norms in the Fini-Giovan­ ardi law, which put soft and hard drugs on an equal footing. 13 PD executive: Renzi asks to “get out of the mire.” The document, approved by a large majority, thanks Letta “for the significant work he has carried out” yet “underlines the urgency of opening a new phase, with a new executive.” 14 Letta tenders his resignation. 15 Consultations at the Quirinal Palace for the formation of a new government. M5S and LN refuse to take part. The NCD asks for time (“If the future government is to last a long time, it cannot be formed in 48 hours”). Berlusconi (facing controversy over having taken part in the discussions) says that FI will remain in opposi- tion, but will be “responsible.” 16 PD primaries for regional secretaries: big fall in turnout compared to previous years. 17 Renzi accepts “with reservations” the duty of forming the new government and promises one reform per month. Results of the regional elections in Sardinia: Francesco Pigliaru (PD) wins with 42.2 percent of the vote. 18 The NCD sets out its conditions for becoming part of the majority: no wealth tax, no shifts toward the left, and a defender of legal rights to be named minister of justice. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 5

Conversations on the web: M5S activists favor taking part in talks with Renzi. 19 Live broadcast of the interview with Renzi (“We need to face up to the real issues”) and Grillo (“You are not credible”). 21 Renzi drops his reservations and presents his list of ministers: eight PD, three NCD, one SC, 1 Unione di Centro (UdC, Union of the Center), and three technocrats. It is the youngest government in the history of the Republic (average age: 47.6) and the one with the largest number of women (8 ministers out of 16). There is no vice-president: Angelino Alfano remains in the government as minister of the interior. 22 The ministers are sworn in. Outcry over Letta’s frosty attitude during the handover ceremony with Renzi. 24 Renzi goes to the Senate to seek a vote of confidence (“I would like to be the last prime minister to seek a vote of confidence in this chamber”): 169 in favor, 139 against. 25 The Chamber of Deputies also passes a vote of confidence in Renzi: 378 in favor, 220 against, 1 abstention. 26 Joint assembly of M5S members of Parliament. Four senators (Lorenzo Battista, Fabrizio Bocchino, Francesco Campanella, and Luis Alberto Orellana) are expelled. Withdrawal of the “Save Rome” decree. Protests from the city’s mayor, Ignazio Marino. 27 The PD executive votes to join the PES (Party of European Social- ists): 121 in favor, 1 against, 2 abstentions. 28 Appointment of 9 vice-ministers and 35 undersecretaries. The government passes the new “Save Rome” decree with a three-year plan to pay off the debt.

March

1 Controversy around the undersecretary of the ministry of trans- port and infrastructure, Antonio Gentile (NCD). He allegedly put pressure on a newspaper in Calabria to block a story about his son being added to the register of those under investigation. 3 Undersecretary Gentile resigns. 4 The PD and FI reach agreement on the electoral system: the proposal under discussion will concern only the Chamber of Deputies. 5 The European commissioner for economic and monetary affairs, Olli Rehn, warns Italy: “Excessive macro-economic imbalances.” 6 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

Italy’s Anti-Trust Authority imposes a fine of 180 million euros on the multinationals Novartis and Roche for cartel agreements. 6 Renzi attends the European Council: “The EU does not need to set us homework. Italy knows perfectly well what it needs to do.” 7 Electoral law: appeal from 90 female deputies for the introduction of “pink quotas.” 8 The Fratelli d’Italia (FdI, Brothers of Italy) congress elects Giorgia Meloni as president. 10 Electoral law: protest from the female members for the rejection of the amendments for gender equality in the lists. 12 Renzi presents measures to aid the growth in the economy: reduc- tion of the IRAP (business tax) for those earning less than 25,000 euros gross per year (“1,000 euros per year for 10 million Ital- ians”), increase in taxes on income from savings. The Chamber passes the electoral law on the first reading. 13 Renzi denies rumors concerning taxes on pensions. 14 Berlusconi announces his intention to stand in the European elec- tions at the top of the FI list, in spite of the ban on him holding any public office. 15 Visit by Renzi to the French president, François Hollande: “We agree to work toward a different Europe, for growth and employ- ment, to support internal demand.” 17 Spending Review Commissioner Carlo Cottarelli presents his report on cuts to public expenditure. 18 The Court of Cassation confirms the two-year ban on Berlusconi from holding public office. Letter from Napolitano to the Luca Coscioni Association: “I will remind Parliament not to ignore the problem of end-of-life choices.” 19 Renzi defines the deficit/GDP parameter of 3 percent as “anachro- nistic,” but he gives an assurance that Italy will not breach it. 20 Renzi attends the European Council. The president of the Euro- pean Commission, José Manuel Barroso, states that “everyone in Europe must follow the agreed rules” and declares: “We will sup- port the Italian government’s reforms.” Concerning the tendering process for Expo 2015 (to be hosted by Milan), eight executives from Infrastrutture Lombarde, the infrastructure company owned by the region, are arrested. 21 Renzi expresses reservations over Cottarelli’s plan: “It is a good starting point, but I am not convinced about some of the proposals.” 24 Berlusconi appoints the 30 members (plus 37 observers) of the FI presidential office. Some of the senior names in the party, such as Claudio Scajola, are not included. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 7

26 With a confidence vote (160 in favor, 133 against), the Senate approves the legislative decree abolishing the provinces and clear- ing the way for the creation of metropolitan cities. The measure now moves to the Chamber for final approval. 27 Visit to Italy by the US president, Barack Obama, to whom Renzi says: “We will cut military spending.” 28 PD executive: Renzi remains secretary, but the running of the party is taken over by Lorenzo Guerrini and Debora Serracchi- ani. Report on the Jobs Act and on the timescale for institutional reforms approved: 93 in favor, 12 against, 8 abstentions. After receiving a six-year prison sentence for abuse of office and misinformation, Giuseppe Scopelliti announces his intention to resign as president of the Calabria region. 30 An interview in La Repubblica in which Grasso calls for the Sen- ate to remain an elected chamber—against the intentions of the government—sparks a debate. Grillo and his M5S co-founder Gianroberto Casaleggio sign the appeal by Gustavo Zagrebelsky and the Freedom and Jus- tice (Libertà e Giustizia) movement against the “shift toward authoritarianism.” 31 The Council of Ministers approves the legislative decree for the reform of the Senate. It is to consist of 148 members, of whom 127 will be representatives of local autonomies and 21 will be appointed by the president of the Republic, and it will no longer cast a vote of confidence in the government.

April

1 Renzi, in a visit to the British prime minister, David Cameron, warns those within the PD who had been critical of the Jobs Act: “The Jobs Act decree cannot be touched.” ISTAT publishes unemployment figures: 13 percent, a record since these figures were first calculated. 2 Napolitano receives a visit from Berlusconi, who, according to the Quirinal Palace records, “had asked if he could set out his party’s positions in the current political situation.” Newspaper reports assert that Berlusconi allegedly asked for “protection” when it came to the sentence that would determine what type of punish- ment he would receive: house arrest or community service. Twenty-four Veneto “secessionists” accused of terrorist activi- ties are arrested. Among them is , the founder of the (Venetian League). 8 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

3 Meeting on the reforms between Renzi, Minister of Constitutional Reforms Maria Elena Boschi, and FI representatives Denis Verdini and Gianni Letta. Final approval of the legislative decree that reorganizes the provinces. Critical remarks from both FI and the M5S. 7 After some criticisms from his party’s representatives, Berlusconi makes a telephone call to Renzi to assure him of his support for the reforms. 8 The government presents its Economic and Financial Document: “We shall make a 14th monthly payment (i.e., an additional annual bonus) to . We will cut the pay of super-managers and the costs of politics.” 9 The Constitutional Court declares unconstitutional the ban on egg or sperm donation for in vitro fertilization laid down in Law No. 40/2004. 10 Court hearing to decide on Berlusconi’s punishment: Milan’s assistant district attorney approves the request of Berlusconi’s lawyers to give him community service. 11 Amazement at the flight of Marcello Dell’Utri (despite the fact that he was prohibited from leaving the country) while awaiting sentencing by the Court of Cassation for collusion with the Mafia. The M5S calls for Alfano to resign. 12 Dell’Utri is arrested in Beirut. Alfano announces that a request for extradition has been made. Violent clashes in Rome during a demonstration for the right to housing. 14 Appointment for the top positions in companies owned by the Trea- sury. The choice of four women for presidencies—of Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI, Italian National Petroleum Corporation) (Emma Marcegaglia), the Postal Service (Luisa Todini), Enel (Patrizia Grieco), and Terna (Catia Bastioli)—is highlighted in the news. Arguments over the use of a Photoshopped image of Auschwitz on Grillo’s blog. 15 Berlusconi “entrusted” to a center for the elderly in Cesano Boscone in the province of Milan: he has to spend 4 hours per week there, but has the opportunity (between Tuesday and Thursday) to travel to Rome. For the FI leader’s lawyers, this is a “balanced” decision. 16 In a letter to the EU, the government asks to postpone the bal- anced budget until 2016. The Senate gives final approval to the law on vote buying. Protests from the M5S, who consider it too soft. 18 The government presents the decree introducing the “bonus” of 80 euros per month for those earning between 8,000 and 24,000 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 9

euros gross per year. Upper limit is set for salaries in the public sector. The Veneto secessionists are released: the terrorism charge is dropped. 19 Berlusconi once again criticizes the magistrates: “I have been given a monstrous sentence.” 21 To overcome resistance from the NCD, the government puts the jobs decree to a confidence vote in the Chamber. The NCD prom- ises a “battle” in the Senate. Renzi signs the directive allowing documents on terrorist attacks to be declassified: “One of the key points behind what we are doing is transparency.” Grillo considers it “a bluff.” 22 The Chamber passes the jobs decree with a vote of confidence. 25 The Pope makes a phone call to Marco Pannella of the Italian Radicals, who was refusing to take liquids in protest against the conditions in prisons: “I will help him in his fight against this injustice.” 26 Furor over a statement made by Berlusconi: “For the Germans, the concentration camps never existed.” Napolitano hosts a meeting with Renzi to discuss the reforms. 27 During the television program In Mezz’ora (RAI 3), Renzi suggests a compromise on the reform of the Senate with the PD minority (which had proposed an alternative reform): the senators should be elected at the same time as the regional elections and should be paid by their region. In an interview on Canale 5, Berlusconi attacks Napolitano (“He made me look bad in front of the EU when he decided not to sign a decree”). 28 In a Piazzapulita interview, Berlusconi attacks Napolitano (“He had a moral duty to grant me a pardon”) and the magistracy (“Tor- tured for 20 years on an absurd charge”). 30 Following the decision of the Council of Ministers, and after dis- cussions with those involved, Renzi presents the main points in the reform of public administration, which the government announces for 13 June: directors can be dismissed, the number of prefectures is to be reduced, cuts will be made to union-related official time.

May

2 In the Senate, the government and the majority reach agreement on eight amendments to the jobs decree. 10 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

3 Critical comments on the jobs decree and amendments proposed by two of the three main trade unions: CGIL and CISL. Susanna Camusso, the secretary of CGIL, considers them to be “another step backwards.” 6 A committee of the Senate approves the government’s proposed reform of the Senate. Arguments are heard over an agenda item from Roberto Calderoli (LN) that would support the possibility of electing senators. CGIL congress: Camusso criticizes the government (“resistant to working together,” “distorts democracy”). Renzi, who was not present, responds: “The union needs to understand that the music has changed.” 7 The Jobs Act decree is passed (with a vote of confidence) in the Senate. Protests from the M5S senators, who wear handcuffs. 8 Tendering process for Expo 2015: various directors are arrested (criminal association, corruption, interference in tenders). Among them are Primo Greganti and Gianstefano Frigerio, who had pre- viously been caught up in the Tangentopoli investigations of the 1990s. Ex-minister Scajola is arrested on a charge of helping the fugi- tive Amedeo Matacena, who had been convicted of Mafia associa- tion, to escape. 9 Arguments between Renzi (who accuses the Senate’s Financial Service of making “technically false” forecasts) and Grasso (who defends “the autonomy and independence of the offices in Pala- zzo Madama”). The Court of Cassation confirms the seven-year sentence for Dell’Utri. 11 The government appoints Raffaele Cantone, the president of the Anti-corruption National Authority, as head of the task force supervising the tendered works projects for Expo 2015. 13 Controversy over the revelations made by Timothy Geithner, the ex-secretary of the US Treasury, who alleged that in 2011 EU offi- cials had asked the US administration to help bring down the Berlusconi government. For the FI leader, this is proof that there was “a coup against me.” The Chamber passes a vote of confidence in the government on the jobs decree. 14 After the controversy about the “coup,” the Quirinal Palace issues a note stating that Berlusconi “resigned of his own free will and with a sense of responsibility,” and that “no other pressure or coercion on the prime minister … was ever brought to the atten- tion of the head of state.” Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 11

15 With 371 votes for and 39 against, the Chamber authorizes the arrest of the PD deputy Francantonio Genovese for tax offenses and criminal association with regard to embezzlement and fraud. 17 Grillo provokes a furor with the words he used in Turin. Respond- ing to those who had compared him to Hitler, he says: “I am beyond Hitler: without the M5S, the Nazis would be in charge.” When talking about Renzi in Europe, Grillo says that “the little dumb man has gone to lick Merkel’s big arse.” Renzi replies by saying that “the time for clowns is over: we need to send people into Europe who will not bring shame on us.” 18 Interviewed on In Mezz’ora, Casaleggio states that in the event of winning the European elections, “we shall seek a new president of the Republic and ask the new president to call a general election.” 19 Grillo is interviewed by the journalist Bruno Vespa on Porta a Porta (“I want to show that I am neither Hitler nor Stalin”). He further states: “Renzi’s 80 euros are to buy votes.” 21 Grillo’s announcement that if the M5S wins, it will hold a “popu- lar trial” for politicians, journalists, and entrepreneurs provokes controversy. 23 Renzi sets out the achievements of the first 80 days of his govern- ment (“The 80 euros are not a promise, they are a reality. So much for the scaremongers!”), and he closes the election campaign in Florence (“We will not leave the country to those who want to destroy it”). The M5S closes its campaign in Piazza San Giovanni in Rome (“We will not just win, we will win by a massive margin”), while Berlusconi in Milan fears “riots if the M5S wins.” 24 The Lebanese president signs the extradition decree for Dell’Utri. 25 European elections are held: the PD receives 40.8 percent, M5S 21.5 percent, FI 16.8 percent, LN 6.2 percent, NCD 4.4 percent, L’Altra Europa con Tsipras (The Other Europe with Tsipras) 4.0 percent, with all the other parties below the threshold. There are also regional elections in Abruzzo and Piedmont and for about 4,000 local councils. 26 The count in the regions is completed, with the center-left win- ning in Abruzzo and in Piedmont, and results are also issued for the administrative elections: the center-left takes nine of the pro- vincial capitals where elections were held, two go to the center- right, and the others need to go to a second ballot. 27 Brussels: Renzi takes part in a summit meeting of EU heads of state and heads of government. 28 FI presidential office: Raffaele Fitto (the candidate who won the most votes for FI in the European elections) asks to discuss 12 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

primaries and reorganization. The discussion is postponed until after the second ballots. Grillo meets Nigel Farage, leader of the UK Independence Party, with a view to possibly forming a group in the European Parliament. 29 At the PD national executive, Renzi announces the deadlines for the reforms: 13 June for the reform of public administration, 10 June for the reform of competition. During the general assembly of Confindustria, President Squinzi calls on the government to “make the reforms: we need them to create jobs, incomes, and social cohesion.” 31 Annual report of the governor of the Banca d’Italia (BdI, Bank of Italy), Ignazio Visco: “The combined costs of the recession and of restrictive policies have been high.”

June

1 The long-awaited letter from Etihad Airways arrives, setting out the conditions for an agreement with Alitalia. As far as Maurizio Lupi, minister of infrastructure, is concerned, “this is an ideal partnership.” 2 The EU recommendations on the public accounts (“Italy must toughen up the balancing measures for 2014, given the gap vis- à-vis the rules on debt reduction”) are less harsh than had been feared. The government considers them a credit opening. The minister of economy and finances, Pier Carlo Padoan, states: “High debt, we knew that: let’s accelerate the reforms and the privatizations to get it down.” On his blog, Grillo floats the possibility that the PD won the European elections thanks to electoral fraud. 4 A wave of arrests for corruption and illicit financing concerning the MOSE project in Venice: the mayor, Giorgio Orsoni (PD), is among those arrested. An arrest warrant is requested for the ex- president of the Veneto region, Giancarlo Galan (FI). 5 At a press conference following the G7 summit, Renzi replies to questions about the Venice investigations: “If it were up to me, I would charge any politician under investigation for corruption with high treason.” 8 Second ballots: the M5S’s victory in Livorno makes the head- lines. The center-left wins in Bari, Bergamo, Modena, Pescara, and Pavia. The center-right takes Padua and Perugia. 11 The government is defeated in the Chamber on an amendment on the civil responsibility of judges. Renzi makes light of this, Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 13

announcing that the norm will be put right when it goes through the Senate. In the Senate’s Institutional Affairs Committee, the PD replaces Corradino Mineo (who was opposed to the government’s Senate reform plan) with Luigi Zanda. The second-in-command of the Financial Guard, Vito Bardi, is placed under investigation for corruption by the Naples public prosecutor’s office. 12 Thirteen PD senators suspend themselves following the decision to replace Mineo. The M5S chooses to join with Farage’s UKIP by means of an online referendum. 13 The government presents the decree law and the draft legislative decree for the reform of public administration. Renzi: “We shall take on 15,000 young people.” Orsoni resigns as mayor of Venice. 14 PD national assembly: Matteo Orfini is elected president. On the subject of the investigations into corruption, Renzi says: “If any of you has any information on the crimes, tell the magistrates all about it.” To those who had suspended themselves, he says: “We are not an anarchist movement.” 15 On his blog, Grillo recognizes that “Renzi has been legitimized by the popular vote,” and he opens a dialogue on the electoral law: “If Renzi thinks that the M5S law can form the basis for a discus- sion, he should give me a call.” 18 The EU starts a procedure taking Italy to book for the delays in payments from the Public Administration. Arguments between Padoan and EU Commissioner Antonio Tajani. Meeting between Renzi and Herman Van Rompuy, the presi- dent of the European Council: talks take place about the presi- dency of the European Commission. Split in Sinistra Ecologia e Libertà (SEL, Left Ecology and Freedom) after the “yes” vote for the decree law on IRPEF (per- sonal income tax). Gennaro Migliore, the head of the group in the Chamber, resigns. 19 Naples: during his testimony at the Lavitola bribery trial, Berlusconi once again attacks the magistracy (“out of control,” “irresponsible”). 20 The PD, LN, and FI sign an agreement on the reform of the Sen- ate. It is to be composed of 100 members—95 chosen by the regional councils (with 74 of them regional councilors and 21 mayors) and 5 appointed by the head of state)—with no vote of confidence. 14 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

21 Controversy over the reinstatement of parliamentary immunity included in the Senate reform under debate. Critical comments from the M5S. Pope’s visit to Calabria: “The Mafiosi are not in communion with God: they are excommunicated.” 22 Both the government and FI distance themselves from the immu- nity included in the Senate reform. Renzi: “The issue of immunity does not seem central to me.” 23 When asked by Renzi, Chancellor Angela Merkel indicates that there is openness to the idea of greater flexibility with regard to the European accounts. 24 Renzi presents the European Parliament with Italy’s program for its upcoming six-month presidency of the Council of the European Union. 25 Meeting between Renzi and an M5S delegation on the electoral law. Discussions take place on preferences and second ballots. 27 The Council of Europe (with 26 out of 28 votes in favor) elects Jean-Claude Juncker as the twelfth president of the European Commission. Renzi expresses satisfaction with the outcomes of the summit. 29 Berlusconi states that “the struggle for the civil rights of homo- sexuals is one that everyone should be involved with in a country that is truly modern.” 30 Thirty people die in a large boat full of migrants off the coast of Sicily. The government presents the 12 guiding principles behind its reform of the justice system.

July

1 Grillo speaks to the members of the group in the European Parlia- ment to which the M5S belongs (Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy) and demands that the EU stop giving financial sup- port to Italy: “It ends up in the hands of the Mafia.” Reform of the Senate: the immunity provision is passed by the Senate, sitting in committee, with the M5S and SEL voting against. In a letter to the M5S, Renzi asks to “find a solution to the immunity issue together, so that it does not become impunity.” 2 Renzi opens the EU presidency semester with a speech to the European Parliament (EP): “If Europe took a selfie today, it would have a tired, resigned look … All of Europe demands growth. Otherwise, we have no future.” Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 15

3 Meeting between Renzi and Berlusconi: the “Nazareno pact” on the reforms is confirmed. There are some in FI, however, who call for a Senate directly elected by the citizens. Jens Weidmann, president of the Bundesbank, criticizes Ren- zi’s speech in the EP: “Running up debts is not the premise for growth. The reforms must be done, not just announced.” 4 Criticism of the reforms under discussion are made by some in the PD. In an interview on Sky TG24, the PD’s ex-secretary, Pier Luigi Bersani, says that “the Italicum [the proposed reform of the electoral system] needs amending. Even a child can see that.” 6 A procession in Oppido Mamertina (Reggio Calabria) causes a outcry: the statue of the Madonna is made to bow in front of the home of a Mafia boss under house arrest. 7 The planned meeting between the PD and M5S on reforms is called off. The PD asks for a written response to its proposals. Grillo attacks through his blog: “Nowadays a democratic and transparent discussion is not .” But Luigi Di Maio (M5S) leaves the dia- logue open and responds to the PD’s 10 points (“The debate is still open, even though the PD does not behave in a serious manner”). 8 Vasco Errani (PD) resigns as president of the Emilia-Romagna region following his conviction by the Appeals Court (after he had been absolved in the Court of First Instance) and after receiving a sentence of one year for making an intentionally false statement. 10 The reform of the Senate is approved by the Constitutional Affairs Committee of the Senate: the draft now goes to the Chamber. Criticisms from the M5S and SEL. Discontent among some PD and FI members. The Council of Ministers gives the go-ahead to the draft legisla- tive decree on public employment. 12 The Alitalia-Etihad negotiations are close to completion. CISL and UIL agree to the government’s proposal, while CGIL suspends judgment for three days. 14 Renzi writes to the M5S: “Your position on immunity deserves to be taken very seriously. We are ready to discuss it.” Despite opposition from some Eastern countries, Renzi states: “We shall continue to give our full backing to Federica Mogheri- ni’s candidacy for the position of High Representative of the EU.” The president of Lombardy, (LN), is placed under investigation in connection with the hiring of two people for Expo 2015. 15 Berlusconi meets with the FI groups and defends the reforms: “By now, Renzi has enough votes to push them through on his own. If we should withdraw now, we would lose all influence.” 16 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

Renzi holds a meeting with the PD groups: “I am here to ask for your help. I call for your loyalty, not toward me but toward the country. I do not want to force my ideas on you, but we must act quickly.” 17 Meeting between the PD and the M5S on the reforms. Renzi: “The gap between your proposals and ours is not as wide as the Ama- zon. There’s just a little stream that I am not sure we shall be able to bridge.” 18 Rubygate: Berlusconi is acquitted by the Appeals Court. 21 The Chamber begins to examine the reform of the Senate. Almost 8,000 amendments are presented, especially by SEL and M5S. The head of the M5S group, Vito Petrocelli, says: “We shall put 100,000 stones over the train tracks of the reforms.” Responding to accu- sations of “authoritarianism,” Minister Boschi states: “It is a hal- lucination. There is nothing authoritarian about moving beyond a bicameral system, Title V, or the abolition of CNEL [National Council of Economics and Labor].” 22 During a ceremony held at the end of the parliamentary session, Napolitano intervenes on the reform process: “Let there be no talk of specters of traps and authoritarian machinations. The bicam- eral system with equality of powers is an Italian anomaly.” The Chamber votes for the arrest of Galan, who is charged with corruption in the MOSE investigation. 24 Protests from the M5S, SEL, and LN against the Senate’s decision to set time limits on the debate on constitutional reform. Voting is to take place by 8 August. The opposition members march to the Quirinal Palace, where they are received by the general secretary, Donato Marra. 25 The unions are split in the referendum on cuts to the cost of labor in Alitalia: fewer than 30 percent take part in the vote, failing to reach the quorum. For UIL, the contract is not enforceable. On Twitter, Grillo defines the reforms as a “coup d’état” behind which “Napolitano is the director.” 26 Berlusconi writes a letter to the NCD: “The time has come to resume our efforts to build … a common political platform.” Alfano responds: “We are disappointed to see there is one impor- tant point missing in that letter: a proposal on the electoral law.” 28 In a letter to the senators in the majority, Renzi sends indications that there could be openings on the electoral law: “The debate in the Senate will make it possible to tackle the issues that still need to be solved: preferences, thresholds, gender.” 29 The daily newspaper L’Unità, in serious financial trouble, sus- pends its publications. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 17

30 On Facebook, the spending review commissioner, Cottarelli, criti- cizes the “new uncovered expenditure” that would prevent future tax cuts. 31 Reforms: in a secret ballot, the government is defeated on an amendment handing powers to the Senate over some ethical mat- ters. Senate President Grasso is challenged over his management of the upper house. Scuffles during the sitting: one of the NCD members is injured.

August

1 Reforms: abandoned by the LN and the M5S, the lower house approves Article 2 of the Senate reform, which establishes its composition at 100 members. Renzi expresses his satisfaction. 4 Four government amendments to the decree on public administra- tion cause controversy. Among other things, the government does a U-turn on the “96 quota,” the rule that would have enabled 4,000 teachers “frozen out” of the Fornero reform to retire. 5 The Senate passes a vote of confidence on the public administra- tion decree. 6 Concern over ISTAT figures: GDP down in the second quarter (-0.2 percent). Summit between Renzi and Berlusconi on the electoral sys- tem: agreement on some modifications to the previously settled document. 8 The Senate reform is passed at its first reading in the upper house: 183 in favor, 0 against, 4 abstentions. Renzi and Berlusconi are both satisfied. Etihad and Alitalia sign an agreement: the company from the Emirates acquires 49 percent of the former state airline. 10 Alfano calls for a modification of Article 18 of the Workers’ Statute. 11 After days of arguments over some allegedly racist statements, Carlo Tavecchio is elected president of Federcalcio (the Italian Football Association). 12 Renzi intervenes in the debate on Article 18: “It is a symbol. There is no point in discussing whether or not to abolish it. The whole Workers’ Statute will change.” 18 The minister of justice, Andrea Orlando, sets out the main points in the reform of the justice system that the government is about to launch. 19 Via Twitter, Renzi denies that there are “secret plans” to fight the economic crisis: “The newspapers are full of secret government 18 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

plans. They are so secret that not even the government is familiar with them.” 20 Parliament approves sending arms to the Kurds to fight the Islamic State militants in Iraq. Renzi visits Iraq: “It is like Srebrenica here. This time we must react. I have come to tell you that you are not alone.” 25 The government issues a circular halving the union leave for public employees: 1,500 will go back to the administrations they came from. At a Communion and Liberation meeting, the minister of education, Stefania Giannini, announces the main points in the schools reform. 29 Council of Ministers: Renzi presents the reform of the justice system and announces “10 billion euros worth of works for 12 months” and simplified rules for tenders. He also denies that there are disagreements with some ministers, as has been reported in the press. The schools reform is postponed. 30 Mogherini is appointed High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

September

1 In a press conference, Renzi presents the “Thousand Days” pro- gram: “a list of dates that we have committed ourselves to.” 2 Letter from Napolitano to the presidents of the chambers, urging them to nominate members for the Consiglio Superiore della Mag- istratura (CSM, Higher Council of Magistrates) and for the Consti- tutional Court. These are “duties that can no longer be deferred.” 3 The minister of public administration, Marianna Madia, announces a continuation of the freeze on salaries for public sec- tor employees for 2015: “The resources are simply not there.” 4 After the extension of the freeze on contracts for public sector workers to 2015, the police unions issue a statement: “For the first time in the history of the Republic, we are forced to declare a general strike in view of the government’s complete refusal to listen to our demands.” 5 Renzi announces that he will not take part in the Ambrosetti Forum in Cernobbio, but instead will attend the opening of a bath- room fittings factory near Brescia: “I am going to places where firms invest.” 6 Storms cause serious damage in the Gargano area (Puglia). Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 19

7 Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne intervenes in the debate about Ferrari (“The objective is to win. And this has not happened since 2008”) and its leadership (“Nobody is indispensable”). At the national Festa dell’Unità in Bologna, Renzi signs the agreement with other European socialist leaders to change the EU. 8 Meeting between Renzi, Padoan, and Cottarelli, who presents his plan for cuts. 9 The ANM (National Magistrates Association) describes the justice reforms proposed by the government as “punitive and ineffective.” Two of the three candidates in the PD primaries in Emilia- Romagna, Matteo Richetti and Stefano Bonaccini, are placed under investigation for the misappropriation of public funds. Richetti withdraws. 10 Luca Cordero di Montezemolo steps down as president of Ferrari: Marchionne takes his place. Claudio Descalzi (CEO of ENI) is placed under investigation by the Milan public prosecutor’s office. He was allegedly involved in international corruption related to an oil deal in Nigeria. 11 The president of the Conference of the Regions, Sergio Chiam- parino (PD), takes a position on possible cuts to health provi- sion: “The government must not break a promise it made.” Other regional presidents say “no” to cuts. Response from the govern- ment: “Nobody wants to make cuts to health services, but nobody wants to see funds wasted.” 12 Continuing stalemate (after nine rounds of voting) in the choice of the two judges for the Constitutional Court. After the split in FI, Antonio Catricalà stands down as a candidate. Renzi comes to Descalzi’s defense: “I am pleased to have cho- sen him. I would do the same thing again tomorrow.” 13 The EU commissioner for economic affairs, Jyrki Katainen, urges Italy to “move to action” on the reforms. Renzi replies by asking the EU to invest the 300 billion euros they had promised. 14 The presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, Maroni and Luca Zaia, threaten to refuse to pay taxes as a protest if cuts should be made to health provision. 16 Renzi presents the “Thousand Days” program to Parliament (“the last chance to make up for lost time”). The alternative would be early elections (“We are not afraid of going to the voters”). Among the points that raised the most arguments was the pos- sibility of a decree on Article 18. 17 Stalemate in the election of judges for the Constitutional Court drags on. Napolitano criticizes the “unfounded preclusions” and the “sectarian claims” that brought this about. 20 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

18 Various PD figures express negative views on the government’s plans for labor reforms. One of these is the PD’s former secretary, Bersani, who calls the government’s intentions “surreal.” 19 After the criticisms of his plans for labor reforms (“He has the Thatcher model in mind”), Renzi responds tersely to CGIL: “You stand up for an ideology, not for the workers.” 20 Renzi criticizes one group within the PD: “Even in our own party there are those who want to take the opportunity to go back to the ideological battles and to bring the PD back down to 25 percent.” 21 Berlusconi gives a speech to the FI’s political training school. He is certain that the European Court of Justice will quash his convic- tion, and he states that “after 20 years, FI needs a shake-up.” 22 Napolitano intervenes in the debate on labor regulations: “We can- not remain prisoners of conservatisms, corporatisms, and injus- tices.” There need to be “brave new policies for employment.” 23 Parliament elects the last two members of the CSM, while voting continues to produce no results for the two judges for the Consti- tutional Court. Raffaele Bonanni announces his decision to leave his post as secretary of CISL six months earlier than expected. 24 Renzi is in the United States (where he meets Obama) but he continues to take part in the internal debate in his party on the amendment of Article 18 (“I will outline my ideas to executive, we will have a discussion, we will vote, and we will all work in the same way”). Seven amendments are presented by the minority, signed by 40 PD senators, proposing a wide-ranging modification of the labor regulations presented by the government. The mayor of Naples, Luigi De Magistris, is sentenced in a Court of First Instance to one year and three months imprison- ment for abuse of office relating to events that occurred during his time as magistrate. The opposition parties call for his resignation. 25 The Palermo Court of Assizes rules that Napolitano should be called as a witness in the trial on the state-Mafia negotiations. Renzi gives a speech to the General Assembly of the United Nations. 26 During a visit to Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in Detroit, Renzi receives the backing of Marchionne: “What we have in common is that we are not afraid … may God bless him.” 28 Renzi takes part in a television talk show, Che tempo che fa (RAI 3): “The left, which is attached to totems and to memories, is all right for our waxwork museums … Article 18 protects only some work- ers nowadays. The world of work has changed … let us get rid of all forms of precarious employment.” Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 21

PD primaries for the candidates in the Emilia-Romagna region: Bonaccini wins. Very low turnout (just over 50,000 voters). 29 PD executive: Renzi’s line is approved by a large majority (130 in favor, 11 abstentions, 20 against, among whom are Bersani and Massimo D’Alema). Meeting between CIGL, CISL, and UIL: for the time being, no agreement on joint demonstrations against the Jobs Act. 30 The CSM does not endorse the election of Teresa Bene, a “lay” person proposed by the PD, in view of her lack of the necessary qualifications.

October

1 As a result of the Severino law, De Magistris is suspended from his position of mayor of Naples. 2 Renzi meets the British prime minister, David Cameron, in London. Clash between Berlusconi and Fitto during the FI presidency committee. The leader interrupts Fitto (who wants to discuss the party’s strategy): “You are the son of an old Christian Democrat. We do not have room for these things here.” 3 Following the publication of economic figures that are worse than expected, the Council of Ministers approves the updated version of the 2014–2016 Economics and Finance Document. The struc- tural balancing of the budget slips to 2017. 4 At a Naples forum for small and medium-sized firms, Squinzi says that he is against Renzi’s proposal on severance pay being included in employees’ pay packets (“It will jeopardize the liquid- ity of small firms”). 5 PD primaries for the regional elections in Calabria: Mario Oliv- iero, a Bersani supporter, wins. 6 The government announces its decision to seek a vote of confi- dence on the labor reform. 7 The government meets the unions. CISL and UIL are open to dis- cussions, but CGIL is opposed to any modifications to Article 18. After the seventeenth round of voting fails to deliver a result on the choice of the judges for the Constitutional Court, Napolitano intervenes once more to say he is “saddened and concerned” about the “fragmentation and friction among the groups.” A circular sent by Alfano to provincial prefects causes a stir: he urges prefects not to register gay marriages conducted abroad. 8 The Senate passes a confidence motion with regard to the Jobs Act (165 in favor, 111 against, 2 abstentions). Unrest in the Chamber 22 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

caused by the M5S. The PD minority votes in favor but calls for the measure to be amended in the Chamber. CISL: Annamaria Furlan is the new secretary. 9 Rome: the M5S’s three-day assembly at the Circo Massimo starts. 10 Genoa: serious damage caused by flooding. 11 At the Rome assembly, Grillo attacks the government (“These scoundrels should be stopped by the army”) and announces the collection of signatures to leave the euro. 14 Further serious damage caused by bad weather. Some die in the low-lying Maremma area. 15 The government presents the stability law. Renzi defines the bud- get (36 billion euros) as “the largest tax cut in the history of the Republic.” Concern over stability in Greece causes huge falls in the stock exchange. Milan is down by 4.4 percent. The spread on bond yields between Germany and Italy returns to over 160. 16 Chiamparino strongly criticizes the budget: “The situation cannot continue without affecting health spending or without being bal- anced by bringing in new revenues.” Strong response from Renzi: “Reduce waste.” 18 In Rome, Marino registers the marriages of 16 homosexual couples that had been conducted abroad. The prefect of Rome, Giuseppe Pecoraro, comments: “These registrations should be canceled by Monday. Otherwise, the marriages will be annulled.” Napolitano chooses the two judges for the Constitutional Court to be nominated by the president and once more urges the cham- bers to elect the two judges to be nominated by Parliament. 19 On In Mezz’ora, Padoan estimates that the budget could create “800,000 jobs in three years.” Renzi: starting in 2015, 80 euros per month will be received by new mothers. Milan: successful demonstration by the LN against the influx of immigrants. 20 After expelling four militants who had heckled him during the assembly at the Circo Massimo, Grillo comments on migration policies: “The illegal immigrants should be sent home. There should be compulsory medical check-ups for those coming in.” PD executive: Renzi makes a surprise announcement on modi- fications to the Italicum: a premium for the winning party rather than for the coalition. The minority criticizes the running of the party: in Cuperlo’s opinion, Renzi is building “a parallel party” (“we are moving toward a confederation of factions”). Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 23

23 Arguments between Barroso and Renzi following the publication on the Ministry of Economy website of the letter from the Euro- pean Commission requesting clarification on the budget. Renzi: “Italy will be totally transparent.” Some of Berlusconi’s comments cause amazement: “yes” to civil unions (following the German model), “yes” to ius soli (citi- zenship based on birth on Italian territory), and openness to the idea of a premium for parties in the electoral reform. 25 Rome: more than a million people take part in the CGIL demon- stration against the Jobs Act (“We are even ready for a general strike”). Florence: the Leopolda, an annual meeting founded by Renzi, begins. The prime minister responds to CGIL: “We will hold talks, but it is not possible to think that a demonstration can block the country.” 26 “Stress test” on EU banks by the European Central Bank: Monte dei Paschi di Siena and Cassa di Risparmio di Genova both fail. Astonishment at Grillo’s comments in Palermo: “The Mafia has its own moral code.” 27 The skirmishes between CGIL and the government continue. Camusso defines her meeting with the executive on the stability law as “surreal.” Renzi responds: “The union does not negotiate with the government. Laws are made in Parliament.” Letter from Padoan to the EU announcing his intention to implement a bigger correction of the deficit than had initially been expected. Giuseppe Falcomatà (PD) wins the council elections in Reggio Calabria. 28 Napolitano appears as a witness in the trial on the state-Mafia negotiations. The investigation into Renato Schifani (NCD), the former Sen- ate president, concerning external support for the Mafia is shelved. Italy passes the EU examination: Katainen declares that none of the countries that had been asked to provide explanations show “particularly serious non-conformities.” After 20 rounds of voting without an outcome, Luciano Vio- lante withdraws his candidacy to become a judge in the Constitu- tional Court: “It is essential to stop the drifting that undermines the authority of the institutions.” 29 Controversy over the police charging into demonstrating workers at the AST steel plant in Terni. Maurizio Landini, the secretary of FIOM (Federation of Employees and Metalworkers), calls upon the government to apologize. 24 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

30 The Regional Administrative Court in Campania “provisionally” annuls the suspension of De Magistris and forwards the files to the Constitutional Court. 31 Paolo Gentiloni (PD) is appointed minister of foreign affairs to replace Mogherini.

November

3 The vice-director of the BdI, Luigi Federico Signorini, gives a posi- tive opinion to Parliament on the budget, but he expresses some doubts on the TFR (severance payment) in the pay packet. 4 Exchange of views between the EU Commission’s Juncker (“I am not the head of a band of bureaucrats”) and Renzi (“We shall no longer go to the EU cap in hand”). 5 The Chamber rejects a motion of no confidence in Alfano, tabled by the SEL and the M5S. 6 Silvana Sciarra, nominated by the PD and also supported by the M5S, is elected to the Constitutional Court. Alessio Zaccaria, nominated by the M5S, is elected to the CSM. 8 Members of the centri sociali (social centers) vandalize a car belonging to the LN’s secretary, , while he visits a Roma camp in Bologna. 9 The press confidently reports that Napolitano is to resign at the beginning of 2015. The Quirinal Palace issues a statement: “The decisions that he will consider it his duty to make remain the sole responsibility of the head of state.” 10 Meeting of the PD and the NCD, the parties forming the majority: agreement is reached on the electoral law. 11 FI: Berlusconi meets Fitto and, after months of skirmishes, reaches an agreement on the running of the party. Berlusconi is given a full mandate to negotiate on the reforms with Renzi. 12 Meeting between Renzi and Berlusconi: agreement on the elec- toral law, although the problems over the premium for lists or for parties and over the minimum threshold remain unresolved. Renzi says that “it went very well,” but at the PD executive the minority expresses dissatisfaction. 13 Rome: clashes between residents and immigrants in the Tor Sapi- enza district. Both the majority and the minority in the PD come to an agree- ment on the Jobs Act. For some forms of dismissal, there will once again be the possibility of reinstatement. The NCD opposes this. Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 25

14 “Social” strike organized by the unions and by students: demon- strations against the government’s policies take place in 25 cities. Clashes with the police in Milan and Padua. 15 Meeting of Area Moderata, a PD faction. Bersani makes a contro- versial statement: “The Nazareno pact is useful for Mediaset.” 17 The minister of infrastructure and transport, Graziano Delrio, visits the areas in the North-West hit by floods and promises: “No stability pact for the towns affected.” 18 Jobs Act: after a few days of wrangling, the majority reaches agreement on a government amendment to Article 18. 19 Controversy over the sentence handed down by the Court of Cas- sation, which, in the trial following the deaths caused by Eternit, the asbestos manufacturer, rules that the statute of limitations has expired and quashes the conviction definitively. The RAI’s Board of Governors decides—on a majority vote—to appeal against the 150 million euro cuts imposed by the govern- ment. One board member, Luisa Todini, resigns. UIL congress: the minister of labor, Giuliano Poletti, is repeat- edly jeered and whistled at. The FI’s Verdini is indicted on corruption charges. 23 Regional elections in Emilia-Romagna and in Calabria: Bonaccini and Oliviero of the center-left win. However, there was a very high level of abstentions: in Emilia- Romagna, the turnout was just 37.7 percent. 25 Jobs Act approved in the Chamber. Forty PD deputies do not cast their vote, while two, Pippo Civati and Luca Pastorino, vote against it. 26 FI president’s office: Fitto repeats his demand for primaries, speaking of “errors in the alliances and in the candidacies.” He calls for “all appointments to be canceled.” 27 More expulsions from the M5S. After a vote on the blog, deputies Massimo Artini and Paola Pinna, accused of not reporting their expenses, are shown the door. 28 Grillo says on his blog that he is “a bit tired.” He announces the formation of a coordinating committee made up of Alessandro Di Battista, Luigi Di Maio, Roberto Fico, Carla Ruocco, and Carlo Sibilia. 30 On In Mezz’ora, Renzi underlines the importance of the reforms (“Approving them is the only way to give some sense to the legis- lature”). He says that he is open to working with the M5S. PD primaries for the choice of candidates in the regional elec- tions: Alessandra Moretti wins in Veneto, while Michele Emiliano prevails in Puglia. 26 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

December

1 In an official communiqué, Napolitano, whose resignation has been speculated on and debated for days, states that it will be his deci- sion alone to choose the date when he will leave, and he points out that his decision should be “kept completely separate from the gov- ernment’s activities and from the execution of its legislative role.” PD executive meeting: Renzi asks for greater urgency for the electoral reform. 2 Rome: 37 arrests and a number of people placed under investiga- tion (including the ex-mayor Gianni Alemanno) in relation to an investigation into the running of tenders. The magistrates speak of “a fascist-Mafia nexus.” Renzi proposes that the Italicum should be approved with a clause guaranteeing that it comes into effect in 2016. 3 The M5S calls for the Rome council to be dissolved because of Mafia infiltration. After some of its members are caught up in the investigations on tenders, the Rome PD dismisses its leaders. Orfini is appointed commissioner. 5 Standard & Poor’s (S&P) downgrades Italy’s rating to BBB-. Berlusconi calls for the Rome council to be dissolved. 7 Parma’s mayor, Federico Pizzarotti (M5S), meets M5S members who are calling for Grillo to step back: “Grillo has done so much, but it is we who are the M5S.” 10 Reform of the Senate: the government is defeated in the Chamber committee on the rule concerning Life Senators—a result of the vote of some PD dissidents. 12 General strike declared by CGIL and UIL against the Jobs Act, the stability law, and the reform of public administration. Council of Ministers: the norms laying down harsher sentences for corruption crimes are presented. 13 Genoa: Grillo signs the petition for a referendum on an exit from the euro promoted by the M5S. 14 Berlusconi’s statement—that the Nazareno pact provides that the next president of the Republic should be chosen with FI’s agree- ment—causes a stir. The PD responds through its vice-secretary Serracchiani: “No, the choice of the head of state is not in the Nazareno pact.” PD assembly: heated discussions, but no split. 16 Napolitano states that the “hypothetical discussions” on early elections cause “serious damage” to the country. He underlines the urgency of “proceeding smoothly along the road of reforms.” Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014 27

Another member of the M5S leaves: the deputy Tommaso Currò announces that he will support the government in a vote. 18 Napolitano speaks of an “imminent conclusion to my presidential mandate.” 19 The LN secretary presents the party’s slogan, “Noi con Salvini” (We are with Salvini), which is to be used in the regions of the South. Protests from the opposition in the Senate over the delay in the government’s tabling of the maxi-amendment to the stability law on which the government seeks a confidence vote. 20 Nichi Vendola proposes , the former prime minister, as Napolitano’s successor. Renzi responds by saying that “putting names forward now means burning them.” The Senate passes the stability law. 21 Renzi (on Che tempo che fa) says that, in the election of the presi- dent of the Republic, “the aim is to create as broad an alliance as possible … Nobody has the right of veto, not even the PD.” Criticisms toward the ANM, which had questioned the norms on corruption: “They should issue sentences, not press releases.” 22 The Carabinieri arrest 14 people on suspicion of “involvement in a group with terrorist objectives and a threat to democratic order.” According to the charge, the aim of those arrested was to refound the far-right paramilitary organization Ordine Nuovo (New Order) and to organize various attacks on political leaders and institutions. Taking part in the CSM meeting, Napolitano criticizes the “improper behavior adopted by some public prosecutors taking the role of protagonists over a number of years.” 23 Sixty-two trains are blocked as a result of arson attacks on the high-speed rail line in Bologna. 24 The government appoints economist Tito Boeri as president of INPS. Protests from the unions over the government’s decision to apply the new norms on dismissals in the Jobs Act even to collec- tive dismissals. 27 Discussions in the majority on the Jobs Act: Poletti rejects the interpretation given by Pietro Ichino (SC), who says that the new norms also apply to public employees. 28 In an interview with the newspaper QN – Quotidiano Nazionale, Renzi intervenes in the dispute over state employees and the Jobs Act: “It will be Parliament, not the government, that will decide on the point raised by Ichino. Law-making works in both directions.” 29 End-of-year speech by the prime minister. On public employees, Renzi says: “We must allow the logic of ‘those who make mistakes 28 Chronology of Italian Political Events, 2014

must pay’ to prevail. Those who do not work will be dismissed.” On the end of the legislature, Renzi says that it will run its normal course: “It is always in my interests to try to call an election, but it is not in Italy’s interests.” 31 End-of-year speech by the president of the Republic: “I will hand in my resignation. I can no longer underestimate the signs of fatigue.” Napolitano urges all concerned to continue along the path of reforms, and he sends out a warning against “calls to go back to national currencies through the disintegration of the euro.”

— Translated by David Bull