46 Bab Iii Empat Partai Konservatif Di Eropa

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46 Bab Iii Empat Partai Konservatif Di Eropa BAB III EMPAT PARTAI KONSERVATIF DI EROPA Dengan adanya system pemerintahan yang demokrasi maka sangat perlu adanya kelompok yang terorganisir seperti partai politik guna mendukung proses perpolitikan demokrasi di negara tersebut. Partai politik pertama kali muncul disaat banyaknya negara yang menggunakan bentuk pemerintahan demokrasi serta didukung oleh perkembangan proses pemerintahan dengan sistem parlementer yang menggunakan metode pemilihan dalam menentukan orang yang akan menduduki kursi tertinggi didalam pemerintahan nanti. Disaat ini pula banyak muncul tokoh-tokoh politik yang lahir dengan ideologi-ideologi politik yang dipakai oleh partainya sehingga setiap partai yang ada di sebuah negara pastinya memiliki prinsip tersendiri yang menjadikannya berbeda dengan partai-partai lainnya. Begitu pula dengan para petinggi yang ada di dalam partai tentunya juga menggunakan prinsip yang ada di partainya sehingga banyak sekali tokoh- tokoh politik yang bersifat berlebihan dalam membuat kebijakan yang juga terkadang dinilai egois oleh warganya. Sebab hal utama yang menjadi tujuan partai politik dalam bersaing dalam perpolitikan ialah menerapkan apa yang menjadi prinsip dasar partainya dimana prinsip tersebut telah ada sejak partai tersebut tercipta. Dan prinsip itu juga merupakan gabungan gagasan dari setiap anggota partai tersebut. Terkadang banyak kebijakan yang diterapkan oleh para tokoh pemegang kursi dalam pemerintahan tidak sesuai dengan keinginan mayoritas masyarakatnya, hal itu disebabkan oleh adanya dorongan tokoh-tokoh elit partai yang memaksakan kehendak individu atau kelompoknya saja. Tokoh politik yang terpilih tersebut merupakan ujung tombak partai dalam 46 melaksanakan kepentingan-kepentingannya yang kebanyakan bersifat kepentingan kelompok saja. Terutama partai yang bersifat tradisional seperti partai-empat partai konservatif yang dinilai sangat mempertahankan prinsip tradisionalnya sebagai upaya dalam menjaga tradisi yang ada tanpa melihat proses globalisasi yang terjadi. A. Empat Partai Konservatif Di Eropa Dari berbagai macam partai politik yang ada di negara- negara di Uni Eropa terdapat beberapa kelompok partai yang dikelompokan menurut ideology politik yang mereka gunakan seperti Partai Front Nasional dari Perancis, Partai Kebebasan di Belanda, Partai Kebebasan di Italia, Partai Alternative for Germany (AfD), dan partai-empat partai konservatif lainnya yanga ada di negara anggota Uni Eropa. Dan dari beberapa partai tersebut sangatlah memiliki paham yang sangat tradisional karena bagi partai-partai tersebut banyaknya permasalahan yang terjadi di Uni Eropa tidak bukan berasal dari penyatuan negara dalam satu kesatuan Uni Eropa tersebut. Karena dalam Uni Eropa bagi empat partai konservatif merupakan pembatasan hak negara yang berdaulat dalam menentukan kebijakan dalam dan luar negerinya. 1. Partai Front Nasional Di Perancis Partai Front Nasional atau Barisan Nasional di perancis merupakan sebuah partai politik yang berideologi nasionalis dan konservatif secara social di Negara Perancis. Partai yang saat ini di pimpin oleh Marine Le Pen adalah seorang politikus Perancis yang telah terkemuka di kalangan masyarakat perancis. Dia adalah putri bungsu dari Jean-Marie Le Pen yang juga merupakan pendiri partai front nasional tersebut (Front National, 2017). Marine Le Pen adalah pengacara dari tahun 1992 sampai dengan tahun 1998, serta menjadi anggota Parlemen Eropa sejak tahun 2004, dan kemudian terpilih menjadi ketua Barisan Nasional sejak 16 Januari 2011. Partai Front Nasional telah berdiri sejak 5-Oktober-1972 dan 47 berkantor pusat di 76-78 rue des Suisses, 92000 Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine, partai tersebut juga beranggotakan sekitar 83.000 anggota di tahun 2016. Selain ideology nasionalis dan konservatif partai front nasional juga berideologikan souverainisme, populisme sayap kanan, Konservatisme nasional, Konservatisme social, Anti imigrasi, Anti-globalisme, Proteksionisme, Euroskeptisisme (Front National, 2017). Dari ideology tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa arah kebijakan-kebijakan dari partai front nasional lebih mengarah kepada kelompok sayap kanan yang bersifat tradisional dan selalu memegang teguh pemikiran-pemikiran lama yang telah ada sejak dulu (Davies, 1999). Adapun kebijakan-kebijakan utamanya meliputi proteksionisme ekonomi, pendekatan nol toleransi terhadap isu-isu hukum dan ketertiban, dan penolakan terhadap imigrasi. Sebagai partai euroskeptik, partai Front Nasional sangat menentang Uni Eropa semenjak pendirian organisasi internasional tersebut pada tahun 1993 disebabkan berbagai factor yang ada sejak terbentuknya Uni Eropa tersebut. Sebagian besar komentator politik menempatkan Front Nasional sebagai partai sayap kanan atau bahkan kanan jauh dalam segmentasi politik yang ada di Eropa, tetapi para perwakilan partai Front Nasional menolak dengan adanya klasifikasi ini dan mengusulkan cara lain dalam memandang politik kiri-kanan di Eropa. Partai yang didirikan pada tahun 1972 dengan tujuan menyatukan berbagai pergerakan nasionalis Perancis yang ada pada masa itu guna mempertahankan paham-paham konservatif yang ada. Jean- Marie Le Pen merupakan pendiri partai sekaligus ketua partai pertama yang menjadi tokoh utama dalam partai Front Nasional hingga ia mengundurkan diri pada tahun 2011 lalu. Kemudian Putrinya, Marine Le Pen, terpilih sebagai penggantinya di dalam partai Front Nasional. Meskipun partai ini pada sepuluh tahun pertamanya tidak signifikan didalam perpolitikan Eropa saat itu, namun semenjak tahun 1984 partai ini menjadi salah satu kekuatan utama di antara gerakan nasionalisme Perancis yang mengusung gerakan-gerakan nasionalisme di Perancis. 48 Pemilihan umum presiden Perancis 2002 merupakan pemilihan pertama di Perancis di mana kandidat dari Front Nasional maju ke babak kedua setelah Jean-Marie Le Pen mengalahkan kandidat dari Partai Sosialis di ronde pertama. Pada babak kedua, ia dikalahkan oleh Jacques Chirac. Akibat sistem pemilihan di Perancis yang unik, jumlah perwakilan partai ini di dewan-dewan publik cenderung terbatas meskipun memperoleh banyak suara. Walaupun ayahnya dijuluki "Setan Republik" oleh media, Marine Le Pen mencoba untuk melancarkan kebijakan "de- demonisasi" partai dengan tujuan untuk memperlembut citranya dalam perpolitikan Eropa. Ia mencoba menghilangkan berbagai perspektif tentang akar-akar kanan jauh dari partainya dan menormalisasinya dengan mengenalkan budaya pemerintahan yang dinilai cocok dalam perpolitikan di Eropa, mengeluarkan anggota-anggota kontroversial seperti ayahnya pada tahun 2015 sebagai pendukung terealisasinya tujuan tersebut ialah strategi Marine Le Pen untuk menarik suara-suara pendukung di Eropa. Setelah ia mengatakan bahwa bilik gas Nazi merupakan "detail sejarah Perang Dunia II" ia kemudian mendirikan Reli Biru, Putih dan Merah. Semenjak Marine terpilih sebagai ketua partai pada tahun 2011, popularitas Barisan Nasional melejit: partai ini memenangkan beberapa wilayah dalam pemilihan munisipal Perancis 2014; partai ini menjadi partai Perancis pertama di pemilihan Eropa 2014 dengan 25% suara; partai ini juga berhasil meraup persentase yang tinggi dalam pemilihan departemen Perancis 2015. Partai ini kemudian berhasil mencapai posisi pertama dalam pemilihan regional Perancis 2015 dengan persentase suara 28% yang merupakan pencapaian bersejarah bagi partai ini.Menurut prediksi survei-survei, Marine Le Pen akan memimpin perolehan suara dalam ronde pertama pemilihan presiden Perancis 2017. Pada tahun 2015, Barisan Nasional telah menjadi salah satu kekuatan politik terbesar di Perancis. 49 2. Partai Kebebasan Di Belanda (PVV) Partai untuk Kebebasan (Belanda: Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV) adalah sebuah partai nasionalis Belanda dan juga merupakan kelompok sayap kanan partai politik populis di Belanda. Didirikan pada tahun 2006 sebagai tujuan dalam meneruskan pesta kemenangan Geert Wilders yang sebelumnya merupakan kemenangan satu orang di parlemen, dan kemudian berhasil memenangkan sembilan kursi dalam pemilihan umum 2006 lalu sehingga menempatkan partai PVV menjadi partai kelima terbesar di parlemen saat itu. Dan dalam pemilihan umum tahun 2010 juga partai tersebut memenangkan 24 kursi, dan meningkat menjadi partai terbesar ketiga di parlemen. Pada waktu itu PVV sepakat untuk memberikan dukungan terhadap pemerintah minoritas yang dipimpin oleh Perdana Menteri Mark Rutte, padahal partai PVV sama sekali tidak menempatkan menteri di dalam cabinet PM Mark Rutte. Namun pada April 2012 PVV menarik dukungannya tersebut dikarenakan adanya perbedaan pandangan atas pemotongan anggaran di catshuis. Dan kemudian di tahun 2014 partai PVV mendapatkan 4 dari 26 kursi yang ada di parlemen Eropa. Selanjutnya pada tahun 2017 pemilu regional, Partai untuk Kebebasan memenangkan 20 kursi dalam pemilu tersebut yang sekaligus menjadikan PVV sebagai partai terbesar kedua di DPR Belanda. Partai PVV memberikan sikap yang kuat terhadap penahanan administrative dan asimilasi sikap pada integrasi imigran-imigran yang mulai masuk kedalam masyarakat Belanda , berbeda dengan Partai Rakyat untuk Kebebasan dan Demokrasi VVD yang tidak terlalu mempermasalahkan isu imigran di Belanda. Selain itu PVV juga secara konsisten telah ikut menjadi kelompok yang memandang Uni Eropa dalam perspektif Eurosceptic dan sejak awal juli tahun 2012 PVV sesuai dengan perspektifnya terhadap Uni Eropa sangat menganjurkan untuk melakukan penarikan dari Uni Eropa pada pemilu kedepannya. Partai untuk Kebebasan dapat dikatakan 50 sebagai sebuah asosiasi dengan Geert Wilders sebagai anggota sendirinya. Dan
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