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DEFENCE STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS the Official Journal of the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence Volume 8 | Spring 2020 DEFENCE STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS The official journal of the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence A Rose By Any Other Name?—Strategic Communications in Israel Shaping an Antarctic Identity in Argentina and Chile Disinformation’s Societal Impact: Britain, Covid, And Beyond Understanding Fake News: A Bibliographic Perspective Under The Security Umbrella: Japan’s Weak Storytelling to the World AI Ethics: A Strategic Communications Challenge Communicating Threat In An Era of Speed and Fetishised Technology ISSN: 2500-9486 DOI: 10.30966/2018.RIGA.8 Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 8 | Spring 2020 ISSN 2500-9478 1 DOI 10.30966/2018.RIGA.8 Defence Strategic Communications Editor-in-Chief Dr. Neville Bolt Managing Editor Linda Curika Editor Anna Reynolds Editorial Board Professor Nancy Snow Professor Nicholas O’Shaughnessy Professor Mervyn Frost Professor Žaneta Ozoliņa Professor Malik Dahlan Dr. Nerijus Maliukevicius Dr. Vinicius Mariano de Carvalho Mr James Farwell Defence Strategic Communications is an international peer-reviewed journal. The journal is a project of the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence (NATO StratCom COE). It is produced for scholars, policy makers, and practitioners around the world. © All rights reserved by the NATO StratCom COE. The journal and articles may not be copied, reproduced, distributed or publicly displayed without reference to the NATO StratCom COE. The views expressed here are solely those of the author in his private capacity and do not in any way represent the views of NATO StratCom COE. NATO StratCom COE does not take responsibility for the views of authors expressed in their articles. NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence Riga, Kalnciema iela 11b, Latvia LV1048 www.stratcomcoe.org Ph.: 0037167335463 [email protected] Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 8 | Spring 2020 2 ISSN 2500-9478 DOI 10.30966/2018.RIGA.8. Defence Strategic Communications Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 8 | Spring 2020 FOREWORD 3 Suspension of disbelief occurs when theatre audiences embrace the actors’ version of normality. Suspension of civil liberties happens when governments tell citizens their normality is at risk. Both require consensus, a collective will to buy into the story being told. But consensus conflates stories within stories, seducing us into a group understanding that blurs boundaries, that focuses on the moment. These have been troubling days for those engaged in strategic communications. The line between crisis communications and strategic communications has faded. The tactical has supplanted the strategic. Consequently, the short term task of securing people in danger stands increasingly at odds with retaining their compliance over the long term? Strategic communicators’ actions have spoken not simply to the health of families but to the well-being of the body politic. Politicians have addressed their populations with varying degrees of inclusion – a ‘need to know’ policy betrays precisely the kind of distrust of their citizens that governments have so feared from them. So it has often been left for individuals to explore the thoughts and feelings of their fellows and speak truth unto power. Many governments have held fast to ‘the science’ afraid to acknowledge that critical voices in the scientific community are what makes for good science. First lesson: drop the definite article – there is no ‘the science’, only science. Scholarship is founded on open conversation and peer review. Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 8 | Spring 2020 4 Lockdown in the Time of Covid has led us to reflect, to read, then to reflect some more. As we have searched for precedents in literature, partly seeking parallels, partly reassurance or comfort, to see how others endured suffering and how events transpired, we have consumed a mixed fayre of fact and fiction. From the detail of how historically populations have been slow to respond to the anticipated approach of epidemics, and governments even slower, the ups and downs of quarantining, misery, and societal recovery seem all too familiar. Not surprising perhaps that in Japan, Albert Camus’s novel The Plague (La Peste) published in 1947 is reported to have sold 150,000 copies recently. While Camus was more concerned with the spread of the brown plague, fascism, his metaphor nevertheless captures in graphic detail how the inhabitants of Oran, in coastal Algeria, endured the suffering of months of quarantine. Earlier writers have been able to supply, if not solace, then a companionship in our isolation. Sophocles set his Oedipal tragedy against a backdrop of pestilence in Thebes. Daniel Defoe’s Diary of the Plague Year and Samuel Pepys’s Diaries offer a sense of what it was like to live and die during the Great Plague of the 1660s in England. While the Spanish Flu pandemic further darkened the close of the Great War, casting a shadow across the pages of the novelist Virginia Woolf. Most recently, Fang Fang’s Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City, first posted on the WeChat and Weibo social media platforms, brings an eye- witness account to contemporary suffering in the place where the Covid-19 virus originated in November 2019.1 Where this introspection becomes more than contemplative – something beyond the maudlin, even beyond shock and anger – is where writers have speculated on what comes next. To what extent the aftermath of the global shutdown could presage a new order for economics or governance is of prime importance for both strategists and practitioners of strategic communications charged with shaping a ‘new world’. Margaret MacMillan, an Oxford historian, observes: ‘…the coronavirus forces questions about what sort of future we want, what the proper role of government is and what makes a healthy society. We face a choice: to build better ways of dealing domestically and internationally with this challenge (and prepare for inevitable future ones) or let our world become meaner and more selfish, divided and suspicious.’2 1 Fang Fang, Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City: (HarperCollins, 2020) 2 The Economist, 9 May 2020 Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 8 | Spring 2020 Woven into this choice is a tension that permeates today’s geopolitics and 5 consequently strategic communications that will shape future discourses. At a time when being unprepared for the arrival of the virus in our countries has forced us to question the wisdom of relying on attenuated supply chains across the world, renewed anti-globalisation sentiment could lead to a surge in political nationalism and calls for economic protectionism and tariffs. Pulling against that is an appeal for scientists and pharmaceutical companies to pool resources in a global effort to find a vaccine for Covid-19 – an internationalist, even communitarian theme that has been echoed by numerous countries with the exception of the USA and China. How likely is it that governments with Big Pharma companies and populous domestic markets for vaccine and prophylactics will choose not to prioritise their domestic consumers? Will ‘made here’ become ‘vaccinate here…first’? This pull and push between nationalistic self-reliance and caring-sharing internationalism can be read in other ways too. When even conservative governments have furloughed vast numbers of their population’s workforce onto the public payroll, such emergency measures have been wrapped in the cloak of crisis communications. Whether born of accident or design, the revival of social democracy or even of a new social awareness has yet to materialise in concrete proposals. The responses to the crisis that we have witnessed may yet mark a revival in socialist politics, particularly among the young. More likely, this crisis will point to the adaptive nature of capitalism and its ability to roll with the punches as they rain in on the body politic. The eminent historian Barbara Tuchman published A Distant Mirror over forty years ago. With a rigorous attention to archival detail, she captures the course of the Black Death, the bubonic plague of the 14th century. According to contemporary chroniclers, it accounted for deaths in one third of Europe’s population, albeit such estimates could not be verified. The virus had been carried from China across land and sea and transmitted by fleas living on rats. The cause in those days, however, was widely attributed to miasma, the stench of foul air. Beyond the horrors of Tuchman’s account, she too opens peoples’ minds to a questioning that with the benefit of hindsight we can see contributed to a rearrangement of the social order. Tuchman notes: ‘Survivors of the plague, finding themselves neither destroyed nor improved, could discover no Divine purpose in the pain they had suffered. God’s purposes were usually mysterious, but this scourge had been too terrible to be accepted without questioning… Defence Strategic Communications | Volume 8 | Spring 2020 6 Minds that opened to admit these questions could never again be shut. Once people envisioned the possibility of change in a fixed order, the end of an age of submission came in sight; the turn to individual conscience lay ahead.’ And she goes onto suggest, ‘To that extent the Black Death may have been the unrecognised beginning of modern man.’3 As populations lay dying, the Enlightenment was being conceived, at least in some small part. For sure, the economics of labour were affected through a shortage of people to work the countryside, and
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