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Dispute Between Argentina and Chile Concerning the Beagle Channel

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Dispute Between Argentina and Chile Concerning the Beagle Channel REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel 18 February 1977 VOLUME XXI pp.53-264 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 PART II Case concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel Affaire concernant un litige entre la République argentine et la République du Chili relatif au canal de Beagle CASE CONCERNING A DISPUTE BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND CHILE CONCERNING THE BEAGLE CHANNEL [Editorial note A dispute having arisen between Argentina and Chile concerning the territorial and maritime boundaries between them and the title to certain islands, islets and rocks near the extreme end of the South American continent (the region of the eastern Beagle Channel), an Arbi- tration Tribunal was established pursuant to a compromise signed on 22 July 1971 (see p. 64 below). On 18 February 1977, the Tribunal ren- dered its award (see p. 77 below). In an exchange of diplomatic notes dated 25 and 26 January 1978 (see p. 226 below), Argentina declared the award insuperably null and void in accordance with international law and Chile rejected this "decla- ration of invalidity". On 20 February 1978, Argentina and Chile signed an agreement in Puerto Montt, Chile, to resolve through negotiations issues pertaining to the relations between the two countries, particularly those stemming from the situation in the southern region (see p. 237 below). On 8 Janu- ary 1979, the two States signed the Act of Montevideo by which they requested the Holy See to act as a mediator with regard to their dispute over the southern region (see p. 240 below). On 12 December 1980, the Holy See delivered a papal proposal for the solution of the dispute in the southern region to the two States (see p. 243 below). On 23 January 1984, the two States signed a joint declara- tion of peace and friendship, reaffirming their will to achieve a settle- ment to the dispute submitted to the mediation of His Holiness, Pope John Paul II, without delay (see p. 249 below). On 29 November 1984 Argentina and Chile signed a treaty of peace and friendship which, "taking especially into account the Proposal of the Mediator, sugges- tions and advise", defined the boundary between the respective sover- eignties over the sea, seabed and subsoil of the two countries in the sea oí the southern zone (see p. 250 below).] 55 AFFAIRE CONCERNANT UN LITIGE ENTRE LA RÉPUBLIQUE ARGENTINE ET LA RÉPUBLIQUE DU CHILI RELATIF AU CANAL DE BEAGLE [Note de l'éditeur Un différend ayant surgi entre l'Argentine et le Chili à propos des frontières terrestres et maritimes entre les deux pays et de la revendica- tion de certains îles, îlots et rochers situés à l'extrémité du continent sud-américain (la région orientale du canal de Beagle), une cour d'arbi- trage a été instituée en vertu d'un compromis signé le 22 juillet 1971 (voir ci-après p. 64). Le 18 février 1977, la cour a rendu sa sentence (voir ci-après p. 77). Dans un échange de notes diplomatiques datées des 25 et 26 janvier 1978 (voir ci-après p. 226), l'Argentine a déclaré la sentence nulle et non avenue au regard du droit international. Le Chili a rejeté cette "déclara- tion de nullité". Le 20 février 1978, l'Argentine et le Chili ont signé à Puerto Montt (Chili) un accord en vue de régler par voie de négociations, les ques- tions ayant trait aux relations entre les deux pays, notamment celles découlant de la situation dans la région australe (voir ci-après p. 237). Le 8 janvier 1979, les deux Etats ont signé l'acte de Montevideo par lequel ils ont prié le Saint-Siège d'intervenir en médiateur dans le différend dont la région australe faisait l'objet (voir ci-après p. 240). Le 12 décembre 1980, le Saint-Siège a saisi les deux Etats d'une proposition de règlement du différend dans la région australe, émanant du Pape (voir ci-après p. 243). Le 23 janvier 1984, les deux Etats ont signé une déclaration de paix et d'amitié conjointe réaffirmant leur volonté de régler rapidement le différend soumis à la médiation de S. S. le pape Jean-Paul II (voir ci-après p. 249). Le 29 novembre 1984, l'Argentine et le Chili ont signé un traité de paix et d'amitié qui, "tenant compte en particulier de la Proposition du médiateur, des suggestions et conseils", a défini les domaines de souveraineté respectifs des deux Etats sur la mer, les fonds marins et le sous-sol dans l'espace maritime de la zone australe (voir ci-après p. 250).] 56 I BEAGLE CHANNEL ARBITRATION BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA AND THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE REPORT AND DECISION OF THE COURT OF ARBITRATION 18 February 1977 ARBITRAGE CONCERNANT LE CANAL DE BEAGLE ENTRE LA RÉPUBLIQUE ARGENTINE ET LE CHILI RAPPORT ET DÉCISION DE LA COUR D'ARBITRAGE 18 février 1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART i: REPORT Section A. PERSONNEL OF THE CASE B. STEPS PRECEDING THE REFERENCE TO ARBITRATION C. TEXT OF THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT OR COMPROMISO D. SUMMARY OF THE PROCEEDINGS Preliminary steps and written proceedings Visit to the disputed region The oral proceedings E. FORMAL SUBMISSIONS OF THE PARTIES F. THE COURT'S DELIBERATION PART II : DECISION 1. Main Heads I. SCOPE AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE DISPUTE AND TASK OF THE COURT II. PRELIMINARY HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS III. THE BOUNDARY TREATY OF 1881 IV. CONFIRMATORY OR CORROBORATIVE INCIDENTS AND MATERIAL V. DISPOSITIF OF THE DECISION 57 58 ARGENTINA/CHILE 2. Detailed Headings Section Paragraphs I. SCOPE AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE DISPUTE AND TASK OF THE COURT.... 1-8 ' Text of Parties' requests for decision 2 II. PRELIMINARY HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9-14 "Uti possidetis" 9-11 "Oceanic" principle 11 III. THE BOUNDARY TREATY OF 1881 15-111 A. Preliminary matters 15-23 (1) General considerations 15-17 Text of Treaty 15 (2) The title of the Treaty 18 (3) The Preamble 19-23 B. The territorial provisions (Articles I-III) 24-111 (1) General structure of the territorial settlement 24-25 Text of the 1876 "Bases" 25 (2) Patagonia and the nature of the compromise (Articles I and II) 26-31 (3) The Magellanic area and Chile's attribution under Article II... 32-49 (4) The Isla Grande clause of Article III 50 & 51 (5) The "Islands clause" of Article III 52-102 (i) Preliminary questions 52-54 (ii) Analysis of the Argentine attribution under the "Islands clause" of Article III—Contentions of the Parties 55-79 Meaning of "Tierra del Fuego" 56 & 57 Meaning of "Patagonia" 58 The expressions "... to the east of..." and "... to the east of the eastern coasts of..." 59-63 The archipelago 60 (1) Cape Horn 60 (2) "que haya" 61 (1) "las demás islas" 61 (2) & (3) The "Atlantic principie" 62 Cape Horn again 62 (b) & (c) The allegedly unallocated western islands 63 (iii) The Court's view of the Argentine attribution 64-66 General impressions of the Parties' contentions 64 & 65 Tierra del Fuego 65 (a) Patagonia 65 (b) "Coasts" 65 (c) "las demás islas que haya" 65 (d) "sobre el Atlántico" 65 (e) & (f) Weaknesses of the Argentine interpretation 66 (opening) Weaknesses of the Chilean interpretation 66 (1) (opening) The "Atlantic" principle 66 (2) Contemporary or subsequent official statements and declarations 66 (3) CASE CONCERNING THE BEAGLE CHANNEL 59 Section Paragraphs (iv) The "Voiderrama"proposal 67-72 (v) The Protocol of 1893 73-78 (vi) Conclusion regarding the Argentine attribution 79 (vii) The Chilean attribution under the "Islands clause"— Preliminary points 80-83 (viii) The same—Geography of the two arms of the Beagle Channel 84-86 (ix) The same—Which arm of the Channel is the "Treaty" arm? 87-91 Obstacles to interpretation 87-88 Some other sources of information 89 The data available to the negotiators 90 (x) Factors pointing to a particular arm as being the "Treaty" arm 92-98 Three pointers to a conclusion 92-97 Refutation of possible objections 98 (xi) Conclusion on the Chilean attribution south of the Beagle Channel 99 (xii) The western islands 100-102 (6) The small islands within the Channel and the tracing of the boundary-line on a chart 103-110 (7) The unresolved question of the Chilean allocation under Arti- cle II of the 1881 Treaty Ill IV. CONFIRMATORY OR CORROBORATIVE INCIDENTS AND MATERIAL 112-175 1. The immediate post-Treaty period 113-135 (a) Argentine acts 113-128 (i) Señor Irigoyen 's speech of August/September 1881 113-116 The Atlantic coasts and Cape Horn 114-115 Tierra del Fuego 116 (ii) The "Apuntes" of October 1881 117 (iii) Señor Garcia and British Admiralty Chart No. 786 118-121 (iv) The "Irigoyen" map 122-125 (v) The 1882 "Latzina" map 126-128 (6) Chilean acts in the immediate post-Treaty period 129-135 (i) Señor Valderrama 's speech of September 1881 130 (ii) The Chilean Hydrographie Notice, No. 35/223, and "Chile's 1881 Authoritative Map" 131-135 2. The cartography of the case 136-163 (a) Relevance of cartography as such 137 (b) The Argentine attitude regarding the cartography of the case 138-141 Non-official cartography 139 Official and semi-official cartography 140 & 141 (c) Applicable principles of evaluation 142-143 (i) Provenance and indications—(a) Maps emanating from the Parties themselves 142 (1) (ii) The same—(b) Maps produced in third countries 142 (2) 60 ARGENTINA/CHILE Section Paragraphs (iii) The temporal or chronological factor 142 (3) (d) Some general facts 144-145 (e) Temporal considerations—the "time-frame" 146-161 (i) In general 146-147 (ii) The 1881-1887/8 period 148-150 The "Paz Soldán" maps 149 (iii) The post 1881-1887/8 period 151-152 (iv) The same—The "Pelliza" map 153-155 (v) The Argentine change of policy in 1889 and the Decrees of 1891 and 1893 156-161 The later "Latzina" maps 157 The "Moreno" maps 158 The "Hoskold" maps 159 The 1903 Delachaux map 160 The "third-country" maps 161 {f) Conclusion or cartography 162-163 3.
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