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ITALY in ANTARCTICA Coring through sea-ice: a preliminary survey. ITALY IN ANTARCTICA 6 WHY ANTARCTICA? 8 ITALY AND ANTARCTICA BEFORE PNRA 10 THE ITALIAN NATIONAL PROGRAMME 12 THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK 14 ANTARCTICA AND THE WORLD 16 THIRTY YEARS OF COMMITMENT 28 MARIO ZUCCHELLI SCIENTIFIC STATION 30 CONCORDIA SCIENTIFIC STATION 34 VESSELS AND AIRCRAFTS 38 THE YEARS TO COME A small iceberg is visiting Mario Zucchelli Station. Foreword Italy has been present in Antarctica with a governmental scientific programme since 1985. Until 1985 Italian scientists, alpine guides and other adventurous spirits went to the continent mostly as members of other national expeditions. After 1985 however, and during the following thirty years, the Italian national programme PNRA (Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide) has promoted a large scientific commitment, by organizing yearly expeditions and built two stations, the first on the coast of the Ross Sea, the second – jointly with France – on the East Antarctic ice plateau. The purpose of the present publication is to stress, firstly, the global values of Antarctica, and secondly to document the activities of the Italian expeditions. Focussing on the close relationship established between Italy and Antarctica in these exciting years, whilst not forgetting our past and glimpsing into the future. It is our hope that these pages may stimulate the readers to acquire more knowledge on the continent and may help them to perceive the spirit of collaboration that enlivens the parties of all Countries working in Antarctica or on Antarctic matters. This spirit makes this continent a unique land not only from the geographical but also human point of view. WHY ANTARCTICA? Man has always been attracted by the polar re- Stations may also turn an Antarctic expedition grammes. SCAR, the Scientific Committee on gion. Although such an interest should firstly into an efficient training field for space mis- Antarctic Research, ICSU, the International be attributed to our inborn curiosity, there are sions. Council of Scientific Unions, and other inter- also scientific, economic, strategic and political national organisations promote interdiscipli- reasons. In these few pages we will not even attempt nary research programmes, envisaging co-op- to list all the scientific reasons for Antarctica’s eration for global scale problems: Antarctica is the continent that less than the enormous importance. What’s more, they are IGBP, International Geosphere-Biosphere others has been explored. already well known. Programme WCRP, World Climate Research However, by simply going through the activi- Programme JGOFS, Joint Global Ocean Flux Because of its geographical position and physi- ties performed by the Italian expeditions in Study SCOR, Scientific Committee on Oceanic cal characteristics it is home to a unique flora Antarctica, its scientific goals as well as the Research. and fauna, whose study enlightens the complex demands on logistics, the reason for electing relationship between living organisms and the the continent the largest natural laboratory on SCAR initiatives and programmes aim at prob- environment. earth will eventually ensue. lems connected to Antarctica. A tremendous Due to the distance from the main sources of range of scientific fields is covered. They range pollution and the almost total absence of an- Valuable results have been already collected by from geology to biology, from geographic in- thropic disturbance, Antarctica provides us the Italian scientist. formation to space physics. with the opportunity to obtain some global However for many schoolboys and laymen in Among European co-operation programmes knowledge of the planet from a remote obser- Italy the far-away Antarctica is still a novelty. In where Italy is involved, at least two deserve to vation point. this context, the Italian National Antarctic Re- be mentioned here: EPICA and EUROMET. The ice of Antarctica contains the record of search Programme (PNRA) has become since Interdisciplinary studies aiming at the chrono- water precipitation over the last hundreds of 1985 an opportunity for the development of an logical reconstruction of Earth’s climate, are thousands of years, thus providing an insight Antarctic culture. carried out within EPICA, the European Pro- on past climate. The Antarctic values have also driven scientists gramme for Ice Coring in Antarctica which Furthermore, due to its location with respect to to get acquainted with specific problems and finds an Arctic equivalent in GRIP, the Green- the geomagnetic field, Antarctica (as well as the most advanced technologies; last but not least, land Ice Core Project. EUROMET, the Meteor- Arctic region) enables us to study phenomena to interface with the large spectrum of interna- ites European Programme, was instituted with ensuing the interactions between the Sun and tional research in progress in Antarctica now the purpose of collecting, analysing and clas- the Earth. and for the years to come. sifying meteorites. The transparency of the atmosphere makes it Three more international programmes re- ideal for astronomic observation, consequently Antarctica is the region on Earth where the cently concluded, APE, Cape Roberts Project, for cosmological research. countries respond more freely to the sugges- ANDRILL, are also mentioned in the following The harsh conditions and isolation of some tions and needs for common research pro- pages. 6 Long term research of marine biology in the Ross Sea have confirmed that krill is abundant here. ITALY AND ANTARCTICA BEFORE PNRA During the 19th century the main world powers, Pierre Dayné, an alpine guide from the Aosta Between the sixties and the beginning of the mostly European, such as the Great Britain, Valley, was probably the first Italian to over seventies he carried out two voyages from Italy France, and Belgium, carried out a major winter in Antarctica. He was part of the 1903- to the Antarctic Peninsula on board of a felucca policy of exploration and colonial expansion 05 Charcot expedition. of which he was designer, owner and master. aimed at securing raw materials, new markets Luigi Bernacchi was not exactly an Italian That was the first time that a vessel flying the and overseas outposts. citizen but a Tasmanian with Italian origin, he Italian flag sailed in Antarctic waters. The coasts of Antarctica, scarcely known, were spent the polar night of 1900 as a scientist on All the isolated events above show that some not exempt from such interest, thanks also to the Borchgrevink expedition. sensitivity for the extreme south was slowly progress in vessel design and navigation. The It was during the fifties of the 20th century that maturing in Italy, resulting in the first official tsar of Russia and the king of Norway sent an Italian cinematographic mission worked expeditions. geographical expeditions while whalers and at the Chilean stations; the film director was The National Council of Research (CNR) sealers from South America and USA visited Arturo Gemmiti. organized three missions. The missions, frequently those waters for exploitation. During the International Geophysical Year although limited in resources and time, Italy was at that time still looking for its identity (1957), Lieutenant Franco Faggioni carried were decisive in promoting the following undergoing national unification, so none of out seismic measurements at Scott Base. In commitment of the government to what the Italian States had enough interest in those those same years Silvio Zavatti, an enthusiastic should eventually become the PNRA, in the remote lands to send a mission of its own. scholar of the Arctic and Antarctic, tried to eighties. The CNR’s missions had to rely on the However, unquestionable cultural roots made organize a national polar expedition. The NZ Antarctic Division for support. All of them sure that Italian geographers and cartographers time wasn’t ripe, but however he succeeded in took place in Victoria Land (1968-69, 1972-73, stayed in touch at international congresses or visiting Bouvet Island. The Zavatti foundation 1975-76). by mail with their colleagues abroad. In this is still active in collecting documents of polar In the austral summer of 1975-76 an way, they worked on that continent for the interest. entrepreneur based in Milan, Renato Cépparo, benefit of a limited, select public. It was at the beginning of the sixties when a devised and organized an expedition of its The first translation of the Cook’s diaries small team of personnel from ENEA and the own, privately funded and fully self-sufficient, dates back to 1830, while the “Carta generale CNR joined a Belgian expedition for ice coring with the aim of carrying out scientific dell’Antartide”, which is the first Italian map in Queen Maud Land. measurements and leaving a permanent of the continent, was drawn by B. Marzolla in In 1962 the geologist and mountaineer refuge on the Antarctic Peninsula. Fifteen men 1842. Ardito Desio visited the Dry Valleys and the were put ashore by a 900 tons displacement Italians took part in other Countries Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Norwegian vessel at King George Island where expeditions as members, or alternatively The mountaineer Carlo Mauri visited the Dry they built the station. The station however looked for a support abroad. Valleys (1967) as well as a guest of the NZ didn’t last for long because soon after, it was Giacomo Bove at the end of the 19th century expedition. destroyed, apparently by some Argentineans didn’t gain any support at home and so carried A completely independent venture was who didn’t welcome such a facility in an area out an expedition to the sub Antarctic islands conceived by an enterprising officer of the claimed by their homeland. The area still keeps on behalf of Argentina. merchant navy, Giovanni Ajmone Cat. the name Italia Valley. 8 In questa cartina le antiche isole Maluine - dai primi colonizzatori, marinai di Saint Malo - sono chiamate isole Falkland in quanto di fatto sono parte del Regno Unito.
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