Background to the ANDRILL Mcmurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) and Initial Science Volume

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ANDRILL Research and Publications Antarctic Drilling Program

2007

Background to the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) and Initial Science Volume

T. R. Naish Victoria University of Wellington, [email protected]

R. D. Powell Northern Illinois University, [email protected]

R. H. Levy University of Nebraska–Lincoln, [email protected]

ANDRILL-MIS Science Team

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Naish, T. R.; Powell, R. D.; Levy, R. H.; and ANDRILL-MIS Science Team, "Background to the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) and Initial Science Volume" (2007). ANDRILL Research and Publications. 29. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/andrillrespub/29

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Antarctic Drilling Program at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in ANDRILL Research and Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Terra Antartica 2007, 14(3), 121-130

Background to the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) and Initial Science Volume

T. N AISH1,2*, R. POWELL3, R. LEVY4 & THE ANDRILL-MIS SCIENCE TEAM5

1Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington - New Zealand 2Geological and Nuclear (GNS) Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt - New Zealand 3Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115-2854 - USA 4ANDRILL Science Management Ofﬁ ce, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0341 - USA 5 http://www.andrill.org/support/references/appendixc.html *Corresponding author ([email protected])

INTRODUCTION TO THE VOLUME (Horgan et al. 2005; Naish et al. 2006; Fig. 2). Between 29 October and 26 December 2006 a The aim of the McMurdo Ice Shelf (MIS) Project single 1 285 m-deep, drill core (AND-1B) was recovered was to obtain a continuous sediment core through from the bathymetric and depocentral axis of the moat approximately ~1 200 metres (m) of Neogene (~0-10 in 943 m of water from an ice- shelf platform. The Ma) glacimarine, terrigenous, volcanic, and biogenic drilling technology employed a sea-riser system in a sediment that has accumulated in the Windless similar fashion to the Cape Roberts Project (CRP), as Bight region of the McMurdo Ice Shelf (Fig. 1). The well as a combination of soft sediment coring (in upper present-day MIS forms the northwest part of Ross soft sediments) and continuous wireline diamond-bit Ice Shelf where it has been pinned by Ross Island coring. Innovative new technology, in the form of a for the last ~10 k.y., and is nourished by ice sourced hot-water drill and over-reamer, was used to make from East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) outlet glaciers an access hole through 85 m of ice and to keep the in the southern Transantarctic Mountains (TAM). The riser free during drilling operations. drill site was situated above a ﬂ exural moat basin The MIS Project has two key scientific adjacent to Ross Island that formed in response to objectives: Quaternary volcanic loading of the crust by Ross • Provide new knowledge on the Late Neogene Island, superimposed on more regional subsidence behaviour and variability of the Ross Ice Shelf/Ice associated with Neogene extension of the Terror Rift Sheet (RIS) and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Fig. 1 – Location of key geographical, geological and tectonic features in Southern McMurdo Sound. Volcanic centres of the Erebus Volcanic Province include Mt Erebus (E), Mt Terror (T), Mt Bird (B), White Island (W), Black island (B), Mt Discovery (D), Mt Morning (M) and Minna Bluff (MB). Location of cross-section A-A (Fig. 4) is shown. Boundary faults of the southern extension of Terror Rift are also shown. Together with the location of the MIS (AND-1B) drill site and the location of the proposed drill site for the Southern McMurdo Sound (SMS) Project to be drilled in late 2007.

Fig. 2 – (A) General location of McMurdo Sound in western Ross Sea adjacent to the north western corner of the Ross Ice Shelf and the Transantarctic Mountains. Inset (B) shows the regional tectonic setting.

(WAIS), and their infl uence on global climate, sea Finally, we offer some initial syntheses and areas of level, and ocean circulation. further investigation. • Provide new knowledge on the Neogene tectonic evolution of the West Antarctic Rift System (WAR), Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), and associated TECTONIC AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING volcanism. A key outcome of the project will be to provide Ross Island lies at the southern end of the age control for, and determine the environmental Victoria Land Basin (VLB), a structural half-graben, signifi cance of, seismic refl ectors that have been approximately 350 km long, hinged on its western mapped regionally within the Victoria Land Basin (VLB) side at the Transantarctic Mountain (TAM) front (Henrys et al. this volume; Fielding et al. in press; (Fig. 2). Major rifting in the VLB has occurred since Wilson et al. in press) in order to assess the regional the latest Eocene, perhaps having been initiated in impact of global climatic and local tectonic events. the Cretaceous, and has accommodated up to 10 A second key outcome of the project will be to use km of sediment (e.g. Cooper & Davey, 1985). Late palaeoclimatic proxies and boundary conditions to help Cenozoic extension in the VLB is associated with constrain numerical global climate and dynamical ice alkalic igneous intrusions and extrusive volcanisms sheet models. The specifi c climatic, environmental, (e.g. Beaufort Island and Ross Island) and has led and tectonic aims and objectives of the MIS Project to the development of the Terror Rift (Cooper et al. are outlined in the Scientifi c Logistics Implementation 1987). Plan for the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project Ross Island itself is likely associated with the latest (SLIP; Naish et al. 2006). phase of rifting. The complex comprises the central This volume presents the initial science results of cone of Mount (Mt) Erebus which is surrounded by the AND-1B drill-hole and drill core, and associated Mt Bird, Mt Terror and Hut Point Peninsula each short soft-sediment cores recovered as part of the separated by ~ 120°. The radial distribution has been MIS Project. The fi rst iteration of this volume was interpreted to represent crustal doming and associated compiled on ice as part of the Web-based MIS Project radial fracturing, due to mantle upwelling as a plume On-Ice Report. It has subsequently been expanded or hotspot (Kyle et al. 1992). Loading of the crust by to include the results of continuing multidisciplinary the Ross Island volcanic pile has produced as much core-characterisation activities conducted off–ice, as 1 km net subsidence beneath Ross Island and prior to a core workshop held at Florida State the development of an enclosing moat (Stern et al. University, Antarctic Marine Geology Research Facility, 1991). Local accommodation space created by the 1-4 May 2006. In this section we provide contextual subsidence is superimposed on the regional pattern background on the geological and environmental of accommodation space created by Late Cenozoic setting, site surveys, and stratigraphic prognosis rifting (Figs. 3 & 4). prior to drilling. This is followed in Falconer et al. Originally described by Cooper et al. (1987), the (this volume) by an operational overview of the Terror Rift is located within the VLB, in the western environmental conditions that affected drilling, the Ross Sea. It comprises two parts, the Discovery drilling operation itself, the curation and management Graben and the Lee Arch. Faults reach the seafl oor of the core and the science operations both at the within the Terror Rift, indicating that the rift represents drill site and at Crary Laboratory. The rest of the the youngest episode of faulting within the Western volume provides the initial scientifi c characterisation Antarctic Rift System (WARS). Cooper et al. (1987) of the drill core set out under major discipline areas. proposed a ‘magmatically intruded Lee Arch’ along Background to the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) 123

Fig. 3 – Schematic stratigraphic and structural cartoon of the Victoria Land Basin (VLB) shows development of accommodation space within a half graben, tilted to the east and bounded by a major down-to-the-west border fault system that controls the stratigraphic architecture of the basin fi ll, which dips and thickens to the east. The Discovery Accommodation Zone (DAZ) is a transverse element where the rift-fl ank steps westward ~100km (Wilson 1999). Localised accommodation space is superimposed on the rift basin where Neogene volcanoes of the Erebus Volcanic Province have progressively depressed the crust forming fl exural moat basins. The depositional accommodation space provided by the rift and fl exural moat basins provides an unparalleled opportunity to recover stratigraphic records with high-resolution chronology provided by the dating of volcanic detritus integrated with biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic techniques (fi gure from T. Wilson, unpublished data). the eastern margin of the Terror Rift. New seismic Cretaceous and Palaeogene sediments are lines from the Drygalski Ice Tongue, in the north, to predicted to occur within the axis of the VLB (e.g., south of Ross Island show that the ‘arch’ is a structural Davey & Brancolini, 1995). However, to date latest feature not associated with magmatic intrusion or Eocene sediments are the oldest post-Palaeozoic strata doming (Henrys et al. in press; Fielding et al. in press). actually recovered by stratigraphic drilling. The Eocene North and south of Ross Island, the arch has been strata occur at the western margin of the basin and extensively intruded by Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks unconformably overlie Devonian sediments of the that obscure the structural geometry. The arch can be Taylor Group (Davey et al. 2001). Since the latest projected southward where it forms eastern uplifted Eocene, sedimentation along the western margin of margin of a half graben that has accommodated up to the VLB has evidently kept pace with or exceeded 3 km of Neogene sediment beneath Windless Bight. the rate of subsidence resulting in the development Here, the load-induced subsidence caused by Ross of a 1.5 to 2 km-thick sediment wedge that thickens Island has contributed signifi cantly to the generation seaward to approximately 7 km underneath Ross of accommodation space, especially during the last Island (Fig. 4). On its western margin the wedge ~ 2 Ma. comprises glacimarine conglomerates, diamicts, and

Fig. 4 – Schematic structural-stratigraphic cross-section across the VLB shows the stratigraphic context of the MIS and SMS drill sites with respect to previous drilling in Southern McMurdo Sound. The cross-section is compiled from interpreted seismic reﬂ ection data, previous drill core data (Barrett 1986; 1989) and models for the evolution of the VLB (Cooper et al. 1987; Fielding et al. 2005; Wilson et al. in press). 124 T. Naish et al.

Fig. 5 -3-D visualization of the Windless Bight region showing bathymetry, location of seismic lines, hot water drill sites (HWD-1 & HWD-2, 2003; HWD-3, 2006) and the MIS Project drill site. sandstones with interbedded mudstones of nearshore Bartek et al. 1996; Wilson et al. 2004, unpublished and shelf affi nity (Barrett 1989; Cape Roberts Science data NBP-0401), and new seismic data presented Team 2000). Numerous unconformities occur within here, suggest such records do exist farther east in the the Oligocene and lower Miocene strata recovered VLB and within the depocentral axis of the Terror Rift in Cenozoic Investigations in the Western Ross Sea where fl exural moats have formed in association with (CIROS)-1 and CRP drill cores (Fig. 4). A number Plio-Pleistocene volcanic centres. Younger Neogene of these unconformities have been correlated with strata have been extensively mapped in Southern subhorizontal erosion surfaces in regional seismic lines McMurdo Sound from the Drygalski Ice Tongue south (Henrys et al. 2000; Fielding et al. 2001), implying to Ross Island. These strata show a thickening and widespread grounding of an extensive ice terminus eastward-dipping succession that extends under on the continental shelf during glacial periods. Coastal Ross Island in the vicinity of the MIS Project drill site glacier behaviour has been linked to mass changes (Fielding et al. in press; Henrys et al. in press). in the interior East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which feeds through outlet glaciers in the TAM. Interglacial-glacial periods during the Oligocene– SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY lower Miocene are recorded by sedimentary sequences displaying vertical cyclical facies successions of Multichannel seismic refl ection data collected from ice retreat and re-advance (Powell et al. 2001) in the MIS sector of the RIS reveal the stratigraphic association with relative bathymetric deepening and architecture of the moat-fi ll on the southeastern shallowing, respectively (Naish et al. 2001; Dunbar et side of Ross Island (Bannister 1993; Melluish et al. al. in press). The frequency of oscillation in ice extent, 1995; Bannister & Naish 2002; Horgan et al. 2003; which controls the fi ner-scale stratigraphic architecture Horgan et al. 2005; Henrys et al. 2006; Naish et of the basin-fi ll, corresponds to Milankovitch orbital al. 2006; Henrys et al. in press) (Figs. 5 & 6). The forcing as inferred from global oxygen isotope records moat region has accommodated a well-stratifi ed, (Naish et al. 2001). The lack of long and continuous regionally extensive sedimentary succession of 1.8 Plio-Pleistocene glacimarine drill-core records in km below the seafl oor in the deepest part of the the western VLB is probably the result of sediment depression (Fig. 7). Three seismic stratigraphic units bypass across the western margin, due to the lack are identifi ed that generally thicken and dip towards of accommodation and/or erosion of these younger Ross Island and are bounded by angular (onlap) strata during periodic glacial expansions of the WAIS unconformities (Horgan et al. 2005; Naish et al. and grounding of the RIS over the last 5 m.y. However, 2006). These units are deposited in accommodation marine seismic data (Bartek and Anderson 1991; space inferred to have been created during phases Background to the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) 125

Fig. 6 – Location of multichannel seismic lines in the vicinity of the MIS Project drill site. MIS 3, 4 and 5 were acquired in 2005, MIS 1 in 2001 and MIS 2 & HPP 2 in 2002.

major west-dipping normal fault forming the eastern margin of a half graben that can be traced from Minna Bluff (Henrys et al. 2006) to Drygalski Ice Tongue (Hall et al. 2005). A gravity survey acquired along the MIS 5 seismic line shows a positive water-adjusted free-air anomaly east of the graben over the volcanics, which may also be indicative of a shallow basement horst block.

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION AND AGE RELATIONSHIPS PRIOR TO DRILLING

The geometry of the three seismic units described above has been interpreted in terms of inferred accommodation space generated by progressive emplacement of over 4 600 km3 of Ross Island volcanic centres (Esser et al. 2004) on the crust in of volcanic load-induced subsidence superimposed southern Terror Rift (Horgan et al. 2005) in on basin-scale transtensional subsidence associated combination with basin-scale subsidence associated with Neogene transtensional normal faulting and with development of the Terror Rift (Figs. 7 & 8): subsequent thermal relaxation (Wilson et al. in - Unit III. Moderate- to low-amplitude discontinuous press; Fielding et al. in press). The chronology of refl ectors that are dislocated and tilted by normal the eruptive history of Ross Island (Kyle 1990b; faulting and interpreted to represent coarse- Esser et al. 2004; Alan Cooper unpublished data) grained glacigenic and fine-grained marine indicates several phases of volcanism and potentially sediments with likely intercalated volcanic ash. associated load-induced subsidence within the - Unit II. Moderate- to high-amplitude continuous adjacent fl exural moat; Mt Bird loading between 4.6 refl ectors that onlap Unit III and are interpreted and 3.8 Ma (Wright & Kyle 1990a) was followed by to represent coarse-grained glacigenic and fi ne- a hiatus of over 1 m.y. There was then continuous grained marine sediments with likely intercalated loading due to emplacement of Mt Terror from 1.7 to volcanic ash. 1.3 Ma (Wright & Kyle, 1990b), Hut Point Peninsula - Unit I. Relatively continuous low-amplitude to from 1.6 to 0.33 Ma (Kyle 1981, 1990a; Tauxe et al. seismically opaque refl ectors (Unit IC) onlap Unit 2004) and Mt Erebus between 1.3 Ma and present II and grade upwards into moderate- to high- day (Esser et al. 2004). White Island volcanism amplitude refl ectors below the seafl oor (Units appears to have begun as early as 7 Ma. A wedge- IB and IA). Units IB and IA are separated by shaped unit interpreted as volcanic deposits can be Surface A0 which locally truncates Unit IB and is traced from the fl anks of White Island along the MIS characterised by onlap above. 1 line towards the MIS drill site where they overlie Figure 9 shows the pattern of N – S normal faulting Surface B (dark green refl ector). and major structural lineations within the Terror Rift. Flexural modelling of the lithosphere in response The location of lines used to construct two west-to- to these loads being emplaced at their respective east seismic cross-sections (Fig. 4) is shown on this times is being carried out presently and will be map. These cross-sections reveal an eastward-dipping presented in a future paper (Wilson et al. 2003). Initial and -thickening package of strata dislocated by N results are consistent with the accommodation space – S-trending high-angle normal faults and bounded implied from the seismic stratigraphic architecture in the east by an N – S line of intruded volcanic of the moat fi ll for Unit I. Recent compilations bodies, the southernmost body forming the edifi ce of (Fielding et al. in press; Henrys et al. in press) of the White Island (Fig. 7). The volcanism is coeval with seismic stratigraphy of Southern McMurdo Sound Late Miocene/Early Pliocene to recent extension in incorporating a grid of new multichannel marine the Terror Rift and appears to be associated with a data (Wilson et al. 2004) reveal a clear relationship 126 T. Naish et al.

Fig. 7 – (A) Seismic refl ection cross section of the VLB from McMurdo Sound Sediment and Tectonic Studies (MSSTS)-1 around the northern end of Ross Island based on PD9015 and PD9016 marine seismic lines (Hall 2006; Henrys et al. in press). (B) Seismic cross- section of the VLB using NBP0401-59 (Whittaker 2005; Henrys et al. in press) and MIS 5 shows the geometry of strata infi lling the Ross Island fl exural moat (above red/b-clino refl ector) overlying westward-thickening and dipping strata of the Terror Rift. (C) Seismic line MIS-1 on which the MIS Project drill site is located. (D) Seismic refl ection line MIS-4 shows the location of a buried volcanic edifi ce within seismic unit 2. between volcanism and sedimentation in Terror Rift. likely to have been more infl uential on the geometry Between Ross Island and the Drygalski Ice Tongue, of Unit II. The red refl ector, b-clino, (Fig. 10) has volcanic bodies consistently overlie the dark green also been mapped regionally west and north of refl ector and their inferred deposits are intercalated Ross Island where it marks the base of westward- with strata of seismic units I and II. On this basis prograding clinoforms, and around the periphery of we infer an age of ~5-7 Ma for the surface (Fig. 10). Ross Island where it marks the base of the fl exural Thus, Units I and II are of probable Plio-Pleistocene moat-fi ll. Tentative correlation of this horizon with age, and their accommodation space was provided an unconformity immediately below an interval of through a combination of progressive crustal Pliocene mudstone in the drill core from McMurdo fl exure from volcanic loading, especially in Unit I, Sound Sediment and Tectonics Studies (MSST) superimposed on basin-scale extension, which is implies an age for Unit I of ~4 Ma. Background to the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) 127

Fig. 8 – Fence diagram shows the 3-D structural and stratigraphic architecture of the region to be targeted by MIS drilling.

The deepest unconformity to be targeted by the MIS drilling was the so-called ‘bilious green’ refl ector (Surface C). The age of this refl ector can only be speculated. It lies stratigraphically between the beige refl ector (Fielding et al. in press) dated at 17 Ma in CRP 2/2A and the dark green refl ector (5 – 7 Ma). If the unconformity, which is characterised by stratal truncation below and by onlap above, is climatic in origin it may correspond to one of the major Late Miocene glaciations (Mi-4-7; Miller et al. 1991). Fielding et al. (in press) also associate this surface with renewed rifting in the VLB. Probable lithofacies are inferred from the nature of seismic refl ectivity, lateral continuity of the refl ectors, and internal geometry of the seismic units, all considered within the context of the probable depositional setting. In general,

Fig. 9 – Map showing structural fabric of the Victoria Land Basin/ Terror Rift. The locations of seismic cross-sections presented in Fig. 7 are shown. Noteworthy is the N–S trending sedimentary depocentre (coloured pink), which is the target for the MIS Project, and its eastern boundary marked by an anticline cored by alkalic volcanics (Hall 2006). 128 T. Naish et al. is inferred on the basis of limited age information and lithofacies interpretation and lithofacies on the basis of limited age information is inferred – Seismic velocity to depth conversion and interval velocity analysis at the MIS Project drill site. A stratigraphic prognosis analysis at the MIS Project drill site. A stratigraphic velocity and interval to depth conversion – Seismic velocity

Fig. 10 of the seismic characteristics. Background to the ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project (Antarctica) 129 seismically opaque or low-amplitude units in composition and have olivine throughout the are interpreted as predominantly fi ne-grained magmatic fractionation series. Lavas in the three lithologies (e.g. mudstone, ooze, and volcanic ash). areas surrounding Mt Erebus are characterised by Intervals of moderate- to high-amplitude refl ectivity Dry Valley Drilling Project (DVDP) lineage lavas are interpreted as coarse-grained or alternating (Kyle 1981), which usually contain kaersutite in coarse- and fi ne-grained lithologies (e.g. diamictite, the more evolved lavas. Volcanic eruptions usually conglomerate, sandstone, and/or coarse volcanic produce, almost instantaneously, signifi cant deposits). A stratigraphic prognosis was presented volumes of fragmented material (pyroclasts) that in the MIS SLIP (Naish et al. 2006) for the drill site are easily transported. With Hut Point Peninsula (Fig. 10). being the closest subaerially exposed landmass Unit III, which comprises up to 350 m of to the MIS Project drill site, eruptions at Hut Point moderately refl ective strata deformed by normal should cause episodic rapid infl uxes of volcaniclastic faulting, is interpreted as alternating coarse- material. Evidence of subglacial eruptions are rare grained (diamictite, conglomerate, lapilli, and on Ross Island suggesting that ice cover was not sandstone) and fi ne-grained (pelagic mud and extensive, so deposition of fall tephra from the ash) lithologies with a thick lower velocity interval more explosive phonolitic vents on Ross Island was of probable mudstone between 1000 and 800 also anticipated. metres below seafl oor (mbsf; Fig. 10) that has Numerous small volcanic cones occur on the been accommodated by rifting. Local truncation of seafl oor under the McMurdo Ice Shelf. Many of subjacent strata near normal fault blocks at the top these have clear signatures in aeromagnetic data of Unit III is intriguing. It may represent erosion (Wilson et al. in press) and have been identifi ed by currents and/or grounding of ice on structural in seismic refl ection data (Horgan et al. 2005). A highs prior to the emplacement of volcanic loads buried volcanic edifi ce has been identifi ed in the on the crust. Subsequent onlap of the strata at MIS-4 seismic line no more than 2 km south of the the beginning of deposition of Unit II implies MIS drill site. This feature appears to overlie the rapid regional subsidence and reorientation of the dark green seismic refl ectors and is interstratifi ed seafl oor perhaps in association with the beginning within seismic Unit II. The volcanic feature may have of alkalic volcanism in the region. erupted in a submarine environment and contributed Unit II, which comprises relatively continuous material to the sedimentary succession. moderately to highly refl ective strata up to 300 m-thick, is interpreted as infi lling the Terror Rift Acknowledgements – The ANDRILL project is a multinational and possibly the accommodation space associated collaboration between the Antarctic programmes of with the early development of the fl exural Germany, Italy, New Zealand and the United States. moat, by alternating coarse-grained (diamictite, Antarctica New Zealand is the project operator and developed the drilling system in collaboration with Alex conglomerate, lapilli, and sandstone) and fi ne- Pyne at Victoria University of Wellington and Webster grained (pelagic mud and ash) lithologies that Drilling and Enterprises Ltd. Antarctica New Zealand progressively fi ne-upward. supported the drilling team at Scott Base; Raytheon Unit I, which comprises up to 400 m of Polar Services Corporation supported the science team at relatively continuous strata that display increasing McMurdo Station and the Crary Science and Engineering refl ectivity upward, is interpreted to represent Laboratory. The ANDRILL Science Management Offi ce progressive infi lling of the Ross Island fl exural moat at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln provided science from seismically opaque fi ne-grained sediments planning and operational support. Scientifi c studies are (pelagic mud, ooze, and/or ash) to highly refl ective jointly supported by the US National Science Foundation, NZ Foundation for Research, Science and Technology and coarse-grained deposits (diamictite, conglomerate, the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund, the Italian lapilli, and sandstone) with intervening fi ne-grained Antarctic Research Programme, the German Research (pelagic mud, ooze, and/or ash) lithologies. Foundation (DFG) and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research.

VOLCANISM REFERENCES

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