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Seismic Facies and Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Succession in Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica: Implications for Tectonic, Climatic and Glacial History

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Seismic Facies and Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Succession in Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica: Implications for Tectonic, Climatic and Glacial History University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 2008 Seismic facies and stratigraphy of the Cenozoic succession in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Implications for tectonic, climatic and glacial history Christopher R. Fielding University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Joanne Whittaker Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, [email protected] Stuart A. Henrys GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Terry J. Wilson Ohio State University, [email protected] Timothy R. Naish GNS Science, Avalon, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Fielding, Christopher R.; Whittaker, Joanne; Henrys, Stuart A.; Wilson, Terry J.; and Naish, Timothy R., "Seismic facies and stratigraphy of the Cenozoic succession in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Implications for tectonic, climatic and glacial history" (2008). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 262. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/262 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 260:1–2 (April 7, 2008), pp. 8–29; doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.08.016 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. Used by permission. Revised May 16, 2007; accepted August 22, 2007; published online December 16, 2007. Seismic facies and stratigraphy of the Cenozoic succession in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Implications for tectonic, climatic and glacial history Christopher R. Fielding,1 Joanne Whittaker,2 Stuart A. Henrys,3 Terry J. Wilson,4 and Timothy R. Naish 3 1. Department of Geosciences, 214 Bessey Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68588-0340, USA 2. School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand 3. GNS Science, I Fairway Drive, Avalon, Lower Hutt, PO Box 30-068, New Zealand 4. School of Earth Sciences, 125 S. Oval Mall, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1522, USA Corresponding author — C. R. Fielding, email [email protected] Abstract Integration of data from fully cored stratigraphic holes with an extensive grid of seismic reflection lines in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, has allowed the formulation of a new model for the evolution of the Cenozoic Victoria Land Basin of the West Antarctic Rift. The Early Rift phase (Eocene to Early Oligocene) is recorded by wedges of strata confined by early extensional faults, and which contain seismic facies consistent with drainage via coarse-grained fans and del- tas into discrete, actively subsiding grabens and half-grabens. The Main Rift phase (Early Oligocene to Early Mio- cene) is represented by a lens of strata that thickens symmetrically from the basin margins into a central depocenter, and in which stratal events pass continuously over the top of the Early Rift extensional topography. Internal seismic facies and lithofacies indicate a more organized, cyclical shallow marine succession, influenced increasingly upward by cycles of glacial advance and retreat into the basin. The Passive Thermal Subsidence phase (Early Middle Mio- cene) is recorded by an evenly distributed sheet of strata that thickens somewhat into the depocenter but is continu- ous across and over the earlier rift strata to the margins of the basin. Internally, it contains similar facies to the under- lying Main Rift, but preserves more evidence for clinoform sets and large channels, and in core comprises many short, condensed and strongly top-truncated stratal cycles with continued, periodic glacial influence. These patterns are in- terpreted to record accumulation under similar environmental conditions but in a regime of slower subsidence. The Renewed Rifting phase (Middle Miocene to Recent, largely unsampled by coring thus far) is represented by intervals that thicken significantly into the basin depocenter and that are complicated by evidence of magmatic activity (Mc- Murdo Volcanic Group). This succession is further divided into lower and upper intervals, separated by a major un- conformity that displays increasing angular discordance towards the western basin margin and Transantarctic Moun- tain Front. The youngest part of the stratigraphy was accumulated under the influence of flexural loading imposed by the construction of large volcanic edifices, and was formed in an environment in which little sediment was supplied from the western basin margin, suggesting a change in environmental (glacial) conditions at possibly c. 2 Ma. The Ce- nozoic stratigraphy of the southern Victoria Land Basin preserves archives of both climate change and the complex rift history of the basin, and coincidences between key stratal surfaces in seismic data and evidence for environmental change in drillcores suggest that tectonic and climatic drivers may be causally linked. Keywords: seismic stratigraphy, seismic facies, Cenozoic, Antarctica, glacial, climate change 8 SEISMIC FACIES AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CENOZOIC SUCCEssION IN MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA 9 1. Introduction In this paper, we present a stratigraphic framework for the southern Victoria Land Basin that is a modifica- The Cenozoic evolution of the Antarctic paleo-en- tion and extension of that presented by Fielding et al. vironment is a topic of considerable current interest. (2006). It draws on seismic reflection records from the A better understanding of long-term environmental McMurdo Sound region and integrates all available change through the Cenozoic Icehouse climate regime drilling data. The internal seismic reflection character of can inform society about magnitudes, frequencies and each stratigraphic interval is then described from oldest cyclicity of warming and cooling that may help us adapt to youngest, and the insights that these data provide to to future change, at a time of current instability in global understanding of Cenozoic basin history and environ- climate. Because the polar regions are likely to preserve mental change are summarized. a relatively unmodified record of the most extreme cli- mate changes, considerable effort has been expended in 2. Stratigraphic framework these areas, and in particular on Antarctica. Since there is limited exposure of sedimentary rock successions on A number of seismic reflection surveys have been the Antarctic continent, efforts have been focused on the carried out in the McMurdo Sound region, aimed at continental margins in order to learn about long-term resolving the tectonic and stratigraphic history of this environmental history (millions of year timeframes). portion of the West Antarctic Rift, and in some cases Much recent research has been carried out in the Ross providing two-dimensional subsurface imagery to Sea region of south-west Antarctica (Figure 1), for a va- support stratigraphic drilling projects (Figure 1). The riety of reasons including proximity to the major Ant- first comprehensive, multi-channel seismic reflection arctic research bases of the USA (McMurdo), New Zea- survey and seismic stratigraphic framework for the re- land (Scott) and Italy (Mario Zucchelli). Among this gion, was conducted and presented by Cooper et al. research effort, several holes have been drilled by the (1987), who divided the Victoria Land Basin succession Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP: Hayes and Frakes, into 7 seismic units (V1–V7, from youngest to oldest) 1975), and by scientific drilling consortia (Dry Val- divided by key reflectors that could be traced over the leys Drilling Project — DVDP: McGinnis, 1981; MS- entire region (Table 1). Brancolini et al. (1995a, 1995b) STS-1: Barrett, 1986; CIROS-1 and -2: Barrett, 1989; Bar- presented a more detailed seismic stratigraphic anal- rett and Hambrey, 1992; Cape Roberts Project — CRP: ysis based on single- and multi-channel seismic re- Cape Roberts Science Team, 1998, 1999, 2000). A num- flection data, in which they defined eight seismic se- ber of seismic reflection surveys have also been carried quences (coded RSS1-8, from oldest to youngest), each out in the region, partly to provide the broader context separated by a key reflector interpreted as a seismic se- to this drilling and to elucidate the structure and strati- quence boundary, or unconformity (coded RSU 1–6, graphic architecture of the West Antarctic Rift system, from youngest to oldest: Table 1). Barrett et al. (1995) a failed Cenozoic rift that now forms the Ross Embay- and Bartek et al. (1996), using single channel data, pro- ment (Cooper et al., 1987; Davey and Brancolini, 1995; posed a considerably more detailed seismic strati- Stagpoole, 2004). graphic subdivision of the Cenozoic succession in In recent years, effort has increasingly focused on western McMurdo Sound, in which they recognized the westernmost part of the West Antarctic Rift System, twenty seismic sequences. They attempted correlations a north–south-elongate sub-basin named the Victoria from these data into the stratigraphic drillholes MS- Land Basin (Figure 1). Data from fully cored drillholes, STS-1 and CIROS-1, and provided prognoses for the together with seismic reflection records, have shown planned Cape Roberts Drilling Project further north that the Victoria Land
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