Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1988

Study of the Pioneers of Providence, Utah and their Children

Hazel McLean Tibbitts Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Tibbitts, Hazel McLean, "Study of the Pioneers of Providence, Utah and their Children" (1988). Theses and Dissertations. 5172. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5172

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. study of the pioneers of providence utah and their children

A thesis presented to the department of history brigham young university

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of arts

by hazel mclean tibbitts august 1988 this thesis by hazel mclean tibbitts is accepted in its present form by the department of history of brigham young university as satisfying the thesis requirement0 for the degree of master of arts

G aljoijolj013ry robertilC kenzer committeeittaittde chairman

c 77 david H pratt committee member

9vav r r f T f ijtdijt r ff f date david C montgomery Grgriduategraduateiduategraduate coordinatordoordinatordbordinatordbdoordinator

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

list of tables 0 01viv list of maps v list of charts v chapter 1 introduction 1.1 chapter 2 providence and cache county the early years 7 chapter 3 marriage and family life 26 chapter 4 mobility 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 chapter 5 epilogue 7070.70 appendix 1 family structure of providence 76.76 settlers 1859 1869 0 0 0 0 76 77 providence pioneer heads of households 1859 69 7878.78 80

bibliography 0 0 0 8181.81

iii LIST OF TABLES table 1 occupations according to the census of cache vallye in 1860 compared to the first and second generations of providence settlers 1818018.18 19 table 2 marriage place of the settlers of providence 31 table 3 age at first marriage for the providence settlers 3434.34 table 4 marriage age difference of the spouses 36 table 5 children per completed providence families first generation 3838.38 table 6 children per wife for providence settlers 4040.40 table 7 age of providence women at birth of last child 4242.42 table 8 age of death of providence settlers 4646.46 table 9 birth place of cache valley residents in 1860 compared to the first second and third generations of providence settlers 5454.54 table 10 death place of the first and second generation settlers of providence 5959.59

iv LIST OF MAPS map 1 providence canyon and surrounding areas 10 map 2 cache valley in 1859 12 map 3 plat of providence townsite 1871 2424.24 map 4 cache valley 63 map 5 utah 6464.64

LIST OF CHARTS chart 1 the jonathan campbell family 2929.29

v CHAPTER 1

introduction

in the period of time since 1977 when dean may asked the question whence this mormon in tiemakingthemakingThe Making of saints the mormon town as a setting for the study of cultural change there has been an abundance of historical studies and books on the mormon experience and mormon communities 1 this thesis proposes to combine the experience and the community in examining the pioneers who settled providence in what is now cache county utah As we look at providence the town we find that like other pioneer settlements the population changed rapidly the pioneers and their children cannot be completely separated from the cocommunitymmunity because their institutions particularparticularilyparticularityily their church helped shape these people however in this study the emphasis is placed on the people rather than writing another history of providence as pleasant a place as it is11 s the pioneers in this study have one thing in common besides their religion they all lived at one time in their lives in providence between the years of 1859 and 1869 some of the second generation never lived in providence because their parents had moved on before they were born in 1860 providence was a small town in cache county it was not part of the wasatch front and did not have the same characteristics of many of the other early mormon settlements in january of 1860 the population of providence was reported as 60 persons in 1870 it had 481 residents and by 1879 it had a population of 800 providence has only one mormon ward until 1909 the first precinct officers were elected in 1860 a year and a half after settlement they were part of the cache county government the community was not incorporated as a third class city until 1929 it was not an urban community but a small farming community in close proximity to logan the county seat the usual cutoff for considering a mormon immigrant to the utah territory as pioneer is 1869 when the railroad came to utah for the purpose of identifying providences pioneer families to study I1 have used that date doran J baker and clyde braegger presented a slide lecture in 1975 titled A providential place which identifies 92 pioneer heads of households who had settled in providence between 1859 and 1869 these 92 families were used in this study the main source of the information for this study of families was taken from family group sheets found in the mormon family history library in salt lake city utah these genealogical sheets list basic birth marriage and death information on parents and children there were family group sheets for 86 of these 92 families because on pioneer settler and his wife had no children there was not sheet but information available from other sources allowed them to be included thirty three of the 92 were polygamists and family group sheets were not found for all of the polygamist wives the sheets found for these

2 87 families disclosed a total of 964 children one hundred and eighty six of these children died before reaching age sixteen twenty eight were known not to have married and probably another seventeen also did not marry four hundred and seventy one family group sheets were located for the children of the pioneers listing them as parents and providing information about their children the third generation the sheets that were found made it possible to have information on ninety five percent of the first generation the pioneer settlers and seventy three percent of the second generation the family group sheets are compiled by amateur genealogists and also used as a basic source by them some of the information on the sheets came from family tradition and events remembered after their occuroccuranceoccupanceance As a result some of the actual dates may be incorrect usually by a year or two some sheets have the day or month incorrect and some of the places given may be incorrect however they are a valuable source for reconstituting families for this reason I1 have chosen to use them as the basic source for this study along with the family group sheets the book providence and her peopeoplele has been widely used 2 written by a committee of providence citizens it provides information about the town and short biographical sketches of many of the people who lived there from 1857 to 1974 it also has good maps of providence and its environs the 1860 federal census is difficult to sue for this study because it covers all of cache county and does not define town boundaries it was taken shortly after the area was first settled the 1860 1870 and 1880 US censuses of providence were used as a basic reference

3 source censuses of other places where some of the pioneer families finally settled were not consulted because the information contained on the census is similar to that found on the family group sheets there have been many studies of the town of providence published including several by doran J baker leonard J arrington joel E richards A J simmonds douglas D alder george B evertoneverton and charles S peterson among others have published articles wand books about cache county the daughters of the utah pioneer organization has collected biographical sketches of providences early pioneers the joel E ricks collection of transcriptions of pioneer diaries and journals is located in the utah state university and there is also a manuscript collection in the utah state university inventories by george S ellsworth that has been microfilmed these sources have been consulted as well as the genealogical surveys of LDS members found in the family history library the one study of the mormon communities which has influenced this paper more than any other is dean L mays people on the mormon frontier kanabskanaba families of 1874 3 many of his findings about the community in southern utah have been used for comparison in addition this study has gained from mays suggestion to use colonial american communities as models to study mormon communities 4 hence philip J grevens four generations poppopulationlation land and family in colonial andover massachusetts was also used as model for the thesis this thesis poses a number of questions about the pioneers and their defendantsdecendants where did the pioneer settlers of providence come from what skills and resources did they bring with them to tame

4 the wilderness did they come as family units or as single men what happened as the community grew and the resources were limited where did the settlers go or what did they do as the land became scarce was limited land the reason for the movement out of the community or were there other considerations what effects did emigration have on the family ties of the second generation and what of their religious values other quesionsquestionsquesions asked were what kind of marriages and families did the settlers have at what ages did they marry and die where did they marry how many children did they have how was the family structure of the second generation different from the first how did they differ from their parents what of the religious beliefs of the second generation who were not converts in the same sense that their parents were what part did their religion play in the building process

few of the families in this study are well known outside of providence most held the lesser church callings and were not important in the political or civic structure in cache county they

were ordinary people As the attempt was made to flesh out the bare vital information concerning thenthemtheme they became alive and real

5 ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 1

dean L may the making of saints the mormon town as a setting for the study of cultural change utah historical quarterly 45 winter 1977 81

2 providence history committee providence and her people 2nd ed providence utah keith W watkins & sons 1974

3 dean L may people on the mormon frontier kanabskanaba families of 1874 journal of family histhistory 1 winter 1976

4 dean L may the making of saints the mormon town as a setting for the study of cultural change p 80

6 CHAPTER 2

providence AND CACHE COUNTY THE EARLY YEARS

the beaver pelt was the attraction that brought the first white men into the area known as cache valley cache was the name given the area because beaver pelts were cached at the south bank of the little bear river jim bridger peter skene ogden the hudsons bay co rocky mountain fur co john jacob astors american fur co jedediah smith names all recognizable to students of western history worked the cache valley area in the early 1800s it wasnt until 1855 that the area came under consideration for settlement by the mormons who had arrived in utah in 1847 the mormon church had been using antelope island on the great salt lake to graze its cattle in the spring of 1855 briant stringham and a company of men were sent to cache valley to scout for a site for the church cattle A site near blaccksmithBlaccksmith fork river was chosen and in july brigham young jr samuel roskelly and andrew moffatt entered the valley to cut hay and prepare corrals for the cattle the garr brothers and other arrived in august with several thousand head of cattle cabins were built an elk head was placed on the gate of the main corral and the elkhorn ranch was born the winter of 1855 was a

7 hard one with deep snow much of the livestock was lost in an attempt to move the animals to box eiderelder nine people stayed through the winter one of these mrs stolworthy gave birth to the first white child born in the valley early in 1856 unfavorable reports of the cache area had been brought back by early expeditions sent to the outlying areas afterafter the initanitinitialial mormon settlement of the salt lake valley in 1847 however after the area was used for a cattle ranch brigham young sent peter maughan with others from the tooelethoele area to settle cache valley the place chosen for this first settlement was known as maughans fort later changed to wellsville A group of mormon missionaries going to the salmon river mission in idaho passed through the cache area late in the year of that first settlement among the group was crandall dunn francillo durfey and milton datus hammond these men later became three of the original settlers in providence the settlement of cache valley was interrupted by the utah war of 1857 with the advance of the federal army to the utah territory brigham young recalled the people from the outlying settlements those at maughans fort left cache valley and went south to utah county the missionaries also left form limhi idaho and their mission to the salmon river in the spring of 1859 peter maughan and the other settlers returned to maughans fort in the foothills of the mountains there was a spring of water coming from a creek in the canyon between big baldy on the south and little baldy on the north boxelderBoxelder cottonwood willow and choke cherry trees grew along the creek it was a fertile area and it 8 became known as spring creek samuel and joseph cambell brothers and their cousins boyle and nephi campbell and a friend john dunn all from the north ogden area scouted spring creek in 1857 they wanted to return with their families but were prevented from doing so by the utah war in april of 1859 samuel and joseph campbell returned to homestead spring creek only to find ira rice hopkin mathews and his fourteen year old daughter elizabeth occupying the land an agreement was reached and these four men and a fourteen year old girl became the first white settlers of spring creek 1 john francis maddison born in belgium of english parents came to utah in 1852 he took care of brigham youngs cattle and upon hearing of or possibly even seeing the cache valley area decided to move to the area the twenty seven year old bachelor john joined with another twenty fifive1 ve year old bachelor william fife from the sugarhouse area of salt lake city and they were also among the first to move to spring creek they built the first log house in the settlement using the available pine from the nearby canyons the first settlers constructed shared and individual log homes they arranged these homes in two rows facing each other with ends that could be closed off making it a fort when necessary this community followed the pattern used in other mormon pioneer settlements with the homes in the town area and the farms in the outer area the cabins were heated by fireplaces and the roofs were laid with sod knowing from the elkhorn ranch that the valley winters were severe these early settlers set about planting grain for a fall harvest the town

9 AREAS

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10 took its name from spring creek the stream providing the town with iitsets necessary water peter maughan appointed by brigham young as the head of the settlement in cache valley came from maughans fort and made samuel campbell the leader over spring creek the first church meeting held indoors was in john maddison and william fifes cabin in may 1859 cache valley was divided into eight areas logan spring creek hyrum maughans fort mendon summit creek richmond and franklin peter maugham was the senior church leader and probate 3judge over the area when the crops were planted an irrigation ditch was dug to bring water from sprint creek to the crops A thirty fifive1 ve by fourteen foot log building with a fireplace at each end was erected to serve as church school and social hall it stood at what is now main and first north streets 2 the first harvest was of wheat potatoes and corn mormon apostles orson hyde and ezra taft benson came from salt lake city in november of 1859 to organize the valley into wards ecclesiastical divisions the spring creek area appeared to the apostles to be a providential place and so the name providence was chosen to replace the name spring creek for the settlement 3 robert williams was named the first bishop of the providence ward at this time there were about twenty dwellings and sixty people in the settlement the following spring ezra taft benson moved to logan and became the leader of the church in cache valley

11 MAP 2

CACHE VALLEY IN 1859

source A slidelectureslide lecture presentation on the early history of cache valley and elkhorn ranch providence map by glenn atredauredallredailred 1975

12 settlers continued to come into providence samuel campbells wifewifei and children joined the settlement along with samuel and josephs brother soloman and his wife ira rice brought his wife ann and his sons asaph 42 oscar north 23 and adelbert 20 asaph brought his two wives and oscar north brought his wife ann iras wife brought her daughter by a previous marriage and her son in law charles gates hopkin mathews wife and other children came john dunn returned along with crandall dunn and his wife crandall dunn had been minister of justice in north ogden these families had all come from the north ogden settlement as had isaac busenbark hihis1 s two daughters were married to asaph rice and robert hannah williams the first bishop of providence william had joined the church in north ogden it was as through north ogden was the way station for providence in the spring of 1860 land was allotted and crops were planted once again up to this time most of the settlers had come from the north ogden and salt lake areas many had previously been through the process of building a community from a wilderness among the settlers in august of 1859 was john theurer who had come from switzerland he made at least two trips to salt lake city in 1860 to encourage others to settle in providence he would meet them at the mouth of emigration canyon as they arrived from the east to sell them on providence in the fall of 1860 john stuckstucki and his wife ulrich loosli and his wife and jacob fuhriman came from switzerland to settle in providence this was the beginning of the immigration of many swiss into the area the first marriage in providence was performed 13 in november of 1860 john theurers marriage to a girl he had found at the mouth of emigration canyon while encouraging families to move to providence A few days later john maddison was married to emily hemminghemming4hemminga 4 the first school teacher in providence theurers success encouraged his brother frederick to try the same thing and he also married a girl he met at emigration canyon in february 1862 on 1 january 1861 joseph hyrum cambell and elizabeth mathews both pioneers were married in her fathers log home in providence by bishop peter maughan

A post office was established in providence in 1861 and bishop robert williams became the postmaster the overland telegraph was brought into the area late in 1861 the important job of water master was given to newton hall- in 1863 jacob fuhrifuhriman1 nanman began a sawmill on spring creek new immigrants continued to come the newly arrived immigrants usually live in their wagons or with friends or relatives until their cabins were completed before the trappers came or the mormons settled the area cache valley was indian territory there were incidents with the indians as the area began to be settled which led to the battle of bear river in 1863 this was essentially ended the conflict between the indians and the settlers 5 A rock fort begun in town as protection against the indians was never finished there was also the threat of wild animals in the area and the well known incident with a grizzly bear took place in providence in the fall of 1863 6 ira rice as the often told story goes having found his gardens raided and trampled was convinced a bear was causing the

14 damage ira found the bears wallow and set a trap in the area several days later when he checked the traptrapftrapp he found the trap and chain gone with his son in law henry gates and alpheus harmon ira followed the path to find the bear ira fired first at the bear wounding and enraging him they scattered into nearby trees but the bear followed william dees attracted from a nearby field by the commotion received a gash in the head from the furious bear the group fired a few shots at the bear frightening it into the hills and william dees was rushed home the next morning fourteen men and boys went with ira back to find the bear they found it in the same area as the previous day and upon seeing the men the bear lunged at the group alpheus tried a shot at the bear but the gun misfired and the bear attacked him henry gates fired his gun in the bears mouth and bear turned and severely clawed henry before william dees was able to shoot the bear from behind in the head and kill it six days later henry gates was dead from his wounds leaving a wife two sons and a daughter he was probably the first adult to be buried in the old providence cemetery the coming of the federal troops to the utah territory in 1857 meant some changes in brigham youngs colonizing efforts but agriculture was still the main reason for occupying strategic valleys cache valley was primarily agricultural even though the initial settlement had been established for cattle grazing providence became a farming community all of the original settlers had farm plots to provide for their families many of these pioneers when asked for the 1860 federal census to list their occupations gave 15 the occupation they had been trained in or practiced before they came to providence many of the family group sheets prepared by their progeniprogenitorsprogeny tors also listed occupations brought with the immigrant and many of these skills did serve to give them an additional occupation that was needed in the farming community three of the school teachers for instance listed both farmer and teacher as their occupations in the first years of settlement families lived in cabins in one area arranged like a fort with twenty acres of farmland set away from the living area additional land was given for herding purposes to individuals and land was set aside for collective town grazing large farming acreage for individuals was not encouraged in 1860 the deseret news reported that brigham young during a visit to richmond in cache county declared do not be anxious to have large farms more than you can till but divide your lands with your brethren and made yourselves humble and happy 7 the battle of bear river ended the need for the fort style arrangement of the community and in 1864 providence settlers began to live on their farm lots natural grasses were used to graze the cattle canals and ditches were dug to irrigate the farmland providence used the waters of spring creek to irrigate the farms until 1864 when the two streams from blacksmith forkpork were used for irrigation farming methods and implements were crude winters were harsh and grasshoppers often decimated the crops in the summer these were all things attendant with building a farming community out of the wilderness

16 the pioneers in cache county found time to participate in picnics dancing and drama providence pioneers participated in a production of bluebeard in 1860 there was a school from the beginning five of that first generation eventually listed their occupation as teacher the original purpose of the area had been to raise beef cattle this industry continued to grow alongside farming in the valley individuals in providence owned cows for the use of their families the areas set aside for grazing were used initially but eventually the cows were sent to the canyons for summer grazing in 1874 the hyrum co op asked for those owning cows in the area to supply milk for butter and cheese half the cheese produced by the cows during the summer was returned to the owner of the cows providence milk owners took turns driving the wagon from providence to the co op and the cheese indutryindustry became a viable endeavor 8 with the coming of the railroad and gentiles to cache county in 1869 it was only a matter of time before the large family working as an agricultural economic unit to produce most of the basic needs of the family would give way providence was never more than an agricultural area however as the children of the first generation matured and wanted to establish homes of their own it was necessary that most of them go elsewhere to farm many moved to idaho to become dry farmers see chapter 3 approximately forty eight percent of the first generation have agricultural related occupations listed on their family group sheets and on the 1860 federal census for providence for the whole of cache county a greater percentage were in agricultural related occupations

see table 1 two thirds of the second generation were in

17 TABLE 1

occupations OF CACHE VALLEY RESIDENTS IN 1860 ahuabdanuANDANO THE FIRST AND SECOND generations OF providence SETTLERS

cache co first second 1860 generation generation agriculturalrelatedagricultural related farmer 328 61 36 40 122 56 farm laborer 11 2 0 4 2 orchardman 0 1 1 herder 1 0 0 dairyman 0 1 1 cattleman 0 6 7 16 7 horse breeder 0 0 1 TOTAL 340 63 44 48 145 66

skilled Craftcraftmencraftsmenmen shoemaker 5 1 3 3 0 tanner 3 0 0 carpenter 3 5 6 10 5 blacksmith 2 3 3 1 miller 2 2 2 1 millwright 2 3 3 3 1 machinist I11 I11 I11 butcher 1 1 0 plasterer 1 0 2 1 chairmaker 1 0 0 distiller 1 0 0 cooper I11 1 1 0 cabinet maker 1 0 3 1 stone mason 0 4 4 3 1 tailor 0 3 3 0 surveyor 0 1 1 1 basketweaverBasketweaver 0 1 1 1 pipe fitter 0 1 1 0 tinsmith 0 0 1 printer 0 0 2 1 painter 0 0 1 TOTAL 24 5 29 32 30 14 civil service PostmasterpostmastermallpostmastermailmalimaiiMallMail carrier 0 1 1 2 1 Materwaterwatermasterrastermaster 0 1 1 0 civil servant 0 2 2 0 constablepolicemansheriff 0 0 3 1 fireman 0 0 1 TOTAL 0 4 4 6 3

18 TABLE I11 cont

cache co first second 1860 generation generation white collar teacher 0 5 6 5 2 barber 0 0 1 chemist 0 0 1 merchant 0 4 4 12 6 TOTAL 0 9 10 19 9 professional judge 0 1 T1 0 lawyer 0 1 T1 1 doctor 0 0 1 architect 0 0 1 dentist 0 0 5 2 TOTAL 0 2 2 8 4 semi skilled railroad worker 0 1 T1 5 2 miner 0 2 2 1 forest ranger 0 0 1 TOTAL 0 3 3 7 3 unskilled laborer 144 27 0 4 2 servant 28 5 0 0 TOTAL 172 32 0 4 2

OVERALL TOTAL 536 91 219

percentages are rounded off and only intendedi for 1 or more for this and subsequent tables percentages do not always total 100 source family group sheets US census MS cache countyC schedule 1

19 agricultural occupations As the railroad came in and a variety of occupations opened up one would expect the second generation might have chosen other occupations but this was not the case rather there was an increase in agricultural occupations As previouslynotedpreviously noted thirty two percent of the first generation were listed in the skilled craftsmen occupations frederick theurer was the first blacksmith in providence a skill brought with him from his native switzerland his brother john was a tailor ulrich trauberrrauber also a native from switzerland was the first shoemaker in providence james bullock jr from england was also a shoemaker and in his later life was superintendent in a ZCMI shoe factory in logan 9 frederick berger moved to providence in 1860 with his son and daughter he made bushel and peck baskets a skill learned in his native germany his daughter caroline was the second wife of

charles H rammell also a providence pioneer charles was born in england and upon coming to providence opened a blacksmith shop when they moved to hayden idaho caroline became a midwife delivering over 290 babies their son parley became a wealthy farmer in tetoniacetoniaTe tonia idaho owning more than 2500 acres of land occupations are given for a few of the women in the first generation almost none were found for the second generation elizabeth blair was asked by the relief society organization in providence the womans organization of the mormon church to train in salt lake city under dr shipps a woman obstetrician quilt sales were held and other projects were undertaken to defray the cost of her

20 training she was a nurse until her retirement due to old age her accounts showed she delivered 500 babies for 5995995.99 a confinement elizabeth also taught dressmaking and tailoring to the older girls in the community elizabeths bullock margaret mathew and elizabeth fuhriman although margaret mathews was not trained as a midwife she was reputed to have never lost a baby during 25 years of service she also gave birth to and raised thirteen children of her own durduringing this time

john haderlie A swiss carpenter moved to providence and specialized in building barns hishi s wife annie elizabeth zollinger haderlie had learned weaving from her mother and she spent most of her mature years practicing the skill their son henry moved to star valley idaho where he operated a saw mill and had large farm holdings

milton datus hammond was born in new york but moved to michigan as a boy he served in the mexican war at sixteen at nineteen he and his father started west for the california gold rush they arrived in utah in the fall of 1850 lost their team and wagons and were forced to spend the winter in utah milton joined the mormon church in march of 1851 and gave up gold hunting in 1853 he was called to protect the pioneer settlements in southern utah against marauding indians later he went north to the salmon river country in idaho as a missionary to the indians but had no success he went from there to

21 farmington and then on to providence in 1864 he became bishop of providence in 1870 and was later a counselor to stake president moses atcherthatcherrh milton was a businessman who saw the trend away from ox teams and mule teams in 1870 began importing carloads of horses from the east he brought the first bee industry to providence in 1866 he was also a railroad contractor and builder with his sons he built the millville flour mill he had four wives and thirty one children one son melvin was a farmer in st anthony idaho another son james practiced law and went into politics becoming a senator in the territorial legislature and was a member of the constitutional convention miltons son clarence helped build the milllvillemiilvillemillmiliMiilville flour mill and at thirteen was working on a construction crew building the sante fe railroad in arizona new mexico and colorado at eighteen clarence was operating the railroad camp commissary he attended brigham young academy one year he operated a farm and orchard in providence assisted his brothers with a rock quarry mining lime for the sugar industry he lived until 1950 miltons son andrew was mayor of providence for four years horace became a farmer miltons daughter diantha went to college became a teacher in providence school and for thirteen years was the providence city recorder another son lorenzo was a mayor of providence and an agent for the US department of justice in salt lake city levi became a farmer but also was a poultry and cattle producer

22 there were no farm laborer found in providence among the first generation though they composed 2 of workers in cache county in the 1860 census the second generation listed 2 as farm laborers and another 2 were listed as laborers on the whole the second generation does not seemed to have changed their occupations much from the first generation except in the skilled craft area where there was a decline generally the second generations of farmers seems to have been better off working more land than the first generation in many cases the original pioneers came into a wilderness and with their skills and perseverance built a community the second generation spread throughout the cache valley carrying on where their parents left off further developing the land

23 y sonpanponc rice aamzam stuckiU I1 bb beorheoe madd i c loosdoom usscssces mathews T bartschi ch kohler s fuhriman sscggcr schenk fu stirland moukmoum bbs stirland krckucmuc chug& lock s chuga y checketts vogel smith bauer jones gibbs spring ulrich we clawson stauffer poulsonpoulscn mug mosarmoscr henry ser hansen schsohmoh theurer schenk bauman zum naafnacf jensen kasper M iiillijnliljrijsliii5jiiiilfranc hug strei G nye n bu B an zoszozR H ey ss haeiam iamcne 1 a U liam EEZ chard chard chard s3s frederick S margaret frederick st 2 godfrey rich thomas william founta george august edward samuel es5cs joseph james henry simon henry soransorcn jacob mads john david j2eucoxu5jacob jacob jacob jacob james dawmsawm buck c john john sesgsesg nielsasisaac sc22cee23john 1 chr wi 58959 iussasqul2sodo2dsuws25s2j535ffl3ioo2suR R W U W R t 0 ajqj mlotkLotJ ijssahon 0o r i v oon mam 65 residents 135 136 146 1515 156 165 171 173 183 186 194 204 223 233 234 236 256 263ftrmfnytnrryorttvi272 273 34 amp 144 61 blocklot 151 fnrorfmr 241 241 251 283 284 2815 342 344 346 352 354 355 no 335 351 r 00oo amm aba t vtv t vtv t t oooo8145 b163 n fnfvtowr ooortrnrnrnttnotr oooooornfny yoyooooo OQ CQ oa co co Bloc6 rrrsrrrirrrmrmrrsisrsrtfnrsrrrfnrrn B B 8 b

T rammcli campbell mau moh hammond lauaaa mathews aohlow mow rucseneuc loklow nstcr 1879 washington brown chard c hansen hochstrasserhochstrasscr e man molmou theurer ndcrknecht sscggcr ennenc ker pou1scn mem mac 1 503 mathews lan N linger budge zacc dermuk budge frederick zo hadarhadcr R trauber hug fe hyrum senwocmom baer wa datus bassett morris hcyrcnd henry miller store nghouseanghouse theurer fuhr ho house bacr peter hansanhanscn A F J B n an ck zo e ph ph nand 1 cr am n es am am R U lliarn ph N op ltonalton e johannes benjam ma george As conrad andrew ats ar joseph ulrich edwin freder jacob tts jacob jacob coop hopk james schoo 11 christ rudo henry jacob jacob wohnjohnjomn loumoapou adokeoaeo woop 1 meet charomalomar jens ll danannanc john 1 rudorumomumo ferd john vy M co W 1974 townsite b A E M W W

45e 45w ocelotocklot 14 23 6 11 21 24 26 32 35 41 43 44 52 53 54 56 61 63 64 66 71 74 81 83 91 93 94 95 96 101mollom 104 111 113 114 laz121 124 lam131 1 B utah a A 3

providence is MAP N

providence

1 IL

871

1

5 3 looenepeople 1 6 OF A 47

04904.9wro 3 p3pa3 4 4 hermol 1 1 1 6 11 a 1 11 and 14 3 4 3 6 1 e 1 6 2 6 1 6 tow 5 4 3 3 providence 4 q3qa 4 3 4 3 87 5114 faf4 neadneau 6 4 F 4. 4 mort seo 4 4 3 4 3 2 4 2 iai4 R 5 6 5 6 1 6 1.1 I by surveyor F3 5 S ti L 2 source surveyed couffcounf

24 ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 2

1 doran J baker the early history of providence in cache valley logan utah utah state university 1973 appp 10 11

2 ibid p 13

3 ibid p 14

4 providence history committee providence and her pepeople providence utah keith W watkins and sons inc 1974 p 70

5 baker the early history of providence in cache valley chpcap 11

6 doran J baker ed footprints of ira rice logan utah utah state university 1973 7 joel edwards ricks he beginnings of settlement in cache valley logan utah utah state university 1953 p 33

8 providence history committee providence and her people p 239

9 for the sketches and occupations of the providence pioneers see providence and her pepeople and family group sheets on file in family history library salt lake city utah

25 CHAPTER 3

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY LIFE

although william walker low and sylvester low share the same last name and both come from scotland unlike many providence settlers they were not related william walker low was born in aberdeen scotland where he was a tailor he joined the mormon church at eighteen and at 20 married helen or ellen budge at age 35 in 1868 he came directly to providence from scotland with his wife and five children one had died in scotland when she was less than a year old he was the superintendent of the providence co op and was also postmaster in providence for fifteen years among his other church callings he led the choir williams wife helen budge also born in scotland was a sister to william budge another providence settler she 3joinedoinedcoined the mormon church also at age eighteen about a year after her brother had joined her brother came to utah in 1860 making his home first in farmington he was directed by brigham young to move to providence in 1864 this was probably the reason that william and helen low settled in providence three more children were born to them in providence

26 helen died in 1879 four years after her last child was born william married mary shelton two years after helens death and they became the parents of five children william died at age 58 1 william and helens daughter mary became the second wife of polygamist james henry brown another providence settler their son william married Parthenparthensisparthenoissis blair a daughter of providence pioneplonepioneererferr seth blair and elizabeth fife blair son david married sarah daughter of hopkin mathews and margaret morris also first generation providence settlers daughter jemina married hopkin benoni campbell son of joseph campbell and elizabeth mathews both original providence settlers this family typifies the intermarriage that took place among the settlers of providence william and helen low do no necessarily typify the married family settling providence the average family moved to providence with three children much as dean L may found in his canabkanab study between the years 1859 and 1869 55 60 of the 92 providence settlers were families with children another three 3 were widowers with children fifteen 16 were married but had no children yet and sixteen 17 were single men five of those single men married shortly after moving to providence see appendix 1 the intermarriage between this group of people is not an unusual phenomenon providence was not an isolated community however there was interaction between the other communities in cache county and

27 logan was only about ivelvefivef miles away the story is told of one woman who walked to logan and back to providence daily to work in the logan temple after it was built the campbell family was an unusual family in another aspect of intermarriage see chart 11. the history of north ogden reads much like the history of providence and the campbells were among the irstarstfirstf to settle both places jonathan campbell jr and his nephew samuel entered north ogden in the autumn of 1850 jonathan remained in north ogden and eventually died there solomon campbell arrived in the spring of 1851 and he and his wife had the first set of twins born in north ogden in december of that year he also stayed permanently in north ogden samuel campbell his brother joseph and two cousins boyle and nephi were among the first to settle providence samuel and joseph were both sons of bennonibendoni campbell who helped in building the kirtland temple bennonibendoniBennoni the father of thirteen children left when the mormons were driven from kirtland and moved to nauvoo samuel as a youth helped build the kirtland temple and moved to nauvoo with his parents bennonibendoni and his wife died of cholera on the way to utah joseph who was nine at the time of his parents death was reared by his brothers and sisters josephs marriage to elizabeth mathews also an early providence settler was among the first performed in providence by peter maughan in the home of the brides father the campbells marriage pattern was somewhat unusual solomon married a first cousin one of his sons david married a second cousin aboils daughter sylvia jonathan who

28 v- i 2 lj V elxekx v F fc s tm & ju aS 3j k llllngjsi 32ri jaj5knini v3 5 e f f 7 p s1 v i S Suj 5 it s1 til 1J 4 vi 1 U A e3ea J j i Y a 3 liinipgnip 14 1 i t s 1halaoala v cm IZINI 0 t 11vs1 alaZINaaa 33. 3 VA 5 1 vav2 t S WAIVT ak7k d J 3 a I15 0a nggogg u-0

av 1vj1 I13 A Bul H IIWVJAIIWVJ LJ t 2 z uj salvs3lv 0lo10 5 1 1waw slin is D r aliillii CD p OJ 113gdwvj L 0 J 3UJ in I1 S vrlt9 3-d IUVHJ 2 1 0 1 naanac 0 U 11vmim n i j L 1 3 n s u 152 pov401vt J 3 cpa 0 ajyj 1js 5 CLK j111 Ikrvyi h A ayixl AV nvhivnoc i agegcopaagag5 aiV3i c i f P j ul 3 tfltal c 3 0 n ahi3hi 5 11 8 3 0 0 4tl qv14v3rf 2 S vt d i z z YA t a UJ X aqcq 1 J 3 lj ayC arfirf d 7s XXIM r W 2 I1 idgedg as elwglw 2 J X a 0 3 6r4y 0 0110 Y piscd f 15 d S p2 1 11hll a U s4aaqs 3N ujtflcj M a 1 j AU ct Q f c3ca am

T na OL z 3 n3J 3 0a S anvamowa 5 av ui dnoigdenoig v4vax j 3nva 1 a 2 v r2 s 0 A C a ID ra6 wv ul r3 XL ta 11 7173 ac3c t1 H di CA v s Q nl ILUPJ Z i X 2 p ISTlupdum si 9awy7 t 1 N e G 8CD L adinor oi va t adinos it13sot 13J vf 1 UJ afuf 0 t cx0 ti cp tfltal VQ ct J ok 2 1 ac J

29 settled north ogden took a niece phoebe as his fourth wife phoebe had first married isiah campbell a first cousin see chart 11. elizabeth gates whose husband was killed by a bear see page 14 married david campbell 2 it was not unique for several children of one family to practice sibling exchange that is to marry brothers and sisters of another family david and sarah buttars settled clarkston in cache valley their daughter elizabeth married john loosli son of john and ann loosli settlers of providence two other of the buttars children thomas and david married two of the looslis daughters annie and rosetts another of Looslooslisillslils daughters elizabeth married samuel thompsons son samuel and son walter thompson married sara loosli the marriage place for the pioneer generation was given for 80 families on the family group sheets twenty two 28 of these settlers were married before they came to the united states and eight 10 were married in states other than those included in the utah territory see table 22. six 8 were married in north ogden the previous home of several providence pioneers twenty nine 36 were married in salt lake city but not necessarily before they went to providence some made the trip to salt lake city to be married in the endowment house as their religion dictated fifteen 19 were married in the cache valley area any discussion on mormon marriage and family life in this early period in mormon history must consider the subjectsubjlqct of polygamy jessie L embrys recent book 3 quotes current studies completed for the percentage of families involved with polygamy bennions study

30 TABLE 2

MARRIAGE PLACE OF THE SETTLERS OF providence

firstfaf1 rst second generation generation united states illinois 1 1 0 0 new york 2 3 1 0 iowa 2 3 1 0 missouri 0 0 1 0 nebraska 2 3 0 0 wyoming 0 0 2 5.5 other states 1 1 11 3 providence litutuit 7 9 16 4 logan ut 4 5 161 43 other cache co 1 1 14 4 idaho 3 4 46 12 SLC ut 29 36 85 23 no ogden ut 6 8 9 2 other utah territoryy 0 0 22 6

TOTAL 58 74 369 97597.5 foreign england 7 9 1 0 scotland 2 3 1 0 wales 1 1 0 0 denmark 3 4 0 0 switzerland 8 10 0 0 germany 1 1 0 0 canada 0 0 6 2

TOTAL 22 28 a 2

OVERALL TOTAL 80 102 377 99599.5

source family group sheets

31 based on the 1880 census found that the range of polygamous families varied from 67 in dervilleordervilleOr 40 in st george 30 in bountiful 15 in springvilleSpringville 11 in harrharrisburgleedsHarrisburgburgLisisburgleedsLeeds 10 in rockville to 5 in south weber larry logue found 30 in 1870 and 33 in 1880 in st george embry reports that bennion concluded that the st george percentage was higher because of the greater religious commitment among st george families many having been called by church leaders to settle there chris nelson found 63 of the families were polygamous in mexico among the mormon men but his is probably higher because mexico was a place of safety from prosecution van wagoner concludes that the percentage of mormon polygamy families varies from 20 40 in the different communities providence polygamy families at 36 falls within these bounds but it is higher than arringtons 10 nelsneisnets andersons 858.5 the esshom collections 27227.2 and smith and kunzs 888.8 4 frank esshoms pioneers and prominent men of utah published in 1913 contains sketches of over 6000 mormon families of these 15 20 appear to have been polygamous kunz claims that the esshom collection figures are too high because it is biased toward the leaders 5 the percentage found in providence certainly belies the commonly held belief that 2 5 of the mormons practiced polygamy family group sheets were found for 32 men twenty 63 of these 32 men had only two wives seven 22 had three wives none had five two 6 had four and three 9 had six wives these figures compare favorable for the most part with van wangonersWangoners conclusions taken from ivins 1956 study that study found 66366.3 of men married 32 two wives 21221.2 married three 676.7 married four and 585.8 married five or more frank esshoms earlier volume of genealogies concluded that over 90 of the polygamists had no more than two wives most of these multiple wives were taken after the initial settlement process of providence had begun three of the men took two sisters as their plural wives dean may found 24 of kanabskanaba inhabitants men women and children were members of polygamous families even though family group sheets were not found for all the wives 33 husbands 87 wives and 468 children were found to be members of providence settlers polygamous families that is 588 family members of the total providence completed families 49 of all the family members found on family group sheets this percentage is a higher percentage than found by may in canabkanab by comparison in the second generation only 2 of the group including those who died or did not marry were polygamists the average first generation woman was married at age 20 the man at age 23 the average providence second generation woman was also married at 20 the man at 24 see table 33. in mays canabkanab study the average age the woman married was nineteen while for the man it was 29 there were no farm laborers in providence and presumable most of the settlers had farm land the better economy may account for the younger age at marriage at one end of the scale one providence woman in the first generation was married at fourteen years of age and three were married at fifteen two women of the second generation were married at fifteen at the other end of the scale one woman of the first 33 TABLE 3

AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE FOR THE providence SETTLERS

first generation second generation

MARRIAGE AGE MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES

14 0 1 1 0 0 15 0 3 3 0 2 2 16 0 14 12 0 6 6 171917 19 4 5 32 28 3 3 37 34 202520 25 45 58 46 40 63 65 59 55 263026 30 20 26 12 11 24 25 3 3 over 30 8 10 6 5 7 7 1 1

TOTALS 77 99 114 100 97 100 108 101 source family group sheets

34 generation was married at 39 for the men of the first generation one was first married at 38 and one at 57 in the second generation three men were married at ages 39 41 and 53 one woman in the second generation was first married at 40 william budge was married to his first wife julie stratford when he was 28 and she was seventeen julia had twelve children william was 33 when he married his second wife eliza pritchard age 26 she bore him nine children at 40 william married his third wife ann hyer fifteen years of age ann had fifteen children william budge is an example of some of the extremedextremem age differences at marriage that existed with some of the providence settlers embry contends that polygamists men appear to have chosen subssubsquentsubsequentquent wives the same age of the first wife at the time of their marriage 9 for the first generation the median age difference in the first marriage of a monogamous marriage was between one and five years see

table 44. it was the same for polygamous marriages for second marriages in both the monogamous and plural marriage the difference jumps to between eleven and 20 years in the second generation again both the monogamous and polygamous marriage difference fall between one to five years while for the second generation monogamous marriage the difference is between six to ten years and the subsequent polygamist marriage is between eleven to 20 years different embry found in her polygamy study that husbands chose first wives within five years of their age 100 most of the second wives were between six and 20 years younger than the husbands third wives were between eleven and 20 years younger the providence marriages are comparable

35 A 1 ra 1001 ii 100 g 41 31 31 j 361amb0o 120fsiasi in r5 001901 rtrtrort 25M 27 0 cr TOTALS m en T y 12t 12 in 0 44t 14t 300 33 121 maw 17 415 n ro r 374in 5

L 0 2M 0 3ro 0 0 0 1 odeloverd in 25CM 0 I1 25

to 0 3m 0 800oo 3ro 0 0 0 21

20

0 0o cn ro 1600oo in ro T to 1 6 34 3 25M 3 2 7 11

SPOUSES 10

ro THEamm to 9 3 11 1 900 r11 0 3 OF 6sl

generation 4 generation 5 I1 19 to 8 1 11 3 g 194 2 0 TABLE differences 5 2- yo mow 1 g ir FIRSTglema SECONDy p 0 1 01 0 25rmn 0 0 0 wolAGEmom 5i 0 u o u r c ahuewifeamle 0 r 3 0 CQ34 1 1 1 r0ra to 7 1 husbandjaj3 ul 3 MARRIAGE f 3 C 1I1 jc thann c jc 210 thandhan2 I1 J U older to0O 3P 1 0 0 2clio0 000oo0 i older 60 is issgs g u 0 undermcnelmcnerD U husbandjaj3 c u wife 3 M 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 e U sheets andmcdaneC VI S 0 L I1 jc yearsrelree nyears QJ of Q m 11 m m 3 iu uj oj tu u u group0 J vi c v u v v of0of 0 c i- c agestu C U U 0 U tl O MARRIAGES c7ca MARRIAGES MARRIAGES MARRIAGESt fc 0 01 0 0 t median 0o 01 Q n Q ro U u a a marriages marriages marriages 1 C C number number 01 01 cn 0 EE family S S 0O L t- karlmarri- ac nt ac g i 3 3 c m s g rtfraf v 9 marriage marriage marriager marriage n c c t i- a in i- a in i- xtaen i- a U IA 3 1- i i Q S Q3 Q 1 ff0 v v ti O indicates ad ac 0ag ac a iu u g 2 0 E 1 1 U monogamous polygamous5 scores 3 scares O mon0gamojs polygamous 3 c 3 c 3 u 0 5 0 0o u lowrowt c tj c 0 0 rst secondO W second v lolrstrolVI U U C source 0O 0 0 O second0 second0O t Z t- u J firstI1 U 0Z first U J l- u rt 3 Q U U U Q 0 UL 0 wawwww 4 F CL il io 0 U- V 0 Fajl&jl t 4 N U

36LO to her finding large families were valued in the mormon society and the younger wieveswives in subsequent marriages would be a factor to consider in this but it certainly would not be the only reason unlike mays findings for canabkanab settlers 4 of the original providence settlers had dates on the family group sheets that would indicate pre marital conceptions two had dates that indicated the children were born before the marriage took place on one the dates were underlined to slowsiowsiow that the dates were not mistakenly recorded one child of the first generation was born three months before the marriage of the second generation 3 had dates on the family group sheets indicating pre marimarlmaritalstaletal conceptions many also with the dates underlined although this is not a large number of pre marital conceptions it was unexpected the number of children for the completed families for both polygamist and monogamous marriages range from william budges 36 to ulrich trauber with none of the original 92 pioneer families 87 had 964 children an average of ten and one half children per family

see table 55. this is high even for mormon families of this period may found the completed size of canabkanab families to be between eight and nine children 11 the ten and one half average would also include women who died in childbirth and before menopause and those whose husbands died early when the comparison is made for the first and second generation children per wife separating the polygamous and monogamous marriages the median number of children for the first generation monogamous marriage is eight for the polygamous wife in the first generation it 37 TABLE 5

CHILDREN PER COMPLETED providence FAMILIES FIRST generation number of children monogamous polygamous

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 1 2 0 3 3 9 2 1 3 1 4 2 8 2 1 4 1 5 2 10 2 0 0 0 6 2 12 2 0 0 0 7 5 35 7 1 7 1 8 6 48 10 2 16 3 9 7 63 13 0 0 0 10 1 10 2 1 10 2 11 11 121 24 2 22 5 12 5 60 12 5 60 13 13 1 13 3 2 26 6 14 1 14 3 2 28 6 15 0 0 0 1 15 3 16 1 16 3 1 16 3 17 2 34 7 2 34 7 18 1 18 4 2 36 8 19 0 0 0 3 57 12 20 1 20 4 2 40 9 over 20 0 0 0 1 24 5 over 30 0 0 0 2 68 15

TOTAL CHILDREN 964 520 101 468 100

TOTAL HUSBANDS 87 54 62 33 38

total children 32 and 36 children each source family group sheets

38 is seven see table 66. this ffinding is not surprising although the commonly held opinion is that the polygamous wives were more fertile embry also found in her study that polygamous wives had fewer children than their monogamous counterparts 12 elizabeth watts was born in mississippi in 1840 and with her parents moved to nauvoo in 1842 in 1846 her parents moved to mt pisgah and council bluff making the trek to utah in 1850 she lived in ogden in 1852 she was married in salt lake city in 1856 to james fife when she was sixteen years old her first three children were born in salt lake city in 1860 she and her husband moved to providence where they lived in the fort fifteen more children were born to this couple in providence making eighteen children in all she was not a polygamist wife she lived to be 83 years of age and both she and her husband are buried in providence 13 margaret morris was born in south wales in 1821 she was married to hopkin mathews in 1844 when she was 23 she and her husband moved to utah in 1856 with five children one died before they came her husband and the oldest daughter elizabeth age fourteen were two of the first to settle in providence in april of 1859 the family joined them later they came from north ogden where they had first settled when they moved to utah twins were born to margaret and hopkin in north ogden another set of twins were born to them in providence plus three more children making margaret the mother of thirteen children she also was not a polygamist wife this woman is remarkable also in that along with her duties as wife and mother to ten living children she served as a mid wife in providence for 25 39 TT cr in fj 187CO T 514 4610 975 28620 3049 o 00 in r t7ta rsjraj 0ro

1803 1 1803 0 0 1800 0 0 0 0

r 17r 0 17 0 01 0 0 0 0 0

160 0 0 0 0 1610 0 0 0 0

CM 15in 0 0 1 15in 15in 2 30cn0 0 0

0o T 14T 10 14 0 0 1 14 VM 0 0140T 0 0

ro ro a M 0 13ro 60 7800 M 26v0va 13 3 ro39 2 26J 2 CM V M CM fj 12c 15in 12CM 12 6 72 1 12 160CO0 1 SETTLERSh

UJ CM CM r y ro ro CM M m 11 12 44 11 33 363 2 22M lma132n 4 T

M p 10 ri 20 1 100 2 20f0 7 ror700o 0 fsas22 220fm0 2 providence M 4 ft

generation generation 0 S CT r ro 00 rs cr cr Q0 9 7 63 8 72 UJ 9a 51 459 1 9 tjuiIJLJ UJ 0 in in 0 UJz ik r iablt ti n1na r FORgorg CO 10 0 00 160o s 8 5 40 7 56 8 48 384 2 1 it ys in Q S

UJ SECOND FIRST M M 1 r in in r 00oo WIFEnammu 42 42 7 35 245 4 CM28 s 7 6 T 6 0 UJ ro r 3 u f w M UD CD y cr r ff 030 8 48 60 54 324CM 4 24M PERUJ 6 5 CO 9 m QL ro y 25n r 200 41 in 2CM 100 UJ 5 5 elaeka 4 M 5 205 0 s CHILDRENQ ro r M y 10 J 4r 3 12 3 12 4 29 116 4 16 t sa s2 c 5 ro ro J 10 1800 ro ro y QJ 3 3 9 6 3 23NJ 1069 0 0 L children2 c CM y 00oo in XT r U 2 4 8 5 100 2 17 ro34 2 4 C 1 U childrenU p nj rj in in I1 1 1 4r 4f 2 2 1 15 15 0 0 of0 JC aj4j u sheets0 I1 QJ r 0 r JC 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 17 1 0 0 0 number0 3 D m in in m 10 11 10 W C andanemcdC UJ J UJ UJ UJ J m group2 as TOTALS TOTALS TOTALS TOTALS c z 1 0 UJ 1610 MARRIAGES MARRIAGES MARRIAGES MARRIAGES 0 S 5 5 11 median CHILDREN a Q CHILDREN 01 5 J J 4 lolfor 1 1 family 5 5 v t0ta m U i u feOF 3 s SOF m icases indicates

monogamous 3 polygamous 0 MONOGMOUS11 polygamous afuf I1 u s sourceL NUMBER NUMBER i C no0 1 3 1 0 1 1 2 I1 t 1 I

400 years she was reputed never to have lost a mother or baby in all those years she was five foot two inches and always went from place to place at a trot as she cared for her patients in addition to this she served as the relief society president for thirteen years relief society presidents in those days did more than preside over the weekly meetings the poor needy the sick and those in mourning in the community were cared for by these women 14 the age of the providence women at the birth of their last child

in the first generation falls between 40 to 45 see table 77. mays ganab women normally completed their families at 39 or 40 sixteen women 14 of the first generation gave birth to the last child between 45 and 50 years 26 22 between 35 and 40 years the second generation median falls closer to mays average with illliilil111 women 27 giving birth to the last child between 35 and 40 however 36 151 also gave birth to the last child between 40 and 45 with 12 50 between 45 to 50 two gave birth to theirtheir last child afafterter 50 three women had children born to them after the death of their husbands in the second generation four women out of the 153 wives 3 in the first generation were known to have died in childbirth by comparison 22 of the 363 second generation wives 6 died in childbirth thirty four 27 of the first generation women died between sixteen and 55 the child bearing years seventy eight 21 of the second generation died in these years four our of 81 of kanabskanaba women also died in childbirth this represents one for every 175 children born or 57157.1 per 10000 16 providences four deaths for 153 wives and 964 children works out to

41 10 J

TOTALS 7 0 100 100dom0 0 116 5sas419wlm

D j 50 above0 ml0 0 2

500 in m 1zwy to 160o I140r 50ortentenc12 al51455l

in CHILD 45r 5 0 50 R r 0 to in0 43r 151in ro36

LAST 400 5

OF 0 400r X 0 xax3 04 r BIRTH0 4to 26rsjraj 22M 111 27M 4 GO 4 35inro 7 AT LE 3sas 35in TAB uj ro WOMEN 0 3 in R137 to 14 12 in55 y R30

providence 300 ro 97 g 38 to0 7 6 u- OF0 25cvin

aAGE 25inj sheets to0 3ro 30o 9 2

anjicnji200 group roscosrom yslbelowmelow 20 0 3 1 isiof CD family 0 0 rc generation generation median6 SECOND source SFIRST 8 ttt t uj UJ UJ u j c H

42 be 41441.4 per 10000 utah in the 1970s had between one and two deaths per 10000 births but in 1933 for whites the rate was 56456.4 per 10000 the lowest on record it had been to that time the naming pattern among the providence settlers shows some interesting customs ezra taft benson was an early apostleleaderApostle leader in cache county several males were named after him among which was ezra taft campbell ezra taft budge and ezra joseph hoge there was also a wilford woodruff budge wilford woodruff was an early mormon president walter hoge also named a son william budge hoge for william budge a leader in providence others named for early church leaders were several joseph smiths such as joseph smith stucki hyrum smith brother of joseph has several named for him one hyrum joseph naef and hyrum joseph clifford and one hyrum moroni lau named for hyrum and mononi1 the angel who reportedly delivered the book of mormon to joseph smith several were named for book of mormon characters nephi1 ephraim miller alma mathews mahonri poulson alma hug and lehi nephi hammond cumorah low was named for the hill that held the book of mormon plates george washington marler named his son george washington marler and the name george washington tibbitts was given to a later generation tibbitts who married into the marler family there is a noah dunn and moses bullock two of the more interesting christian names for women are freelove hammond who named her daughter ella freelovefrePreelove and finis fife daughter of william fife she was not the last child but the first of eleven children named after her mother

43 one wife of a providence settler divorced and remarried four times two who were second wives of providence first generation polygamist divorced their husbands in all there were six divorces given on the family group sheets in the first generation of the second generation there were 32 divorces one man was divorced twice the third generation had 48 divorces listed with three being twice divorced one of these third generation divorces was given as a temple divorce certainly not unheard of but unusual to find on a family group sheet in the first generation 153 wives and 87 husbands were found on the family group sheets six divorces among this group would be a 252.5 divorce rate it is difficult to find a divorce rate among the early mormon settlers because the practise was not approved although it did take place there is a particularly sad story told on the family group sheets for samuel joseph campbell son of samuel campbell a providence pioneer samuel joseph was nine when he came with his family to providence initially the family lived in providence but finally settled in millvillemillevilleMillville samuel married two wives in salt lake city diana and sarah france who appear to be half sisters he married diane in 1870 when he was 20 and she was seveteensevsevereeneteen he married sarah in 1878 when he was 28 and she also was seventeen diane had five children born in millvillemillevilleMillville sarah had two born in farmingtonparmington and vernal one died at birth and the other lived only two days on june 15 1880 both wives drowned in the white river near buford colorado diane was twenty seven and sarah was nineteen A note on

44 the family group sheet reports that dianes body was never found samuel was left wwith1 th five1 children under nnineinelne samuel remarried a year after the tragedy he was 31 at this time and his new wife was sixteen they had four children samuel lived to age 74 his new wife to age 83 carolina bollscweiler was the third wife of jacob rhimanfurrimanfurhimanFu after his first two polygamist wives had died carolina was born in switzerland in 1864 she married jacob age 66 when she was 33 they were married in salt lake city and their five children were born in providence both jacob and carolina lived long lives jacob died in 1914 at age 83 carolina died in 1963 at age 99 carolinas long life spanned the time just past the pioneer settling of providence and cache county through two world wars and she lived six years short of seeing a man land on the moon

two men and two women of the pioneer generation lived over 91 years eighty eight men and women 42 of that first generation lived over 75 years of the second generation 295 men and women lived over 75 years however 186 of the second generation died before sixteen years of age the figures were not available for the ffirstrst generation see table 88. the median death age for the first generation wife and the husband and wife of the second generation is between 71 and 75 well after they had passed the childbearing years for the men of the first generation the median is between 76 and 80 with the infant deaths figured in the second generation totals for husbands and wives it is between 66 and 70 kanabskanaba mothers mean

45 TABLE 8

AGES AT DEATH OF providence SETTLERS

FIRST GENERMION SECOND generation husband wife TOTALTUTAL husband rifehifewifewi fe TOTAL under 16 not available 186IBS

161916 19 0 0 1 T1 I1 T1 0 0 1 0 1 0

202920 29 0 0 3 3 3 T1 3 1 10 3 13 2

303930 39 3 4 7 6 10 5 14 4 23 6 37 5 404940 49 3 4 14 12 17 8 22 6 27 7 49 7

505950 59 8 9 13 10 21 10 38 10 28 8Q 66 9

606960 69 10 12 18 15 28 13 79 21 80 22 159 21

707970 79 25 29 41 33 66 32 107 28 96 26 203 27

808980 89 32 38 24 19 56 27 90 24 83 23 173 23 over 90 4 5 3 2 7 3 27 7 IB18 5 45 6

TOTALS 85 101 124 101 209 100 380 101 366 100 746 100 186932

not included in total never married and died before age 16 two wives of the same man ages 19 and 27 died from drowning in colorado 35 year old henry gategatess was killed by a bear in providence source family group sheets

46 age at death was 68 As many died after age 72 as before it the fathers averaged 73 years at death with as many dying after 76 as before it the composite picture that emerges of the providence family iis1 s one of a high rate of polygamist marriages the women marrying older men and the men younger women and a large number of children per family the people lived longer and had children later in life some of the concepts of a ideal mormon family do not seem to apply they had pre marital pregnancies and they divorced conditions which have not been studied for other early mormon communities and conditions which many believe are occurencesoccurrences only of this modern generation some of the patterns of family living discovered were expected while others were a surprise the most striking characteristic is the diversity between families given the general uniformity of church membership and life style

47 ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 4

1 providence history committee providence and her people providence utah keith W watkins and sons 1974 P 381 2 ibid appp 316 317 family group sheets 3 jessie L embry mormon polygamous families life in the principle salt lake city utah university of utah press 1987 appp 29 40

4 james E amithwmith and philip R kunz polygamy and fertility in nineteenthnineteenth1 century america population studies A journal of demography vol 30 no 3 november 1976 london school of economics london england

5 philip R kunz one wife or several A comparative study of late nineteenth centry marriage in utah the mormon peoplepe provo utah brigham young university press 1980 appp 53 73

6 dean L may people on the mormon frontier kanabskanaba families of 1874 journal of family histhistory 1 winter 1976 7 ibid 8 ibid 9 embry mormon polygamous families life in the principleprinciprincl 10 ibid 11 may people on the mormon frontier 12 embry mormon polygamous families life in the principleprinciprincl 13 providence history committee providence and her peoplepe appp 332333332 333 family group sheets 14 ibid appp 387 388

48 15 may people on the mormon frontier 16 ibid

49 CHAPTER 4

MOBILITY

ira rice was born in new ashford massachusetts about 1793 orphaned at an early age he lived with his brother in ontario new york when he was about nineteen he fought in the war of 1812 by 1820 he was married for the first time and was living again in ontario county new york in 1825 he was living in northvilleNorthville michigan with his second wife where he probably acquired a land grant from the united states government for his service in the war in 1831 he had three lots with 160 acres of land plus personal property and livestock in ypsilanti michigan ira and his family joined the mormon church in 1840 and moved to be with the members in nauvoo iras story from nauvoo to salt lake city is like many others of the early saints he left nauvoo with the main body of the saints in 1846 after the martyrdom of joseph smith and the subsequent events that led to their expulsion in 1846 47 he spent the winter at winter quarters in nebraska and then went on to council bluffs ira and his son asaph arrived in the salt lake valley in 1847 his family followed in 1851 and he was a pioneer settling farmington in davis county when the

50 north ogden area opened in 1853 ira again moved to pioneer that area in 1856 he married his thirdth rd wifew fe ira his third wife ann morris butler and some of his family were among the first settlers in providence in 1859 in 1866 when ira was about 73 years old brigham young called for volunteers to go to southern utah on a cotton mission to settle the area because of his age ira was discouraged from going to southern utah but went anyway and died there two years later in 1868 of iras seventeen children seven died in childhood three others oscar north adeline married to jonathan bowen and asaph were also original settlers in providence asaphs father in law isaac busenbark was also an original settler as was iras wifes daughter elizabeth and her husband henry gates doran J baker calls north ogden the mother community that spawned providence 2 ira rice and his family are part of twenty eight or thirty percent of the original families who settled in north ogden before going to providence two of the families both campbells referred to in the previous chapter returned to north ogden between 26 28 of the original providence pioneer families came from other communities in the utah territory ira rices descendants write that his motive for moving from north odgen to providence was that north ogden was soon too crowded for ira presumably providence also became too crowded of the 28 men who came from north ogden most with their families only eight were buried in providence twelve in other cache valley including idaho

51 towns only four went the southern utah direction one family went to wyoming asaph rice moved to nevada then arizona and was buried in southern utah william budges reason for becoming a pioneer of providence was entirely different from iras william was calledbcalledo by president brigham young to go to providence william budge was born in lanarkbanark scotland may 1 1828 As his father was a storekeeper and then a book agent william moved to several different places during his childhood years at age sixteen william was employed at an inn then as a clerk in a boot and shoe establishment though his parents were presbyteriansPresbyte rians he was interested in the primitive methodist religion and eventually joined in meetings with the chartists of airdrie at 20 he joined the mormon church in glasgow at 23 he was a missionary first in glasgow then down into england first in the cambridge area and then london he was a missionary for almost ten years moving from england to paris and geneva and zurich to be part of the swiss and italian mission later he served in the norwich district of england and then to germany and back to england and to london again in may of 1860 when william was about 32 he left from liverpool for america with his wife and children after arriving in new york he ended up in florence nebraska and then travelled on to salt lake city he first settled in farmingtonparmington in 1864 at age 36 he was ordained by brigham young to be a bishop and was instructed to go to providence in cache county at 42 he was made stake president of the bear lake stake during this period of time he served in the idaho territorial legislature at 50 he was called to preside over 52 the european mission for two years the last years of his life were spent in logan as president of the logan temple from 1906 to 1918 he died and was buried in logan in 1919 3 where ira rice was born in the united states about 1793 william budge was foreign born in 1828 of the providence settlers both men and women 32 were native born and 68 were foreign born see table

9 in 1860 64 of cache county residents were reported as native born and 36 were foreign born almost completely the opposite pattern of providence virtually all the first mormon members were native born as the first proselyting did not begin until 1837 inI1 the british isles in the period of the initial settlement in cache valley missionaries were sent to other foreign countries but certainly the majority of the foreign born converts in this period were coming from the british isles according to milton V backman jr in the kirland era of the church 1830 to 1839 78 of the members were from new york

and new england and only 2 came from england 4 however by the time the members left nauvoo the proportion of those from england was

substantially higher dean L may suggests that a very high proportion 38 of the nauvoo mormons migrating west were british born 5 largely because british born converts were loygallougal to the apostles and were willing to follow them west in 1850 about 40 of

the church membership was english richard L evans records that between 1846 and 1852 5143 mormon converts boarded emigrant ships in england to come to america 6 in the period between 1859 and 1869 the period of this study 10323 converts left from england to join the main body of the church in the utah area

53 tauleTABLETADLE 9

BIRTH PLACE JFUF CACHE VALLEY RESHENTS IN 1060 CUMPAREUCOMPARED 10TU THE FIRST secundSECONDSECUNU ANDANU THIRDTHIRU glnlraiiunsgenerationsgenera1ions OF providence SENLERS

06u1060I1 firstfinstF i r s L secondseco nd thithlthirdrd residresidentspresid entsants aeneratgenerahgenerat ions native borndornbonndonn illinois 159 6 5 9 0U new york illttl111 4 17 9 4 3 iowa 90 3 1 7 3 missouri 67 4 6 4 ohohioi 0 53 2 5 6 0 penn 41 4 4 2 kentucky 25 V1 4 1 0 indiana 24 2 2 0 nebraska 0U 0U 3 5 wyoming 0U 0 4 01 373 nevada 0U 0U 0 34 171 oregon 0 0U 0U 18 montana 0 0 0 13 arizona 0U 0 0U 29 171 other slatesstates A 252 10 17 9 ve 31 4 providence utUL 0U 1 180100 23723 605 2072uau logan ut 0U 0U 36 474 200 979 other cache co 0U 0 07 IT11 339 11711 idaho 0U 0U ilolloIN110 13137 1062 36367 0U 1 59 777 62 272 SLC 0 ut no ogden ut 0 0 54 7 40 otherutheruthenothen utah territory 033 32 1 94 IT11 ve 310 loxtox1071070

TOTAL 1655 64 62 32 705 86706706 2902 97797

foreign born england 450 17 31 16 44 575 0 scotland 149 6 10 12 0U wales 97 4 13 7 3 0U ireland 29 1 1 0 0 denmark luu100 4 12 6 11 0 switzerland 19 1 46 242 4 yo 20ZU 272 0 norway 11 0 1 0U sweden 9 1 3 0 italy 8a 0 0 0 germany 6 11 ue6 80 0 canada 0U 1 9 171 85 337 other 72 3 3 3 0

TOTAL 950 36 129 60 114 14714 0585 337

OVERALLUVERALL TOTAL 2605 191 819019 2987

chart figures include men and women does not include utahulah nor idaho two were born aboard ships coming from foreign countries

source US census Ms cache county utah 1860 schedule 1 family group sheets

54 ailallali of this suggests that the fjfiguresiguresagures given for providences first generation more accurately reflect the true makeup of cache county than do the 1860 census ffigures 7 this also suggests that the foreign born population in providence played a more important part in the building of providence culturally socially and economically than has been supposed of the first generation settling providence of the two thirds that were foreign born most were from the british isles the british born account for 29 of the total population of the first generation dean L mays study of kanabskanaba residents in 1874 showed 15 of the foreign births were from the british empire including canada 8 this is a lower figure than for providence but still indicates the influence the british converts had in the building of the mormon west it has already been mentioned that john theurer originally from switzerland would meet wagon trains coming from the east bringing converts to utah it was at his insistence that his younger brother and mother came from switzerland to live in providence the converts from switzerland account for 24 of the total for the firstf generation of providence settlers and 36 of the foreign born population it was only to be expected that converts would settle near their family and friends it was also to be expected that because of their shared language they would be more comfortable living with others from their native country the climate and topography of cache county would also be more like the country they had left than the desert areas of utah there is nothing to suggest though that they built a little switzerland in providence after the railroad came to cache county 55 and the pioneering9 period ended more came to providence from switzerland they brought their culture with them and influenced the development of providence but they also appear to have had good rapport with the english speaking converts the convert settlers of providence seem to have been fused into a cohesive unit by their common religion of the 92 providence settlers between the years 1859 and 1869 60 were married when they came see appendix 1 because so many came with children this accounts for the fact that 14 of the second generation were also foreign born see table 99. several of the children were also born as the family traveled from foreign countries to utah at least 5 of the second generation were born in states that were crossed as the converts traveled to utah only 3 of the third generation were born in other than the united states and thetheyy were born in canada reflecting the movement of the second generation to canada canada was a refuge for many of the polygamists who did not want to give up their families when the edmunds tucker bill 1887 was enforced at least two of the second generation were born aboard ships as their parents crossed the ocean from england samuel hargraves was born in ireland in 1815 he married agnes noble in 1837 in carlisle england he joined the mormon church in 1840 and for seven years was head of the lanarkbanark scotland branch of the church he moved back to carlisle in 1845 and in march of 1856 left liverpool for america on the ship enoch train three days after boarding the ship agnes gave birth to a son whom they named enoch

56 train hargraves enoch was their ninth child two had died in infancy before they left england samuel and agnes and their seven children arrived in boston in may of 1856 went by rail to iowa city and then traveled in a handcart company the rest of the way to utah agnes walked the distance from iowa city to salt lake city carrying her newest son they arrived in salt lake city in september 1856 and lived in salt lake until 1859 when they moved to farmington from 1860 to 1862 samuel served a mission for the church in england he moved his family to providence when he returned becoming one of the original settlers they had one child born in salt lake city and one born in farmington two more were born in providence bringing their total number of children to thirteen samuel was a merchant in providence selling out to the mormon church co operative where he stayed on as a clerk for many years in 1863 he took a second wife helielseise died at age 56 and was buried in providence agnes died in 1903 at age 82 and was buried in pocatello idaho where her youngest daughter agnes noble lived enoch train was first married in logan had a child born in millvillemillevilleMillville and was buried in pocatello idaho also enoch a carpenter married three times and was divorced from at least two of his wives 9 sarah elizabeth bullock was born aboard the ship cynosure near newfoundland on the tenth of july 1863 just an hour and a half after her older and only brother died margaret the mother was traveling without her husband james bullock jr who was on a mission in england james was born in 1830 in bedworth england he joined the mormon church in 1848 along with his parents margaret and james were

57 married in 1861 margaret and little sarah were met at iowa city by margarets father in law james bullock senior he accompanied them to utah margaret and her daughter lived in the sugarhouse area of salt lake city until she was joined by her husband when the family was reunireunitedbreuni ted in 1864 they lilived1ved first in bountiful later novmoving1i ng to providence to become pioneers there along with his parents who had moved directly to proviprovidencedence from england in 1862 margaret and james had eleven children james was a shoemaker and he made shoes for zions cooperative mercantile institution ZCMI james the father was a farmer james and margaret and james and elizabeth were all buried in providence sarah elizabeth named for both grandmothers married august bissegger in 1881 she was eighteen and he was twenty five he was a native of switzerland who had moved to providence in 1870 they became the parents of ten children all born in providence both august and sarah were buried in providence 10 very few of the descendants of the providence pioneers actually were born in providence of the children of the original providence settlers 23 were born in providence of the third generation 20 were born in providence see table 99. providence other towns in cache county including logan and idaho was the birth place for 51 of the second generation seventy seven of the third generation were born in that same area not quite half 45 of the original settlers stayed in providence and were buried there see table iolo1010. six people or 3 were buried in logan about five miles away from providence A total of 28 settlers of 14 were buried in the other areas of cache valley 58 TABLE 10

DEATH PLACE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND generation SETTLERS OF providence first second generations united states providence 90 45 illttl111771171 15 logan 6 3 78 11 other cache co 11 6 40 6 SLC 5 3 29 4 no ogden 5 3 33 5 other utah territory 18 9 64 9 idaho 47 24 268 37 other states 14 7 84 12

TOTAL 196 99 tot707707.707 98 foreign canada 2 1 18 2

OVERALL TOTAL 198 725

figures are for men and women of the first and second generation not including those towns now in idaho source family group sheets

59 including logan and the areas that are now in idaho if you include providence in these figures 60 of the pioneers stayed in the cache valley area another 18 went into parts of ichoidho that are not consiconsideredmered cache valley and were buried there all those who stayed in the cache area and idaho account for 78 of the original settlers obviously the cache valley area and idaho pleased these settlers of the second generation 69 were buried in this same area of cache valley and idaho which compared favorably with the birth place of the third generation of the third generation 20 were born in providence and 79 were born in the cache valley utah and idaho area the apparent motivating factor in the movement from providence into the other areas of the cache valley and idaho was the need for more farm land for the children of the settlers As the native born children of the pioneer generation reached adulthood they needed farmland of their own As previously noted many of these pioneer settlers had large families and farming became the occupation of more of the second generation than was claimed by the original settlers with the advent of dry farming methods in the 1880s1880 many families from the providence area moved into areas of idaho to dry farm 11 one such family that made the move to idaho to dry farm was the lorenzo tibbitts family lorenzo edwin tibbitts was the fourth child and the third son of benjamin tibbitts a pioneer in providence lorenzo was born in conncticutconnecticut in 1861 and moved with his parents to providence when he was three years old benjamin was born in england had three children born in massachusetts along with lorenzo in connecticut and then moved to providence in 1864 when he was

60 thirty six years old he had four children born in providence benjamin was a farmer and owned land in providence both he and his wife are buried in providence george the oldest son lived in providence had nine children there and was buried there his second son james appears to have never married lorenzo known as ren was a school teacher in providence and had nine children born there six were boys after the birth of his ninth child he felt the need for more land his oldest sons were 22 20 and fifteen providence was now becoming too crowded his oldest son also lorenzo was married and three of his children were born in providence the older boys and the father agreed to move to the lorenzo idaho area purchase land together and dry farm ren the father died only a few years later and was buried in lorenzo idaho lorenzo the second had seven more children born in lorenzo antelope and rigby all in the same area in idaho he also died young at age 50 in a idaho falls hospital and was buried in rigby his oldest son lorenzo the third grew up as a farmer ranch hand when he was eighteen or nineteen he moved to salt lake city where he became an automobile mechanic his brothers and eventually his mother and sisters moved to salt lake city also this lorenzo known as L

E was married to his girlfriend from idaho and lived the rest of his life in salt lake city where his four children were born one died after living only three days many of the other tibbitts descendants are still in the idaho area today several were dry farmers many of

61 the descendants of that first lorenzo who moved to idaho considered providence to be their ancestral home the place that their family built part of the charm of the providence area was its isolation since the cache valley area was located away from the urban areas it was consiconsideredideredideaed by many of the original settlers who were polygamists1 to be a safe haven from the federal marshallsmarchallsmarshalls who were finding and sending polygamists to prison among the men from providence who were known to have served prison terms were former providence bishop william budge no longer living in providence at the time jacob miller frederick theurer jacob fuhriman uirlulrich1 ch trauber william chugg francillo durfey and J I1 naef 12 frederick theurer moved to providence at the urging of his brother john he became a member of the mormon church at age eighteen in 1857 and he moved to providence in 1860 with his mother

A blacksmith he was 23 when he married his first wife christina schuler he married his second wife mary hochstrasser in 1880 when he was 40 years old mary was a postmistress in providence and for the fourteen years prior to her death she was an invalid he had ten children by christina and three by mary he was sent to prison in 1888 he was a bishop in providence for 20 years and served two missions for the mormon church he and both wives are buried in providence of his thirteen children four died in childhood three were unmarried two sons and one daughter lived and died in providence two other daughters lived in logan and no family group sheet was found for one daughter 13

62 MAPMA 11 4

CACHE VALLEY

0 X FAV

CA fira Y 1671

0 nilnit 0 ti

re glismi 6 APLEIIIVJ 0 1 0 561861 0 10 ij libloslibbos F t A t I1 vuv u 13 & IS a

costmcosam s 9 uzist6t4 a cbC b v 9 i&qo h b W dlaCLA INS 0 TOWTVA 0 k 9 molmal4v z

AUA jorjajkrja

04 1 TIMO

A

mfg A uitl9 cupymupy xu ittlittit &m4gmt 155 UY k 1160 piuspiu4lioliuISOC I1 LAC if 0 g nas lylaIVFP

bapatpapat Is moaMOO

14 MCA 14 OA r

source drawn by thericecherice E tibbitts

63 MAP 5 otahUTAIIUTAH

source national geographic closeupclose up USA 1986

64 jacob miller a native of germany had two wives he had nine children by barbara and six by elizabeth he served a prison term in 1887 he and barbara were buried in providence and elizabeth was buried in salt lake city of his fifteen children four died in childhood of his children whose family group sheets were found one died in san bernadino california a place also settled by the Morcormonsmormonsmons and two died in logan 141 william chugg married three wives born in england he had one wife when he came tto0 providence his first wife either stayed in england or died before he came to utah he served a prison term in 1887 his second wife mary was also born in england he had six known children by mary and six by eliza his third wife all were born in the providence area except the first two children of mary who were born in salt lake city before moving to providence of the known children three died in childhood and two were buried in providence and two in logan 15 it is not known if sylvester low served a prison term for polygamy he was a convert from scotland who moved to providence when 24 years old in 1858 he was married to his first wife jane in salt lake city where two of his children were born one child was born in providence the other eleven children of jane and sylvester were born in logan smithfield and the bear lake area he married his second wife mary at 48 years of age and apparently had three children by her it is not known when he moved to cardstonbardstonCardston canada but his oldest son moved there in 1900 after having six of his children born in smithfield sylvester died in canada 16 whether

65 sylvester and his son moved to canada as a refuge iis1 s not known but his family is the only one of the polygamists of the providence settlers who moved to canada dean L mays study of canabkanab families found that most of the early settlers in canabkanab did not depart the southern mormon areas but did move back and forth in the general area extending the area to include the neighboring states 17 the settlers in the providence and the cache valley area appear to have followed a similar pattern moving in to other areas of cache and idaho many of the pioneer generation left home and family and moved a great distance for their religious beliefs but once settled in the cache area they were apparently satisfied and stayed in the area the second generation moved as they needed for land but for the most part stayed in the area very few like ira rice moved to other sections of mormon territory of the third generation 79 were born in the cache idaho area reflecting the settling place of the second generation the pioneers could be considered a mobile people two thirds of them had come from a foreign land traveling under hardship conditions in most cases more than one fourth of them had lived in other utah communities before settling in providence one third were born in the united states only two in the utah territory in all 19 were married on foreign soil about one tenthmarriedtenth married on their way to zion one tenth married in providence and 4 in logan more than one third of the settlers married in salt lake city in the endowment

66 InhouserouseyOuse several traveling from providence to be married there for religious reasons they were mobile but once settled in the cache area they stayed nearly one fourth of the second generation were born in providence and an additional half were born in cache county logan and idaho three fourths of the third generation were born in the same area nearly half of the pioneer generation were buried in providence and a total of nearly four fifths in the cache idaho area of the second generation 69 were also buried in the same area many of the descendants of these families are still in this area today many still farming the land although this study did not follow the third generation except in a few cases where the information was known itlti appears that it wasnt until the world war II11 that extensive movement away from the area occurred the pioneers came to the area likeedlikened it stayed and apparently so did their children

67 ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 4

1 eva A rice and loretta C rice footprints of ira rice logan utah utah state university 1973

2 doran J baker early history of providence in cache valley logan utah utah state university 1973 preface

3 providence history committee providence and her pepeople providence utah keith W watkins and sons 1974 p 312

4 milton V backman comp A profile of the latter day saints of kirtland ohio and members of zions camp 1830 1839 provo utah brigham young university 1982

5 dean L may A demographic portrait of the Morcormonsmormonsmons 1830 1980 n after 150 years the latter day saint sesquicentennial perperspectivectiveactive midvale utah charles ridd center for western studies 1983p1983 appp 39 69

6 richard L evans

7 dean L may A demographic portrait of the Morcormonsmormonsmons 1830 1980 after 150 years the latter day saint sesquicentennial perperspectivectiveactive

8 dean L may people on the mormon frontier kanabskanaba families of 1874 journal of family hlhistorystory 1 winter 1976

9 providence history committee providence and her people providence utah keith swatkinswwatkinsWWatkins and sons 1974 appp 357 358 10 ibid p 313

11 see imprint of agricultural systems on the utah landscape the mormon role in the settlement of the west provo utah brigham young university 1978 appp 9 106 12 providence history committee providence and her pepeople p63

13 ibid p 427 14 ibiiblibidld appp 393 394 68 15 ibid p 325 16 ibid p 381 17 may people on the mormon frontier

69 CHAPTER 5

EPILOGUE

when the first settlers moved into cache valley it was a wwildernessiildlidiiderness but a land rich with promise it had water flowing from fresh springs the nearby canyon had available timber for homes the soil was fertile and ready for crops spring creek was a choice area and it became providence one third of the first settlers of providence came from the north ogden area settlement they had been pioneers to that area and some would go on to become pioneers in idaho areas as well eventually in the years of the pioneering period one third of the settlers would come to providence from other states having been converted to mormonism two thirds would be mormon converts from foreign countries half of these from the british isles they brought with them their culture and traditions and made of providence a viable farming community they came to a wilderness prepared to build homes and farm to provide for their families almost half of these pioneers were farmers or cattlemen one third were skilled craftsmen they first lived in dugouts or their wagons then built log cabins and set aside

70 land to farm As time went on and more families moved into a high number even for mormon families of the period their long 11lifeilfeefe expectancy could in part explain the high number of children four hundred and seventy one family group sheets were found of the 964 children of these pioneers of the children 19 died before reaching sixteen years of age and 5 probably did not marry the average age that the first and second generation women was married was 20 one year younger than dean L may found for the canabkanab women the average marriage age for the pioneer man was 23 and the second generation a year later at 25 both considerably younger than men in canabkanab 1 the differences in the ages of the husband and wife at the first marriage in a monogamous and polygamous marriage was the same the same was true for the age difference in second marriages these finding are quite comparable with studies of other mormon communities although only four family group sheets for the pioneer generation gave dates that would indicate pre marital conception it is unexpected to find any at all twenty five dates on the second generation family group sheets indicated pre marital conceptions this iis1 s 4 of the firs generation and 3 for the second generation no comparable measurement has been made for other mormon communities providence pioneer woman had children to a later age than canabkanab women however the second generation women of providence exhibited a pattern more similar to the women of canabkanab the first generation of

71 pioneer women of providence had children when they were older in spite of the rigors of pioneer life and the fact that this generation if husbands also left to serve missions abroad one of the remarkable finding in this study concerned the ages of death the pioneer generation were a hardy group of men with 72 of them living to over 70 years of age even more than half of the first generation women lived that long 2 some of the pioneers lived into the twentieth century the question about the religious tenacity of the people of providence and the subsequent generations has not been addressed in this study dean L may concluded that missing family group sheets were probably an indication that those whose sheets were not found were those who fell away from the mormon church family group sheets were not found for six of the first generation providence settlers this could mean they left the mormon church but in at least one case ulrich trauber and his wife rosina the lack of any children may account for the absence of this source the other five of the original group who did not have family group sheets could be considered as having left the mormon church though that is not conclusive AJ simmonds in the gentile comes to cache vallevalievailevalleyvailey lists some places where he believes those who became dissatisfied with the mormons moved 3 only one family who might qualify in that category moved to wyoming but there is no information on the family group sheets that would indicate they did simmonds also indicates that oscar rice had problems with the mormon religion when the church 72 opened a cooperative story in0 providence and rice turned his goods over to the church story 4 he feels the action caused hard feeling among the members and although it may have it did not appear to have led to rices apostasy six of their seven children were married in the temple and of the known grandchildren 34 were endowed during their lifetime nine were not and six were unknown the one child of the oscar rice family who was not endowed had their children baptized at eight or nine years of age still indicating church activity simmonds also contends that elder EC branch of the reorganized church of jesus christ of latter day saints converted several people in providence in 1869 5 this is the cutoff date for the people in this study simmonds does not provide any names and it would be interesting to have these name to compare with the names of the five whose sheets were not found it is difficult to make a judjudgementgement about the religiosity of any group of people the endowment accepted during the lifetime of an individual could be used as a measuring device but certainly is not conclusive evidence and obviously is not a measurement of actual church activity the logan temple was completed in 1884 and the idaho falls temple was not completed until 1945 in order for the people of the cache valley to receive their endowments or to be married in a temple setting until 1884 they had to travel to salt lake city to the endowment house of the first generation of providence settlers 81 received their endowment in their lifetime 8 did not and 5 of the husbands did but their wives did not there was no information for 7 73 of them in both the second and ththirdird ceneratgenerationionlon 82 of those whose information was found also received their endowment in their lifetime information was found for 390 of the second generation and for 1747 people of the third generation this is a substantial group of people and the 82 for these two generations indicates a high percentage of these people stayed with the mormon church even though many of them moved from providence they did not move to get away from the mormon church those who moved to idaho would have to have return to logan to use the temple there until 1945 the marriage place of mormons is more an indication of religiosity than of mobility two thirds of the pioneer generation were married before moving to providence the 36 of that first generation who were married in salt lake city probably did so to be married in the endowment house there several went from providence to be married there several went after marriage to receive their endowments of the second generation 43 were married in the logan temple the overall picture that emerges of the providence pioneers is one of a people who were converted to the mormon church and who passed their religious convictions on to subsequent generations they farmed the land had large families and lived long lives they were content with the cache valley area and stayed there

74 ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 5

1 dean L may people on the mormon frontier kanabskanaba families of 1874 w journal of family history 1 winter 1976 2 these finding take into account only those who made it to providence of the men 5 lived over 90 years and 2 of the women lived over 90 years the ages at death of the second generation include those who died after reaching age sixteen there was not a breakdown by male and female for those dying before sixteen though 20 of the total second generation died before sixteen of those that lived past sixteen 59 of the men lived beyond 70 and 54 of

1 theche6 he total women lived past 70

3 A J simmonds the gentile comes to cache valley logan utah utah state university press 1976

4 ibid p 14 5 ibid p 47

75 APPENDIAAPPENDIX I11

FAMILY STRUCIURESTRUCTURE OF providence SETTLERS 18591869185910691859 18691069

LEGEND

A 0 A- LJL 9 T L FEAAL Lr 6 6 Arrr Ar malnmalfinalenmalenMALE 9 poly6woosPOLIG AAOO 5 rt AA nale MARRM upui W 3 uluicooCQU PLEpue flyplyP wyly clrlircir tw13 A 2 A Q hlo FGS cuabpehlC ildv51 orOP T 1 group gom arriagewrriage iloiioQ vwocamllvewo gow IA 1 mow mwia& aaappjfEDD ohiohloniOW AVALS- H6 ETs 00 SHORTLY FTEH

V 0 7 f ILN

12 13

177 19t 1qaq A Is 2nan U 11 y ewid

no r Gs 4 oao&6 f H 797.97929 a IL 34 A M JL 34 1 37 achfch 76 41 um la16l6 titbitbid 2

44 ega 4&a 47 stfnbn9 H A afi9 41 u go psr Gs 9 vT rh hruI1 SG fial SP 54- as ST A n 413dby9 Z y 60 61 6262. 63 513113 hxxl

its674 9 arrihrri hilinLAAAUt Y 70 71v 71 A

73 74A 75 747 11ll UL i t t7i6 77 78 79 ft 92 hdhTAITAitoI d A A 8 af5f 42

66 87 900 91 A 0 A 9 A A A

adaptedAdap teclteci from dean L may people on the mormon frontier kanabskanaba families of 1874187411 journal of family history I11 winter 1976 pp 190192190 192 source family group sheets 77 providence PIONEER HEADS OPOF households 1859 1869

name year to providence 1 alder conrad 1860 2 baer henrich 1860 3 barker john henry 1866 4 berger frederfrederick1i ck 1862 5 blair seth M 1860 6 bowen jonathan S 1859 7 brown james henry 1864 8 budge william 1864 9 bullock james 1862 10 bullock james jr 1864 11 busenbark henry D 1859 12 busenbark isaac 1859 13 campbell aboil ca 1859 14 campbell joseph H 1859 15 campbell samuel 1859 16 campbell solomon ca 1859 17 chugg william 1868 18 darkclarkmark john H 1859 19 clawson james 1864 20 clifford john P 1859 21 clifford leander H 1859 22 Clifforcliffordacliffordndn tillman B 1859 23 dees william cox ca 1859 24 dunn crandall ca 1859 25 dunn john barker 1859 26 durfy durfee francello 1859 27 durfey henry D 1860 28 fife james 1860 29 fife william 1859 30 fuhrfuhrimaniman jacob 1860 31 fullmerPullmerlimer almon L 1869 32 fullmer almon L jr 1869 33 gassman hans heinrich 1859 34 gates charles henry 1860 35 gibbs richard wilkins 1867 36 gibbs william morris 1867 37 haderlie john ulrich 1866 38 hall newton daniel 1859 39 hammond milton datus 1863 40 hansen mads 1862 41 hansen niels 1862 78 providence PIONEER HEADS OPOF households 1859 1869

name year to providence 42 hansen peder 1862 43 hargraves samuel 1862 44 harmon alpheus amuletamuiekamulek ca1862 45 harmon ammon ca1862 46 harmon henry martin ca1862 47 harrison ralph 1866 48 hartman christian ca1864 49 heyrend john 1862 50 hoge walter 1869 51 horsley thomas W 1864 52 hoth charles frederick A ca1861 53 hug rudolph ca1861 54 king john ca1865 55 kresie john frederick 1860 56 lane john 1859 57 lau daniel frederick 1859 58 loosli john kasper 1860 59 loosli ulrich 1864 60 low sylvester 1860 61 low william walker 1868 62 maddison john francis 1859 63 marler george washington 1864 64 marler william norton 1864 65 mathews hopkins 1859 66 miller jacob 1865 67 monroe marcellus ca1866 68 naef jacob I1 1860 69 neeser jacob ca1863 70 nelson nielson jens 1862 71 poulsen christian 1862 72 rammell charles hoiholhollingling 1859 73 rice asaph 1859 74 rice ira 1859 75 rice oscar north 1859 76 smith william 1866 77 stratford edwin 1864 78 stuckstucki john ulrich 1860 79 theurer frederickorederickdrederickOreprederick 1860 80 theurer john 1859

79 providence PIONEER HEADS OPOF households 1859 1869

name year to providence 81 thompson william A 1859 82 thorton jasper birch 1864 83 tibbitts benjamin 1864 84 trauber ulrich J 1860 85 welch fountain 1864 86 william robert hanna 1859 87 wright charles C 1859 88 zollinger ferdinand 1862 89 zollinger johannes 1862 90 zweifel dietrich 1861 91 zweifel jacob 1861 92 zweifel john ca 1864

date changed from original source from evidence on family group sheets source doran J baker and clyde bralggerbraegger A providential place 1975

80 bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES manuscript SOURCES family group sheets salt lake city utah family history library US census MS cache county utah schedule I1 1860 1870 and 1880

SECONDARY SOURCES

BOOKS alder douglas D ed cache valleyvailey essays on her past and peopledeoppeop 1eae logan utah utah state university 1976 alexander thomas G and jessie L embry eds after 150 years the latter day saints in sesquicentennial perspective provo utah brigham young university charles redd center for western studies 1983 alexander thomas G mormonism in transition A history of the latterlatterdaysdays saints 1890 1930 urbana and chicago university of illinois press 1986 alexander thomas G ed the mormon people their character and traditions provo utah brigham young university press 1980 arrington leonard J feramorz Y foxpox and dean L may Buildbuildinginqing the cicityty of god community and cooperation among the Morcormonsmormonsmons salt lake city utah deseret book company 1976 arrington leonard J great basin kingdom an economic history of the latter day saints 1830 1900 lincoln and london university of nebraska press 1966

81 arrington leonard J and davis bitton the mormon experience A history of the latter day saints new york random house publications 1979 attebery louis W ed idaho folklifefolklikeFolklife homesteads to headstones salt lake city utah university of utah press 1985 backman milton V jr A profile of latter day saints of kirtland ohio and members of zions cccampimp 183018391830 1839 provo utah brigham young university 1982 baker doran J the earlyhistoryearly history of providence logan utah utah state university 1973 baker doran J the early history of providence in cache valley logan utah utah state university 1953 baker doran J providence her historical choreograpchoreographchoreography logan utah stahautaha state university 1973 3 volumes baker doran J providence utah providence utah baker doran J p 1973 baker doran J the waters of spring creek logan utah utah state university 1973 bancroft hubert howe history of utah salt lake city utah bookcraft incorporated 1964

conley cort idaho for the curious A guide cambridge idaho backeddyBackeddy books 1982

embry jessie L and howard A christy eds community development in the american west past and present nineteenth and twentieth century frontier provo utah brigham young university and charles redd center for western studies 1985 embry jessie L mormon polygamous families life in the principleprinc salt lake city utah university of utah press 1987 fife austin alta fife and henry H glassie eds forms upon the frontier logan utah utah state university press 1969

82 fredrickson lars history of weston idaho logan utah utah state university press 1972 gager john G kingdom and community the society world of early christianity englewood cliffs new jersey prentice hall incorporated 1974 gittins H leigh pocatello portraitportrait the early years 1878 1928 moscow idaho university of idaho press 1983 greven philip J jr four generations population land and familfamily in colonial andover massachusetts ithaca and london nebraska press 1966 handlin oscar children of the uprooted new york george braziller 1966 hansen klaus J mormonism and the american experienceerierlerienceermenceence chicago and london university of chicago press 1981 hansen klaus J quest for empire the political kingdom of god and the council of fifty in mormon histhistory lincoln university of nebraska press 1974 herberg will protestant catholic jew an essay in american religious saciolosociolosociology chicago university of chicago press 1983 hovey M R an early history of cache county logan utah logan chamber of commerce 1936 jackson richard H ed the mormon role in the settlement of the west provo utah brigham young university press 1978 larson gustive 0 outline history of utah and the Morcormonsmormonsmons salt lake city utah deseret book company 1965 league of women voters know cache county A study of county government cache county utah league of women voters 1972 lyman edward leo political deliverance the mormon quest for utah statehood urbana and chicago university of illinois press 1986 madsen brigham D corrine the gentile capital of utah salt lake city utah utah state historical society 1980

83 madsen brigham D the shoshonishoshoneShoshoni frontier and the bear river massacre salt lake city utah university of utah press 1985 mallone michael P ed historians and the american west lincoln and london university of nebraska press 1983 martin thomas K tim B heaton and steven J bahr eds utah in demographic perspective signature books 1986 mulder williams and russel mortensen eds among the Morcormonsmormonsmons historic accounts by contemporary observers lincolnlondlincolnlondonLincoln LondLondonon university of nebraska press 1958 nugent walter structures of american social history bloomington indiana university press 1981 odea thomas F the Morcormonsmormonsmons chicago and london university of chicago press 1957 peterson charles S changing times A view from cache vallevalievailevalleyvailey 1890189019151915 logan utah utah state university 1979 goth60th faculty honor lecture peterson F ross idaho nashvillwashvillNashvill tennessee american association for state and local history W W nortonmorton & co inc 1976 poll richard D thomas G alexander eugene E campbell and david miller utahs histhistory provo utah brigham young university press 1978 providence history committee providence and her peoplepe 2nd ed providence utah keith W walkins & sons 1974 rice eva A and loretta C rice D J baker eds footprints of ira rice logan utah utah state university 1973 ricks joel E the beginning of settlement in cache vavalleyvailey logan utah utah state university 1953 ricks joel E and everett L cooley eds the history of a valley logan utah utah state university 1956 shipps jan mormonism the storyofstory of a new religious tradition urbana and chicago university of illinois press 1985

84 simmonds A J the gentile comes to cache valley logan utah utah state university press 1976 sonne conway B saints on the seas salt lake city utah university of utah press 1983 turner frederick jackson the frontier in american histhistory huntington new york robert E krieger publishing co 1976 van wagoner richard S mormon polygamy A history salt lake city utah signature books 1986 wallace lavetta ed history of cache co logan utah cache county school district 1947 woodfield floyd J comp and ed A history of north ogden beqinninqbeginningqinn inq to 1985 ogden utah empire printing 1986

ARTICLES bitbittonton davis mormon polygamy A review article journal of mormon history 4 1977 101 118 bitton davis zions rowdies growing up on the mormon frontier utah historical quarterly 50 spring 1982 182 195 campbell eugene E brigham youngs outer cordon A reappraisal utah historical quarterly 41 summer 1974 220 253 ivins stanley S notes on mormon polygamy utah historical socsociety 35 falifallfailfallpall 1967 309 321 jackson richard H the mormon village genesis and antecedents of the city of zion plan brigham young university studies 17 winter 1977 223 240 may dean L the making of saints the mormon town as a setting for the study of cultural change utah historical quarterly 45 winter 1977 75 92 may dean L people on the mormon frontier kanabskanaba families of 1874 journal of family history 1 winter 1976 169 192

85 nelson lowry the mormon village A study in social origins Brijbrighamham young university studies 4 1930 11 37 smith james E and philipphiiipphislipelip R kunz polygynypolygymy and fertility in nineteenth century america population studies 30 november 1976 465 480 unpublished SOURCES baker doran J clyde braegger and glen allred A Providenprovidentialprovidencialcial place slide lecture presentation june 12 1975 providence utah special collections utah state university logan utah fife elizabeth watts autobiography of elizabeth watts fife typescript history daughters of the utah pioneers providence utah nd hammond naomi A life sketch of my grandmother elizabeth mathews campbell typescript history daughters of the utah pioneers providence utah nd peterson lucile C ira rice special collections utah state university logan utah 1960

86 A study of the pioneers of providence utah and their children

hazel mclean tibbitts department of history

M A degree august 1988

ABSTRACT this thesis investigaininvestigatesvestiga tes the family and mobility pateraspaterns of the pioneers who settled providence utah from 1859 69 and their descendants the majority of the information is compiled from family group sheets obtained from the family history library the study describes occupational structure family size age at marriage pre marital pregpreganancyanancy rates age at death compares monogamous and polygamous family patterns and examines religiosity

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