Duqufsne llmuraitys Gift of if. G. Megeath T THE LIFE AND CAREER OF Sir Henry M. Stanley G.C.B., D.C.L, LL.D., Etc. THE AFRICAN EXPLORER By Arthur Montefiore, F.R.G.S. WITH SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS By HENRY KETCHAM TO WHICH IS APPENDED A RESUME OF THE GREAT TRAVELLER'S LIFE WORK AND AN ACCOUNT OF HIS DEATH (MAY IO, I904,) BY G. MERCER ADAM A. L. BURT COMPANY, > j* j» > > j* j» PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK Copyright, 1902, By E. A. BRAINERD. PREFACE. "Strong in will, To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield." Tennyson. " Ulysses. 19 Stanley's career is the history of the devel- opment of the Dark Continent. He has, indeed, been called the Columbus of Central Africa, but the title is inadequate. At the head of a long roll of honorable names, he has placed his own, —not by some mere chance of circumstance or fortuitous turn of fortune's wheel, but by dint of sheer determination " to seek, to find, and not to yield," by a rare courage, and a devotion to duty hardly short of heroism. He is more than a mere discoverer, for the scene of his many marvelous exploits has also been the center around which his highest hopes and deepest feelings have re- volved. For twenty years he has been an Afri- can traveler— for fifteen, an African enthusiast. But we must not suppose that Stanley was won over to the cause of the Dark Continent in a mo- v WA R 1 4 196Q Vi PREFACE. inent, that his well-known feeling on the subject arose, like some love, " at first sight." When searching for Livingstone he detested the country and its climate, and despaired of the people. Livingstone, who laid down his life for Africa and the African, would reason with him, hour after hour and day after day, but to little purpose at the time. Stanley has told us himself that it was not until he penetrated Africa for the second time that he first awoke to the fact that large portions of the interior might repay an outlay of labor and money on the part of Europe. Then the bread which Livingstone had cast upon the waters was found indeed, for Stanley remembered the arguments of the Doctor, and a burning zeal to be up and doing for Africa and its people be- came the ruling passion of his life. It must not be supposed that even this minia- ture portrait of Stanley's life is the unassisted work of the author. I have foreshortened the facts of many a bulky volume into that which now lies before the reader. The various letters and addresses of Stanley himself have been con- sulted, as well as his remarkable works, " How I found Livingstone," "Through the Dark Con- tinent," and " The Congo, and Founding its Free State." To Messrs. Sampson Low, Marston & PREFACE. yii Co., the publishers, I tender my best thanks for their special permission to make extracts from these works. And, although the needs of the many have naturally been preferred to those of the scientific few, an effort has been made to place the reader abreast of that geographical development of Cen- tral Africa with which Stanley has had so much to do. In a word, this work is intended to put before the general public an authentic and graphic sketch of just those features connected with the life of the great African explorer which help to make the portrait at once characteristic and true. ARTHUR MONTEFIORE. Bedford Park, W. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/lifecareerofsirhOOarth —— CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. EARLY YEARS, 1840-1869. PAGE Denbigh, the birth-place of H. M. Stanley—His earliest year6—Education—Emigration to the United States Change of Name—A soldier with the Confederates- Taken prisoner—Return to England—Again in America —A Sailor with the Federals—Peace—To Europe and Asia—A Newspaper Correspondent—With the Abys- sinian Expedition—The War in Spain 1 CHAPTER n. STANLEY'S OPPORTUNITY, 1869. Bennett's telegram—The Interview at Paris—Stanley's commission and his great opportunity—Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia, and Persia—Voyage to Zanzibar —Zanzibar and its People—The New York Herald Expe- dition—The Work of previous Explorers and the possi- bilities before Stanley 14 CHAPTER HI. THE SEARCH FOR LIVINGSTONE, 1870. The Start from Bagamoyo—The Route—African Roads— Useguhha—Tidings of Livingstone—Stanley's first ex- perience of Fever—The Makata Swamp—Farquhar's Illness and Death—Ugogo, the Land of Extortion Unyanyembe — Unyamwezi — Arab Traders — On the road to Ujiji—Shaw's Desertion and subsequent Death ix — —— x CONTENTS. PAGE —State Visit of the Sultan of Manyara—More tidings of Livingstone—"The Old Man at Ujiji "—Stanley's rush through the Jungle to the Tanganika. 31 CHAPTER IV. success, 1871. * Entry into Ujiji—" Dr. Livingstone, I presume ? "—"Yes —The Doctor's Travels and Trials—Expedition to the Rusizi—Return to Ujiji—Final departure for Unyan- yembe—Livingstone and Stanley part En route for Zanzibar—Royal Geographical Society's Expedition Safe at Zanzibar, and successful 53 CHAPTER V. coomassie, 1873-1874. The British Expedition to Ashantee—Cape Coast Castle —The Gold Coast—Captain Glover's Force—Wolseley and his Staff—The British Army—Its Line of March- Battle of Amoaful—Dash upon Coomassie—The Capital of King Coffee Calcali—His Palace—Destruction of the City—Stanley versus Wolseley—The end of the Cam- paign CHAPTER VI. ACROSS THE DARK CONTINENT, 1874-1877. Death of Livingstone—The Daily Telegraph and New York Herald Expedition—Stanley's new Commission—The Completion of all former Discoveries—Arrival at Zan- zibar and departure for Interior—Striking a new Track —Death of Edward Pocock—Three days' fight in Ituru —Usukuma and Kagehyi—Victoria N'yanza and its Cir- cumnavigation—M'tesa, Kabaka (Emperor) of Uganda —Stanley's Conversion of M'tesa—His famous Letter* History of the Uganda Mission — — CONTENTS. Xi CHAPTER VII. across the dark continent, 1874-1877—Continued. PAGE Journey to Muta Nzige—Cowardice of Waganda—Retreat to Uganda—Stanley at Karagwe—Exploration of the Alexandra Nile—Arrival at Ujiji—Circumnavigation of Tanganika—The river Lukuga, an effluent En route to Lualaba—Tippu Tib—At Nyangwe—Cameron's far- thest—Terrible Prospects—Tippu Tib's Services—Diffi- culties and Dangers—Stanley Falls—Saidi's Rescue- Fight off the Aruwimi—Natives armed with guns- Stanley Pool—Livingstone Falls—Deaths of Kalulu and Frank Pocock—Starvation and Despair— Relief from Boma — The great Salt Sea—Round Africa — Home 105 Again ! CHAPTER VIII. STANLEY, A STATE BUILDER, 1878-1884. Leopold II., King of the Belgians—An Interview—The International Association—Its aims on the Congo Stanley's new Commission—Organization of Expedition —Boma — Vivi — Road-making—Stanley Pool—Native Objections to Treaties—Leopoldville—" Blood Brother- hood "—Explorations—Illness—Return to Europe—Net Results—General Character of the Congo Country 132 CHAPTER IX. Stanley, A state builder, 1878-1884—Continued, Return to Africa—"When the Cat's away "—The price of a Bullet—Leopoldville Retrogressive—Its Restoration —En route for Stanley Falls—The Upper Congo—Bolobo and Diplomacy—" The White Man's Medicine!" — Bolobo again—A Tropical Tempest—Stanley Falls—The plucky Scotsman—Down the Congo—Sir Francis de Winton—Stanley's return to Europe 153 —— xii CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. THE FOUNDING OF THE FREE STATE, 1885. -Aoa The European Conference — A new State — Stanley's Treaties with the Chiefs—Objects of the Conference- Free Trade guaranteed—French Territory in West Africa—The International Association and Portugal The Congo Free State—1,500,000 square miles ! —Stan- ley's Labors—King Leopold's Liberality—Administra- tion of the Free State 169 CHAPTER XI. COMPARATIVE REST, 1886-1887. A Lull — Stanley's Critics—His Justification — Living- stone's Trials—The Fall of Khartoum and the State of the Soudan—Emin Pasha—His able Administration The African Slave Trade and its Horrors—The Mahdi Revolt—Emin alone—His Rescue determined—The one Course, An Emin Relief Expedition—The one Man, Stanley 178 CHAPTER XII. THE RELIEF OF EMIN, 1887-1888. Organization of expedition—Tippu Tib—Ascent of the Congo—Yambuya—Off into the unknown—Silence and suspense—False tidings—Stanley's letters—Marching to Lake Albert—The eternal forest—Disease—Famine Fighting and heavy losses—Fruitful Ibwiri—Hostile Baregga—The N'yanza—Emin 194 CHAPTER XIII. DARK DAYS, 1888-1889. Emin's position—Stanley's return for the rear-guard—Its fate—Stanley again en route to the Lake— " Starvation Camp "—No news, bad news—A great rebellion—Emin and Jephson prisoners — Jephson's escape — Emin's arrival at Stanley's camp 215 —— CONTENTS. xiii CHAPTER XIV. HOMEWARD WITH HONOR, 1889. PAGE Emin's doubts and decision—Surgeon Parke—The start for the coast—Stanley's illness—The Semliki Valley ,; " Ascent of Ruwenzori—The Albert Edward N'yanza —Another new discovery— Mr. Mackay—Mpwapwa Nearing the end—Entry into Bagamoyo—Emin's ac- cident and recovery—A world-wide welcome 234 CHAPTER XV. CROWNED WITH HONORS 256 CHAPTER XVI. COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE 280 HENRY M. STANLEY. CHAPTER I. EARLY YEARS. In the northern division of the Principality of Wales there are many interesting and ancient towns, set in an environment of nature at once rugged and beautiful, which have played an im- portant part in the history of the connection be- tween the Teutonic and Keltic races. Yielding to none in point of historical interest or natural beauty, the town of Denbigh has added to its claims upon the respect of Britons, and, indeed, in this instance, of the whole world, by giving birth to the most intrepid and successful explorer of the age.