FATA - Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP)

Home , Frontier Regions, Gomal Pass, Lakki Marwat District, Razmak, Tank District

Public Disclosure Authorized Addendum to Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Project Management Unit (PMU) FATA-RLCIP, Government of Pakistan Peshawar

Public Disclosure Authorized January 2015

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Executive Summary The Government of Pakistan is planning to extend the currently under implementation Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP) to North Waziristan Agency and a few of the Frontier Regions (FR) 1 beyond its original scope of work in the three agencies of Bajaur, Mohmand and South Waziristan of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). In compliance with the national regulatory and World Bank policy requirements, an environmental and social assessment of the additional scope of the RLCIP project has been carried out; the outcome of this assessment is being presented in the current document, as an Addendum to the existing environmental and social assessment (ESA) that was prepared for the original project.

The World Bank has established a Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF), on the request of the Government of Pakistan (GOP), for supporting the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), FATA and Balochistan. RLCIP is one of the MDTF funded projects and is currently under implementation.

Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework and ESA

The Bank has prepared an Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF), in line with the Operational Policy 8.0 for emergency operations– applicable to all interventions under the KP/FATA/Balochistan MDTF. It specifies the environmental and social requirements that an implementing agency will need to comply before the project is implemented. In pursuance of the ESSAF requirements, the FATA Secretariat prepared the ESA for the RLCIP project. The present document is an Addendum to and should be read in conjunction with the original ESA.

Project Overview

RLCIP was originally designed to improve livelihoods of the neglected low income communities in Bajaur, Mohmand, and South Waziristan agencies of FATA. Now the FATA Secretariat intends to extend the project to North Waziristan Agency and a few Frontier Regions once the internally displaced persons (IDPs) start returning o their homes, as these areas become accessible after the military operations. The components of the original as well as extended (or restructured) project include: A) Community Development and Social Capital Building; B) Community Infrastructure and Services; C) Livelihood Support; and D) Institutional Strengthening, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), and Project Management.

Regulatory Framework

The present study has been carried out in response to the requirements of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 – which requires an environmental assessment to be carried out for each development project listed in scheduled I and/or II of the EIA/IEE Regulations 2000, and the World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.01, which asks for the environmental assessment to be carried out for Category A and B projects being considered through the Bank’s financing.

1The proposed Frontier Regions for Project interventions are FR Tank, FR Dera Ismail Khan (DI Khan), FR Bannu, and FR Lakki Marwat. ii

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Project Area

The North Waziristan Agency (NWA) was declared as an Agency in 1910. The Agency is bounded on the North by Kurram Agency and Kohat, on the East by Kohat, Karak and Bannu, towards South by South Waziristan Agency, and on the West by Afghanistan. The agency lies from 32.35 degrees to 33.22 degrees north latitude and 69.22 degrees to 70.38 degrees east longitude. The Political Agent is the overall in-charge of administration in the Agency. The Agency has an area of 4707 square kilometers (sq km) having a population of 361,246 with a population density of 77 person per sq km.

The Frontier Regions (FRs) are a set of small administrative units in FATA, lying immediately to the east of the seven main tribal agencies and to the west of the settled districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Each of the Frontier Regions is named after an adjoining settled district and is administered by the respective Deputy Commissioner (DC) of the named district. The overall administration of FRs is carried out by the FATA Secretariat in Peshawar. The total area of the four FRs of Tank, Dera Ismail Khan (DI Khan), Bannu and Lakki Marwat is 4,106 sq km with population of 92,786 and population density of 30 persons per sq km , according to the census data of 1998. Amongst the above-mentioned FRs, DI Khan is the largest and Lakki Marwat is the smallest zones area-wise with 2,008 and 132 sq km, respectively. However, population density was the highest in Lakki and lowest in DI khan at 53 and 19 person per sq km, respectively.

These special administrative units though small in size and population are critically important as they act as buffers between the settled districts and FATA agencies; and provide passage and at times host to FATA inhabitants, whether common peoples or IDPs.

Stakeholders’ Consultations

RLCIP is a Community Driven Development (CDD) project and as such consultations are its integral part. So far the project has conducted more than 1000 consultation sessions with the targeted communities for community mobilization, need determination, schemes implementation, and monitoring. Similar consultations will also be carried out in NWA and FRs during the implementation of the restructured project, once these areas become accessible.

Key stakeholders of the restructured Project include low income communities of NWA and FR regions, officials and staff of line departments, FATA Secretariat, and local political administration and civil society organizations. It is anticipated that the community members will participate in project activities by joining the community organizations (COs).

Impact Assessment and Mitigation

The Project components B and C will include infrastructure and livelihood schemes such as water supply, sanitation, solid waste disposal, rehabilitation/construction of water courses, renewable energy systems, rural roads/street pavements, and agriculture and livestock schemes. The potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the above-described schemes are likely to include water source not being safe for drinking purposes, contamination of soil and water resulting from inappropriate waste disposal, health and safety hazards for the communities, unavailability of land on voluntary basis, inadequacy of the schemes siting, inequitable distribution of scheme benefits, blocked access routes, damage to the public infrastructure,

iii

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP damage to crops and cultivation fields, tree felling, and damage to cultural heritage sites and graveyards.

The impact assessment carried out during preparation of the main ESA and the present Addendum has revealed that most of these potential impacts are temporary and localized in nature with low to moderate in severity, and are mostly reversible. Furthermore, with the help of appropriate mitigation and control measures, most of these potential impacts will either be avoided altogether, or their likelihood of occurrence and severity will be further reduced, thus making these schemes environmentally responsible and socially acceptable. These mitigation measures include screening the water sources for their suitability against the drinking water standards; appropriately treating/disposing the sewage and solid waste; appropriately locating the schemes; ensuring community participation and consent in designing and locating the infrastructure/facilities; ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits; ensuring that the land for the schemes is voluntarily donated by the community; avoiding/minimizing damages to crops and infrastructure and repairing/rehabilitating/compensating any damages; compensatory tree plantation; and educating the community through awareness raising campaigns on aspects such as waste disposal, water conservation, modern irrigation/cultivation techniques.

Environmental and Social Management Plan

An environmental and social management plan (ESMP) has been included in the original ESA, to provide implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study. The ESMP will be equally applicable to the extended project as well.

The ESMP includes institutional arrangements for the environmental and social management of the project. Under these arrangements, environmental and social focal points (ESFPs) have been designated in the Project Management Unit (PMU), Agency Implementation Units, and also in the concerned line directorates/departments. These ESFPs have been ensuring implementation of the ESMP and its various requirements during various stages of the schemes. The PMU has been providing reports on ESMP implementation to the Bank on a quarterly basis.

The ESMP also includes separate Mitigation Plans for each type of intervention included in the project. These Plans are made an integral part of the scheme design and its proposal-approval- implementation process. Furthermore, the ESMP identifies environmental and social monitoring, training needs, and the documentation and reporting requirements. Similar arrangements will be made for the extended project as well.

The cost of the ESMP implementation and monitoring of the original project was estimated to be PKR 5.1 million. No additional funds would be needed for the ESMP implementation of the extended project.

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

List of Acronyms AIU Agency Implementation Unit CO Community Organization CDD Community-Driven Development DC Deputy Commissioner EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPP Emergency Project Paper ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESSAF Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework ESSS Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialist ESFP Environmental and Social Focal Point ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FCR Frontier Crimes Regulation FR Frontier Region GOP Government of Pakistan GRM Grievance Redressal Mechanism ha Hectare IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NWA North Waziristan Agency OP Operational Policy O&M Operation and Maintenance PCNA Post-Crises Needs Assessment PKR Pakistan Rupees PMU Project Management Unit RLCIP Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project SADP Southern Area Development Project TPMA Third Party Monitoring Agent WB World Bank

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Table of Contents

Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………ii List of Acronyms ………………………………………………………………………….....v 1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...... 01 2. Project Description …………………………………………………………………...01 3. Legislative and Regulatory Review………………………………………………….03 4. Baseline Conditions ………………………………………………………...……...... 03 5. Stakeholder Consultations………………………………………………………...…16 6. Voluntary Land Donation………………………………………………………...…17 7. Lessons learnt during ESMP Implementation……………………………………..18 8. Impact Mitigation…………………………………………………………………….19 9. Safeguards Monitoring……………………………………………………………....20 10. Third Party Monitoring ……………………………………………………………..23 11. Grievance Redressal Mechanism ……………………..…………………………….23 12. Capacity Building …………………………………………………………………...24 13. ESMP Implementation Arrangements …………………………………..………...25 14. ESMP Implementation Cost ………………………………………………………..25

Annex A: Table of Contents of Original ESA of RLCIP

List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Area and population of the four Frontier Regions 4 Table 2: Administrative Division of NWA 5 Table 3: Land Use (Area in Hectare) 7 Table 4: Agency/FR-wise Area Irrigated by Different Sources in FATA 2012-13 9 Table 5: Agency/FR-wise Completed Irrigation Schemes in FATA from 1970-71 to 2013 9 Table 6: Minerals Production in Tonnes in North Waziristan from2010-11 to 2012-13 10 Table 1: Population Profile of NWA 11 Table 8: Average Household Size 12 Table 9: Education Indicators for Pakistan, KP and FATA (1998, 2003–04)* 12 Table 10: Agency/FR-wise No. of All Types of Govt. Primary Schools and No. of Enrolment in NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 13

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Table 11: Agency/FR-wise No. of Govt. Middle Schools and No. of Enrolment in NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 13 Table 12: Agency/FR-wise No. of Govt. High Schools and No. of Enrolment in NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 13 Table 13: Agency/FR-wise No. of Govt. Higher Secondary Schools and No. of Enrolment in NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 13 Table 14: Public Sector Health Institutions (FATA, 2006) 14 Table 15: Agency/FR-wise Health Institutions and their Bed Strength in NWA and four FR regions as on 01/01/2013 14 Table 16: Housing Indicators (FATA, 1998) 15 Table 17: Rural Settlements (FATA, 1998) 16 Table 18: Agency/FR-wise Electricity Connections Given in NWA and four FR regions 16 Table 19: Stakeholder Consultations for Extended Project 17

Figure 1: North Waziristan Agency and FRs DI Khan, Tank, Lakki Marwat and Bannu, and surroundings 5

vii

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

1. Introduction

The Government of Pakistan (GoP) is implementing the Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP) in Bajaur, Mohmand and South Waziristan agencies of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) with the financial support of World Bank managed Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF). The FATA Secretariat prepared the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) of the project to comply with the national regulatory as well as the World Bank policy requirements (see Annex A for the table of contents of the ESA). The ESA is currently under implementation across the above-mentioned agencies.

The original RLCIP project aims at improving the well-being of the un-served and under-served low income communities in Bajaur, Mohmand and South Waziristan agencies to support the rehabilitation and developmental activities in the crisis hit areas. The project is under implementation since April 2012 and has so far completed more than 105 infrastructure and 30 livelihood support schemes. Now, the GoP intends to extend the scope of this project to North Waziristan Agency and possibly to a few Frontier Regions 2 - areas that are in desperate need for such interventions after the expected return of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). To this end, the RLCIP is being restructured to include North Waziristan Agency and four Frontier Regions in its areas of operations. To address the environmental and social concerns associated with this restructuring, the present Addendum to ESA has been prepared.

2. Project Description

The changes proposed in the project restructuring are described below.

Component-A: Community Development and Social Capital Building (Original US $ 0.6 million, Revised: US $ 0.83 million).

This Component in its revised form would include consultations with local communities for village mapping to explore and agree on their development needs that can be supported through the project. Further, as noted in MTR, consultations with beneficiaries have revealed that they have started establishing trust in the State of Pakistan, though with a concern of reverting to old system after closure of the project. RLCIP’s original mandate restricts it to Strategic Objectives (SO) 2 and 3 of the Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) report; however it is giving an indirect benefit in reference to SO-1 as well. Post restructuring, social mobilization strategy will be cognizant of SO-1 and thus will be adjusted accordingly whereas at some stage its contribution to SO 4 will also be analyzed.

Component-B: Community Infrastructure and Services (Original: US$ 8.9 million, Revised: US $ 6.5 million). This component will continue to focus on community physical infrastructure prioritized by the communities through their organizations. Post restructuring, two or more communities may pool up resources, if they desire so, for larger/clustered infrastructure projects.

Component-C: Livelihood Support (Original US$ 1.5 million, Revised: US $ 2.08 million).

2The Frontier Regions proposed for Project interventions are FR Tank, FR DI Khan, FR Bannu and FR Lakki Marwat. 1

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

The project design provides for livelihood development through agriculture and livestock only. FATA-RLCIP Operations Manual, while quoting various sources informs, “Approximately, 24.4% of the employed population of FATA works outside the country, 29.5 % in other provinces and 10.3% in other districts of KP. Land use data from 2003-04 shows that 7% of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated and more than 82% of the land is not available for cultivation”.

During mid-term review (MTR) consultation process, the beneficiaries from all the three agencies were of the view that 80% of the working age bracket (15-64 years) FATA residents work outside FATA. Implications are that FATA has largely remittances based economy with subsistence level agriculture. Even if the country’s overall dependency ratio of 61.8% is applied to FATA, need for diversified income enhancements and livelihood improvement becomes conspicuous, especially when over 51% population falls in age bracket of 0-24 years.

It is proposed to open up the livelihood menu so that the project undertakes context based interventions for livelihood development which may include: skills training, support for apprenticeship, microenterprise development or any other interventions based on contextual needs including agriculture and livestock. Post -restructuring, RLCIP’s contribution to impact with regards to SOs 1 will also be measured in short term whereas in the long-term its contribution to SO 4 will be gauged.

Component D: Institutional Strengthening, M&E and Project Management (Original US $ 1.0 million, Revised: US $ 2.59).

Project Implementation Arrangements

Under the current arrangements, the Agency Implementation Units (AIUs) fall under the purview of respective agency’s Finance and Planning Cell. This arrangement proved to be an obstruction to project efficiency. In view of the field based experience and based on ‘Role of AIUs’ as defined in the Project Operations Manual, it is proposed to change the reporting relationship of AIUs from Finance and Planning Cell to the PMU.

In pursuance of PCNA objectives, it is proposed that the FATA RLCIP may start undertaking development activities including restoration of livelihoods as well as rehabilitation and reconstruction in North Waziristan Agency; in areas that are cleared by the Pakistan Army, subject to availability of resources.

Besides the seven ‘political agencies’ in FATA; there are six smaller administrative zones called ‘frontier regions’, which separate the tribal agencies from the rest of the country. The six FRs are: Tank, Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Peshawar and Kohat. These FRs are named after their adjacent settled districts. The administration of the FR is carried out by the Deputy Commissioner (DC) of the neighboring named district. The DC reports to the provincial government for his settled district and to FATA Secretariat for the relevant FR. These special administrative zones though smaller in size and population are critically important as they: (i) act as buffers between settled district and FATA agencies; and, (ii) act as passage and at times host to FATA inhabitants, whether common people, IDPs or militants. FATA-RLCIP is operational in tribal agencies, whereas KP-SADP undertakes development in adjacent districts with small

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP geographical belts referred to as FRs lying in between. Neither of the projects is addressing FR development, which could be detrimental to PCNA objectives.

While defining RLCIP’s areas of operation, the neighboring FRs were over looked. RLCIP, along with working in FATA Agencies, will also undertake social mobilization, livelihood enhancement and community infrastructure development in the project related FRs, subject to availability of resources. These will be FR Tank, FR DI Khan, FR Bannu and FR Lakki Marwat.

3. Legislative and Regulatory Review

The environmental and social acts, rules and regulations relevant to the original project have been covered in the main ESA report (Chapter-2); these instruments will be applicable to the restructured project as well. TheFrontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) that was missed out in the original ESA is briefly described below.

The Frontier Crimes Regulation, 1901 as amended in 2011 is the main regulation dealing among others with the land acquisition in FATA. FCR is an old law. Although modest modifications were made by the government in previous decades, the substance and structure of the regulation have essentially remained the same. Prior to 2011, the FCR was amended in 1928, 1937, 1938, 1947, 1962, 1963, 1995, 1997, 1998 and 2000.

In August 2011, the first-ever substantive amendments were made in the history of the FCR. One of the major reforms among others included “no deprivation of property rights without adequate compensation”. Section 56 of FCR related to Protection of Property Rights states that no person shall be compulsorily deprived of his property unless he is paid adequate compensation for damages and land acquired for public purposes on the rates assessed with consensus or Government assessed value as applicable in settled areas.All such deeds are made on a common Stamp Paper carries names, signatures and CNIC numbers of the sellers and buyers; along with two/three witnesses, which are endorsed through the local Tehsildar and Offices of the respective APAs and Political Agents). These agreements are enforced under the FCR by a Jirga, and not through the judicial channels available elsewhere in Pakistan 3.

4. Baseline Conditions

North Waziristan Agency (NWA) - Geographical and Administrative Profile

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) comes under the direct control of the federal government; the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is designated as its agent, while in Islamabad the area is under the overall supervision of the Ministry of States and Frontier Regions (SAFRON). Laws framed by the National Assembly and Senate of Pakistan do not apply in FATA unless specifically ordered by the President.

The Governor holds control over the agencies via Political Agents (PAs). Each tribal agency is administered by a Political Agent, assisted by a number of officials and membersfrom various informal/local law enforcement agents (e.g. khassadars; levies, and scouts). The PAs are career bureaucrats with broad political, administrative, financial and judicial powers. They oversee the working of line departments and service providers, handle inter-tribal disputes, control use of

3Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework of the FATA-Water Resources Development Project; Oct. 2014 3

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP natural resources, and play a supervisory role in development projects. They enjoy broad discretionary powers with little transparency in the day-to-day working of agency administration and in the collection of tolls and disbursement of funds.

FATA is divided into two administrative categories: ‘protected’ areas which are regions under the direct control of the government, and ‘non-protected’ areas which are administered indirectly through local tribes. In the protected areas, PAs decide criminal and civil cases. The 1901 FCR gives wide-ranging powers to PAs, including “Collective Punishment” of a tribe for actions by individuals from that tribe. The six Frontier Regions are administered by the District Commissioner (DCs) of the adjoining districts of KP, each functioning as a Political Agent for their designated Frontier Region.

These special administrative units though small in size and population are critically important (see Table 1) as they act as buffers between the settled districts and FATA agencies; and provide passage and at times host to FATA inhabitants, whether common people, IDPs or militants. Table 1: Area and population of the four Frontier Regions 4 Area Population density Region Population (km²) (persons/per km²) Frontier Region Bannu 745 19,593 26 Frontier Region Dera Ismail Khan 2,008 38,990 19 Frontier Region Lakki Marwat 132 6,987 53 Frontier Region Tank 1,221 27,216 22 Total 4,106 92,786 Average: 30

The North Waziristan Agency (NWA), (see Figure 1 ) was declared as a full-fledged Agency with its headquarters at Miranshah in 1910. It is bounded on the north by Afghanistan, Kurram Agency and Hangu district, on the east by tribal areas adjoining Bannu and Karak districts, on the south by South Waziristan Agency and on the west also by Afghanistan. The agency lies from 32.35 degrees to 33.22 degrees north latitude and 69.22 degrees to 70.38 degrees east longitude. The Political Agent is the overall in-charge of administration in the Agency. The Agency has an area of 4707 sq. kilometers having a population of 361,246 with a population density of density77/km². The region became an independent tribal territory in 1893, remaining outside of the British Empire and Afghanistan. The Agency became part of Pakistan upon its independence in 1947.

The mountains of North Waziristan are geographically separate from the larger mountain systems of Koh-e-Sufaiin the north and Sulaiman in the south. The mountains and hills form a rampart between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The average height of the Waziristan hills is 1,500– 2,500 meters (4,900–8,200 ft.) above sea level. The important ranges in the Waziristan hills are Derwesta, Laran, Vezda, Ingame, Shoidar, Shawal, Eblunkai, Alexandra, Muzdak and Zakha.

There are five notable rivers: Tochi, Kaitu, Kurram, Khaisor, and Shaktue. Some notable streams are Khoni Aigad, Chashma Aigad, Saidgi Algad, Kanungo Aigad, Sagga Aigad, Tauda China

41998 Census data taken from FATA Sustainable Development Plan 2007-2015, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, page-19. 4

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Algad, Damoma Algad, Tarkhobi Algad, Suedar Aigad. The Tochi River flowing through the agency has formed the Tochi Pass, through which armies, people and cultures have moved in and out of this region. The Tochi Pass connects Ghazni, Afghanistan with Bannu, Pakistan. The Tochi River has carved a large and important valley which is bounded by hills and mountains on all sides except the eastern side. It is about 100 kilometers in length and opens up into the Indus Valley near Bannu. The Tochi valley is fertile and cultivable. Ketu and Kurram are the two minor rivers which flow in the northern part of the agency.

Figure 1: North Waziristan Agency and FRs DI Khan, Tank, Lakki Marwat and Bannu, and surroundings

Socially and religiously, Waziristan is an extremely conservative area. It is inhabited by the Pashtun Wazir and Dawari tribes. Women are carefully guarded, and every household must be headed by a male figure. Tribal cohesiveness is strong because of "Collective Responsibility Acts" in the Frontier Crimes Regulations.

Due to rugged terrain, the population tends to cluster in areas where there is arable land. Miranshah is the most densely populated tehsil of the Agency. The Agency consists of threesub- divisions and ninetehsils. These are given in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Administrative Division of NWA

Sub-Division Tehsils Miranshah Miranshah Ghulam Khan Datta Khel Mir Ali Mir Ali Spinwam

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Sub-Division Tehsils Shewa Razmak Razmak Dossali Garyum

The main tribes of the Agency are Daur, Wazir and Tori Khel. The Daur tribe lives in the Tochi River Valley, sought British protection from their Wazir neighbours at the end of the 19 th Century. Daur lands were assessed in 1993 and a land tax has been paid ever since. The Daur area has long been administered. Much of Datta Khel Tehsil is inaccessible The Political Administration within the Agency is supported by the following agencies for maintaining law and order:

a) Tochi Scouts: The Tochi Scouts have their HQs at Miranshah. It has four wings, one each at: 1) Miran Shah, 2) Boya, 3) Ghulam Khan, 4) and Mir Ali Tehsil of NWA.

b) Shawal Scouts: The Shawal Scouts have their HQs at Razmak with two wings catering for Razmak Sub-division.

c) Thall Scouts: Although the HQs of Thall Scouts is at Thall, one wing is based at Spinwam.

d) Khasadars: The local tribal Force of Khasadars numbering 3703 shoulders the major part of the day-to-day security/law and order issues 5. Climate, Temperature and Rainfall

The Agency is severely cold in winters, with snowfall in certain places and is mild hot in summers. The Agency Headquarters at Miranshah receives around 254 to 330millimeters of snow annually. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during the month of June are 31 and 18 degrees Celsius, respectively. Winter starts in October and continues until April. December, January, and February are the coldest months. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during the month of January are 10 and −2 degrees Celsius, respectively.

Land Use

Due to the rugged nature of terrain and their limited education, many inhabitants emigrate abroad to earn livelihoods as laborers. Local people have also invested in transportation-related businesses. Waziri tribes generally run businesses, while Dawars tribes are more heavily employed through government services.

Land use data from 2007-08 shows that only about four percentof the total geographic area of North Waziristan is cultivated and 96 percentof the land is not arable (see Table 3). This puts intense pressure on the available agricultural land and creates food insecurity in the agency. About two percentof the farmland is under irrigation, with the remaining cultivated area relying entirely on rainfall and hence rain-fed area.

5Development Brief of the North Waziristan Agency; 2008 – 2009, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development Department, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar 6

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Table 3: Land Use (Area in Hectare) 6 Land Utilization North Waziristan Agency Total Reported Area 4707 Sq. km (1998 Census) Cultivated Area (in ‘000 hectares) 17.4 Culturable Waste (‘000 hectares) 2.0 Culturable Area (‘000 hectares) 19.4 Irrigated Area (‘000 hectares) 14.0 Forest Area (‘000 hectares) 0.402 Cultivated Area as % of the total Reported Area 3.7 Irrigated Area as % of Cultivated Area (%) 80 Forest Area as % of Reported Area (%) 0.1 Land Use Intensity (%) 90%

Geographical and Social Profiles of the Frontier Regions

I. FR Tank FR Tank is located between 32˚-13’ and 32˚40’ and 32˚40’ north latitudes and 70˚-20˚ and 70˚36˚ east latitudes. It is bounded on the north, south and west by South Waziristan agency and on the north-east by Lakki Marwat district and on the south-east by Tank district. Its total area is 1,221 sq. kilometers. The total population of the area was27,216 in 1998.

Physical Features It is mostly covered by the dry Bhittani hills, gradually sloping from north-west towards south- east. The highest point of these hills is 1,943 meters above the sea level, located near the northern border on the watershed of Zia plaiwan stream. Almost all the streams which originate from this area are seasonal and normally end up in arid plains of DI Khan.

Climate It experiences hot summers and cold winters. Summer season starts in April and continues till October. June, July and August are the hottest months. Winter season starts in November and lasts till March. December, January and February are the coldest months.

Race and Tribes The area is mainly inhabited by the Bhittanis tribe which is further divided into three sub- sections namely Tattao, Waraspun and Dhanna. The Bhittanis, as evident from their name, claim decent from Baitan, the third son of Qais, the founder, according to one doctrine, of the Pukhtoon race. They also inhibit FR DI Khan and FR Bannu, mostly the mountainous area on the borders of Tank and Bannu from the Gabbar mountain in the north to the Gomal valley in the south.According to traditions, they were first living in Koh-i-Sulaiman, but the Ghilzais drove them out of their homeland and they settled where they are now. During the reign of Afghan Sultans of Delhi they enjoyed prestigious positions, and a large number of them used to serve in

6Development Brief of the North Waziristan Agency; 2008 – 2009, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development Department, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, page-4. 7

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP the Sultanate’s army. Most of the Bhittanis tribesmen are serving in various government departments or in private firms while a few people of the area are farmers, using old agricultural methods 7.

II. FR DI Khan

Geography and climate The geography of FR DI Khan is mostly hilly areas of the Sulaiman Range. All of the Sherani Area is totally under the eastern shadow of highest peak of Takht-e-Sulaiman. The northern side is bounded by Gomal pass.

FR DI Khan is named after Dera Ismail Khan district which lies to the east and also borders with South Waziristan Agency to the north, Dera Ghazi Khan and Musa Khel to the south and Zhob to the west. The main village of this region is Darazinda, which is also on the border of South Waziristan.The weather of the area from December to February is cold while from May to September is warm.The majority of the population is Pashto-speaking Sherani 8.

III. FR Bannu

FR Bannu is an important region in FATA which lies to the east and also borders with Karak district and FR Lakki Marwat to the north, and the North Waziristan Agency to the west, and the South Waziristan Agency to the south.

Govt. Degree College, Kotka Habib Ullah is the only Degree College providing education to this region.

IV. FR Lakki Marwat

FR Lakki Marwat is a small administrative unit in FATA which lies to the northeast.It is administered by the DC Lakki Marwat district while the overall administration of the region is carried out by the FATA Secretariat, Peshawar.

Livelihoods

Like rest of the FATA, in NW Agency and surrounding FRs of Tank, DI Khan, Lakki Marwat and Bannu too, livelihood opportunities are limited for the local people. The rural economy is mostly pastoral, with agriculture practiced in few fertile valleys. Most of the households are engaged in primary level subsistence farming and livestock rearing. Some are involved in business and trading, or find employment in the small-scale commercial and industrial sectors. Those unable to earn a living at home migrate to other parts of the country or travel abroad in search of work. Women take active part in agricultural activities and livestock rearing, collect fuel-wood and fetch water, in addition to attending to household work and family duties 9.

7 http://waziristanhills.com/FATA/AgenciesFRs/FRTank/tabid/86/language/en-GB/Default.aspx ; accessed on 14 th January 2015 at 10:26 pm. 8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Region_Dera_Ismail_Khan#Demography ; accessed on 14 th January 2015. 9FATA Sustainable Development Plan 2007-2015, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, page-6. 8

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Water Resources

There are five notable rivers in North Waziristan namely Tochi, Kaitu, Kurram, Khaisor, and Shaktue. Groundwater is the main source for irrigation and other purposes that has been channelized as presented in Tables 4 and 5 below.

Table 4: Agency/FR-wise Area Irrigated by Different Sources in FATA 2012-13 10 (Area in Hectares) Total Canals Tube Lift Agency/FR irrigated Tanks Wells Others Wells Pumps area Govt. Private N. Waziristan 14,850 - 8,120 - 1,510 2,700 1,020 1,500 FR Bannu 3,420 550 1,450 - 120 700 270 330 FR DI Khan 3,463 - 2,185 78 415 - 510 275 FR LakkiMarwat ------FR Tank ------Total

Table 5: Agency/FR-wise Completed Irrigation Schemes in FATA from 1970-71 to 2013 11

Surface Irrigation Schemes Ground Water Schemes Micro-Hydel Irrigation Flood Pr. Small Dams Tube-Wells Dug-Wells Power Units Agency/FR Channels Walls No. of No. of No. of Dams No. of Tube No. of Dug No. of Units Channels Schemes Wells Wells North 113 42 02 118 150 10 Waziristan FR Bannu 18 12 - 70 17 - FR DI Khan 30 24 - 04 02 - FR 06 06 - 02 17 - LakkiMarwa t FR Tank 28 09 - - - -

Other development indicators paint a similarly dismal picture of the basic services. Official records show that very limited portion of the population is supplied with clean drinking water but less than a third of this supply is in the form of individual connections to households. In many rural areas, women are required to travel long distances, in some cases up to five kilometers to fetch drinking water. Water from pipelines is supplied directly, either through indoor or outdoor connections, to less than 40% of households.

Minerals Resources

The following minerals have been found in the area:

10 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development Department, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, page-59. 11 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development Department, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, page-62. 9

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

• Copper associated with volcanic rock at Boya and Manzarkhel Spinkamar (east of Shora- Algad) • Manganese associated with cherts • Chromite associated with serpentinites – There are only two mining sites of chromite: at Syed Abad (Mohammad Khel); and Saidgi. • Gold and diamond mines in Muhammad Khel • In some hills, ordinary stones are mined for construction of buildings.

Nowadays chromite and copper mining is carried out in Razmak in Malakan Village. Significant reserves of minerals and commercially valuable stone remain unexplored. With few industries and only limited unorganized mining, unemployment and under-employment are high. The year- wise Production in Tonnes of few minerals during 2010-11 to 2012-13 has been reported as under in Table 6.

Table 6: Minerals Production in Tonnes in North Waziristan from2010-11 to 2012-13

Mineral type Chromite Manganese Serpentine Copper Year 2010-11 20,592 - - - Year 2011-12 20,822 330 - 1,890 Year 2012-13 13,540 210 150 1,550

Biological Environment

Although FATA lags far behind the rest of the country in terms of development, it has not escaped the ill-effects of environmental degradation. Widespread deforestation has led to a scarcity of fuel wood and timber, while denuded hills are unable to retain soil or water. Erosion increases the incidence of flash floods which wipe away crops, fertile surface soil / farmland and valuable infrastructure, while low water retention has led to a drawing down of the water table, creating scarcity where none existed a few generations ago. For the growing population, it is today becoming increasingly difficult to obtain water in sufficient quantities to irrigate crops and meet domestic requirements. Rangeland is also becoming degraded, partly as a result of pressure from overgrazing but also because of extended periods of drought.

The militancy and frequent military operations in the NWA agency had further degraded the biological environment.

Biodiversity

Local natural ecosystems are very diverse. These are largely plantations of broad leaf, maize crop, highly degraded forests, grasslands, bare lands and non-economic fruit orchards. None of these habitats are believed to support significant indigenous biodiversity, either in terms of species richness, genetic diversity or key endemic or threatened species. This biodiversity has been threatened by loss, degradation and fragmentation of habitats, and by hunting and over- collection of valuable species. Many species are threatened with extinction in villages, and the needs of these species and their habitats should be considered by any development project, particularly if project sites are near or adjacent to key natural habitats, such as existing or proposed nature reserves.

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Issues such as hunting and collection of different products by migrant workers and nomads, and fragmentation of natural forests need to be considered when sitting and managing project activities.

The assessment indicates that no obvious landscape and biodiversity changes will be caused by this project alone. However, the project must be considered in the context of larger changes in landscape. Although most of the original vegetation in NWA was lost long ago, an intricate mosaic of agricultural ecosystems and native and planted-forest ecosystems co-exist and shape the landscape today. This landscape variation is very diverse and to some, aesthetically attractive. Landscape diversity may provide significant benefits to the industry in the long-term by reducing risks from pests and disease.

Demography

The FATA population constitutes 2.40% of the population of Pakistan as per 1998 Census as compared to 2.61% in 1981 Census. The population of FATA has increased at an average Annual Growth Rate of 2.19% as compared to National Growth Rate of 2.69% 12 . According to the 1998 census, the total population of North Waziristan Agency stood at 361,246. However, the population has increasedbetween 1998 to 2012-13 (14 years) at the rate of 2.46% annually and at present, the estimated population is 503,46713 (See Table 7). However, due to displacementand movement of families to other areas duringlast 10-12 years due to insurgency and military operations, the figures may not be reliable.

Table 7: Population Profile of NWA

Area Total Population Males Females (Estimates for 2014) NWA 503,467 268,191 235,275 1. Datta Khel 145347 77566 67781 2. Dossali 27062 14373 12689 3. Garyam 5175 3003 2172 4. Ghulam Khan 17508 9397 8111 5. Mir Ali 124007 64811 59197 6. Miranshah 89225 48106 41119 7. Razmak 7570 4620 2949 8. Spinwam 31076 16577 14500 9.Shewa 30331 15801 14530

The average annual population growth for FATA is slightly lower than the provincial average of 2.8 per cent and the national average of 2.7 per cent. The average household in FATA consists of

12 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development Department, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, page-125. 13 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development Department, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, page-125. 11

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

9.3 persons, compared to 8 persons in the KP and 6.8 persons in the country as a whole. The household data is presented in Table 8 below.

Table 8: Average Household Size

Indicator Pakistan KP FATA Average household size (persons) 6.80 8.00 9.30 Urban population (% of total) 32.50 16.87 2.70 Population density (persons per sq. km) 166.30 238.10 116.70

Access to Education

In the entire FATA belt (both political agencies and FRs), only 17.42 per cent of the overall population is literate as per 1998 census data. Among females aged 10 years and above, literacy level is even worst which had been reported as low as 3 per cent, compared to 18.82 percent in the KP and 32.02 per cent across the country. While 29.51 per cent of males over the age of 10 are literate in FATA, this figure trails the KP (51.39 per cent) and the national average (54.81 per cent) by a wide margin. However, the Population Estimates of FATA for the year 2013 has reported the overall literacy rate for FATA as 21.4 percent which is 7.5 percent for female and 33.8 for male. Less than 40 per cent children are enrolled in educational institutions from primary to higher-secondary level, but just 21 percent of all girls are in schools. While the overall enrolment is low, drop-out rates are high, with more than half of all children who begin with primary school leaving before they complete Class-V14 . See Table 9 below for the key education indicators for Pakistan, KP and FATA while Tables 10 to 13 for specific data on primary, middle, high and higher secondary schools’ number and corresponding enrolments in NWA and the four FR regions.

Table 9: Education Indicators for Pakistan, KP and FATA (1998, 2003–04)*

Indicators Pakistan KP FATA Literacy ratio (both sexes, %) 43.92 35.41 17.42 Male literacy ratio (%) 54.81 51.39 29.51 Female literacy ratio (%) 32.02 18.82 3.00 Government primary schools (total number) 155,000 18,924 4,189 Government primary schools for boys 111,100 11,633 2,524 Government primary schools for girls 43,900 7,291 1,665 Total enrolment in primary school 19,781,000 2,041,693 339,794 Government middle schools (total number) 28,700 2,053 404 Government middle schools for boys 22,100 1,319 284 Government middle schools for girls 6,600 734 120 Government high/higher-secondary schools 16,100 1,534 240 (total number) Government high schools for boys 13,100 1,059 206

14 FATA Sustainable Development Plan 2007-2015, FATA Secretariat, Peshawar, pages-5-6. 12

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Government high schools for girls 3,000 273 27 *Literacy rates according to 1998 census; all other figures for 2003–04.

Table 10: Agency/FR-wise No. of All Types of Govt. Primary Schools and No. of Enrolment in NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 15 (In Numbers) Agency / FR All types of Primary Schools Enrolment in all types of Primary Schools Both Sexes Male Female Total Male Female North Waziristan 731 368 363 63,654 30,723 32,931 FR Bannu 293 134 159 16,465 6,986 9,479 FR DI Khan 114 68 46 5,807 3,526 2,281 FR Lakki Marwat 80 34 46 3,906 1,753 2,153 FR Tank 157 66 91 10,786 4,718 6,068

Table 11: Agency/FR-wise No. of Govt. Middle Schools and No. of Enrolment in NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 16 (In Numbers) Agency / FR No. of all Middle Schools Enrolment in all Middle Schools Both Sexes Male Female Total Male Female North Waziristan 77 52 25 12,778 9,321 3,457 FR Bannu 26 20 6 3,298 2,695 603 FR DI Khan 13 10 3 1,462 1,141 321 FR Lakki Marwat 11 5 6 954 509 445 FR Tank 18 9 9 2,495 1,365 1,130

Table 12: Agency/FR-wise No. of Govt. High Schools and No. of Enrolment in NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 17 (In Numbers) Agency / FR No. of all High Schools Enrolment in all High Schools Both Sexes Male Female Total Male Female North Waziristan 34 28 6 11,973 9,484 2,489 FR Bannu 19 18 1 5,245 4,972 273 FR DI Khan 5 4 1 1,283 1,121 162 FR Lakki Marwat 2 2 - 445 445 - FR Tank 11 8 3 1,985 1,377 608

Table 13: Agency/FR-wise No. of Govt. Higher Secondary Schools and No. of Enrolment in 18 NWA and four FR regions during the Year 2012-13 (In Numbers) Agency / FR No. of all Higher Secondary Schools Enrolment in all Higher Secondary Schools Both Sexes Male Female Total Male Female North Waziristan 1 1 - 797 797 - FR Bannu 1 1 - 1,035 1,035 -

15 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics FATA Cell, P&D Deptt., FATA Secretariat, Peshawar; pages-83-84. 16 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics FATA Cell, P&D Deptt., FATA Secretariat, Peshawar; pages-86-87. 17 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics FATA Cell, P&D Deptt., FATA Secretariat, Peshawar; pages-89-90. 18 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics FATA Cell, P&D Deptt., FATA Secretariat, Peshawar; pages-92-93. 13

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

FR DI Khan - - - 0 - - FR Lakki Marwat - - - 0 - - FR Tank - - - 0 - -

Access to Health Services Health care indicators are equally disappointing, with one doctor for every 7,670 persons in FATA, compared to 4,916 persons per doctor in the KP and 1,226 persons for every doctor in Pakistan. Health indicators for FATA are incomplete and in many cases only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system due to which communicable diseases are prevalent. Counterfeit and substandard pharmaceutical drugs are widely available 19 . Infant mortality is estimated to be as high as 87 deaths per 1,000 live births, while maternal mortality is thought to exceed 600 deaths per 100,000 live births. Access to health services is severely limited, with just one dispensary, basic health unit or rural health centre reported in the year 2004 for every 50 square kilometers of areaserving a large clientele, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas. Available bed strength in the same year stands at 1,762 for all of FATA. Public-sector health services available in 2006 and 2013 are shown in Tables 14 and 15 below.

Table 14: Public Sector Health Institutions (FATA, 2006) Type of service Number Secondary-level curative Agency headquarters hospital 6 Tehsil headquarters hospital 4 D-type hospital, surgery, gynecology/obstetrics 16* Primary health Rural health center 8 Primary health, community outreach Basic health units 168 Community health centers, dispensaries, maternal and child health 454 centers, and sub health center * Under construction.

Table 15: Agency/FR-wise Health Institutions and their Bed Strength in NWA and four FR regions as on 01/01/2013 20 (In Numbers) Hospitals R. H. Centers TB MCH Agency/FR Dispensaries CHC BHUs No. Beds No. Beds Clinics Centers NW Agency 9 360 134 1 8 5 43 15 65 FR Bannu - - 51 - - 1 5 11 2 FR DI Khan 1 8 7 - - 1 6 2 - FR Lakki M. - - 8 - - 1 6 3 - FR Tank 1 8 38 1 6 1 7 4 -

19 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics FATA Cell, P&D Deptt., FATA Secretariat, Peshawar; page-6. 20 FATA Development Statistics 2013, Bureau of Statistics FATA Cell, P&D Deptt., FATA Secretariat, Peshawar; page-111. 14

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

The more vulnerable segments of the population - women, children, the elderly and the disabled - depend on others to access health services. Cultural norms discourage the movement of women into the public sphere and inhibit them from consulting male health care providers. Coupled with a shortage of female doctors and nurses, this restricts women’s access to health services. For younger people, the absence of constructive recreational opportunities and the easy availability of drug places them at risk of narcotics addiction. Care of the elderly is a tribal custom but the lack of adequate health facilities leads to problems in this area as well. The population is clearly bifurcated into the haves and the have-nots. Those with the financial means to do so seek care from tertiary hospitals and specialists in the settled areas. For those who do not have this opportunity, the choice of providers is restricted to practitioners available locally.

Housing and Settlements

More prosperous residents of FATA maintain large homes with spacious courtyards, guest rooms and separate quarters for the women of the household. Occasionally, a meeting place to entertain visitors, known as a Hujra, and a mosque are also attached to the dwelling. The average house is modest by comparison.

According to figures for 1998, a total of 341,114 housing units are reported. Of these, 38.95 per cent are made up of just one or two rooms, 40.49 per cent have three or four rooms and 20.56 per cent are larger, with five or more rooms. Large or small, the vast majority of dwelling units are owner-occupied (90.08 per cent), while a small number of homes are recorded as rented accommodation (2.8 per cent) or rent-free housing (7.2 percent). Nearly 64 per cent of all houses are built of unbaked brick, earth, wood or bamboo, while pucca (permanent, cemented) houses account for just 36.73 per cent of the total. Roofing for nearly 87 per cent of all homes is made of wood or bamboo. Less than 62 per cent of houses are supplied with electricity, which is used for lighting. Fuel for cooking comes primarily in the form of wood: 92 per cent of all households use wood-burning stoves and barely 2 per cent have access to natural gas. Water from pipelines is supplied directly, either through indoor or outdoor connections, to less than 20 per cent of households. The key housing indicators for FATA are presented in Table 16 below.

Table 16: Housing Indicators (FATA, 1998)

Indicator FATA Total number of housing units 341,114 Persons per housing unit 9.30 Persons per room 2.91 1 room per unit (%) 13.04 2 rooms (%) 25.91 3 or 4 rooms (%) 40.49 5 or more rooms (%) 20.56 Pucca (brick, stone) units (%) 36.73 Owner-occupied units (%) 90.08 Separate kitchen (%) 56.37 Indoor water supply (%) 12.39 Outdoor water supply (%) 6.92 Electricity supply (%) 61.97

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Indicator FATA Natural gas supply (%) 1.28

The vast majority of the population (97 %) resides in rural areas with 2.7 million hectares under agricultural use21. Rural settlements number 2,560 in total, most of which are small, with populations ranging from 500 to 2,000 (table 7). Some 748 localities are home to less than 500 individuals, another 697 have a population of 500 to 999, and 708 are home to between 1,000 and 1,999 people. There are 359 localities with a population of 2,000–4,999, while just 48 have more than 5,000 residents. The population distribution with respect to the settlement size is presented in Table 17 below. Table 17: Rural Settlements (FATA, 1998)

Population Settlements More than 5,000 48 2,000–4,999 359 1,000–1,999 708 500–999) 697 Less than 500 748

Electricity Supply

By 1998, electricity supply covered some 62 per cent of households in FATA. Power is also supplied to a large number of commercial and industrial operations. While coverage is encouraging, low voltage and prolong breakdowns are a serious concern, cited as one of the reasons why industrial and commercial development has remained sluggish in the area. The cumulative status of electricity connections across NWA and the four FR regions is given below in Table 18 .

Table 18: Agency/FR-wise Electricity Connections Given in NWA and four FR regions

2012-13 data (Cumulative) Agency/FR Total Domestic Commercial Industrial Irrigation Bulk NWA 68,657 61,414 6,399 418 418 8 FR Bannu+Lakki 14,298 14,296 1 - 1 - FR DI Khan+Tank 4,257 4,240 9 - - 8

5. Stakeholder Consultations (Please refer to Section 5 of the original ESA)

RLCIP is a Community Driven Development (CDD) project and hence consultations are its integral part. More than 1000 consultation sessions have been carried out with the targeted communities during the project implementation.

21 FATA Development Brief 2008-09, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development Department, Peshawar.

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Key stakeholders of the Project include low income communities of NWA and FR Regions, officials and staff of line departments, FATA Secretariat, and relevant political administration and local level civil society organizations. It is anticipated that the community members will participate in project activities by joining the community organizations (COs). These consultations facilitate community mobilization and needs assessment at the local level.

The consultations will also be carried out during the implementation of project in NWA and FR regions, once the area becomes accessible. Depending upon the security situation and accessibility of the area, efforts will be made to maximize the consultations during the project implementation. The consultations will be carried out with the objectives to develop and maintain communication linkages between the project promoters and stakeholders, provide key project information to the stakeholders, and to solicit their views on the project and its potential or perceived impacts, and ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated during the implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits of the proposed project. The framework for the future consultations is elaborated in Table 19 below.

Table 19: Stakeholder Consultations for Extended Project Stakeholders Phase Timings FATA Secretariat Pre-Implementation First round of consultation to be and Bank Staff During the Project completed before start of implementation Implementation of project. Monthly during project implementation. Community Pre-Implementation First round of consultations to be Representatives/ During Screening and completed before start of implementation Community Project Implementation of project. Organizations Twice during Screening of sub-projects and fortnightly during implementation of each sub-project. Political Pre-Implementation First round of consultations to be started Administration During the Screening and completed before start of and and Project implementation. concernedline Implementation Once during screening of sub-projects and departments monthly during implementation of each sub-project. Local Elders Pre-Implementation First round of consultation to be started During Screening and and completed before start of Project Implementation implementation. Twice during screening of sub-projects and weekly fortnightly during implementation of each sub-project. Women Pre-Implementation The project will continue its efforts to During Screening and explore ways and means to access local Project Implementation women in a culturally acceptable manner.

6. Voluntary Land Donation

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

RLCIP does not involve land acquisition. However, Voluntary Land Donation(VLD) policy of the WB and FATA Secretariat had been strictly followed in RLCIP since its inception. The VLD main theme is that for any physical infrastructure scheme by the project, the land should be voluntary donated by the owner or owners for all such schemes. This land should be without contested ownership and must be free of encroachers, squatters or other claimants and that the owner has the transferrable rights to it. The owner may donate the land with free consent and free will without any internal or external undue influences. Once land screening is completed, VLD agreement (a legal document) is duly signed and registered with the Political Administration. This agreement is properly documented and kept as a record by the project to avoid any future issues that may arise due to land donation in the agencies.

FATA-RLCIP, for all those community physical infrastructure schemes where VLD was applicable, a VLD agreement had been obtained and properly documented and recorded. The same VLD process will be applicable for NWA. The VLD procedures will be carried out for all infrastructure schemes in NWA and FR regions where VLD is required, with extreme care and due diligence to ensure that all such donations should not add to further poverty, communal land issues or any other problem or disputes.

Moreover, larger infrastructure schemes requiring acquisition of private landsfor public purposes are not part of the project scope as the project will continue the implementation of similar types of small infrastructure schemes and livelihood support interventions that have already been implemented in other Agencies of FATA under RLCIP; therefore, OP 4.12 would not trigger.

7. Lessons learnt during ESMP Implementation

The project has been successful in establishing institutional arrangements for the ESMP implementation in the field by engaging an ‘Environment and Social Safeguards Specialist’ (ESSS) at PMU with three designated ESFPs, one each from every AIU. Moreover, three ESFPs had also been nominated by the Project from the respective line departments at Agencies level who support the implementation of ESMP in the field. All these ESFPs, at various levels, work in a coordinated manner to ensure the ESMP implementation in the field and to take timely corrective measures/actions where needed.

As per project requirements,more than 10 ESMP trainings have so far been imparted to the field staff by ESSS at PMU level and as well as to the communities through our designated ESFPs in the agencies. Due to which, the field staff and the communities have got sufficient familiarity with the possible environment and social issues that may arise during the construction phase of our sub-projects. All these trainings had been very helpful in raising general awareness of the field staff, SMP field team as well as of the targeted communities on environmental and social safeguard aspects, which is quite helpful and adds to reducing further environmental degradation in the FATA region.

Safeguards mitigation measures are adopted for all infrastructure and livelihood support schemes. For this purpose, all scheme specific and site specific safeguards mitigation checklists are used and filled in by the ESFPs for every scheme or project activity prior to their commencement and shared with the Bank for its review and clearance. All such mitigation checklists, after clearance from the Bank Safeguards team are recorded and properly documented by the project.

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

The mitigation checklists in ESA document have been slightly modified and tailored according to the needs of the project and are regularly being used and filled in for all construction related activities in the field and for few livelihood support actions as well. All such filledin mitigation checklists, after clearance from the Bank, are properly documented and are made binding by the contractor, construction supervision firm, and the PMU and AIU staff to ensure mitigation plan implementation in the filed units across three agencies.

Moreover, safeguards monitoring and training is a regular feature of FATA-RLCIP and routine monitoring and trainings are being carried out in the field by the designated ESFPs and other staff members at the first place and monitoring and training visits are also carried out by the PMU Environment Specialist. All such monitoring and training visits are properly documented and reported in the Quarterly Progress Reports of every quarter. A monitoring checklist is also filled and used for safeguards monitoring in the field that reports on the issues observed and their corrective actions. Again all such ESMP trainings, mitigation checklists, monitoring visits are documented and reported in each quarter and shared with the Bank for their information and clearance. All corrective measures required, as reported during monitoring visits, are accordingly complied.

However, there are few challenges out of which the central one is that of accessibility; as risks are involved due to highly volatile security situations in all the three agencies due to recurrent curfews and security incidents. Similarly, because of the delayed formation of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Committees, the communities in certain villages did notattend to maintenance issues of the schemes. Still there is a general lack of awareness on environmental issues in the communities as environment is a new subject for them and substantial efforts will be required to realize them the importance of such considerations, as in absence of basic livelihood needs like food, health facilities and educational rights one would hardly invest time and energies in safeguarding their environment.

8. Impact Mitigation (Please refer to Section 6 of the original ESA)

Type of Schemes The following types of schemes have been identified in the Project design at this stage: o Water Supply Schemes o Water tanks, Ponds, Check Dams o Sanitation Schemes o Flood Protection Schemes o Solid Waste Management Schemes o Micro Hydro o Street Pavement o Land Development o Renewable Energy Technologies o Land Leveling o Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure o Storage, Packing/processing Facilities o Water Courses and Channels o Rural Roads o Tube-Wells and Dug Wells o Livestock Schemes

The potentially negative impacts of the above schemes have been discussed in the following sections of the original ESA: Section 6.2.1: Water Supply Schemes

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Section 6.2.2: Sanitation Schemes Section 6.2.3: Solid Waste Management Schemes Section 6.2.4: Street Pavement Schemes Section 6.2.5: Renewable Energy Schemes Section 6.2.6: Construction of Water Courses/Channels and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructure Section 6.2.7: Tube Well and Dug Well Schemes Section 6.2.8: Water Tanks, Ponds, and Check Dam Schemes Section 6.2.9: Flood Protection Schemes Section 6.2.10: Micro Hydro Schemes Section 6.2.11: Land Development and Land Leveling Schemes Section 6.2.12: Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities Schemes Section 6.2.13: Rural Road Schemes Section 6.2.14: Livestock Schemes To address the above potential impacts discussed in the above listed Sections, the following mitigation plans have been prepared and included in the main ESA: Table 7.1: Mitigation Plan for Water Supply Schemes Table 7.2: Mitigation Plan for Sanitation Schemes Table 7.3: Mitigation Plan for Solid Waste Management Schemes Table 7.4: Mitigation Plan for Street Pavement Schemes Table 7.5: Mitigation Plan for Renewable Energy Schemes Table 7.6: Mitigation Plan for Construction of Water Courses/Channels and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructure Table 7.7: Mitigation Plan for Tube Well and Dug Well Schemes Table 7.8: Mitigation Plan for Water Tanks, Ponds, and Check Dam Schemes Table 7.9: Mitigation Plan for Flood Protection Schemes Table 7.10: Mitigation Plan for Micro Hydro Schemes Table 7.11: Mitigation Plan for Land Development and Land Leveling Schemes Table 7.12: Mitigation Plan for Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities Schemes Table 7.13: Mitigation Plan for Rural Road Schemes Table 7.14: Mitigation Plan for Livestock Schemes The same mitigation plans will be used for the schemes to be implemented under the restructured project as well.

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

9. Safeguards Monitoring (please refer to Section 7.2.3 of main ESA)

Safeguards monitoring is a regular feature of RLCIP. Routine field monitoring is being carried out in all three agencies by the Environment and Social Focal Points (ESFP) at each agency. Monthly monitoring is also carried out by the ESFP at the Project Management Unit (PMU) based at Peshawar. The mitigation checklist has also been slightly modified according to the monitoring needs by adding two columns to the mitigation checklist; one column for issues observed during monitoring, and the second one for the corrective actions. A sample monitoring checklist, which will be used for the restructured project as well, is given below. Monitoring Checklist Environmental Issues Actions Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes and Social observed needed Aspects Land Land if required for the scheme Community/AIU requirement will be donated by the community on voluntary basis. Checklist and agreement format in Annex B and Annex C (of the original ESA) will be used for this purpose. Location Ensuring no blocked access, Community/AIU avoiding damage to crops, cultivation fields, cultivation fields, graveyards and cultural heritage sites Use checkilist in Annex D for Community/AIU scheme location Ensuring equitable distribution of Community/AIU scheme benefit Avoiding blockage of natural Community/AIU drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate Carrying out consultation with the Community/AIU benefitting community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women. Ensuring equitable distribution of Community scheme benefits through community participation Ensuring no damage to cultural Community/AIU heritage sites and graveyards. Minimizing tree felling Community/AIU requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Environmental Issues Actions Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes and Social observed needed Aspects documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory tree plantation (five plants for every tree felled). Constructoin Employing good Community/AIU phase engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/ health security for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/leftover construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E. Appropriately disposing the Community/AIU surplus soil, in consultation with community (e.g., in existing ditches/depressions, proper contouring) O&M Phase Educating the community for SMP (SRSP) proper O&M of the farms and /AIU safe waste disposal. Checklist filled by :

Name: ______Designation: ESFP AIU, ______Agency Signatures: ___Date: ______

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Checklist reviewed by :

Name: ______Designation: ESFP PMU, ______Agency Signatures: ___ Date: ______

10. Third-Party Monitoring

The World Bank has arranged an independent third-party monitoring agent (TPMA)thatreports directly to the Bank over project implementation in the field. Similar TPMA arrangements will be applied if the project extends its operationsto NWA.Moreover, the project at its end, has also hired an independent monitoring firm (Associates in Development-AID) for internal monitoring to timely flag the off-track interventions, highlight the critical issues and guide the PMU to take appropriate corrective measures for the effective utilization of funds and timely completion of its developmental actions in an effective manner that has helped in ensuring transparency at all levels. Similar arrangements will be made for the restructured project as well while independent monitoring by the PMU will also cover the Voluntary Land Donation (VLD) process, besides related environmental and social issues.

11. Grievance Redressal Mechanism

The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) of the project is an institutional arrangement that provides an avenue to address complaints and issues raised by the target groups or project stakeholders. It also provides important feedback on the operational activities of the Project. The main purpose of the GRM policy of the project is to put in place an appropriate mechanism whereby the aggrieved or affected individual(s) or community(ies) who believe that they have mistreated or deprived of their rights by any act of the management or connected implementation system, is provided a fair opportunity to record and redress their concerns. This mechanism which was originally devised for three Agencies of FATA will be extended to North Waziristan Agency and the four of FR regions (Tank, DI Khan, Lakki Marwat and Bunnu) also where the Project interventions will be implemented. The awareness raising sessions on GRM will be conducted for both the targeted communities and project implementing partners in the new area.

Objectives of the GRM:

The detailed objectives of the already in place GRM are: • To establish an organizational framework to address and resolve the grievances of individuals or communities, fairly and equitability. • To provide enhanced level of satisfaction to the aggrieved party or person (s). • To provide easy access to the aggrieved/affected individual or community for an immediate grievance redressal. • To ensure that the targeted communities and individuals are treated fairly at all times. • To identify systemic flaws in the operational system of the Project and suggest corrective measures for effective implementation.

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Definition of “Grievance/Complaint”: A Grievance/Compliant is defined as any formal communication that expresses dissatisfaction about an action or lack of action, standard of service, works, or ineffectiveness of service of the project management and its implementation mechanism. GRM – Complaint lodging and redressal procedure

Since the project has a multi-tier grievance redressal mechanism with designated staff at each level i.e. Agency Implementation Unit (AIU), Project Management Unit (PMU) and FATA Secretariat, as the apex forum for redressal of a complaint. A grievance lodged by an aggrieved person/party at first stage shall be seen by a responsible person at a level (i.e. AIU) where the cause of grievance had occurred. Presently, three complaint cells are active one at AIUs’ level, the second at PMU and the final one is at FATA Secretariat, Warsak Road, Peshawar. Any complaint from the community related to any of the project’s interventions is formally submitted to the AIU and addressed by the AIU in a stipulated timeframe at the field level. Whereas a complaint of an aggrieved party/community that relates to the AIU staff or office, is lodged with and addressed by the PMU. Here the Project Director is responsible to address the issue to the full satisfaction of the aggrieved person or party, but in case the PMU is unable to address that, then it is referred to the highest forum i.e. FATA Secretariat. In case, the complaint is regarding PMU, it is lodged with and addressed directly by the FATA Secretariat. All redressal depend upon the nature of complaint whereas responsibilities to hear and resolve issues/complaints had already been assigned to the designated officers at all three levels. Details are given in the GRM policy document of FATA-RLCIP, which is translated into Urdu for easy comprehension of the masses and is also displayed on the project’s website. Graphic representation of RLCIP Grievance Redressal Mechanism:

Original Cause of Grievance AIU/GRO PMU/GRO DG Projects Agency Complaint Cell PD PMU FATA

Below AIUs Original Appellate Appellate

Against AIUs Original Appellate

Against PMU Original PSC/ACS - Final Authority

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

12. Capacity Building (please refer to Section 7.2.4 of main ESA)

The project under its Components-A, C and D has been building the capacities of its targeted communities through Community Management Skills Training (CMST), Leadership Management Skills Training (LMST), Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM), financial management trainings and special sessions on conflict resolution at local level that have capacitated the targeted communities to voice their concerns, resolve their local conflicts and determine and take further their development agenda.

Regarding safeguards, the ESFP at PMU level has conducted a number of trainings in each quarter since April, 2013 on Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) implementation in the field. More than 10 trainings on ESMP, its components and implementation mechanism, had been imparted to the field staff of each Agency Implementation Unit (AIU) across three agencies along with field team of the project’s Social Mobilization Partner (SMP) and the nominated ESFPs from the agency line departments. The World Bank has also held three trainings for the PMU as well as AIU staff. Two ESMP trainings were also conducted for the PMU Sector Specialists at the PMU level by ESFP-PMU. Numerous group discussions were also being carried out with the targeted communities during the ESFP (PMU) field monitoring and training visits to the agencies.

Moreover, a complete training package on GRM of FATA-RLCIP has been prepared by the ESFP at PMU with the guidance of the Bank. One-day training on GRM was also imparted to the SMP team comprising of three Agency Coordinators (ACs) and nine Social Organizers (SOs) with the objective that the same trainings will further be imparted by them to the communities at field level and will be a mandatory part of SMP’s routine CMST and LMST trainings.

The same trainings on ESMP implementation will be continued for North Waziristan, Agency Implementation Unit by the ESFP at PMU level, if the project extends its coverage to NWA.

13. ESMP Implementation Arrangements:

As described in Section 7.2.1 in the original ESA, the project implementation at Agency level is facilitated through Agency Implementation Unit (AIU) which is headed by the Agency Program Manager (APM) who has a small team of 5-6 officers including officer-designate as Environment and Social Focal Point (ESFP). For the community level consultations and mobilization, a Social Mobilization Partner (SMP) has been engaged by the project with its presence at the agency/field level. Similar implementation arrangements will be established for NWA as well; an AIU will be established for NWA, SMP will be mobilized in the Agency, and an ESFP will be designated to facilitate ESMP implementation in the field. Moreover, an ESFP has been engaged in PMU who will ensure ESMP implementation for the restructured project as well.

14. ESMP Implementation Cost

The cost of ESMP implementation for the origional project was estimated to be PKR 5.1 million. However, no expenses has been incurred out of this allocated amount since thethird- party monitoring arrangements were made by the Bank while the trainings imparted to the

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP communities and field staff were internally arranged by PMU Environment Specialist.Hence, no separate allocation has been made for the ESMP implementation of the restructured project.

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

Annex-A

Table of Contents of the Original ESA document of FATA-RLCIP

Executive Summary ...... ii List of Acronyms ...... v 1. Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 Background ...... 1-1 1.2 Project Overview ...... 1-2 1.3 ESA Study...... 1-2 1.3.1 Need of the Study ...... 1-2 1.3.2 Study Objectives ...... 1-3 1.3.3 Study Scope ...... 1-3 1.3.4 Study Methodology ...... 1-3 1.4 Document Structure ...... 1-4 2. Legislative and Regulatory Review ...... 2-1 2.1 National Laws and Regulations ...... 2-1 2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ...... 2-1 2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 ...... 2-2 2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards ...... 2-2 2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 ...... 2-2 2.1.5 Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and Management) Act, Ordinances and Rules ...... 2-3 2.1.6 Forest Act, 1927 ...... 2-3 2.1.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 ...... 2-3 2.1.8 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001 ...... 2-3 2.1.9 Antiquity Act, 1975...... 2-3 2.1.10 Factories Act, 1934 ...... 2-4 2.1.11 Employment of Child Act, 1991 ...... 2-4 2.1.12 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 ...... 2-4 2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies ...... 2-4 2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) ...... 2-4 2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ...... 2-5 2.2.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)...... 2-5 2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) ...... 2-6 2.2.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09) ...... 2-6 2.2.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) ...... 2-6 2.2.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) ...... 2-6 2.2.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) ...... 2-6

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

2.2.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10) ...... 2-7 2.2.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) ...... 2-7 2.2.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies ...... 2-8 2.3 Obligations under International Treaties ...... 2-8 2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management ...... 2-9 2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines ...... 2-9 2.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and Social Guidelines ...... 2-9 2.5.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines ...... 2-9 3. Project Description...... 3-1 3.1 Project Location ...... 3-1 3.2 Project Objectives ...... 3-1 3.3 Project Components ...... 3-1 3.4 Project Implementation Arrangements ...... 3-7 3.5 Communication Strategy ...... 3-8 4. Baseline Conditions ...... 4-1 4.1 Physical Environment...... 4-1 4.1.1 Climate, Temperature and Rainfall ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Land use ...... 4-1 4.1.3 Energy ...... 4-2 4.1.4 Water Resources ...... 4-2 4.1.5 Waste Water Disposal ...... 4-2 4.1.6 Irrigation ...... 4-3 4.1.7 Surface Water ...... 4-3 4.1.8 Industry ...... 4-3 4.1.9 Minerals Resources ...... 4-4 4.2 Biological Environment ...... 4-4 4.3 Socioeconomic Baseline ...... 4-5 4.3.1 Demography ...... 4-5 4.3.2 Access to Education ...... 4-6 4.3.3 Access to Health Services ...... 4-7 4.3.4 Housing and Settlements ...... 4-8 4.3.5 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 4-9 4.3.6 Social Setup ...... 4-10 4.3.7 Local Conflict Management Mechanism ...... 4-11 4.3.8 Economy and Livelihood ...... 4-12 4.3.9 Governance ...... 4-12 4.3.10 Poverty ...... 4-13 4.3.11 Gender Issues ...... 4-14 4.3.12 Road and Transport ...... 4-15

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

4.3.13 Social Issues ...... 4-15 4.3.14 Agriculture/Crops...... 4-17 4.3.15 Agricultural Improvement ...... 4-19 4.3.16 Livestock ...... 4-20 4.3.17 Fisheries ...... 4-21 4.3.18 Irrigation and Hydroelectric Schemes ...... 4-22 5. Consultation and Participation ...... 5-1 5.1 Objectives of Stakeholder Consultations ...... 5-1 5.2 Stakeholders ...... 5-1 5.3 Consultation Process ...... 5-2 5.4 Participation during Project Implementation ...... 5-3 5.5 Information Dissemination ...... 5-6 5.6 Dispute Resolution ...... 5-6 5.7 Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 5-6 5.8 Suggested Indicators ...... 5-7 6. Impact Assessment and Mitigation ...... 6-1 6.1 Environmental Assessment Process ...... 6-1 6.1.1 Screening of the Environmental Impacts ...... 6-1 6.2 Potential Impacts and Mitigation ...... 6-1 6.2.1 Water Supply Schemes ...... 6-3 6.2.2 Sanitation Schemes ...... 6-4 6.2.3 Solid Waste Management Schemes ...... 6-5 6.2.4 Street Pavement ...... 6-6 6.2.5 Renewable Energy Schemes ...... 6-7 6.2.6 Construction of Water Courses/Channels and Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure ...... 6-8 6.2.7 Tube-Wells and Dug Wells ...... 6-9 6.2.8 Water Tanks, Ponds, Check Dams ...... 6-11 6.2.9 Flood Protection Schemes ...... 6-12 6.2.10 Micro Hydro ...... 6-13 6.2.11 Land Development and Land Leveling ...... 6-15 6.2.12 Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities ...... 6-16 6.2.13 Rural Roads ...... 6-17 6.2.14 Livestock Schemes ...... 6-18 7. Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 7-1 7.1 ESMP Objectives ...... 7-1 7.2 ESMP Components ...... 7-1 7.2.1 Institutional Arrangements ...... 7-1 7.2.2 Mitigation Plans ...... 7-1 7.2.3 Monitoring Plan ...... 7-31

Addendum to the ESA of FATA-RLCIP

7.2.4 Training Plan ...... 7-31 7.2.5 Documentation and Reporting ...... 7-32 7.2.6 Disclosure Requirements ...... 7-32 7.3 ESMP Implementation Cost ...... 7-33

Annex A: National Environmental Quality Standards Annex B: Involuntary Resettlement Screening Checklist Annex C: Format to Document Contribution of Assets Annex D: Checklist for Scheme Siting Annex E: Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in Technical Specifications of Contracts