NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY
FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAILED DESIGN OF DUALIZATION OF OLD BANNU ROAD KM 1040+000-1050+000 & KM 1088+000-1167+000
Environment Impact Assessment Draft Copy September, 2016
Sr. No. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Summary E-1 List of Abbreviations Vi Table of Contents i
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Project Background 1 -1 1.1 Need of the Project 1-2 1.2 Magnitude of the Project 1-2 1.3 Project Objective 1-3 1.4 Objectives of EIA Study 1-3 1.5 Scope of Study 1-4 1.6 The Proponent and Consultant 1-5 1.7 Project Implementation Schedule 1-5
1.8 Study Approach and Methodology 1-6
1.9 Structure of the Report 1-8
SECTION 2: POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS
2.0 Policy Framework 2-1 2.0.1 National Environment Policy, 2005 2-1 2.1 Legal Framework 2-1 2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 2-1 2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, Review of IEE/EIA 2-2 regulation, 2000 2.1.3 Environmental Assessment Guidelines 2-3 2.1.4 Pakistan National Conservation Strategy 2-3 2.1.5 Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 2-4 2.1.6 Relevant Laws 2-4 2.1.7 Preservation of Cultural Heritage 2-5 2.1.8 Toxic and Hazardous Waste 2-5 2.1.9 National Environmental Quality Standards 2-6 2.2 Administrative Framework 2-10 2.2.1 National Highway Authority 2-10
i
2.2.2 Environmental Protection Agency, Khyper Pakhtunkhwa 2-10 2.2.3 Khyper Pakhtunkhwa Forest Department 2-11 2.2.4 Khyper Pakhtunkhwa Wild Life Department 2-11 2.2.5 Khyper Pakhtunkhwa Revenue Department 2-11
SECTION 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
3.0 General 3-1 3.1 Main Beneficiaries of the Project 3-1 3.2 Scope of Work 3-2 3.3 Location of the Project 3-2 3.4 Identification of Zone of Influence 3-3 3.5 Project Administrative Jurisdiction 3-3 3.6 Period of Implementation 3-4 3.7 Project Cost 3-4 3.8 Components of the Project 3-4 3.9 Geometric Design of the Proposed Road Project 3-5 3.10 Traffic Forecast 3-6 3.10.1 Traffic Count 3-6 3.11 Construction Camps 3-9 3.12 Construction Equipment 3-10
SECTION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE PROFILE
4.0. General 4-1 4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-1 4.1.1. Geographical Representation of the Area 4-1 4.1.2. Topography 4-2 4.1.3. Seismicity of the Area 4-5 4.1.4. Location of Bannu District with respect to Seismic Zone of Pakistan 4-6 4.1.5. Water Resources 4-7 4.1.6. Climate of the Project Area 4-8 4.1.6.1. Temperature 4-8 4.1.6.2. Rainfall Patterns 4-9 4.1.6.3. Precipitation 4-10 4.1.6.4. Wind Speed 4-11
ii
4.1.7. Geology and Soil 4-11 4.1.8. Solid Waste Management 4-12 4.2. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-12 4.2.1. Agriculture 4-12 4.2.2. Floristic Composition of the Area 4-13 4.2.3. Fauna 4-16 4.2.3.1. Mammals 4-16 4.2.3.2. Reptiles 4-17 4.2.3.3. Amphibians 4-17 4.2.3.4. Birds 4-17 4.2.3.5. Critical Habitats 4-18 4.2.3.6. Protected Area 4-18 4.2.3.7. Present Status of Ecological Resource and Biodiversity 4-18 4.3. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 4-18 4.3.1. Administrative Setup 4-18 4.3.2. Population 4-19 4.3.3. Education 4-19 4.3.4. Religion 4-19 4.3.5. Languages 4-19 4.3.6. Health Facilities 4-19 4.3.7. Source of Drinking Water 4-19 4.3.8. Electricity 4-20 4.3.9. Hygienic Condition 4-20 4.3.10. Irrigation 4-20 4.3.11. Main Occupation 4-20 4.3.12. Public Utilities 4-20 4.3.13 Acquisition of Land 4-20 SECTION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 5.0. Environmental Impact Matrices 5-1 5.1. Potential Impact Sources 5-2 5.2. IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING DESIGN/PRE CONSTRUCTION 5-5 PHASE 5.2.1. Impact on Income/Livelihood 5-5
iii
5.2.2 Impact on Land Uses 5-5 5.2.3. Change in Aesthetics 5-6 5.2.4. Solid Waste Management 5-6 5.2.5. Resource Mobilization 5-6 5.2.6. Changes in Hydraulic Regimes 5-7 5.3. IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 5.3.1. Topography 5-7 5.3.2. Air Quality 5-8 5.3.3. Noise and Vibration from Construction Works 5-9 5.3.4. Smoke Burning of Waste Material or Burning Firewood 5-10 5.3.5. Dust Pollution 5-10 5.3.6. Damage to Cross Drainage 5-10 5.3.7. Location of Labour Camps and Equipment Yard 5-11 5.3.8. Solid Waste from Construction Materials 5-11 5.3.9. Solid Waste and Sanitation at Labour Camps 5-12 5.3.10. Flood Condition 5-12 5.3.11. Soil Erosion 5-13 5.3.12. Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil 5-14 5.3.13. Traffic Impact 5-14 5.3.14. Impact on Surface Water 5-14 5.3.15. Impact on Ground Water 5-15 5.3.16. Impact on Sourcing of Construction Water 5-15 5.3.17. Impact on Drinking Water Sources 5-15 5.3.18. Obstruction of the Flow of Water for Stream Crossing the Road 5-16 5.3.19. Impact on Roads / Infrastructure Used for Transportation of 5-16 Construction Material 5.3.20. Impacts on Heavy Vehicles on the Existing Road Network 5-16 5.3.21 Health and Safety 5-17 5.3.22 Waste and Hazardous Waste 5-19 5.3.23 Impacts of Waste Disposal at Site 5-19 5.3.24 Impacts of Borrowing Site 5-20 5.3.25 Loss of Agricultural Land 5-21 5.3.26 Impact on Floral Diversity 5-21 5.3.27 Impacts on Fauna 5-22
iv
5.3.28 Impact on Protected Areas 5-22 5.3.29 Socio-Economic Impact 5-22 5.3.30. Impact on Public Utilities 5-22 5.3.31 Land Acquisition 5-23 5.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING OPERATION PHASE 5-23 5.4.1. Air Quality and Noise 5-23 5.4.2. Impact on Road Safety 5-24 5.4.3. Impact on Drainage Pattern 5-25 5.4.4. Emergency Management 5-25 5.4.5. Deterioration of Vehicles 5-25 5.4.6. Economic Boost 5-25 5.4.7. Change in Aesthetic Value 5-26 SECTION 6: PUBLIC CONSULTATION 6-1 SECTION 7: ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 7-1 7.0. General 7-1 7.1. Economic Benefits 7-1 SECTION 8: ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 8.0. General 8-1 8.1. Implementation of Mitigation Plan 8-1 8.2. Objective of EMP 8-1 8.3. Roles and Responsibilities 8-2 8.3.1. EMMP Implementation Responsibility 8-2 8.4. Management and Monitoring 8-5 8.4.1. During Construction Phase 8-5 8.4.2. During Operation Phase 8-6 8.5. Checklists of Environmental Monitoring 8-7 8.6. Environmental Monitoring Plan 8-9 8.7. Affected Trees 8-21 SECTION 9: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 9-1
v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials DOW District Officer Wildlife EALS Environment Afforestation Land and Social EMMP Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPD Environment Protection Department EMP Environment Management Plan FHA Frontier Highway Authority GoP Government of Pakistan GHG Green House Gas IEE Initial Environmental Examination KPK-EPA Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency LAA Land Acquisition Act LAC Land Acquisition Collector MVE Motor Vehicle Examiners NEQs National Environmental Quality Standards NOC No Objection Certificate NCS National Conservation Strategy NHA National Highway Authority PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PPC Pakistan Panel Code PEPC Pakistan Environment Protection Council RE Resident Engineer ROW Right of Way PPE Personal Protective Equipment USEPA United States Environment Protection Agency WHO World Health Organization
vi
LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1 Main Components of the Project Table 3-2 Number of Structures Proposed in the Project Table 3-3 Total Estimated Traffic Count Table 3-4 Machinery and Equipment Requirement Table 4-1 Meteorological Data Pertaining to Project Site and Surroundings Table 4-2 Major Rabi Crops Table 4-3 Major Kharif Crops Table 4-4 Plant Diversity in District Bannu Table 4-5 Tree Species Table 4-6 Herbal Species Table 4-7 Shrubs Table 4-8 Grass Species Table 4-9 Common Mammalia Table 4-10 Avifauna Species Table 5-1 Environmental Checklist Table 5-2 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts Table 8-1 Roles and Responsibilities Table 8-2 (a) Environmental Management Plan Table 8-2 (b) Operational Phase
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1 Location of the Project Figure 4-1 Location of Water Bodies Traverse the Project Area Figure 4-2 Western Mountain Ranges Figure 4-3 Natural Topography Including Drainage Pattern Figure 4-4 Map Showing the Seismic Characteristics of the Area Figure 4-5 Geological Map of Pakistan Figure 4-6 Average Minimum, Maximum and Mean Temperatures over the last 20 years in Distruct Bannu
Figure 4-7 Average rain days, frost days, precipitation and sunshine %over the last 20 years in Bannu
Figure 4-8 Average Rainfall per Month and Rain Days for Bannu, Pakistan Figure 4-9 Wind Rose Showing the Direction of Wind
vii
viii
Executive Summary EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
Executive Summary
General
The old Bannu road was taken under administrative control of federal government in 1988. Soon after the federalization, the road gained attention and its surrounding road links were dualized by National Highway Authority, in which one of the major road sections was from DI Khan to Gaandi Chowk, part of N-55 (Indus Highway).
The existing old Bannu road from Sara-e-Naurang is about 127 Km, out of which 38 Km stretch has already been dualized by Frontier Highway Authority. Now it is proposed to rehabilitate and dualize the remaining unattended portion of old Bannu road. The project road starts from Gaandi Chowk and traverses through Sarai Naurang, Domail ,Latambar, Soor Dag, Totaki , Banda Daud Shah and ends at Krapa (on N-55), which leads to Kohat.
The route from Gaandi Chowk to Sarai Naurang connects the heavily populated cities i.e. Sarai Naurang and Bannu and Waziristan, which contribute considerably to the traffic on project road. The cross-section of existing road is 5.9m at Gaandi Chowk - Sarai Naurang section, while it is 6.3m from Domail - Krapa. This cross -section is insufficient for heavy vehicles movement and has geometric issues i.e. steep slopes, sharp curves etc which are ultimately causing accidents at higher rates.
Objective of the Project The project‟s objective is to connect two heavily populated cities (Sarai-Naurang and Bannu city).The project road will also connect huge surrounding area near Bannu and Sarai Naurang and Waziristan. It will bring more population into the stream of benefits, which in turn will change the social complexion of people around the area. This route will bring further socio economic benefits to road transport and time saving journey for passengers. It will also contribute to ensure smooth and efficient movement of trade, goods and traffic in relatively shorter time.
E-1
Executive Summary EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
Project Description The scope of project is dualization and improvement of existing old Bannu road. The project is comprised of two road sections i.e. first section starts from Gaandi Chowk and ends at Sarai Naurang, while second section starts from Domail and ends at Krapa. First section has length of 08Km and length of second section is 75 Km. The project road traverses through Gaandi Chowk, Sarai Naurang, Domail, Latambar, Soor Dag, Totaki, Banda Daud Shah and ends at Krapa. The project road is majorly passing through mountainous terrain. There involves high cut and high fill is involved in major portion of the project road.
Components of the Project The proposed project is envisaged to be dualized of Old Bannu Road that predominantly connect with two populated cities (Sara-e-Naurang and Bannu). The Civil work will involve 4 lanes Road Standard with 3.65m width of each Lane. The speed facility is designed for 80 km/hr for plain terrain and 50 km/hr for mountainous terrain. The main specific roads to be improved and dualized under this project are based on the following Component: Sr # Starts Point (KM) End Point (Km) Length (Km) Standard Width Lane (M) Road Section 1 Gandhi Chowk Sara-e-Naurang 8 4 Lanes 3.65 1040+000 Km 1050+000 2 Old Bannu Road Old Bannu Road 75 4 Lanes 3.65 1088+000 1167+000
Baseline Environmental Condition The existing environment in and around the project area has been studied with respect to the physical, biological and socio-economic conditions.
Physical Environment Geographically, project area is located in the heart of the southern region with its boundaries touching the districts of Karak, Lakki Marwat and the North, South Wazirestan Agencies. Bannu District is located approximately 192 km, surrounded by the hard and dried mountain ranges of Koh-e-Safed and Koh-e-Suleiman. This district forms a basin drained by the River Kurram and River Gambila or Tochi, which are originated in the hills of Waziristan.
E-2
Executive Summary EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
Geological survey of Pakistan has divided Pakistan into five seismic zones. The Project area, a part of Bannu in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa lies in seismic zone 2-B, is a medium hazard zone corresponding to peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.16 to 0.24g. As far as the climate of Bannu is concerned it is nearly semi-arid region and in summer season sometimes there are very heavy rains and afterwards there is a period of drought this leads to a potential problem of swelling being caused in the soil which may cause cracking of floors, pavements, boundary walls and similar light structures. Biological Environment Flora around the proposed road sections area remained undisturbed at almost all the patches. In general, flora in the vicinity of Old Bannu road is relatively sparse including trees, herbs and shrubs. From Banda Daud Shah to Soor Dag, the mountains tops are almost empty, while vegetation is present in valleys along the roads. Moreover, from Gandhi Chowk to Sare-e- Naurang, trees are confined within RoW, mainly Eucalyptus and Dilbergia Sisso. No endangered species exist in the project area. The trees and shrubs will be removed for road widening those lying under the Right of Way.
Social Environment Public Utilities The project mainly passes from mountainous terrain with built up properties at various location on both sides i.e. road side fuel stations, banks & various food spots. Besides that the utilities i.e. power transmission lines, gas Supply pipes, water supply pipes, telephone cables, telecommunication cables, etc. that will come in ROW, will be properly relocated. Similarly the built up properties i.e. Kilns, Houses, Shops etc., will be timely removed to avoid any disruption in work and their compensation will be paid to the affected people as per the approved rates of relevant building department.
Acquisition of land The available right of way of old Bannu road will be used in most effective manner. For first section ,from Gaandi Chowk to Sarai Naurang, no additional land is required and four lane facility will be adjusted in existing right of way, while for second section starts from Bannu (Domail) and ends at Karapa, there will be requirement of additional land i.e. 15 ~ 40m for adjustment of four lane facility. Cost has been work out based on average rate taken from relevant areas and is incorporated under separate head in PC-1 cost.
E-3
Executive Summary EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
Period of Implementation Schedule
The period of implementation for the project is 30 months and it will commence in January 2017 and will end in June 2019.
Environmental Impacts Analysis and Mitigation Measures The proposed project will have both positive and negative impacts during the construction and operational phases, for which proper mitigation measures are necessary. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the main social, cultural and environmental issues related to the project. Major anticipated impacts during construction include increase in air and noise pollution, Health and safety issues, inconvenience to general public, traffic management issues etc. Physical relocation of public utilities mainly involved power transmission lines, gas Supply pipes, water supply pipes, telecommunication cables, and commercial structures (including shops, Khokha and other encroachments) etc. During operation phase, major issues include, mainly air and noise quality will be affected due to vehicular movements. Majority of the impacts are not potentially significant in nature, and can be mitigated by applying appropriate mitigation measures
The main beneficial aspects concluded of the project are: Reduce travel time & increase transport efficiency which will lead to increase profits of the individual producers, Reduce vehicle operational and maintenance costs while enhancing vehicle and Pedestrian safety by improving road safety and reducing traffic congestions.
improve connectivity between production centers and market place improve linkage with other provinces & facilitate to increase mobility by surface improving Improvements of the road sector will create better environment for trading, services and economic sectors, which are vital for sustainable development.
E-4
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
1. INTRODUCTION
1.0. Background The old Bannu road was taken under administrative control of federal government in 1988. Soon after the federalization, the road gained attention and its surrounding road links were dualized by National Highway Authority, in which one of the major road section was from DI Khan to Gaandi Chowk, part of N-55 (Indus Highway).
This report presents the finding Environmental Impact Assessment of rehabilitation and dualization of Old Bannu Road and Gandhi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang road in the vicinity of the Bannu Distirct. The existing old Bannu road from Sara-e-Naurang is about 127 Km out of which 38 Km stretch has already been dualized by Frontier Highway Authority (FHA). Now it is proposal to rehabilitate and dualize the remaining unattended portion of old Bannu road. National Highway Authority (NHA) is the implementing agency for the rehabilitation of these considered road sections. National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK) was selected as project consultant for preparing feasibility study containing Environmental Impact Assessment Report. The new old Bannu Road will be designed with the aim to rehabilitate and widening of the existing road section. The proposed rehabilitation and widening in this project includes 4- Lane on existing NHA roads, the width of each Lane will be 3.65m.
The Old Bannu Road section is located within central province of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa starting from Km 1040 - Km 1050 in between Gandhi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang. The other road which are to be rehabilitated under this project include Old Bannu Road from Km 1088 – Km 1167. The rehabilitation includes widening and overlaying of existing road sections. In addition, total number of bridges and culverts fall on Old Bannu need to be constructed for dualization as well.
The EIA Report has been prepared as part of the feasibility study and detailed design of dualization of old Bannu Road Km 1040+000 to 1050+000 & Km 1088+000 to1167+000. Further, this EIA document presents the environmental impacts due to construction and operation of the project and proposes mitigation measures to offset them. The EIA report also conforms to the Pakistan Environmental Regulation as per Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (Amended 2012) and the Initial Environmental Examination/Environmental Impact
______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
Assessment Review Regulations, 2000 and the guidelines provided in the Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures, 1997.
1.1. Need of the Project The route from Gandh Chowk to Sara-E-Naurang is the primary access of densely populated two cities i.e., Sara-e-Naurang and Bannu and Waziristan. The project road starts from Gaandi Chowk and traverses through Sarai Naurang ,Domail ,Latambar ,Soor Dag, Totaki , Banda Daud Shah and ends at Krapa (on N-55), which leads to Kohat. The cross-section of existing road is 5.9m in Gaandi Chowk ~ Sarai Naurang section, while it is 6.3m from Domail ~ Krapa. This cross -section is insufficient for heavy vehicles movement and has geometric issues i.e. steep slopes, sharp curves etc which are ultimately causing accidents at higher rates. This road serves a variety of road users and vehicles with high vehicular movements. Due to increasing traffic density, many accidents took place, and probabilities of incidence of accidents becoming more in this section. Specifically, heavy trailers and heavy load vehicles create trouble for all type of road users. Since, the rehabilitation works of Gandhi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang and unattended Old Bannu Road and dualization of this road will provide shortest way to connect with other part of the Province. Hence, there is high opportunity to connect huge surrounding area near Bannu and Sara-e- Naurang and Waziristan which have sufficient traffic capacity. The proposed project will further greatly benefit the road users by reduction in the vehicle operating cost due to less traffic congestion, better pavement surface, better communication and enhanced socio-economic benefits. This will result in higher and stable income for the people in the area and ultimately contribute to poverty reduction, and economic development of the country.
1.2. Magnitude of the Project The proposed development is road rehabilitation project comprising the route from route from Gandhi Chowk to Sara-E-Naurang, which is the primary access of densely populated cities (Sara-e-Naurang, Bannu and Wazaristan). This considered road section starts form Gandhi Chowk (KM 1040) and ends at Sara-e-Naurang (KM 1050). The total length of the road section to be improved and dualized is 8 Km with an average width of only 5.90m standard of Lane width at this section. While, Old Bannu Road start from Km 1088 and ends at1167 Km, the average standard of Lane width is 6.3 meter and length is 75 Km. This road section is surrounded by mountainous terrain, sharp curves and steep slopes which are ultimately causing incidents at higher rates. Particularly, this road section caused great inconvenience to the road users, which need to be
______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-2 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167) dualized and rehabilitated to facilitate the traffic capacity/movement by improving the Geometry of vertical and horizontal curves. The total number of culverts on old Bannu road from Km: 1040+000 to Km: 1050+000 is 53; the current condition of most of these culverts is not satisfactory which need to be constructed for dualization. Moreover, single bridge located at 1047+800 on old Bannu road also considered to be dualized. In addition to that, total number of old bridges from 1088+000 to 1167+000 located on this road section is 22, and total number of culverts at this section is 87. The condition of all these Bridges and Culverts are not satisfactory and need to be improved or repaired to comply with the new design or reviewed by structural expert.
1.3. Project Objective The implementation of the Project is envisaged to have the following objectives: This Old Bannu road connects the heavily populated cities (Sara-e-Naurang, Bannu and Waziristan) and the nearby surrounding areas which have sufficient traffic capacity It will help to reduce the traffic volume and also reduce the social complexion of inhabitants of the nearby surrounded areas This road rehabilitation and improvement will facilitate the road users and improve the aesthetics of the area The positive impacts are mainly on the socio-economic benefits associated with increase in trade and services along the roadside which create micro economic benefits to local people. In addition reduced travel time and cost, and efficient transport will directly contribute to the economic development Once this road is on operation, trade and business activities will be further promoted. There is a possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the local markets along the road alignment. Improve linkage with other provinces & facilitate to increase mobility by surface improving
1.4. Objective of EIA Study The objective of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report is to identify possible environmental impacts associated with the proposed Rehabilitation and widening of 10 km length of the road section in between portion of Gandhi Chowk (1040km) to Sara-e-Naurang (1050km), Old Bannu road from Km1088-1167, and propose suitable mitigatory measures at an ______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-3 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167) early stage of the project. The project proponent is the National Highway Authority (NHA) of the Ministry of Communication of the Government of Pakistan. The main objectives of EIA are: Legal requirement of EIA and identification of other related laws applicable to the project. Develop baseline of present state of physical, biological and social environment of the project area. Assess potential environmental impacts during construction and operational phases and propose mitigation measures. Prepare Environmental Management Plan (EMP) with timelines to be incorporated in the detail design, contract documents and be actually implemented.
1.5. Scope of Study The following Terms of Reference have been formulated to conduct the EIA study: Review of available studies/ reports and data of the project area Survey and description of the existing physical, ecological & social environment conditions of proposed sites on its immediate surrounding on both short and long term basis Floral and wildlife surveys to be conducted about 100-200m from both side of the road Consultation with community and concerned organizations Identify potential impacts related to safety and life and property of population that is anticipated to be affect by the construction activities (if any) Study climate change data, trends and assess future climatic impacts Identify factors that may be incorporated in the design to make the road dualization resilient to climate change Study of geology/seismology of the area, natural water flow courses and quality of water in the project area Analyze the baseline environmental conditions such as soil, air, noise, surface water, groundwater, topography, drainage patterns ecology, and social parameters. Identify project specific short and long-term impacts on the environment during construction and post construction of the project Identify the environmental impacts and safety hazards associated with the construction as well as operation of the project
______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-4 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
Proposed mitigation measures to offset environmental and social impacts, Mitigation measures to stabilize the spoil material from earth cutting and proper vegetative measures shall also be proposed Prepare Environmental Management Plan (EMP) with timeframe for its implementation and propose Monitoring Plan
1.6. The Proponent and Consultant The proponent of the project is National Highway Authority while the Consultant is NESPAK; the details are given as under: a) Proponent Contact Address National Highway Authority 27 Mauve Area, G-9/1, Islamabad Phone: +92-51-9260417 b) Consultant Contact Address National Engineering Services Pakistan Private Limited (NESPAK) Highway and Transportation, Division, NESPAK House 2nd Floor, Sector G-5/2, Islamabad Phone: 051-
1.7. Project Implementation Schedule This report reviews information on existing environmental attributes of the proposed area. Geological and ecological features, air quality, noise, water quality, soils, social and economic aspects included. This EIA also proposes various environmental management measures. Details of all background environmental quality, environmental impact/pollutant generating activities and predicted environmental quality and related aspects have been provided in this report. Following this introduction, the report follows according to EPA guidelines and includes: Field Work/Data Collection Description of the Project Description of Environmental and Social Conditions Consultation with Community and Concerned Organization Assessment of Environmental Impacts and proposed mitigation measures Institutional Requirements of EMP Conclusions
______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-5 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
1.8. Study Approach and Methodology Environmental baseline of the area is described in the category of physical, biological and socio- economic environmental conditions. Identification of possible impacts arising during construction and operational phase of the proposed project activities along with proposing suitable mitigation measures and formulation of environment management plan (EMP) for implementation of the project in an environmental friendly manner is a purpose of the study. A risk based methodology was adopted to identify the high risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. The possible adverse impacts of the project are discussed under heading of physical, biological and social environment during design phase, construction and operational phase of the project. The impacts are further assessed as slight, moderate or significant and marked as avoidable, mitigable and irreversible. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. The following typical steps were taken in preparation of this EIA report: a). Field survey and data collection/samplings
The whole task was carried out under supervision of technical experts. The EIA team comprising of environmental specialist collected area specific primary data, the secondary data was also confirmed by the experts for authenticity. After collection of environmental and social data from both primary and secondary sources, a critical review was made to assess the existing base line conditions and potential impacts. A detailed account of the baseline environmental conditions in the project area pertaining to physical, biological and socio- economic environment has been provided in Chapter 5 of this report. The following environmental parameters were considered for data collection and assessment: Physical Environment: Meteorology and Climate Geology, Topography and Soil Characteristics Hydrology and Drainage Surface, Ground Water and Land use Seismology, Water, Air and Noise Quality· Solid waste management, disposal of liquid waste and storm water drainage Sites susceptible to flooding, Hurricanes and Earthquake Other infrastructure (Public and Private)
______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-6 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167)
Ecological Environment: Floral species, crop and horticultural activities Fauna/Wild life and Livestock species Endangered Species (including of flora and fauna)
Social and Cultural Environment
The consultants utilized a combination of desk research, field investigations, census data, structured interviews, maps, reports to generate the data required for description of the existing social environment and assessment of the potential impact of the construction of the proposed project. Data was gathered on the following aspects of the social environment: Social and Cultural Resources Social Setup/ Pattern Existing Structures along the roads Traffic Study Demographics Livelihoods Poverty Health & Educational Facilities Community Facilities Solid Waste Management Industrial /Commercial Activities Protective and Sensitive Areas Archaeological and Cultural Heritage b). Identification of environmental impacts
The possible impacts of the construction of dualization of old Bannu Road on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment prevalent in the project area were visualized at the design, construction and operational phases. c). Preparation of mitigation plan Based on the identification of environmental impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested to ensure no significant impact or impairment of physical, biological or social environment caused due to the project.
______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-7 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167) d). Compilation of draft Report
Following the completion of the above steps, a draft EIA Report was prepared. The Draft Report was reviewed internally by the project office and National Highway Authority before submission to EPA-KPK. e). Development of Environmental Management Plan
An Environmental Management Plan has been provided for the mitigation of possible environmental issues arising during construction and operation of the project. The roles and responsibilities of the project proponent have been identified for the implementation of the EMP and areas where these roles and responsibilities can be shared with any other organizations involved in the execution and monitoring of the Project.
1.9. Structure of the Report Section1 “Introduction” gives the project background, objectives, methodology and need of the EIA study.
Section 2 “Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework” provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed project. The project is expected to comply with all national/provincial legislation relating to environment in Pakistan, and to obtain all the required regulatory clearances. . Section 3 “Description of the Project” furnishes information about the location of the proposed Project, cost and size of the project, its major components and alternatives considered for the proposed project to select at the preferred alternative for detailed environmental assessment.
Section 4 “Environmental Baseline Profile” provides information about environmental and social setting of the project. It includes flora, fauna, water resources, air and noise quality, socioeconomic conditions etc.
Section 5 “Public Consultation” identifies the main stakeholders and their concerns raised through scoping sessions, and deals with the measures to mitigate the social impacts.
Section 6 “Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures” Identifies the potential impacts due to dualization of road sections on physical, biological and social of the ______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-8 Sept, 2016
Section – 1 Introduction EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167) project area. It also highlights the measures proposed to mitigate adverse environmental impacts on the project area.
Section 7 “Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan” outlines institutional arrangements for the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, it further identifies the roles and responsibilities of the staff members, monitoring requirements and cost etc.
Section 8, “Conclusion and Recommendations” this presents the summarized version of the report highlighting the major conclusions and recommendations employed for the study.
______Highways &Transportation Division/NESPAK 1-9 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LAW AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
This chapter provides an overview of the policy framework, national legislation, regulation and standards applicable to the project. The proposed dualization of Old Bannu Road Project is required to comply with the national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and to obtain all regulatory clearances in accordance to the environmental law. The relevant Laws and regulations that are expected to apply in this project are discussed in this chapter.
The proposed project, like other development projects, requires an EIA in accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997 and IEE/EIA Regulation, 2000.
The following laws, rules and regulations are applicable for this project: 2.0. Policy Framework The Ministry of Environment is the responsible authority for policy making on environmental protection in Pakistan.
2.0.1. National Environment Policy, 2005 In March 2005, Government of Pakistan (GOP) launched its National Environmental Policy, which provides an overarching framework for addressing the environmental issues. Section 5 of the policy commits for integration of environment into development planning as instrument for achieving the objectives of National Environmental Policy. It further states in clause (b) of subsection 5.1 that EIA related provisions of Environmental Protection Act, 1997, will be diligently enforced for all development projects. It also provides broad guidelines to the federal government, provincial governments, federally administered territories and local governments to address their environmental concerns and to ensure effective management of their environmental resources.
2.1. Legal Frame Work
2.1.1. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
The Act was enacted on December 06, 1997 by repealing the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983. It provides the framework for implementation of the Pakistan ______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
National Conservation Strategy, 199, establishment of provincial sustainable development funds, protection and conservation of endangered floral and faunal species, conservation of renewable resources, and establishment of Environmental Tribunals, appointment of Environmental Magistrates, Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment. Section 12 of the Act provides for environmental assessment study: Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to commencement of construction or operation of a Project. The key features of the law that have a direct bearing on the proposed project relate to the requirement for an initial environmental examination (EIA) and environmental impact assessment (EIA) for development projects. Section 12(1) requires that: “No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with the Federal Agency an Initial Environmental Examination (EIA) or, where the subproject is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an environmental impact assessment (EIA), and has obtained from the Federal Agency approval in respect thereof”. Under section 12 of PEPA, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an EIA report is submitted to the concerned EPA (EPA-KPK in this case) and an Environmental Approval to be obtained.
2.1.2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE/EIA) Regulations, 2000 These regulations provide lists of the Projects requiring IEE and EIA. They also briefly describe the preparation and review of environmental reports. In accordance with Regulation 4 of these Regulations, an EIA for the proposed project satisfying the requirements of the Section 12 of PEPA Act of 1997 needs to be submitted to concerned EPA, Environmental Protection Department (EPD), for reviewing environmental approval. A majority of proposals having less significant impacts or no impacts would be screened out of EIA study; however, only few having significant impacts would go for further EIA. EIA including detailed EMP would be carried out by the project proponent and the report would be submitted to EPA for review and decision for its approval. In case, approval is granted, the implementation of the EIA and conditions of approval would be followed. For the projects which are not approved, the project should be redesigned and EIA should be resubmitted for review and approval. As per IEE/ EIA Regulations, 2000 the review time period required for IEE is 45 days and for EIA is 90 days. ______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-2 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
2.1.2. Environmental Assessment Guidlines Pak-EPA has also published environmental assessment procedures and guidelines in October, 1997, which contains the following sets of information relevant to the proposed project: i). Guidelines for Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental Assessment Reports It describes environmental policy and administrative procedures to be followed for filing of environmental assessment reports by the proponents and its review and approval by the concerned environmental protection agency/department. ii). Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports These guidelines are developed to facilitate both the proponents and decision makers to prepare reports (inclusive of all the information contained therein) and carry out their review so as to take informed decisions. iii). Sectoral Guidelines: Major Roads These guidelines represent issues/impacts commonly arising due to the road projects, the mitigations to reduce/eliminate these impacts and the need for environmental management plan and monitoring plan to protect the environment. iv). Guidelines for Public Consultation These guidelines deal with possible approaches to public consultation and techniques for designing an effective programme of consultation that involves all major stakeholders and ensures that their concerns are incorporated in any impact assessment study.
2.1.4. Pakistan National Conservation Strategy
The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) was approved by federal cabinet in March 1992 and is the principal policy document on environment issues in the country. The Policy outlines the country's primary approach towards encouraging sustainable development, conserving natural resources and management of resources. NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core areas in which policy intervention is considered crucial for preservation of Pakistan's natural and physical environment. The core areas that are relevant in the context of the proposed Project are pollution prevention and abatement, conserving biodiversity, protecting the wildlife sanctuary and preservation of cultural heritage. ______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-3 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
2.1.5. Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 This ordinance, issued following the devolution process, establish regulations for land use, the conservation of natural vegetation, air, water, and land pollution, the disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents, as well as matters related to public health and safety.
2.1.6. Relevant Laws
a). Cutting of Trees (Prohibition) Act, 1975 This act prohibits cutting or chopping of trees without permission of the concerned forest department. b). The Antiquities Act, 1975 Archaeological sites and monuments are specifically protected under this Act. c). Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 This defines the penalties for violations concerning pollution of air, water bodies and land. d). Land Acquisition Act, 1894 At present, the only legislation relating to land acquisition and compensation is the Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894. The LAA is, however, limited to a cash compensation policy for the acquisition of land and built-up property, and damage to other assets, such as crops, trees, and infrastructure. The LAA does not consider the rehabilitation and resettlement of non-titled populations. e). Explosives Act, 1884 Under the Explosives Act, 1884, the Project contractors are bound by regulations on handling, transportation and using explosives during quarrying, blasting, and other purposes. f). Provincial Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and Management) Act, Ordinances and Rules
In addition to empowering the Provincial Wildlife Departments to establish game reserves, parks, and wildlife sanctuaries, these acts regulate the hunting and disturbance of wildlife. While reviewing an EIA, the Provincial EPD may consult the Provincial Wildlife Department in case the project has an impact on wildlife. EPD may require IPD to coordinate the implementation and monitoring of project impacts with the Provincial Wildlife Departments.
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-4 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
As there is no game reserve, parks and wildlife sanctuary in the project area so the project will not governance by the above Act, ordinance and rules. Punjab Wildlife Protection Act, 1974 The Punjab Wildlife Protection Act, 1974 was passed by the provincial assembly of Punjab in 1974. This Act is applicable to the whole of the Punjab province for protection, conservation, preservation and management of Wildlife. This Act also designated areas of sanctuaries and protection of rare and endangered species. g). Highways Safety Ordinance, 2000 This ordinance includes provisions for the licensing and registration of vehicles and construction equipment; maintenance of road vehicles; traffic control, offences, penalties and procedures; and the establishment of a police force for motorways and national highways charged with regulating and controlling traffic on the national highways, and keeping the highways clear of encroachments. h). Motor Vehicle Rules, 1969 Motor Vehicle Rules 1969 (MVR 1969) define powers and responsibilities of Motor Vehicle Examiners (MVEs). The establishment of MVE inspection system is one of the regulatory measures that can be taken to tackle the ambient air quality problems associated with the vehicular emissions during operation phase.
2.1.7. Preservation of Cultural Heritage The Antiquities Act, 1975, administered by the Provincial Government, is aimed at safeguarding the preservation of cultural heritage, destruction, damage or defacement of antiquities is an offence under the Act.
2.1.8. Toxic or Hazardous Waste Protection of the environment with regards to toxic and hazardous waste is covered by the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC), 1860. Environment Protection Department (EPD), Punjab, is mandated to monitor the transportation of hazardous materials within the provincial limits.
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-5 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
2.1.9. National Environmental Quality Standards The National Environmental Quality (Protection and Quality Regulations 1990, 1996 and 2000) identifies specific industrial sources to control and issue an Environmental Protection License is required to discharge wastes to the environment under controlled conditions. Where the project contractors require cement, concrete or granite based products for improvement projects, the materials must be obtained from facilities having a relevant and current Environmental Protection License. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specify the following standards: a) Effluent Discharges
The parameters which will be relevant to the contractor‟s activity and discharges to surface water or surface water courses and their limits during the proposed project are listed in Table:
Table 2-1: National Environmental Quality Standards for Effluent Discharge Parameter Limit
Temperature < 40 °C
pH >6 and <10
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) < 80 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) < 150 mg/l
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) < 150 mg/l
Grease and Oil < 10 mg/l
An-ionic detergents (as MBAS) < 20 mg/l
Ammonia (NH3) < 40 mg/l Chlorine < 1.0 mg/l
b) Gaseous Emissions
NEQS for the emissions from vehicles is given in Table.
Table 2-2: NEQS for Gaseous Emissions Vehicle type Maximum Emission Level Conditions
Road vehicles 40% or 2 on the Ringelman During acceleration
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-6 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
scale
c) Air Quality Standards In pursuance of the statutory requirement under clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section (6) of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997(XXXIV of 1997), the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency with prior approval of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, has revised the NEQS for Ambient Air in 2010. USEPA standards along with NEQS effective from January, 2013 are given in Table 2-3.
Table 2-3: Ambient Air Quality Standards
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-7 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 d) Noise Quality Standards In pursuance of the statutory requirement under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section (6) of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (XXXIV of 1997), the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency with prior approval of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, has revised the NEQS for Noise (2010). These standards are established for four different categories which include residential area, commercial area, industrial area and silent zone. These standards vary according to the day and night timing, day time hours are 6:00 am to 10:00 pm and night time hours are 10:00 pm to 6:00 am. USEPA standards and World Bank guidelines along with National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise effective from January, 2012 are used as bench mark purpose and given in Table 2.2. Table 2-4: Noise Quality Standards NEQS WB guidelines USEPA Standards Category of # Day Night Day Night Area Indoor Outdoor Time Time Time Time Residential 1 55 45 55 45 45 55 Area Commercial 2 65 55 70 70 70 70 Area 3 Industrial Area 75 65 70 70 70 70 4 Silence Zone 50 45 - - - - e) Drinking Water Quality Standards In pursuance of the statutory requirement under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section (6) of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (XXXIV of 1997), the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency with prior approval of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, has published the National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (2010).
WHO Drinking water quality guidelines and USEPA standards will be used for bench marking purpose along with the National Standards for Drinking water quality effective from January, 2013 given in Table 2-5.
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-8 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Concentration Standards # Parameters NEQS WHO USEPA (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) Chemical Parameters 1 Aluminium (Al) < 0.2 0.2 0.05-0.02 2 Ammonium (NH3) - 1.5 NS 3 Antimony (Sb) < 0.005 0.005 0.006 4 Arsenic (As) < 0.05 0.01 0.05 5 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 2.0 6 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 NS 7 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 0.005 8 Chloride (Cl) < 250 250 250 9 Chromium (Cr) < 0.05 0.05 0.1 10 Copper (Cu) 2 1-2 1.0 11 Cyanide (CN) < 0.05 0.07 0.2 12 Fluoride (F) < 1.5 1.5 2.0-4.0 13 Iron (Fe) - 0.3 0.3 14 Lead (Pb) < 0.05 0.01 0.015 15 Manganese (Mn) < 0.5 0.1-0.5 0.05 16 Mercury (Hg) < 0.001 0.001 0.002 17 Molybdenum (Mo) - 0.07 NS 18 Nickel (Ni) < 0.02 0.02 0.1 19 Nitrate (NO3) < 50 NS 10.0 as N 20 Nitrite (NO2) < 3 NS 10.0 as N 21 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.05 22 Silver (Ag) - NS 0.1 23 Sodium (Na) - 200 20 24 Sulphate (So3) - 250 250 25 Residual Chlorine 0.2-0.5 - - 26 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3.0 5.0 Physical Parameters 27 Color < 15 TCU 15 cu 15 cu Non - - 28 Taste Objectionable/ Acceptable ______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-9 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Concentration Standards # Parameters NEQS WHO USEPA (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) Non N S 3 TON 29 Odour Objectionable/ Acceptable 30 Turbidity < 5 NTU 5 NTU 0.5-5.0 NTU 31 Total hardness < 500 mg/l - - 32 TDS < 1000 1000 500 33 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Biological Parameters Must not be detectable in 34 E-Coli 0 0 any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in 35 Total Coliforms 0 0 any 100 ml sample
2.2. Administrative Framework 2.2.1. National Highway Authority (NHA) The implementing agency of the proposed project is NHA, therefore, NHA is responsible for liaising with line departments to ensure that the Project complies with the laws and regulations controlling the environmental concerns of highway construction and operation, and that all pre- construction requisites, such as permits and clearances are met. The office of Environment, Afforestation, Land and Social (EALS) of NHA will be responsible for ensuring that all the measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are effectively implemented by the contractor during construction phase and by Directorate of Operation & Maintenance of NHA during operation phase of the proposed Project.
2.2.2. Environmental Protection Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) is the apex inter-ministerial and multi- stakeholders decision making body, which is headed by the Prime Minster. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) is the regulatory body responsible for enforcement of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. For implementation of PEPA, 1997, the powers have been delegated to provincial environmental protection agencies for review, approval and
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-10 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 monitoring of environmental assessment of projects. For this proposed project, the Pak-EPA will be responsible for reviewing the EIA report, issuing environmental approval and post approval monitoring of the proposed project activities to ensure compliance with the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and any other condition of the environmental approval.
2.2.3. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Department The Project implementation will involve clearing of vegetation and trees at some patches within the Right of Way (ROW). The Project contractors will be responsible for acquiring a „No- Objection Certificate‟ (NOC) from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Department on the basis of the approved EIA. The application for an NOC will need to be endorsed by the NHA. Tree avenue plantation will be carried out by the NHA itself or through work awarded to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Department. NHA will also be responsible for liaising with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Department on the types of trees to be planted and other matters concerning plantation layout as an environmental mitigation measure.
2.2.4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department controls the district wildlife through District Officers Wildlife DO (W). According to wildlife department setup, this project comes under the jurisdiction of DO (W) of Peshawar. There is no wildlife sanctuary/ Game Reserve present in the project area. Wildlife related issues if arised during any stage of the Project, the contractor/ proponent will resolve it with the consultation of respective nearest wildlife office.
2.2.5. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Revenue Department Under the national law, matters relating to land use and ownership are Provincial subjects, and the revenue department of the Province is empowered to carry out the acquisition of private land or built-up property for public purposes, including on behalf of another Provincial or Federal Agency. However, Land is expected to acquire in this project at small scale, as major work will be undertaken within ROW of road sections. For this purpose, the lead department must lodge an application with the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government to depute a Land Acquisition Collector (LAC) and other revenue staff who will be responsible for handling matters related to land acquisition and the disbursement of compensation.
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-11 Sept, 2016
Section – 2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
NHA will provide logistical support and assist in preparing the documents necessary for notification. It will also require to liaison with the Departments of Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture Development Board in order to evaluate affected fruit and vegetation resources, such as trees, crops and orchids, etc., for compensation purposes. Where public buildings/infrastructure is concerned, NHA will approach those departments that own the building or infrastructure before removing or relocating the facilities.
______Highway&Transportation Division/NESPAK 2-12 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
3.0. General The scope of project is dualization and improvement of existing old Bannu road. The project is comprised of two road sections i.e. first section starts from Gaandi Chowk and ends at Sarai Naurang, while second section starts from Domail and ends at Krapa. First section has length of 08Km and length of second section is 75 Km. The project road traverses through Gaandi Chowk, Sarai Naurang, Domail, Latambar, Soor Dag, Totaki, Banda Daud Shah and ends at Krapa. The project road is majorly passing through mountainous terrain. There involves high cut and high fill is involved in major portion of the project road.
The roads which are to be rehabilitated starts form KM 1040+000 to 1050+000 (10 KM) with the road width of 5.90 at this section. While, Old Bannu Road starts form Km 1088+000 to 1167+000 (75 Km) with an average width of 6.3m. These roads currently serve a variety of road users with heavy vehicular movements. Due to increase in traffic load on the existing above mentioned existing road and its strategic importance, its rehabilitation and other alternatives were considered to overcome the traffic congestions and provide smooth traffic flow. The construction of this road sections will be improved by 4 Lanes, and width of each Lane will be 3.65m. The aim of rehabilitation of these routes is to provide socio-economic benefits and time saving journey for the road users. It will further provide strategic link and efficient movement of trade, goods and overcome the traffic congestion by providing sufficient traffic capacity.
3.1. Main beneficiaries of the project The primary beneficiaries of the project are road users who are passing through the Old Bannu road various places, the business community along the, residential property owners and people engaged in the agricultural activities in the project area, drivers, school children and teachers, Public and Private sector employees. The development of the road network will provide better transport facilities for these people to access markets. The unemployed people living in the subproject area will have the construction related job opportunities during project implementation and subsequently they will have employment opportunities in the expanded commercial and industrial sectors. The land value in the vicinity will also be increased due the proposed road project.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
3.2. Scope of Work The scope of work and proposed improvements of the selected roads under the Rehabilitation / dualization of Sara-e-Naurang road & Old Bannu road is described below. Reconstruction and widening of about 8 km road from Gandhi Chowk (km 1040+000) to Sara-e-Naurang (km1050+000) A dualization and improvement of existing road of about 76 km, culverts and drains has been proposed throughout the length of the section on Old Bannu Road form Km 1088 to 1167. Improvement of culverts at suitable locations will be made in the design to carry the load of the mountainous terrain for their outfalls at the valley side. Road furniture and signage Intersection of earthen / paved tracks will be improved in this project
3.3. Location of the Project Bannu district is located in the heart of the southern region with bordering with Karak, Lakki Marwat districts and the North Waziristan Agency in east and South Waziristan Agency in the northeast. The proposed road development starting form Km 1088+000 to 1167+000 consists of mountainous terrain, sharp curves and steep slopes, which caused great inconvenience to the road users. Cities, towns and major settlements falling in the vicinity of the Old Bannu road are: Bannu Township, Domail, Shareef Wala, Latambar and Soor Dag. The main town is Bannu Township in this road section, has nucleated settlement of Bannu located in the Bizan Khel area. While, major settlements falling within and nearby the area of Km 1040+000 to 1050+000 are: Sara-eNaurang, Gandhi Chowk and Nar Qulli Khan, Nar Sardar Midatkhel , Nar Sahib Khan Village and Nar Sultan Mehmoud Village. This road section connects with two heavily populated cities (Sara-e- Naurnag and Bannu) and Waziristan. The town is commercially located between the districts of Bannu, Karak, Frontier Region of Bannu and Lakki Marwat. This road section serves caters to the needs of adjacent districts for vegetables, fruit, rice, oil, wheat, flour, household goods and grocery. It is located at 32°49'32N 70°46'55E and has an altitude of 275 meters. Implementation of the proposed project will assist in promoting economic and social development in the project area of influence as well as in the Northern region of the country and promote general economic growth at national and sub-regional level.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-2 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Figure 3-1: Location of the Project
3.4. Identification of Zone of Influence The "Zone of Influence" for Environmental study was selected to include commercial structure, public utilities, barren and agricultural land, wildlife species and vegetative cover within ROW. Potential impacts in the "Zone of Influence" arising as a result of project activities during the construction and operating period on physical, biological, socio-economic, environment of the project area have been assessed. This assessment of impacts has been carried out on the basis of primary field data, secondary data and expert opinion.
3.5. Project Administrative Jurisdiction The project is comprised of two road sections i.e. first section starts from Gaandi Chowk and ends at Sarai Naurang, while second section starts from Domail and ends at Krapa. The project road traverses through Gaandi Chowk, Sarai Naurang, Domail, Latambar, Soor Dag, Totaki,
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-3 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Banda Daud Shah and ends at Krapa. However, the proposed falls under the administrative jurisdiction of Bannu District.
3.6. Period of implementation: The period of implementation for the project is 30 months and it will commence in January 2017 and will end in June 2019.
3.7. Project Cost PC-1 cost of the project is amounting to Rs.24,675 Million. Cost estimation is based on NHA CSR-2014 considering district Bannu and Lakki Marwat.
3.8. Components of the Project The proposed project is envisaged to be dualized of Old Bannu Road that predominantly connect with two populated cities (Sara-e-Naurang and Bannu). The Civil work will involve 4 lanes Road Standard with 3.65m width of each Lane. The speed facility is designed for 80 km/hr for plain terrain and 50 km/hr for mountainous terrain. The main specific roads to be improved and dualized under this project are based on the following Component: Table 3-1: Main Components of the Project Sr # Starts Point (KM) End Point (Km) Length (Km) Standard Width Lane (M) Road Section 1 Gandhi Chowk Sara-e-Naurang 8 4 Lanes 3.65 1040+000 Km 1050+000 2 Old Bannu Road Old Bannu Road 75 4 Lanes 3.65 1088+000 1167+000
Table 3-2: Number of structures proposed in the project: From Gandhi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang Km 1040+000-1050+000 Number of Bridges : 1 (at 1047+800) Number of Culverts : 53 Old Bannu Road from Km 1088+000 to 1167+000 Number of Bridges : 22
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-4 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Number of Culverts : 87 The total number of culverts which need to be constructed for dualization on old Bannu road from Km: 1040+000 to Km: 1050+000 is 53, and one single bridge at 1047+800 also considered to be dualized. In addition to that, total number of old bridges may need to be improved from 1088+000 to 1167+000 located on this road section is 22, and total number of culverts at this section is 87.
3.9. Geometric Design of the Proposed Road Project The proposed road sections at N-55 (Indus Highway) from Gaandi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang and existing old Bannu Road shall conform to the following specifications:
Design Speed: Plain Terrain : 80Km/hr Mountainous Terrain : 50km/hr
Road Cross Section: No. of Travel Lanes : 4 Lanes Lane Width : 3.65m each Inner Shoulder : 0.5m Outer Shoulder : 2m : (1-2) m in built-up Portion Median : Curb Type
Cross Slope: Pavement : 2.0% Shoulder : 4.0%
Maximum Super Elevation: : 6%
Horizontal Curves Parameter (Radius): : Plain/Rolling : 250m Mountainous : 80m : 50m (at few places)
Vertical Curves Parameters: Min. K (at Crest) ______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-5 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Plain/Rolling : 26m Mountainous : 7m
Min. K (at Sag) Plain/Rolling : 30m Mountainous : 13m
3.10. Traffic Forecast Traffic Impact studies are intended to provide necessary input data for determination of the magnitude and pattern of the traffic load due to the construction of the proposed building on the subject road (Gaandi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang and Old Bannu road). This entails collection, verification and analysis of the traffic data collected at the project site, the projected traffic is also determined. In order to assess the vehicle-wise traffic volumes expected to use the subject road, initial surveys were undertaken by NESPAK to select the road/ route which traffic would use after the proposed project‟s completion. Traffic forecasts have been made for 30 years (2016- 2046 attached as Annex - B).
3.10.1. Traffic Count NESPAK thereby undertook classified continuous 24 hours traffic count surveys (in the month of July 2016, dated 12, 13 & 14) at Gaandi Chowk and Karapa Police Check Post. The detailed summary is given in table below: The traffic categories noted during count survey were: Animal-drawn Vehicles; Cycles; Motorcycles; Rickshaws; Cars/Jeeps/Taxis/Pajeros; Loader Pickups; Hiace, Buses; Mini Buses/Coasters; Tractors/Tractor Trolleys; Trucks 2–Axles; Trucks 3–Axles; Large Trucks/Trailers/4-Axles and above. The traffic forecast for the project is summarized below:
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-6 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
PROPOSED OLD BANNU ROAD (Location :GAANDI CHOWK) TRAFFIC SURVEY (24- HOURS CONTINUOUS MANUAL CLASSIFIED COUNT)
GAANDI CHOWK To SARAI NAURANG SARAI NAURANG TO GANNDI CHOWK
Vehicles Vehicles Total Total
ANIMALDRAWN 9 ANIMALDRAWN 11
BICYCLE 44 BICYCLE 40
MOTORCYCLES / SCOOTER 1288 MOTORCYCLES / SCOOTER 1296
RICKSHAW 467 RICKSHAW 529
CAR / TAXI / JEEP 852 CAR / TAXI / JEEP 878 PAJERO / SUZUKI PAJERO / SUZUKI 48 39 PASSENGER PICK-UP PASSENGER PICK-UP HIACE WAGON / DATSUN 673 HIACE WAGON / DATSUN 577 MEDIUM BUS / FLYING MEDIUM BUS / FLYING 315 564 COACH COACH BUS 31 BUS 49
LOADER PICK-UP 53 LOADER PICK-UP 26 TRACTOR / TRACTOR TRACTOR / TRACTOR 83 70 TROLLY TROLLY TRUCK 2 AXLE 177 TRUCK 2 AXLE 281
TRUCK 3 AXLE 110 TRUCK 3 AXLE 147
TRUCK 4 AXLE 39 TRUCK 4 AXLE 15
TRUCK 5 AXLE & ABOVE 29 TRUCK 5 AXLE & ABOVE 20
TOTAL 4218 TOTAL 4542
* from 7 am to 7 pm * from 7 am to 7 pm ** from 7 pm to 7 am-(next date/day) ** from 7 pm to 7 am-(next date/day)
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-7 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
PROPOSED OLD BANNU ROAD (Location : KARAPA POLICE CHECK POST AT OLD BANNU ROAD) TRAFFIC SURVEY (24- HOURS CONTINUOUS MANUAL CLASSIFIED COUNT)
Domail To Karapa Karapa To Domail
Vehicles Vehicles Total Total
ANIMALDRAWN 0 ANIMALDRAWN 0
BICYCLE 0 BICYCLE 0
MOTORCYCLES / SCOOTER 520 MOTORCYCLES / SCOOTER 555
RICKSHAW 65 RICKSHAW 50
CAR / TAXI / JEEP 1188 CAR / TAXI / JEEP 1283 PAJERO / SUZUKI PAJERO / SUZUKI 103 85 PASSENGER PICK-UP PASSENGER PICK-UP HIACE WAGON / DATSUN 315 HIACE WAGON / DATSUN 359 MEDIUM BUS / FLYING MEDIUM BUS / FLYING 9 12 COACH COACH BUS 8 BUS 5
LOADER PICK-UP 96 LOADER PICK-UP 73 TRACTOR / TRACTOR TRACTOR / TRACTOR 74 56 TROLLY TROLLY TRUCK 2 AXLE 151 TRUCK 2 AXLE 144
TRUCK 3 AXLE 127 TRUCK 3 AXLE 124
TRUCK 4 AXLE 60 TRUCK 4 AXLE 63
TRUCK 5 AXLE & ABOVE 50 TRUCK 5 AXLE & ABOVE 57
TOTAL 2766 TOTAL 2866
* from 7 am to 7 pm * from 7 am to 7 pm ** from 7 pm to 7 am-(next date/day) ** from 7 pm to 7 am-(next date/day)
Total numbers of vehicles counted during traffic survey based on 24 hrs continuous manual classified count are given below:
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-8 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Table 3-3: Total Estimated Traffic Count
CUMMULATIVE ADT
Vehicles Total
ANIMALDRAWN 20 BICYCLE 84 MOTORCYCLES / SCOOTER 3659 RICKSHAW 1111 CAR / TAXI / JEEP 4201 PAJERO / SUZUKI PASSENGER PICK-UP 275 HIACE WAGON / DATSUN 1924 MEDIUM BUS / FLYING COACH 900 BUS 93 LOADER PICK-UP 248 TRACTOR / TRACTOR TROLLY 283 TRUCK 2 AXLE 753 TRUCK 3 AXLE 508 TRUCK 4 AXLE 177 TRUCK 5 AXLE & ABOVE 156 TOTAL 14,392
3.11. Construction Camps Camp sites will be selected keeping in view the availability of adequate area for establishing camp sites, including parking areas for machinery, stores and workshops, access to local markets, and an appropriate distance from sensitive areas in the vicinity. Final locations will be selected by the contractor after approval from NHA. ______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-9 Sept, 2016
Section – 3 Description of Project EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
The area requirement for construction camps will depend upon the deployed manpower and the type and quantity of machinery mobilized. In view of the area required, the contractors will have to acquire land on lease from private landowners, unless the appropriate area would not be possible to locate camp sites within the ROW.
3.12. Construction Equipment The list of machinery and equipment required for the proposed project is provided in Table-3-2. Table 3-4: Machinery and Equipment Requirement Sr. Type of Machinery and Sr. No Type of Machinery and No Equipment Equipment 1. Dump Truck 11. Asphalt Distributor 2. Front End Loader 12. Batching Plant 3. Dozer 13. Concrete Transit Truck 4. Grader 14. Concrete Pump 5. Vibratory Roller 15. Excavator 6. Water Tanker 16. Water Pump 7. Aggregate Spreader 17. Cranes 8. Three Wheel Rollers 18. Vibrator 9. Asphalt Plant 19. Generator 10. Paver 20. Concrete Mixer
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 3-10 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
4. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ENVIRONMENT
4.0. General This chapter describes the environmental social and biological baseline conditions of the project area, and includes sections on the physical environment, the biological environment; and the social, economic and cultural environment. The baseline description is based on data collected at site, and available data collected during stakeholder and institutional consultation and previous studies conducted in the area. The description of the environment is site-specific and includes the information of water quality (surface water and groundwater), topographic condition, ambient air quality, climate of the area, description of ecological habitats, located in the overall environmental study area and socio- economic conditions of the area.
4.1. Physical Environment The areas covered under physical resources are; climate, water resources, topography, seismology, geology and soil conditions. The detailed description of physical resources is discussed as under:
4.1.1. Geographical Representation of the Area Geographically, project area is located in the heart of the southern region with its boundaries touching the districts of Karak, Lakki Marwat and the North, South Wazirestan Agencies. The Bannu city is situated at 32.99° North latitude, 70.61° East longitude and 371 meters elevation above the sea level. Total population of the district is estimated 677350 with annual growth rate of 2.81 %. The District forms a basin drained by two rivers from the hills of Waziristan, the Kurram River and the Gambila or Tochi, which unite at Lakki and flow into the Indus south of Kalabagh. It is shut in on every side by mountains: on the north by those in the Teri tahsil of Kohat District; on the east by the southern extremity of the Maidani Hills or Khattak Niazi range and the northern area of the Marwat range, which separate the District from the Isa Khel tahsil of Mianwali. Bannu District is approximately 192 km (119 miles) south of Peshawar and lies within a sedimentary basin. The valley of Bannu properly stretching to the foot of the frontier hills forms an irregular oval, measuring 60 miles (100 km) from north to south and about 40 miles (60 km)
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 from east to west. The total area of the district is 1227 square kilometers. Other nearby areas are: On the south-east and south the Marwat and Bhittanni ranges divide it from Dera Ismail Khan; and on the west and north-west lie Waziristan and independent territory inhabited by the Bhittanni tribe. On the south by the Dera Ismail Khan district from which it is separated trans-Indus by the Bitanni range, while cis-Indus the Thal of the two districts is continuous, On the east by the southern extremity of the Maidani Pahar or Khattak Niazi range and the northern spur of the Marwat range, which separate the District from the Isa Khel tahsil of Mianwali District in the Punjab; Serai Naurang is Tehsil of Lakki Marwat District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 32°49'32N 70°46'55E and has an altitude of 275 metres (905 feet). It is located at Bannu - Dera Ismail Khan Road at a distance of 25 kilometers or 15 miles south of Bannu. The town is commercially located between the districts of Bannu, Karak, Frontier Region of Bannu and Lakki Marwat.
4.1.2. Topography Bannu District is located approximately 192 km, surrounded by the hard and dried mountain ranges of Koh-e-Safed and Koh-e-Suleiman. This district forms a basin drained by the River Kurram and River Gambila or Tochi, which are originated in the hills of Waziristan. Other area traverse the Old Bannu Road is Domel. Damai stream flows in tehsil Domel of bannu district. The valley of Bannu properly stretching to the foot of the frontier hills, forms an irregular oval, measuring 60 miles (100 km) from north to south and about 40 miles (60 km) from east to west. The area has deposits of clay and boulders brought down by streams. The Kurram Dam and Kurram River is the main source of irrigation water of almost central and north central areas. It is flanked and guarded on all sides by the hard and dried mountain ranges of Koh-e-Safed and Koh-e-Suleiman. It is a scenic part of the southern region, due to the Kurrum River and its tributaries.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-2 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Figure 4-1: Location of Water Bodies (highlighted in Blue) Traverse the Project Area
Besides of the Old Bannu Road, Waziristan hills are located between Kurram and Gomal Rivers. They lie in a highly mineralized (rich in mineral zone). Along with the Safed Koh Ranges (Fig 4-2), these hills form a rampart between Pakistan and Afghanistan. In addition, quite a few hill torrents which debouch the surrounding hills and carry water during rains traverse the plain and join the rivers. The sediment of the basin is received from the surrounding mountains and hills. Different soils are formed in landforms in the sediment brought down from different ranges. The Kurram River, the larger of the two rivers, enters the district from the northwest, near the town of Bannu. From there, it runs first south-east, then south into Lakki Marwat. The Gambila River enters the district about 6 miles (9.7 km) south of the Kurram and flows in the same direction into Lakki Marwat, where the rivers eventually merge. Between these rivers and on the left bank of the Kurram in the upper portion of its course, lie the only tracts which are perennially irrigated. In the southeast, the Marwat range separates Lakki Marwat from Dera Ismail Khan District while in the east the Karak Niazi range separates it from Mianwali District. The land beyond these hills
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-3 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 gradually slopes to the central part, which looks like a basin. A large number of streams flow from the surrounding hills, the Kurram river flows through the district from North West to the south east and joins the Indus River south of Isa Khel town. One of its important tributary is Gambila River. The major part of this basin is an alluvial plain. The northern portion of this plain is situated chiefly in the Kurram Gambila Doaba and irrigated by Kurram River. It is a flat sandy area. The southern part is made up of undulating dunes of sand, furrowed at regular intervals by deep torrent beds which carry the drainage of the Marwat and Baittani ranges to the Gambila. It is good for cultivation; water table is quite deep below the soil surface. In the western portion of the district, the soil is fairly stiff clay covered by a layer of stones at the foot of the hills. The whole district is intersected by numerous hill torrents and deep ravines. The general elevation of the plain area is about 200 to 300 meters above sea level.
Figure 4-2: Western Mountain Ranges
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-4 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Fig 4-3: Natural Topography including drainage pattern
4.1.3. Seismicity of the Area Geographically, Pakistan is situated on Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. The continental collision between the Eurasian and Indo-Pak palates formed the mighty Himalayas. Its north- west front is the most active seismic zone in the world. It is noticeable from the seismic events of Pakistan that seismicity of this area is associated with the both surface and blind faults. Further, the surface faults events show that fault segments especially in the hinterland zone are more active. The damping effect of thick Precambrian salt is the reason of lesser seismic activity in the parts of active deformational front for instance Salt Range and Bannu. NW Himalayan fold and thrust belt is considered to be seismically one of the active zone in Pakistan. The detailed seismological study of the area indicates that seismicity (≥ 4.0 Mw) appears to be associated with both the surface and blind faults. At the same time, clustering of events in specific parts along the surface faults shows that some fault segments, especially in the Hinterland zone are more active.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-5 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Figure 4-4: Map Showing the Seismic Characteristics of the area In parts of the active deformational front like Salt Range, southern Potwar and Bannu, lesser seismic activity (≥4.0 Mw) could be due to the damping effect of the thick Precambrian salt. Majority of the earthquakes (86%) range in magnitude from 4.0 to 4.9 Mw followed by 107 events (13%) having magnitude ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 Mw, the remaining 1% range from 6.0 to
6.7 Mw. There is a predominance of shallow seismicity (w) events from the adjoining areas; a deeper level of seismicity (50 to 200 km) prevails especially in the Hindukush Range of Afghanistan. Considering a number of geological and seismological factors, four seismotectonic zones were established. Geological survey of Pakistan has divided Pakistan into five seismic zones. The Project area, a part of Bannu in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa lies in seismic zone 2-B (as shown in Fig 4-4), is a medium hazard zone corresponding to peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.16 to 0.24g.
4.1.4. Location of Bannu District with respect to Seismic Zone of Pakistan Based on observed and instrumental seismicity, areas of Pakistan have been divided into four seismic zones shown in the above mentioned map (Fig: 4-4).
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-6 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Figure 4-5: Geological Map of Pakistan Zone I with deep red color falls in severe damage category, Zone II with pink color in the moderate to severe damage, Zone III with orange color in minor to moderate damage and Zone IV with yellow color falls in minor to no damage category. Project area falls in Zone IV of seismic risk zones of Pakistan, and impact is consider to be minor to moderate damage as per maps drawn by Geological Survey of Pakistan (see 4-5).
4.1.5. Water Resources The list of waterways which have tendency to spill over is as under: River Kurram River Gambilla Both surface water and; groundwater are important for the natural environment, drinking and irrigation in KPK. Most of the surface and groundwater available in the Province is classified as sweet with the exception of brackish water zones in D.I. Khan, Bannu and Karak districts. Bannu district has only 38% of the total area as cultivated. Most of it lies in the Bannu Doab-a long narrow tract between Tochi and Kurram-forming the garden area of the district. It is a highly irrigated and intensively cultivated tract. In southern and southwestern parts of the district the cultivated area is restricted more by the aridity than by its physiography. Daman areas are also barren because of the alluvial fan structures with coarser material and shifting braided channels. Such Area intersected by numerous dry stream beds is in no way attractive for the peasants.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-7 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
4.1.6. Climate The project falls in District Bannu, KPK. As far as the climate of Bannu is concerned it is nearly semi-arid region and in summer season sometimes there are very heavy rains and afterwards there is a period of drought this leads to a potential problem of swelling being caused in the soil which may cause cracking of floors, pavements, boundary walls and similar light structures. Fig. 4.1 depicts average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures of Bannu and its nearby surrounding areas. Table 4-1: Meteorological Data Pertaining to project site and surroundings Mean Humidity % Rainfall Soil Temperature Wind Speed Months Temperature (mm) oC (Average) (Km/Hour) Max Min Max Min
January 19.18 4.26 75.80 35.24 27.43 7.03 2.9 February 21.69 7.29 77.39 42.23 37.72 9.14 3.2 March 28.20 12.06 75.38 35.23 37.17 13.89 3.5 April 34.74 17.94 66.12 29.42 36.54 19.02 5.2 May 38.32 22.33 59.66 30.73 31.6 21.87 5.4 June 39.50 25.9 59.96 32.89 74.24 25.78 5.5 July 38.44 25.76 73.33 38.76 121.6 26.77 5.2 August 36.66 25.29 75.68 42.61 108.3 26.37 4.1 September 35.47 21.95 77.21 39.29 61.58 23.49 3.7 October 32.33 16.79 71.55 35.51 15.13 20.09 3.5 November 26.71 10.01 71.56 36.66 5.80 14.10 3.2 December 21.93 5.67 75.20 35.90 15.38 8.96 3.1 Mean 31.1 16.27 71.57 36.21 47.71 18.04 4.04
4.1.6.1. Temperature In Bannu, the average annual temperature is 23.6 °C. June is warmest with an average temperature of 40.5 °C at noon. January is coldest with an average temperature of 5 °C at night. Bannu has distinct cold and warm seasons, like cold winters and warm summers. Temperature drops sharply at night. Winters have some periods of frost, with the coldest month most often being January. November is on average the month with most sunshine. Rainfall and other precipitation have no distinct peak month.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-8 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Figure 4-6: Average Minimum, Maximum and Mean Temperatures over the last 20 years in Distruct Bannu
The summer season starts in May and ends by September. June generally is the warmest month when the mean maximum temperature rises slightly over 30 degrees Celsius.
4.1.6.2. Rainfall Patterns Except in the northern portion of the Bannu Tehsil, the annual rainfall throughout the district is under ten inches. The July to September rains are more general than those of any other season. The southern parts of Marwat seem to get less rain than any other portion of the district, except perhaps the Mianwali Thal. On the whole the rainfall must be characterized as scant and uncertain, and when sufficient, it is often unseasonable. The rainfall here averages 327 mm.
Figure 4-7: Average rain days, frost days, precipitation and sunshine %over the last 20 years in Bannu. ______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-9 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
4.1.6.3. Precipitation There is wide variation in precipitation, both in amounts and in distribution over the year. Rainfall over KPK mainly occurs in two distinct crop-growing seasons, during Rabi (winter, December to March) and during Kharif (summer, June to September). Almost no rainfall occurs in lower KPK and relatively very little in the hills of upper KPK in the intermediate periods, i.e. April to May and October to November. Figure 4-6 depicts the average precipitation per month and rain days of Bannu district. The least amount of rainfall occurs in November. The average in this month is 4 mm. Most of the precipitation here falls in July. The average precipitation receives during the month of July and September with average rain 202.1 and average days of rains estimated of 8 days.
Figure 4-8: Average Rainfall per Month and Rain Days for Bannu, Pakistan
4.1.6.4. Wind Wind speed usually comes from the northwest to east after the wind has blown strongly and steadily from those quarters for a day or more. In the cold weather the rain clouds come mostly from the north or west. The wind rose for Banda Daud Shah shows how many hours per year the wind blows from the indicated direction.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-10 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Figure 4-9: Wind Rose Showing the Direction of Wind
4.1.7. Geology and Soil The soil in the area is high in leptosols (LP), a weakly developed shallow soil. The alluvial soils are generally deep, have a sandy to clayey texture and are moderately alkaline and calcareous. In most regions however the soils are low in organic matter. The alluvial soils have a high agriculture potential. In many regions they are exposed to frequent floods due to the proximity of rivers, resulting in water logging and a decline in agricultural productivity.
The North-West Frontier Province can be subdivided into four broad geological units. However, Upper Tertiary and Quaternary sediments unit occur, D.I. Khan, Bannu and nearby areas. The basins are filled with deposits, mainly alluvium, consisting of sand, gravel; boulders, silt and clay. These are the erosion products of the surrounding mountains and have been transported by the streams and rivers both from the hills and from more distant source areas. Not Only river water but also wind are an active transport medium and have deposited thick layers of loess, which is well sorted, fine windblown silt.
4.1.8. Solid Waste Management In the project area, especially Bannu and the adjoining areas the population density averages 195 persons per square kilometer. High population growth rate and congestion in unserviced areas are a strain on the natural environment and resources, and the social capacity for its
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-11 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 management. Municipal services in these cities are inadequate, resulting in poor management of urban wastes.
4.2. Biological Environment 4.2.1. Agriculture Bannu is predominantly agricultural land. The total area of Bannu is 118958 hectares out of which 62.3% is cultivated area; most of the area is barani while only 11% is irrigated. About 45% area of district is irrigated mostly through canals and the rest depends upon rains. Table 4- 2 (a) shows that the major Rabi crops in the study area are wheat (Triticum aestivum), gram (Cicer arietinum), rapeseed and mustard (Brassica spp), barley (Hordeum vulgare), onion (Allium cepa), shaftal (Triflolium resupinatum) and vegetables. The main agricultural crops grown extensively in the surrounding area is listed below:
Table 4-2: Major Rabi Crops
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name 1. Wheat Triticum aestivum 2. Gram Cicer arietinum
3. Rapeseed Brassica spp
4. Barley Hordeum vulgare
5.. Onion Allium cepa
6. Shaftal Triflolium resupinatum
Table 2(a) showed that major kharif crops sown in the surveyed area were Maize (Zea mays L.), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). While, fodder/Grain includes Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides). Among other at large scale mainly includes Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek.) and Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).
Table 4-3: Major Kharif Crops Scientific Name Sr. No. Common Name Important Species 1. Maize Eichinochloa crus-gall 2. Sorghum Amaranthus viridis
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-12 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Scientific Name Sr. No. Common Name Important Species 3. Bajra Pennisetum typhoides
4. Mung Been Vigna radiata L. Wilczek
5. Seasamom Amarantus viridis
4.2.2. Floristic Composition of the Area District Bannu is famous for its indigenous fruits and vegetables, most commonly called it a vegetable emerald. The People of District Bannu are still enforced floral species to apply traditional or alternative medicine for their cure. The knowledge of uses of plants transmitted from one generation to the next. People use plant in many ways such as food, fodder, fuel wood, timber wood, medicinal, etc. It shows that there is a huge contact of human life with local flora as well as local flora influence human beings. Table 4-2 (c) indicates the percentage of floral species confined at different spatial scales. Flora in the project area is relatively sparse; however large areas of irrigated land are presently utilized for agricultural activities. Flora around the proposed road sections area remained undisturbed except occasion grazing of livestock. There are few natural vegetation patches or portions which are kept as grazing grounds for cattle etc.
Table 4-4: Plant Biodiversity in District Bannu Plant Group Percentage Wild Species 73 Cultivated Plants 45 Ornamental Plants 9 Indicator Species 33 Food Value Species 49 Economically Important Flora 48
Amongst trees, the most significant are Kikar (Acacia Arabica), Sreen (Albizia Lebbeek), Kara (Capparis Deciduas), Bera (Zizphus Mauratiana L.), Loserha (Cordia Obliqua Willd) and Surrma (Amaranthus Viridis). There is wild growth of spontaneous bushes, herbaceous flora, saplings and medium sized trees at various sections at Gaandi Chowk and Karapa within the ROW. Currently, small oasis of plant life (small scrubby bushes and tree species), flourishing at almost
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-13 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 all the road sections from Krapa – Domail and from Gandi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang. No protected plant species have been identified in the project area. Table 4-2 (d, e, f and g) shows the most significant presence of tree, herbs and shrubs and grass land species in the vicinity of the project area.
Table 4-5: Tree Species Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name
1 Sreen Albizia Lebbeek 2 Surrma Amaranthus Viridis 2 Kikar Acacia Nilotica 3 Paluasa Acacia Modesta Wall 4 Kara Capparis Deciduas (Forsk) 5 Loserha Cordia Obliqua Willd 6 Zara parwathye Cuscuta Reflexa Roxb 7 Tooghoo Fig Ficcus Carica L. 8 Bakanrh Melia Azedarach L. 9 Bera Zizphus Mauratiana L. 10 Karkanrh Zizphus Nummularia Wight and Arn
Table 4-6: Herbal Species
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name
1. Seva Apium Graveolens 2. Woeri Brassica Campestris L. 3. Zair gulai Calendula Arvenis L. 4. Thar surma Chenopodium Murale L. 5. Unknown Chenopodium Ambrosioides L. 6. Thariza Cichorium Intybus L. 7. Parvathye Convolvulus Arvensis L. 8. Diarrhea Coriandrum Sativum L. 9. Barbaka Datura Stramonium Linn 10. Parparay Euphorbia Helioscopia L. 11. Spelaghzai Fagonia Cretica L. 12. Soup Foeniculum Vulgare Miller 13. Murghipal Fumaria Indica (Haussk) Puysley 14. Malkindye Medicago polymorpha L 15. Bobarai Ocimum basilicum L. 16. Tulsi Ocimum sannctum L. ______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-14 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name Khatti–boti (Urdu), 17. Oxalis corniculata L. Tarveka (Pashto) 18. Ispaghual. Plantago Ovota L. 19. Woorkhora Portulaca Oleracea L. 20. Aobakhwar Ranunculus Aquatilis L. 21. Zaergulai Ranunculus Arvensis L. 22. Khun–se–bai. Solanum Nigrum L. 23. Zar gull Taraxacum officinal Webber
Table 4-7: Shrubs
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name 1. Batho Chenopodium Album L. 2. Spalmaka Calotropis Procera (Wild) 3. Bhang Cannabis Sativa L. 4. Sanatha Dodonaea Viscosa 5. Seir guli and speen guli Erythraea Ramasissima L. 6. Bushta Lepidium Sativum L. 7. Shanzai Melilotus Alba L. 8. Velana Mentha Royleana L. 9. Gandari. (Kanair in Urdu). Nerium Oleander L. 10. Raned Ricinus Communis Linn 11. Zangley gulap Rosa Moschata J Herrm 12. Zangli woeri Sisymbrium Irio L. 13. Ghaz Tamarix Aphylla (L) 14. Marmandye Vitex Negundo L.
Table 4-8: Grass Species
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name
1. Sheley Oryza sativa L.
4.2.3. Fauna
4.2.3.1. Mammals
Table 4-9: Common Mammalia Order Family Genus Species Common Name Local Status
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-15 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Name Cetartiodactyla Bovidae Bos B. taurus Cow/ Cattle Ghwa L Artiodactyla Bovidae Bubalus B. Bubalus Water Buffalo Mekha L Artiodactyla Bovidae Capra C. aegagrus Goat Wzaa L Artiodactyla Bovidae Ovis O. aries Sheep Gadh L Carnivora Canidae Canis C. lupus Dog Spye L Lagomorpha Leporidae Oryctolagus O. cuniculus Domestic Rabbit Soya
4.2.3.2. Reptiles Snakes such as cobra, kraits etc. were once common in the tract, but now cases of snake bites are very rare, as these reptiles have been either killed by expanding urbanization or they have moved away. Lizards such as Spiny tailed lizard (Uromastixhardwickii) and Fringed toed lizard (Acanthodactylus cantoris) are also reported by the residents of the area.
4.2.3.3. Amphibians Amphibians frequently seen in and around the project area, especially during rainy season, include common Frog (Ranatigrina) and Indus valley toad.
4.2.3.4. Birds House sparrow (Passer domesticus), House crow (Corvussplendens) and Mynah (Acredotherestristis) are the most common sight in the area and prefer the trees along the road for suitable habitat. In addition, the certain prevalence of the following birds species are also common at different location of Bannu and Kohat district, which are widely used for legal and illegal trading.
Table 4-10: Avifauna Speices Order Family Genus Species Common Local Status Name Name Galliformes Phasianidae Perdix P. perdix Grey partridge Seenzara I Anseriformes Anatidae Anser A. anser Domestic Raj Hans L goose Galliformes Phasianidae Pavo P. cristatus Indian peafowl Moor L Galliformes Phasianidae Alectoris A. chukar Chukar Zark I
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-16 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
partridge Galliformes Numidida Numida N. meleagris Helmeted Teetara L guineafowl Galliformes Phasianidae Meleagris M. gallopavo Wild turkey Piru L Galliformes Phasianidae Melanoperdix M. niger Black partridge Taru I Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Melopsittacus M. undulates Budgerigar Australia L n Tooti
4.2.3.5. Critical Habitats No wild life sanctuary or game reserve (Critical Habitats), exists near the project area or the study area and therefore it can be stated that this project does not affect any critical habitat as, no critical habitat is located close to the project area.
4.2.3.6. Protected Area In Pakistan protected areas area classified into three main categories viz, Wild life Sanctuaries, National Parks and Game Reserves. In the proposed dualization of road sections, there is no Government notified protected area located within and surrounding of the project area.
4.2.3.7. Present Status of Ecological Resources and Biodiversity Ecologically, the project area only consists of arable land and there is no species richness of grass and vegetation and abundance of natural vegetation, shrub lands, and grasslands. The medium and short saplings occurred consisting of local trees species. The floral biodiversity of the area is primarily similar to that which occurs in the surrounding areas of N-55 from Gaandi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang and old Bannu road. All lands in the project site are private owned, and some villagers utilize them for cultivation. In some locations small and large dense trees found along the motorway fence. The most of cropping lands found in the study area are well managed and adopted by the land owners.
4.3. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1. Administrative Setup The Bannu Frontier Region is the federally administered tribal areas and all the financial liabilities for economic development and general administration, are borne by the federal
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-17 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 government. The district coordination officer (the defunct deputy commissioner office) Bannu is actively supported by the Frontier Constabulary in addition to Khasadars engaged for political administration. The affairs of FR Bannu are largely regulated through for essentially involving Jirga system. Besides FCR, most of the cases of Bannu FR areas are decided by the local laws (Riwaj) and Shariat.
4.3.2. Population According to the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the total population of the district is estimated as 361,246 (1998 Census) with annual growth rate of 2.81 per cent. Total area of the district is 1,227 square kilometers with total 49 Union Councils in two Tehsils.
4.3.3. Education The literacy rate is 32.11 per cent while economically active population remains at 18.97 per cent. Secondary data from the Department of Education indicated there are 1,430 schools in Bannu, of which 48% are girls‟ schools and 1159 are primary schools. In the Year 2014, 2015 Over 80% of schools in Bannu are currently occupied by displaced families. The project will be having no hindrance for school children to commute to their school.
4.3.4. Religion Bannu is predominantly mainstream of Muslims. In the project area, several small mosques are located at around 3-4 km in distance along the road sections, particularly in the populated area.
4.3.5. Language The most common Pashto language spoken widely is Bannu Pashto (Called Banisee), other language being spoken or understood is Hindko. Urdu and English are also used among the more educated segment of the local population.
4.3.6. Health Facilities There are a number of hospitals and a good amount of private clinics in this area with reasonable charges; thus many people can afford to go to hospitals and clinics. Also, with the construction of Khlifa Gul Nawaz Medical Complex, things became even better. There is no other hospital either run the health department or private, so people usually go to district Bannu for emergency cases.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-18 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
4.3.7. Source of Drinking Water Understanding sources of drinking water is important for its adequate provision and the identification of unsafe sources for prevention of water borne diseases. 61% identified hand pump as a primary sources of drinking water; 15% identified public water supply schemes and tankering, 15% identified protected wells; 5% reported unprotected wells; and 4% as canal/river. The majority of the population relies on hand pumps as a source of drinking water.
4.3.8. Electricity: Electricity is available in all part of project area and surroundings. Being low income area, people mostly use electricity for lighting purposes.
4.3.9. Hygienic Condition Improvement in the hygienic conditions and hygienic practices play an essential role to prevent infections and reduce waterborne diseases. In the settlements adjacent to project area, the population might have failed to achieve better hygienic practices due to Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Due to this, mall children frequently suffer from waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid and Malaria. Absence of proper drainage system and untreated drinking water are responsible for spread of these diseases. Therefore there is a need to strengthen water filtration system and awareness of hygienic routine practices.
4.3.10. Irrigation The project area is surrounded by agricultural land, but no effective mode of irrigation is adopted to channelize for growing of agricultural crops. Arable land surrounding in the project area is agricultural lands. Local farmers have managed themselves for the irrigation of their land on the basis of traditional technique, that is, from the irrigation channels by using tractor at sowing time.
4.3.11. Main Occupation The main occupation of the rural people residing within or surrounding of area are shopkeepers, livestock along with labour & porter. The main occupation of women in rural areas of Banda
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-19 Sept, 2016
Section – 4 Description of Project Environment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Duad Shah, Latambar, Soor Dag, Totaki are housekeeping which includes attending to the cattle, extracting butter and ghee from milk, weaving and sewing of family clothes.
4.3.12. Public Utilities The project mainly passes from mountainous terrain with built up properties at various location on both sides i.e. road side fuel stations, banks & various food spots. Other utilities located within the ROW are power transmission lines, gas supply pipes, water supply pipes, telephone cables, telecommunication cables and moveable Khokha etc.
4.3.13. Acquisition of land The available right of way of old Bannu road will be used in most effective manner. For first section ,from Gaandi Chowk to Sarai Naurang, no additional land is required and four lane facility will be adjusted in existing right of way, while for second section starts from Bannu (Domail) and ends at Krapa, there will be requirement of additional land i.e. 15 ~ 40m for adjustment of four lane facility. Cost has been work out based on average rate taken from relevant areas and is incorporated under separate head in PC-1 cost.
______Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 4-20 Sept, 2016
Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
5. ENVNIRONMENT IMAPCT ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES This section identifies the potential environmental impacts during the dualization and up gradation of Sara-e-Naurang to Gandhi Chowk road and old Bannu road on the project area. The project is dualization of the existing road and no new road alignment are involved for the proposed project.
5.0. Environmental Impact Matrices The environmental impact evaluation matrices have been developed to indicate magnitude of the impacts on different environmental settings for both construction and operational phases (Given in Table 5-2). The following scale has been used for the evaluation of potential impacts on different environmental settings: O = Negligible/No Impact LA = Low Adverse MA= Medium Adverse HA = High Adverse B = Beneficial
The criteria used to define the high medium and low adverse impacts are as follows:
Negligible/No Impact: The impact which has unapparent and negligible influence on natural and socio-economic environment.
Low Adverse Impact: The impact which has a slight influence on the natural and socio- economic environment.
Medium Adverse Impact: The impact which can be eliminated/ mitigated after applying the appropriate mitigation measures.
High Adverse Impact: The impact which can be partially/ but not fully mitigated by applying the mitigation measure.
Positive/Beneficial Impact: The impact which improve/enhance the natural and socio- economic environment.
5.1. Potential Impact Sources Environment and social impacts attributable to the project can broadly be classified into those taking place during construction and those occurring during operational phase. Some of these
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-1 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 impacts can be anticipated and avoided through appropriate adjustments / provisions in the project design. Some can be mitigated by careful implementation of the project while some other can be adjusted with by appropriately following the operational manual and an effective collaboration with communities. Environmental impacts and social impacts attributed can be broadly classified into three main groups: Impacts during design phase Impacts during construction phase Impacts during operational/post construction phase Some of the impacts can be anticipated and avoided at design stage with appropriate adjustment in the project design some can be mitigated by good implementation technique and others by following the operational manual. Operational impacts of the proposed project are associated with the movement of vehicular traffic on it and allied activities. These include air and noise pollution, safety hazards and other similar impacts.
For this proposed project, potential impacts are reviewed under construction and operational phases. The environment has been studied under the following subheads: Physical Environment Land Resource Water Resource Air Quality Noise Level Biological Environment Flora Fauna Endangered Species Socio–economic Environment Cultural and Historical Sites Public Utilities Population Disturbance
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-2 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Table 5-1: Environmental Checklist Biological Sr# Physical Environment Socio Economic Environment
Environment
Environmental Components
Quality
/ Landscape /
Flora
Fauna
Air Air
Soil Quality Soil
TrafficFlow
Employment
Public Utilities Public
Waste Waste Disposal
AgriculturalLand
Noise Noise & Vibration
Health andHealth Safety
Geology
PopulationDisturbance
Surface Ground & Water
Cultural/Religious Values Topographyand Drainage Excavation Operation at Borrow 1. MA MA MA MA O LA MA MA LA O LA LA LA O O B and earth cutting areas
Solid Waste
2. Management/Dumping of LA LA O MA LA O MA O O O LA MA MA LA O B Spoiled Material
3. Damage to Cross Drainages LA O LA MA LA O MA O O O O LA LA O O B
4. Earth Work Operation MA MA MA MA LA LA MA LA LA O LA LA O LA O B
Construction of Embankments 5. MA MA MA LA LA LA MA MA LA O LA LA LA LA O B of Road
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-3 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Reconstruction of Culverts and 6. LA LA LA MA LA LA MA O O O O LA O O O B Bridges
Release of Construction Water 7. LA MA LA MA LA LA LA LA LA O LA LA O O O B and Dumping of Soil
Open Storage of Construction 8. O HA LA MA MA LA LA LA LA LA MA LA LA O O B Material, Fuel etc
Location of Labour 9. O MA LA MA LA LA O MA LA LA LA MA LA MA O O Camps/Equipment Yards
Changes in Aesthetics of the 10. O LA LA O LA O O O B B B B B O B O Area
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-4 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
5.2. IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING DESIGN/PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE As the road rehabilitation work confines to existing Right of Way (RoW), the potential negative environmental impacts will be very limited in magnitude. Except shifting of few public utilities and few temporary structures located within the existing RoW, but no land acquisition will be required for the entire road rehabilitation & widening project. Few unauthorized and also temporary installed establishments by communities along the proposed roads will not become obstacles to the proposed road improvement project, because of these unauthorized & temporary structures are located within the RoW. The anticipated negative environmental impacts are mainly short-term and are arise during construction period. The anticipated negative impacts on the physical environment during the period of civil work will be due to change in air, dust and water quality, operation of quarry sites, crusher plant, asphalt plant, concrete batching plant, spoil disposal and also transportation of materials and construction waste. It is proposed to remove only roadside trees adjacent to road within ROW. It is recommended to develop compensatory tree planting program to replant native species wherever available space beside the proposed road. Socioeconomic impacts during road construction will be exposure to health and safety problems, in some extent. Following is the brief description of impacts considered and the recommended mitigation measures during Pre-construction and Design Phases.
5.2.1. Impact on Income / Livelihood The project will have slightly adverse impact on the source of livelihood during the construction period, eapecially in Gandi Chowk and Sara-e-Nauranag area. Because, local inhabitants are strongly involved in small and large scale business activities in this particular area. Most of the shops, moveable fruit, and poultry and mechanics shops are located within the ROW. This ROW area (km 1042-1046) has been extensively used for this purpose. So, physical relocation of such shops, and shifting of electric and telecommunication poles will be required prior to the construction phase of this dualization project.
5.2.2. Impacts on Land Uses Proposed dualization & up gradation work will remain within the existing ROW and impacts will be limited to the immediate vicinity of the road, and lands that will use for quarry sites, establish material processing plants, material storage, disposal sites, & also quarry access roads. Hence, it is more important that selection of temporary lands should be at least 500m away from the water bodies, natural flow paths, agricultural lands & residential areas to avoid both
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-5 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 environmental impacts and public inconvenience. Selection of suitable locations should be complying with the local laws and regulations. Removal of fire wood trees and green cover vegetation should be minimized during the site clearance. Selection of existing quarries, crusher plants, concrete batching plants and asphalt plant for materials should also be minimized impacts on land use.
5.2.3. Changes in Aesthetics The proposed Project is expected to increase the land values, especially in villages where little or no road infrastructure is present and the seasonal drains with gravels on their beds are used as access road to their residences. Land owners will have an opportunity to sell their land on increased prices and start new businesses. This impact will be major positive in nature.
5.2.4. Solid Waste Management Proper solid waste management system is required during the design stage for the efficient handling of waste and reduction of waste related impacts. Impacts due to solid waste are expected to be temporary and minor negative in nature. Mitigation measures: Planning for disposal sites with reasonable distance from the human settlements; Disallow waste dump sites, in a distance closer than one (1) kilometer to any inhabited areas; Incorporate technical design features for refuse collection containers at sites that would minimize burning impacts; Devise plan(s) for safe handling, storage and disposal of harmful materials Burning of waste will not be allowed in any case
5.2.5. Resources Mobilization Spaces are needed for storage of materials, establishment of labour camps, and for construction equipments. There is need to construct labour camp unless the labour force in the area is not very high and readily available. Mitigation Measures: Temporary lands in which resources are mobilized will cause inconvenience to general public particularly nearby the ROW. Therefore to mitigate such impacts temporary lands readily available in the surrounding project area must be selected and it should be at least 500m away from residential areas, water bodies, cultivated lands. In addition approvals from relevant
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-6 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 authorities must be obtained to use temporary lands in order to comply with National laws and regulations. Preparation of the temporary lands and access road must be carried out in a way to minimize disturbances to agricultural practices.
5.2.6. Changes in Hydraulic Regimes The project has an extensive network of drainage channels/ nullahs falling in to the Rivers Kurram and Gambila. Particularly, high fluctuation in groundwater table is observed during monsoon season in both the routes. Wells and hand pumps are the main source for drinking water, both in Old Bannu Road and in the route from Gandhi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang of the project area. Especially, on the old Bannu road there are several culverts located at different tracks, but the condition of most of these culverts are not satisfactory and need to be constructed in parallel with dualization of road. In addition, around 22 bridges located from Km 1088+00 to Km 1167, the condition of these bridges also not satisfactory and need to be upgraded to minimize the anticipated impacts. So, for the crossing of drains and water courses, small bridges and culverts should be reviewed prior to the construction phase of the project. Mitigation Measures: Proper design of bridges on nullahs to accommodate design flows; Small bridges will be reconstructed on drains coming in the ROW, if necessary; Provision of box culverts to control flood damages and provision of safety of embankments; and Provision of sufficient sizes of drains to take design flows.
5.3. IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
5.3.1. Topography Project area does not have plane topography. The topography in the project area will be changed at some part of the tracks but only to some extent due to the construction of project related structures such as embankments, up gradation of bridges and culverts and slope cutting in mountainous areas (particularly from Km 1110 to Km 1118) etc. This may involve dismantling, earth cutting and filling of land in the ROW, up gradation of culverts and bridges where necessary. This impact is permanent and minor negative in nature.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-7 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
In addition to proper landscaping, construction of stone pitching or rip rap across the embankments will be involved during construction phase, the following mitigation measures will help to minimize the anticipated impacts of the project. Mitigation Measures: Low embankments will be protected from erosion by planting indigenous grasses that can flourish under relatively dry conditions; High embankments will be protected by constructing stone pitching or a riprap across the embankment; Ditches or borrow pits that cannot be fully rehabilitated will be landscaped to minimize erosion and to avoid creating hazards for people and livestock; and Landowners will be compensated according to the terms of lease agreements negotiated with them and the restoration actions agreed upon by the Contractor will be duly carried out.
5.3.2. Air Quality The construction activities produce fugitive and point emissions from different sources. In case of the proposed project, the sources of air emissions would be excavation operations, exhausts of construction machinery and equipments, continuous operation of machinery and movement of the construction and public vehicles e.g. cranes, heavy trucks and vehicles etc. The air emissions may cause health impacts such as dryness and roughness of the throat; eye, nose, throat irritations and coughing etc to the workers and staff of contractor. These emissions may also affect the bio-physical environment. Emissions may be carried over longer distances depending upon the wind speed, direction, temperature of surrounding air and atmospheric stability. These impacts would be moderate negative, temporary and limited to the project‟s construction phase only. Mitigation Measures: All earthmoving machinery, vehicles and engines should comply with the NEQS for emission and noise. This should be made as pre condition in bidding process for contractor. Where necessary, especially on roads, dust emissions must be kept to a minimum level through regular sprinkling of water (at least twice a day). All excavation work will be sprinkled with water to control dust; Unnecessary excavation shall be avoided;
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-8 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
All vehicles, machinery, equipment and generators used during construction activities should be kept in good working condition and be properly tuned and maintained in order to minimize the exhaust emissions Emissions from power generators and construction machinery are important point sources at the construction sites. Proper maintenance and repair is needed to minimize the hazardous emissions; Open burning of solid waste from the Contractor‟s camps should be strictly banned;
5.3.3. Noise and Vibration from Construction Works Noise generated by the construction machinery during the construction phase is likely to affect the project area particularly the nearby settlements. Project activities like compaction, movement of heavy machinery, trucks and trolleys stone crushers, asphalt plants and other equipments are the major source of noise and vibration. The construction activities will generate noise, which can potentially affect the communities, wildlife, and also the construction workers. . This impact is temporary and minor negative in nature.
Mitigation Measures: The contractor will strictly follow the NEQS for ambient noise. All necessary measures to control the noise such as proper tuning of vehicles and provision of mufflers/silencers particularly near the communities will be provided during construction. The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction workers and its usage will be made mandatory by the contractor. All earthmoving machinery, vehicles and engines should comply with the NEQS for emission and noise. This should be made as pre condition in bidding process for contractor. Selection of up-to-date and well maintained plant or equipment with reduced noise levels ensured by suitable in-built damping techniques or appropriate muffling devices. Providing the construction workers with suitable hearing protection like ear cap, or earmuffs and training them in their use; Preferably, restricting construction vehicles movement during nighttimes; Vehicles and equipment used should be fitted, as applicable, with silencers and properly maintained; Use of low noise machinery, or machinery with noise shielding and absorption;
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-9 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Contractors should comply with submitted work schedule, keeping noisy operations away from sensitive points; implement regular maintenance and repairs; and employ strict implementation of operation procedures; Noise barriers in sensitive areas in the form of high boundary walls (concrete or wood), earth berms, etc. in front of school, academy, mosques and church, if located adjacent to the ROW.
5.3.4. Smoke from Burning of Waste Material or Burning Firewood A large number of big and small fires in the labor camp and burning of waste can produce smoke and smog which can reduce visibility and cause suffocation along with causing diseases of the respiratory tract including cancer. Cutting and burning trees / shrubs for fuel will be prohibited. Instead gas cylinders should be used in the labor camp for cooking purposes. Similarly waste burning will not be allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it approved by the RE. The proper training will be delivered to the workers.
5.3.5. Dust / Pollutions The material stock piles and material transportation can cause dust emissions, having a negative impact on the nearby communities, natural vegetation and arable land. Mitigation Measures: The material being transported or stored at the stockpiles will be kept covered where necessary to avoid dust emissions. Preventive measures against dust should be adopted for on-site mixing and unloading operations. Regular water sprinkling of the site should be carried out to suppress excessive dust emission(s); Construction workers should be provided with masks for protection against the inhalation of dust; and
5.3.6. Damage to Cross Drainages The project is specially devised for road widening / rehabilitation of existing road network. Damage cross drainages can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers or operators. Such carelessness can cause considerable damage to paths; drainages if the drivers / operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be careful. Mitigation Measures:
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-10 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Contractor will prepare standard operating procedures and impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles to minimize any damage to roads or structures. If any damage takes place, the contractor will carry out repairs immediately.
5.3.7. Location of Labour Camps and Equipment Yards The camp site in populated area may cause the social implication including the security and privacy of local residents, spread of communicable diseases and also environmental problems due to disposal of solid waste, effluents etc. The final location and number of sites will be determined by the construction contractors after approval from the concerned authority. However, it will be a temporary and minor negative impact. Mitigation Measures: Implement Waste Management Plan to ensure safe handling, storage, collection and disposal of construction wastes and the training of employees who handle waste. Provision of the pit latrines, septic tanks for camps to treat the sanitary wastewater before its discharge to nearby water bodies. Selection of site for construction map to minimize the removal of existing plant species at camp sites; Photographical and botanical inventory of vegetation before clearing the site; Compensatory plantation to be done when construction work near ends; and The contractor(s) shall ensure removal & rehabilitation of site upon completion.
5.3.8. Solid Waste from construction materials If solid waste such as metal, gravel, asphalt etc is accumulated alongside of the road it will cause public inconvenience by dust dispersion, reduced visual quality, and health hazard. To avoid these impacts such waste must be removed from the construction site immediately after the construction work and dumped in an approved site according to the current rules and regulations. Contractor must identify and select suitable and safest locations for the dumping or land fill sites with sufficient capacity and approvals should be obtained from relevant Local Authorities. Mitigation Measures: Contractor must identify and select suitable and safest locations for the dumping or land fill sites with sufficient capacity and approvals should be obtained from relevant concerned Authorities. Proper engineering design (including drainage and erosion control facilities) should be prepared by the contractor and written approval should be obtained from the authority to dumping at the
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-11 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 each identified site. Dumping should be done only after receiving approvals from the necessary authorities and obtaining the approval on the proposed engineering design of the site.
5.3.9. Solid Waste and Sanitation at Labour Camps Impacts from solid waste (such as polythene, papers, perishable items especially food) accumulated at worker camps is anticipated that could cause environmental pollution such as contamination of soil and water bodies, out breaks of water born and vector born diseases and health hazards. To reduce the above mentioned impact the following measures are proposed: There should be proper solid waste disposal procedure to enhanced sanitation of workers in camps. Dust bins in different colors must be provided to separate out food, glasses and other solid waste at the worker camp. The contractor must provide Proper sanitary facilities and adequate supply of water to worker camps The best option is to hire as many as local people for unskilled as well as skilled works. If that happens there is no need to establish worker camps. This is a good way to overcome garbage disposal. The contractor should provide adequate facilities to manage wastes in accordance with the guidance given by the CEA Contractor should remove all the waste from worker camps every day and dumped in approved site to prevent contamination of soil and water bodies as well as prevent from disease out breaks. Monitoring the worker camps regularly in consultation with Public Health Inspector (PHI) These conditions could be incorporated into the contractor‟s documents for better sanitation conditions and waste disposal at temporary worker camps.
5.3.10. Flood Condition During the period of construction, civil works should not lead to flood conditions due to blocking of drains, drainage paths and culvert openings. The contractor shall take every measure to keep all drainage paths, drains & openings clear at all times. Mitigation Measures: If flooding or stagnation of water is caused by civil works, contractor shall provide immediate means to prevent loss of access to any public or private land/property & to prevent damage to public or private land/property.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-12 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
5.3.11. Soil Erosion Soil erosion will mainly occur during the construction period due to excavation, dredging, cutting and filling, removal vegetation cover and unplanned temporary storage of gravel and soil along the roadsides. The top soil is directly exposed to showers when trees and vegetation cover is removed reducing infiltration and increasing surface runoff. Also, due to unauthorized use of borrow areas and quarries, soil erosion may occur resulting in degradation of landscape. This may limit the future use of land for agricultural purposes. Eroded soil can be washed out to nearby canals, reservoirs and paddy field causing siltation. To minimize these impacts, the following mitigation measures needs to adopted during construction stage: Mitigation Measures: Removal vegetation cover should be minimized by considering alternative locations and paths The natural drainages in the construction area must not be blocked to facilitate free flow of water. Carry out construction works in any erodible area during dry season as much as possible If any civil works are to be carried out during rainy days, enough silt traps, sludge pumps and interceptor drains should be incorporated in the construction site as much as possible. Cut areas should be treated against flow acceleration while filled areas should be carefully designed to avoid obstruction or destruction to natural drainages Soil contamination by asphalt will be minimized by placing all containers in a bunded area away from water courses ; Decanting and or controlled disposal of oil and grease as collected at collection tanks of maintenance yard and chemical storage areas; All spoils will be disposed of as desired and the site will be restored back to its original conditions before handing over; In areas with strong sheet flow, high embankments will be provided with chutes and drains/culverts to minimize soil erosion. Stone pitching and retaining walls will be made at high embankments in critical areas; As applicable and needed, plantation of grasses and shrubs will be done for slope protection;
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-13 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Soil erosion checking measures such as the formation of sediment basins, slope drains, etc, will be carried out; Productive land or land adjacent to agricultural / irrigated land may not be preferred for excavation; Non-productive, barren lands in broken terrain, nullahs and publicly recognized waste lands should be given preference for borrowing materials.
5.3.12. Release of Construction Water and Dumping of Soil Uncontrolled release of construction water or dumping of excess soil / rubbles can destroy / damage; to the nearby irrigation channels along the ROW, which ultimately leading to significant impact of blockage of channel, damage to structure and water contamination. If such a situation does appear, it becomes highly significant though it can be mitigated. Prevention / Mitigation The contractor will make adequate arrangements to avoid such leakages, uncontrolled releases, and dumping of soil / rubbles. Should such leakage develop, the contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages.
5.3.13. Traffic Impact It is anticipated that an overall increase and traffic hindrance would occur as a consequence of the proposed construction. An increase in traffic will occur to and from the project site subsequent to construction.
Mitigation Measures: Construction traffic hindrance should be avoided by providing proper diversion and signage. Also, traffic management plan will be prepared by the contractor after consultation with RE for its implementation. GRM will be put in place to address community grievances in this regard.
5.3.14. Impacts on Surface Water Inappropriate waste disposal from camp site and construction activities can potentially contaminate the water bodies like irrigation channels and hand water pumps in turn affecting the local communities and aquatic biodiversity.
Mitigation Measures:
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-14 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
No untreated effluents will be released to the environment. For the toilet waste, the contractor will establish / install appropriate waste treatment system (such as septic tanks and soaking pits – appropriately sized and located) at the site facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be released in soaking pits or used for plantation/water sprinkling.
5.3.15. Impact on Ground Water Quality of ground water available in the nearby local communities may get contaminated due to the construction activities, oil spillage and leakage etc. The labourers work with different transmittable diseases may cause spread out of those diseases in the local residents.
Mitigation Measures: Use of water should not disturb public water availability and source of water should be selected carefully There should be proper control on construction activities and oil spillage leakage of vehicles.
5.3.16. Impact of Sourcing of Construction Water The contractor will obtain water for the construction sites and construction camps from the nearby surface and / or groundwater sources. This however can potentially affect water resources and the other water users of the area. Mitigation Measures: The contractor will procure water from a source approved by the RE, and if relevant, after obtaining the community consent. It will be ensured that this procurement of water does not negatively affect the communities or other water users.
5.3.17. Impacts on Drinking Water Sources The construction activities can potentially damage/affect the drinking water sources of the communities.
Mitigation Measures: It will be ensured that the drinking water sources of the communities are not affected. The contractor should repair/replace/compensate for any damages caused by the construction activities.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-15 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
5.3.18. Obstruction of the Flow of Water for Stream Crossing the Road At number of points, perennial streams and irrigation channels cross the road. The construction works can obstruct their normal flow. Mitigation Measures: The road includes adequately designed bridges and culverts at the appropriate locations (apparent in Table 3.2 in Chapter 3). The contractor will ensure that these water bodies/water courses are not blocked during the construction phase.
5.3.19. Impact on Roads / Infrastructure Used for Transport of Construction Materials Transport of construction machinery, construction material and construction workers will cause additional wear and tear of the roads / infrastructure. This impact will be a moderately significant and can be adequately mitigated.
Mitigation Measures: The contractor will be responsible to repair any damage caused to the local infrastructure private property may be separate by the construction activities. Water sprinkling will be carried out where necessary to minimize dust emissions.
5.3.20. Impacts of Heavy Vehicles on the Existing Road Network Due to volume of heavy vehicles on the existing old Bannu road and from Gandhi Chowk – Sara-e Naurang road network may result in air pollution, noise pollution. The major factor involved specifically due to tire-road friction especially near sensitive receptors (residential areas, school, health facility etc.), and damage to roads and traffic congestion. However, the impacts would be temporary and moderate negative in nature for which the following mitigation measures are proposed:
Mitigation Measures: Any vehicle with an open load carrying area used for transport of potentially dust producing materials shall have properly fitted side and tail boards. Materials having potential to produce dust shall not be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards and shall be covered with clean tarpaulin in good condition The Contractor shall not use any vehicles either on or off road with grossly excessive noise pollution. Noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-16 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Haul-trucks carrying sand, aggregate and other loose materials should be covered with tarpaulin to contain spread of dusty materials
5.3.21. Health and Safety a) Occupational Health and Safety During construction activities, if proper safety measures are not taken, it could cause serious accidents. The contractors usually overlook or ignore provision of safety gadgets for the sake of saving. This approach should be discouraged while awarding the contract. Workers should not be exposed to dust for long time. Good hygienic conditions should be maintained at workers‟ living and working sites. Workers should be made aware of consequences of aid kits, emergency vehicles, etc. at the work place. Training of workers in the construction safety procedures, environmental awareness, equipping all construction workers with safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks, and monitoring their proper and sustained usage are to be provided.
Mitigation Measures: The contractor must ensure compliance of safety precautions during construction work as per national labour laws and International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 62 During construction activities, contractor should ensure the provision of medicines, first aid kits, emergency vehicles, etc. at the work place. All workers should wear safety gadgets like; safety boots, helmets, gloves, and protective masks. Goggles must be used during welding and grinding. Ensure strict use of wearing these protective clothing during work activities; Providing basic medical training to specified work staff and basic medical service and supplies to workers Preparing Layout plan for camp site, indicating safety measures taken by the contractor, e.g. fire fighting equipment, safe storage of hazardous material, first aid, security, fencing, and contingency measures in case of accidents; Adequate signage, lightning devices, barriers, yellow tape and persons with flags during construction to manage traffic at construction sites, haulage and access roads. Availability of safe drinking water for labour should be made mandatory. For this purpose filtration plants may be installed at camp site and at working area
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-17 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Emergency number shall be placed at worksites; b) Community Health and Safety The construction activities and vehicular movement at construction sites and access service roads may also result in road side accidents particularly inflicting local communities who are not familiar with presence of heavy equipment and machinery. Health of the nearby community may also be suffered due to dust during the construction. Due to flow of vehicles some of the traditional business (agriculture and livestock) of the local people may also be influenced due to the entry of modern tools, equipments and transportation services. Moreover, waste materials shall be managed properly so as to prevent the attraction or breeding of insects or rodents, and to eliminate harmful conditions to public health or which create safety hazards, odors, unsightliness or public nuisance.
Mitigation Measures: The labour works with different transmittable diseases should be restricted within the construction site. Efforts will be made to create awareness about road safety among the drivers operating construction vehicles; Timely public notification on planned construction works; Provision of proper safety and diversion signage, particularly at sensitive/accident-prone spots; Setting up speed limits in close consultation with the local stakeholders; The communicable disease of most concern during construction phase, like sexually- transmitted disease (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS, should be prevented by successful initiative typically involving health awareness; education initiatives; training heath workers in disease treatment; immunization program and providing health service; Reducing the impacts of vector borne diseases on long-term health effect of workers should be accomplished through implementation of diverse interventions aimed at eliminating the factors that lead to disease, which includes: Prevention of larval and adult propagation of vectors through sanitary improvements and elimination of breeding habitat close to human settlements and by eliminating any unusable impounding of water; During construction work, pedestrian and vehicular passages should be provided.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-18 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
5.3.22. Waste and Hazardous Waste Due to construction activities waste will be generated at construction and contractors camp sites. The identified waste during the construction of proposed project may include construction waste, chemical waste and general refuse. The construction waste will include wastewater, oil spillage from machinery, domestic waste office waste demolition and excavation waste etc. But the handling and storage of oil, asphalt/bitumen may be a source of environmental pollution as a hazardous waste. This will result in unhygienic conditions, health risk to work force and public at the camp site. This impact is temporary and minor negative in nature.
Mitigation measures: Wastewater effluent from contractor‟s workshop and equipment washing yards would be passed through gravel/ sand beds to remove oil/ grease contaminants before discharging it into main sewer; Training of working force in the storage and handling of materials and chemicals that can potentially cause soil contamination; Construction waste generated during construction should be covered during heavy rainfall A reputable waste collector should be employed by the contractor to remove general refuse from the site, separately from construction material. An enclosed and covered area is preferred for storage to reduce the occurrence of windblown light material. The contractor shall provide a proper waste management plan for disposal of general as well as construction waste; Training employees involved in the transportation of hazardous material regarding emergency procedures; The sewage system for camps will be properly designed (pit latrines or, as required, septic tanks) to receive all sanitary wastewaters.
5.3.23. Impacts of Waste Disposal at Site The major components of waste generated during the construction phase of the project consist on domestic and construction waste. Inadequate disposal of waste could contaminate the land in the nearby surrounding of road corridor. If the waste is not handled properly it could be a nuisance and cause diseases. Domestic waste contains a high percentage of readily degradable hydrocarbons which releases a bad odor when it undergoes decomposition,
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-19 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 especially in hot and humid conditions. Construction waste classified as inert waste which could be a problem to dispose off.
Mitigation Measures: All waste from the construction activities should be disposed off on state land with the approval of The Engineer and should be disposed off according to the Waste Management Plan, which will be a part of the EMP. Domestic waste generated at the labor camp and site offices should be collected and temporarily stored at the designated bonded area within the camp area before being disposed off at the designated site by the contractor. The location of construction waste disposal site should be such that no tree cutting, crop destruction or private land acquisition require. Construction waste should not be mixed with domestic waste as the construction waste could be reused as a fill material or disposed off separately.
5.3.24. Impacts of Borrowing Site Additional soil may require for the strengthening / extension of the road sections and establishing contractor‟s facilities. The additional soil will be excavated from the designated area (Borrowing Site). If the contractor desires to excavate the soil from outside the suggested borrowing area then approval must be obtained from the Supervision Consultant‟s Environmental Specialist and concerned authority. Erath cutting may also likely to be required at some part of road section. The excavating activities could have adverse environmental impacts including soil erosion, drainage problem, land productivity, threaten existing structure stability, and impact the health and safety of the workers and local population.
Mitigation Measures: The earth required for construction of road embankments and other works would be preferable used out of the available government land or the land acquired under this project. If earth is required to be lifted from private own land, then the owner(s) of the land will be duly compensated. Contractor will be responsible to make an agreement with land owner to excavate and restore the borrow area. The contractor will not leave the borrow pits in an unusable condition such that it could be filled with rain water and cause problems for the community e.g. breeding place for mosquitoes etc.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-20 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
The contractor will ensure that the selected borrow areas are clearly demarcated, and indicate the maximum allowable depth of the pit i.e. 3 feet before the soil is excavated. No soil will be excavated outside the demarcated ROW area. If unexpected soil or strata is found during excavation at the site then the excavation must be stopped immediately, and the environmentalist and construction contractor must be informed as soon as possible.
5.3.25. Loss of Agricultural Land Due to the proposed project, mainly agricultural land will be affected and crop yield will be disturbed located around the ROW. But in the long run, due to the construction of the Expressway project, better transport facilities and opportunities will be available to the farmers to enhance the crop yield. This impact is insignificant in nature. No Mitigation measures are required.
5.3.26. Impact on Floral Diversity In the areas of Bannu District, from Gandhi Chowk to Sare-e-Naurang, and on old Bannu road from 1088-1167, the trees are confined with scattered population and major removal will be involved at different road sections. In general, the nearby surrounding area at almost all the road section is dominant with scattered densities of saplings, herbs and shrubs. While, from Mandawa village to Khar Ghaar on Old Bannu road and from Muslim Bagh to Sara-e-Naurang the scattered densities medium and large sized are dominant across the road sections and anticipated to be affected during the construction phase. The trees and shrubs will be removed for road widening those lying under the Right of Way. Mainly, the trees are not privately owned except the tree species confined at different patches of surrounded agricultural land. In the absence of final design the exact number of trees to be removed cannot be counted at this stage. But, it is envisaged that trees/shrubs, especially in Latamber, Khar Ghaar and Soor Dag areas will be removed during dualization of old Bannu Road will cause moderate negative impact on environment of the project area. No major fruit orchid is present in the project area. The scattered fruit trees are present in valleys and along the terraced agriculture lands; therefore, no major environmental impact on fruit trees is foreseen.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-21 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
5.3.27. Impacts on Fauna The main construction activities are carried out within the existing ROW but there may be some disturbances to terrestrial fauna and flora along the road. Also it was observed that the avifaunal diversity is quite high even in the area adjacent to the River Kurram, which is particularly adjacent to the road. The main impact on terrestrial fauna of the project area is disturbances caused by machinery and construction equipments. Especially birds, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies are affected due to increased noise, vibration and human activities. To mitigate the impacts on terrestrial fauna it is recommended to carry out the construction work during normal working hours (6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.).
5.3.28. Impact on Protected Areas In Pakistan, the protected areas are classified into three main categories viz., Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks and Game Reserves. In the project corridor, no such site exists and therefore no impact on protected areas is envisaged due to construction of two road section in Bannu District.
5.3.29. Socio Economic Impact Due to the proposed Project, the probability of entry/exit problems and bifurcation of settlements, agricultural land/fields will be more for the local inhabitants during construction period. Local inhabitants utilizing their agricultural practices extensively in the surrounding area, so there may be hindrance in movement of agricultural machinery and transportation of agricultural products to other areas. This will result in causing inconvenience to the local inhabitants/farmers and affect their daily activities. This impact is permanent and moderate negative in nature.
Mitigation Measures: Mitigation measures will include provision of pedestrian underpasses (after every 2 to 3 kilometer) and vehicular underpasses in the design to minimize the impact.
5.3.30. Impact on Public Utilities The project mainly passes from mountainous terrain with built up properties at various location on both sides i.e. road side fuel stations, banks & various food spots. Besides that the utilities
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-22 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 i.e. power transmission lines, gas Supply pipes, water supply pipes, telephone cables, telecommunication cables, etc. that will come in ROW, will be properly relocated. Similarly the built up properties i.e. Kilns, Houses, Shops etc. will be timely removed to avoid any disruption in work and their compensation will be paid to the affectees as per the approved rates of
relevant building department.
5.3.31. Land Acquisition The available right of way of old Bannu road will be used in most effective manner. For first section ,from Gaandi Chowk to Sarai Naurang, no additional land is required and four lane facility will be adjusted in existing right of way, while for second section starts from Bannu (Domail) and ends at Krapa, there will be requirement of additional land i.e. 15 ~ 40m for adjustment of four lane facility. Cost has been work out based on average rate taken from relevant areas and is incorporated under separate head in PC-1 cost.
5.4. IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING OPERATION PHASE There are significant negative as well as positive impacts during the operation period of the project. Encroachment of the ROW, air and noise pollution and impacts on personal health and safety are the anticipated long-term negative impacts. The positive impacts are mainly on the socio-economic benefits associated with increase in trade and services along the roadside which create micro economic benefits to local people. In addition reduced travel time and cost, efficient transport from farmlands to markets reducing cost of productions directly contribute to the economic development.
5.4.1. Air Quality and Noise Increase vehicle movements will affect air and noise quality. There will be some local air and noise pollution. Planting of trees along the road and increase the vegetation cover on the embankments will absorb CO2 emitted from vehicles. On the other hand the proposed project will create positive impact on air quality by reducing emissions. Increase of width, proper alignment and even surface of the road will allow smooth run of vehicles considerably in higher speeds with minimum accelerations and decelerations. Therefore the emissions will be reduced and consequently the air quality would not adversely affected by vehicle emissions. During the operational phase, the noise levels are anticipated to increase due to traffic related noise pollution; vibrations from engines and tires and mainly use of pressure horns. This impact
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-23 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 is permanent and moderate negative in nature. Clear sign and warning boards should be placed at sensitive locations such as schools, religious places, hospitals etc.
Mitigation Measures: Setting up of a system to monitor air quality along project area in accordance with the applicable standards/limits; Afforestation should be done immediately along the ROW once the construction phase is completed; plants should be selected in accordance to their ability to absorb emissions; Regular road maintenance to ensure good surface condition; Speed limits at sensitive locations; Monitoring air quality at defined schedule; Regular vehicle check to control/ensure compliance with NEQS; and Enforcement and penalties against traffic rules violators. Signs for sensitive zones (health centers / educational institutions etc.) to disallow the use of pressure horns.
5.4.2. Impacts on Road Safety The dualization, rehabilitation of the surface conditions and straight alignment of the road induce high vehicular speed especially the road section from Km 1040 to 1050 (Gandhi Chowk to Sara- e-Naurang). As a result, there will be a risk of increased of road accidents. The proposed road passes small towns, schools, hotels, religious places where students and people gather frequently. These places are susceptible to accidents. Moreover there are many local restaurants and shops are located closer to the ROW. Therefore high speed vehicular movements will cause road accidents easily. To minimize road accidents the following measures should be taken:
Mitigation Measures: Speed limits, warning and sign boards must be placed near sensitive areas and identified places, which are susceptible to accidents Road furniture and road marking should be done immediately after completion construction work Kerbed footpaths should be preferred to facilitate local inhabitants
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-24 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Speed breaker should be considered in the areas where offices, schools are located or adjacent to the ROW
5.4.3. Impacts on Drainage Pattern The project will improve the road drainage facilities by constructing proper drains and rehabilitating culverts to facilitate better water flow especially during the rainy season. Blocking of drains and culverts due to sediments, improper disposal of debris or disposing garbage into side drainages by the general public will create overflow of drains and alteration of surface runoff paths causing soil erosion and health hazards. To minimize the impact it is proposed to close the side drains especially near towns to avoid blockage and stagnation of water.
5.4.4. Emergency Management Emergency management in case of natural and man-made disaster is a major concern. Increased incidents of disasters especially due to security threat, power failure, fire etc. demands proper planning for these incidents. Mitigation measures: Complete equipment control system, and secured access system supplemented with close circuit surveillance equipment/alarms should be included in the design of the proposed project. Adequate internal and external water distribution system will be designed, with standby system for sufficient water from tube well, which could also supply adequate quantity for fire fighting during emergency. Providing the necessary means for emergency response on call 24 hours/day;
5.4.5. Deterioration of Vehicles During the operation of the proposed Expressway, lesser wear and tear of the vehicles will occur and it will also result in lesser fuel consumption and decrease in operating cost. This impact is permanent and has a major positive impact.
5.4.6. Economic Boost Increased economic activity with improved transport will ensure easy marketing of agriculture and livestock produce. With improved economy, there will be further improvement in services in the area and opportunities for employment, education, healthcare, especially for women and children, will improve.
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-25 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
5.4.7. Change in Aesthetic Value Due to widening and rehabilitation of considered road section at existing old Bannu and Road and Gandi Chowk- Sara-e-Naurang road will enhance the beautification of the area. Proper landscaping and plantation of trees and ornamental plants will increase the aesthetic value and will have a positive impact.
Table 5-2: Evaluation of Environmental & Social Impacts Impact Category Impact Assessment Slight Moderate Significant 1* 2** 3*** 1* 2** 3*** 1* 2** 3*** 1. Pre Construction Phase
1.1 Land Use /
/ 1.2 Soil erosion
1.3 Seismic Hazard /
Land Acquisition and 1.4 / Resettlement Impact on Source of 1.5. / Income and Livelihood 2. Construction Phase Impacts of location of labour camp, 2.1 / equipment & material Physical yard Environment Impacts of waste 2.2 / disposal site
2.3 Loss of Arable Land /
Damage to paths, 2.4 access roads and / Land cross drains Resources Impacts of Disposal 2.5 / Site Impact on Water 2.6 / Resources
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-26 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Impact Category Impact Assessment Slight Moderate Significant 1* 2** 3*** 1* 2** 3*** 1* 2** 3*** Contamination from 2.7 diesel and Other spill / e.g. from machinery Hydrology Use of Local Water 2.9 / and Water Supplies Resources 2.10 Soil Erosion /
Air Quality Dust, smoke and other 2.11 pollutants from plants / & equipment Noise Noise pollution from 2.12 / construction activities
Biological 2.13 Disturbance to wildlife / Environment Damage to biological 2.14 resources (mainly / Arable land) Impacts due to land 2.15 / acquisition Social impact on local population due to 2.16 / migrating labour from other parts of the City Impacts on existing Socio services; education, 2.17 / Economic health, electricity and water supply etc. Impacts of finding 2.18 archaeological site, / graveyard etc. Impact on public health 2.19 & safety due to / construction activities
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-27 Sept, 2016 Section – 5 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Impact Category Impact Assessment Slight Moderate Significant 1* 2** 3*** 1* 2** 3*** 1* 2** 3***
3. Operation Phase
3.1 Access Road Safety /
3.2 Air and Noise Quality /
Deterioration of 3.3 / Construction Vehicles
3.4 Landscape /
Highways & Transportation Division/NESPAK 5-28 Sept, 2016 Section – 6 Public Consultation EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
6. Public consultation & Information Disclosure
Providing information on planned project activities & project objectives, consultations were conducted in November 22 and 23, with randomly selected individuals (from Latambar, Gandi Chowk and Teri Chowk areas) along the considered road section during the field inspection and requested to express their opinions and concerns freely on the proposed development activities. The objective of the consultation was to take into consideration of their views & suggestions in the early stages of the project cycle in order to avoid or minimize conflict situations during the project implementation phase.
Participants were highly concerned about following impacts: Easy access to the Government offices, Hospitals, Schools & market places reduced vehicle operating cost increase of income of the area during the construction period etc. transport goods for both sides easily Awful driving pattern & accidents of the heavy vehicles which are used for road construction activities (transport of raw materials, debris, spoils ect.) and other vehicles too during the construction phase increase of accidents due to vehicle speed after resurfacing inconvenience due to dust, noise & vibration generated during the construction related activities interruption of irrigation cannels due to the culvert, bridge & embankment negligence of maintenance after surface improvement
Furthermore, major concerns raised by the respondents are related to their business activities within the ROW area. During the field observation, it was observed that local inhabitants are strongly involved in small scale business activities (mainly selling fruit, poultry and other domestic items). Most of the respondents mentioned, large number of people residing in the surrounding project area, and their source of income will be disturbed during the construction time. Following measures can be suggested to minimize negative impacts:
Compensate for any damage of property or/and loss of livelihood
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 6-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 6 Public Consultation EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Compensate all businessmen who have to shut down their businesses temporarily during civil works Disclosure of information about the proposed project at an early stage of the project Provide all traffic safety measures (barricades, signs, markings, flags, lights & flagman & speed limit) during the construction period Speed limits, warning and sign boards must be placed near sensitive areas and identified places, which are susceptible to accidents. Road furniture and road marking should be done immediately after the construction work. Bus bays and payments must be constructed properly Edge delineation should be carried out on wider pavements. Guard railing and chevron markers should be placed on bends, sealed shoulders should be provided where the places of cycle and other slow and non- motorized traffic is significant. Kerbed footpaths should be placed at the town limits and settlement areas, Strict enforcement of speed limits during the operational stage. Proper implementation of EMP to minimize dust, noise & vibration during the construction period.
Grievance redress mechanisms During the pre-construction & construction phases there might be inconveniences to the public such as temporary loss of livelihood & access due to shut down businesses cutting of medium and large sized trees along the road sides generation of dust noise & vibration from quarry sites, various plants, construction sites damages to the boundary walls, live fences etc.
Even though there is an EMP, the Environmental Monitoring Committee (EMC) should be formulated by the contractor in order to ensure the implementation of EMP & EMoP and look into grievances from the public. It is recommended to develop & establish contractor‟s own procedure for receiving, recording/documenting, acknowledging and addressing complaints that is easily accessible, culturally appropriate, and understandable to affected communities. Especially a person of the contractor‟s team should be nominated to receive the public complaints and such person should
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 6-2 Sept, 2016
Section – 6 Public Consultation EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 maintain a complaint register and action taken to any public complaint should be clearly recorded. A mechanism must be publicized to those who may wish to access it and provide adequate assistance for affected party.
The contractor should establish a redress mechanism so those who feel their grievances have not been adequately addressed have recourse to the formulated Environmental Committee for reconsideration of their case by considering the judicial and administrative mechanisms available in the country for resolution of disputes and it should not impede access to these mechanisms.
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 6-3 Sept, 2016
Section – 7 Economic Assessment EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
7. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT
7.0. General This section includes the overall economic benefits in relation to environmental cost resulting due to implementation of the proposed Project.
7.1. Economic Benefits The economic benefits resulting due to the implementation of the proposed Project will include; Improved communication infrastructure will promote new business opportunities; Increase in value of land in the project area resulting due to gentrification effects; After the rehabilitation and dualization of Old Bannu Rod, lesser wear and tear of the vehicles would occur which would significantly decrease the vehicle operating cost due to better road conditions; The proposed Expressway will also improve the fuel consumption of the vehicles; Less time will be required for travelling and reaching the destination; Economic activity will be accelerated by providing smooth access to nation wide markets; As a result of job opportunities, local labour will be accommodated during the construction phase of the project; and Decreasing the vehicle operating cost due to better road conditions.
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 7-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
8. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN
8.0. General This chapter provides an overall approach for managing and monitoring environment and social issues and describes the institutional framework and resource allocations required to implement the environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP) for the project. The environmental management plan and its institutional requirements have been described in tabular form as Table: 8-1. EMP basically provides a delivery mechanism to address the potential impacts of the project activities. It is important to incorporate an EMP to address significant impacts and their mitigation measures for the effective implementation and management of construction and operation activities. National Highway Authority is responsible for implementing the project and the overall Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Construction Contractor (CC) is responsible under the direction of Supervision Consultant (SC) and NHA (EALS) for implementation of mitigation measures provided in this EMP (see Table), as well as for obtaining all construction activities related permits and agreements. The EMP has been prepared with the following objectives:
8.1. Implementation of Mitigation Plan For the effective implementation and management of the proposed mitigation measures, it is necessary to develop an EMP which basically provides a delivery mechanism to address the potential impacts of the Project activities. Furthermore, monitoring program also develop in order to minimize the potential impacts during rehabilitation on road network and operational stages of the Project. The EMP has been prepared with an objective of:
8.2. Objective of EMP The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides a mechanism to address the adverse environmental impacts of a project during its construction, to accelerate project benefits, and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all project works. The specific objectives of the EMP are to: Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures identified in the EA; Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters;
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Provide a procedure for timely action in the face of unanticipated environmental situation; and Identify training, requirements at various levels. Providing an implementation plan for the mitigation of possible environmental issues arising during construction and operation of the project Developing a monitoring mechanisms and identifying the requisite monitoring parameters to conform to mitigation measures recommended in the EIA Defining roles and responsibilities of the project proponent for the implementation of EMP and identifying areas where these roles and responsibilities can be shared with other organizations involved in the execution and monitoring of the Project Defining the requirements necessary for documenting compliance with the EMP and communicating it to all the concerned regulatory agencies If necessary, conduct meeting/training includes provision of some basic environmental knowledge as well as specific knowledge related to EMP implementation e.g. in prevention of damages, storage of construction materials and waste (including proper handling of the hazardous materials like oil, etc.). Well before start of work on ground, the project contractor will get acquaintance of the EIA, particularly the EMP and the mitigation measures to be taken in execution of the project. The proponent will designate or appoint an Environmental Officer (EO) who should supervise implementation of EMP and liaison with EPA-KPK. After commissioning of the project, a concerned department will take responsibility of implementing EMP related to operation of the facility. It is highly recommended to associate concerned department with the project right from the beginning of the project and training may be imparted in advance of starting the actual dualization phase of considered road sections.
8.3. Roles and Responsibilities 8.3.1. EMMP Implementation Responsibility Responsibility for environmental management during the construction phase of the Project will rest with various agencies under the umbrella of NHA.
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-2 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Table 8-1: Roles and Responsibilities
Contractor The contractor will be responsible to implement the mitigation measures and other aspects of the EMMP as applicable. The contractor through his fulltime environmentalist and technical staff will be hired for implementation of EMMP.
Supervision Consultant/Environmental Engineer will Supervision Consultants oversee the performance of contractor through periodic monitoring to make sure that the contractor is carrying out the work in accordance with EMMP. The Environmental Engineer/Specialist will also provide assistance to the Contractor‟s Staff to implement EMMP.
NHA Deputy Director Environment as part of PkHA will maintain top supervision to ensure effective the compliance of the EMMP.
General Assistance to all Resident Engineer of the Project will facilitate above agencies in their communications, logistics and data collection as and respective tasks when required to the monitoring team
External Monitoring An external independent monitor for Effects Monitoring will be hired
(a) Construction Contractor Construction Contractor (CC) is responsible under the direction of Supervision Consultant (SC) and NHA (EALS) for implementation of mitigation measures provided in this EMP (see Table), as well as for obtaining all construction activities related permits and agreements. Following functionaries will be involved in the implementation of EMP: EALS (NHA) Environmental Engineer (EE)/Officer of Supervision Consultant (SC)
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-3 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Environmental Engineer/Officer of Contractor The duties/responsibilities of the functionaries are discussed below:
(b) Functions of EALS (NHA) NHA (EALS) will be responsible for the environmental management and supervisory affairs during the construction phase of the proposed Project. Director Environment (EALS) will designate the Deputy Director Environment who will look after the environmental related issues during the construction phase. The responsibilities of DD Environment are as follows: Coordinating and planning of activities of EALS; Monitoring progress of the project as per planned schedule of activities; Exercising oversight over the implementation of environmental mitigation measures by the contractor; Assisting the Environmental Specialist by providing appropriate environmental advise and solutions; Documenting the experience in the implementation of the environmental process; Preparing training materials and implementing programs; Maintaining interfaces with the other lined departments/ stakeholders; and Reporting to the EPD on status of EMP implementation.
(c) Function Of Environmental Engineer and Supervision Consultant EMP Implementation at Planning and Design Stage: Set up system for environmental management Ensure that the terms of reference for project contractor adequately cover environmental and social issues Ensure that the contractor develops and carryout environmental implementation plan that is in consistent with the EMP Supervise environmental assessments, and providing substantial inputs and guidance EMP Implementation at Pre-construction phase: Identify problems to be faced by community due to access roads during construction and verifying whether ramps/diversions have been provided where required Ensure that the contractor has selected suitable sites for worker‟s camps
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-4 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
The contractor should undertake to restore environment of these sites to the original conditions as before after completed Establish a grievance readdress committee to deal with public complaints EMP Implementation at Construction phase: Liaison with Project staff of different sections, Project Implementation Agencies (NHA) will furnish fortnight EMP implementation report Hold and attend project meetings and indicate any violation of EMP, if observed Supervise and provide technical support to project and operational staff to help ensure compliance of EMP EMP Implementation at Operation stage: Coordinate with the operational staff working under different departments including and other concerned departments to ensue environmental sustainability of project area Arrange Post EIA visits and report progress of environmental compliance to the Pak EPA. Report to assigned staff of NHA during any environmental issue observed during operational phase
8.4. Management and Monitoring 8.4.1. During Construction Phase At the outset of construction, plans will be made by NHA for the conservation of the existing environmental resources and abatement of the pollution in the area, which will occur due to the constructional activities. These plans will be implemented during the construction. Simultaneously, it will be ensured that significant negative and adverse impacts of the construction are satisfactorily mitigated by monitoring environmental parameters, including mentioned hereunder. a. Air Quality Air quality will be monitored regularly by direct measurement of sensitive air pollution parameters like particulate matters, NOx and SOx. The particulate matters will be specifically monitored. Dust will be generated by site cleaning, leveling, grading, excavation, backfilling, and movement of traffic and handling of construction materials. Whenever the quantity of particulate
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-5 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 matters is found higher than the NEQ limits, it will be controlled by sprinkling of water on open surfaces and covering of materials, etc. b. Noise Incidence of noise will also be monitored, and proper measures will be taken to keep it within NEQ standard limits. When the noise cannot be avoided or controlled, hearing protection devices will be provided to the workers exposed to high level of noise exceeding 85 dB(A). c. Solid Waste Collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste, generated during construction will be monitored by NHA to see that the environment is not adversely affected. NHA will also monitor handling, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous solid wastes during and immediately after construction activities. e. Human Health and Safety Inexperience coupled with unawareness of mechanical and electrical equipment and waste products scattered on the site can cause injuries to the workers, NHA will monitor training program for the workers for emergency situations. Provision of first aid facilities and use of personal protection devices like helmets and long boots will be ensured. Entry of persons not wearing the protection devices or of unauthorized person and animals within the construction site will not be allowed. The management and monitoring program during construction phase is given in Table 6, which should be coordinated by NHA with other EPD before start of the construction work. f. Aesthetics and Natural Environment The NHA will monitor that the construction activities do not disturb the aesthetics and natural environment, to the extent avoidable, trees will not be cut, vegetation will not be damaged. Any activities of the nearly residents, which are likely to affect the environment, will be brought to the knowledge of competent authority for necessary action.
8.4.2. During Operation Phase The NHA will compile and maintain the environmental data and records gathered during the construction phase for reference during the operation phase. The NHA will coordinate with
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-6 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 government departments and agencies like Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Punjab, etc. for management and monitoring with respect to air quality, noise and traffic. A comprehensive record of all the measurements made and actions taken will be compiled and maintained. a. Air Quality The NHA will organize monitoring of air quality and effects of exhaust from vehicles using the project, in collaboration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Punjab. Sensitive parameters including NOx, SOx and particulate matters will be monitored and measures, as necessary, will be taken to keep them within the limits set by National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs). b. Noise Noise will be generated due to the vehicular movement and blowing of pressure horns. The movement of traffic will be monitored at the entering and leaving points of project. Records of traffic movement will be maintained which will help in correlating the noise and air pollution with traffic type and intensity. c. Aesthetics and Natural Environment The NHA will monitor that aesthetics and natural environment in the area. Tree plantation will be done as per the directives of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Affairs. Plants and shrubs with minimum water requirements will be selected. Any activity of the nearby residents, like disposal of waste in the area, which affects the environment, will be brought to the knowledge of the competent authority for necessary action. 8.5. Checklists for Environmental Monitoring For the purpose of conducting environmental monitoring, the following checklists will be prepared by the contractor and used at the site: i) Campsite Checklist Location of labor camps, material dumps, equipment yards and approach roads will be selected properly. Pollution from diesel and other oil spills from machinery suitably controlled Smoke from burning of waste material or burning firewood. Soil compaction due to labor camps and machinery yards. ______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-7 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Vaccination or preventive measure against HIV/AIDS and infection diseases in Labor employees. Borrow Area Quarries Checklist (for each site) Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site Access to other construction materials ii) Waste Material Disposal Site for disposal of waste construction material selected appropriately. Material and construction waste left behind, after the road construction is completed. Diesel and other fluids spilling over to the construction site machinery iii) Construction Site Checklist During construction adjustments with work site land i.e. preparation of earth properly Earthen embankment or concrete work edge scouring suitably during rehabilitation of culverts and bridges Discharge to unstable slopes or leakages on construction Any discharge spill or dumping on any building or house on the Kurram river bank Protection of construction from floods in Main River or stream(s) crossing the road Effect on surface flow conditions in case of rain Dust, smoke and other polluting impacts from construction machinery Dust or other pollutants from stored material / spoil heaps Noise from machinery and construction activities Public safety at construction site Health and safety of labor and employees at construction site iv) Water Extraction Point Checklist Impacts on source of construction water Impacts on sources of Ground water Impacts on sources of Drinking water v) Road Checklist Damage to drains, paths roads crossed by moving machinery
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-8 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Impacts on roads used for transport of construction material Impact of stone quarrying vi) Operational Checklist The operational checklist will be prepared by NHA: Impact on services, education, health, electricity, water supply, communication Impact on air and noise pollution Traffic Impact assessment Annual Environmental Audit
8.6. Environmental Monitoring Plan Environmental Monitoring is essential part of EMP which is required to assess significant impacts. The management of Executive Agency may constitute an Environment Monitoring Committee (EMC) by designated officer of Consultant‟s Team to oversee whether objectives of EMP are being achieved. Environmental Monitoring is undertaken during both the construction and operational phases to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. In order to respond to the anticipated environmental concerns at an early stage and to determine the intensity of the impact, prediction is required. Specific monitoring programmes are outlined below as well as responsibilities for the collection and analysis of data and the reporting requirements. The EMC will perform the following functions: Periodically review EMP Implementation Report of EO to check compliance of EMP Advise on disposal of construction wastes and excavated soil including development of landscape Closely monitor the site during design and construction phase and issue instruction to EO and concerned department for remedial actions where necessary Visit project site from time to time to verify actions on ground Review steps taken to redress public complaints, the salient objectives of the environmental monitoring plan are: a) To respond to the anticipated and unanticipated environmental impacts when the project is under implementation; b) To evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures and if the mitigation fail corrective action can be taken.
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-9 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
The salient objectives of the environmental monitoring plan are: a) To respond to the anticipated and unanticipated environmental impacts when the project is under implementation; b) To evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures and if the mitigation fail corrective action can be taken.
Construction Phase Monitoring frequency will be once in a season in the construction phase at the representative locations for each site. The following parameters shall be monitored. 1. Noise 2. CO 3. HC 4. NMETH-HC 5. NO X 6. Ozone 7. SO 2 .
Operation Phase Monitoring frequency will be after every 3 months in the operation phase.
Table 8-2 (a): Environmental Management Plan
Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility Impact Monitoring Mitigation Measure Supervision Monitoring Frequency 1. Land Resource 1.1 Impact of Controlled disposal of the waste Daily The site Deputy disposal of construction material on agreed site Environmenta Director waste / per agreed method. The area to be l Engineer of Environment construction leveled and contoured after Construction (DDE) or material and disposing excess material. No Contractor Supervision debris waste or debris will be thrown in the Consultant river or other water bodies. will monitor 1.2 Impacts Local readjustments in foundation Weekly The site due to treatment or any other small Environmenta Landslides, or changes will be allowed to the l Engineer of unstable soil contractor with the consultation of Construction Resident Engineer (RE). Alarm Contractor activation, stoppage of work etc will be undertaken in case of any such
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-10 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
slide. The precautionary measure like construction of side wall and proper warning system may be introduced to avoid the problem. 1.3 Impacts . Explore off-site accommodation At the Beginning of The site DDE of NHA due to the for workers. Keep camp size to a the Project Environmenta or SC minimum; Location of l Engineer of camps, . Avoid as much clearing of Construction materials, vegetation as possible, for Contractor equipment and example, by creating defined foot special paths; approach . Provide temporary sanitation on routes and site, such as pit latrines roads (assuming the water table is low enough and soil and geology of appropriate composition); . Use local or regional labor; . Source of water should be carefully selected. Water use should not disturb the existing community water supplies . If the water is stored for drinking purpose, drinking water should meet the WHO standards and if it is used for construction purpose then it should be clearly demarcated. . No domestic pets or livestock are allowed on the site. 1.4. Material Material shall be appropriately Monthly in dry season The site DDE of NHA handling secured to ensure safe passage and weekly in wet Environmenta or SC between the destinations during season l Engineer of transportation. Loads shall have Construction appropriate cover to prevent Contractor spillage and contractor is responsible for any clean up resulting from failure;
1.5. Material . Identify the most environmentally At project The site DDE of NHA extraction: sound source of materials that is commencement Environmenta or SC within budget; quarrying l Engineer of . On removal of material, the area At 50% completion Construction should be restored and be Contractor treated with erosion control At 100 % completion measures; Restore area so it is suitable for sustainable use after extraction is completed; . Install drainage structures to direct water away from pit; . Implement safety protocols to minimize risks from falling rock or debris, collapsing quarry walls, or accidental falls
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-11 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
1.6 Impacts An Emergency response plan will Monthly in dry season DDE of NHA due to any be prepared by the Contractor in and weekly in wet or Sc natural consultation with RE and local season disasters such community. as heavy rains, Components like bridges, retaining floods and walls etc. have been designed as earthquakes per AASHTO, ASTM. safety design criteria‟s code. More specifically for Seismic Design, UBC 97 and Sarhad Interim Seismic Building Code Building Code 2006 would be followed. 1.7. Appropriate design for protection Monthly DDE of NHA Stabilization of and minimizing effects of cross flow or Sc slopes on of streams. Contractor to take all earth fill works necessary measures for stabilization of slopes during construction. 1.8. Impact Cuts, fills, digging and borrow Monthly The site DDE of NHA due to operations to be controlled. Environmenta or Sc agriculture Disposal of waste material in the l Engineer will land water channel to be controlled. ensure these destruction Damage to the agriculture land and measures / or crops to be compensated. 1.9.Contamina Contractor will apply strict rules on Bi Weekly The site DDE of NHA tion from his workers and labor to ensure that Environmenta or Sc diesel and no spill or leakages are caused. All l Engineer of other spills fuels, oils and bitumen will be Construction from stored appropriately, with concrete Contractor construction padding and bonding for machinery containment in case of leakage. The contractor will employ the general criteria for oil and leakage at construction sites, as per standards set forth by “Guide Lines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management” issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Associate 1.10 Impact Contractor will prepare standard Bi Weekly The site DDE of NHA due to damage operating procedures and impose Environmenta or Sc of Cross strict control over operators and l Engineer of
Drainages/Irrig drivers of all types of vehicles to Construction ation Channels minimize any damage to roads or Contractor structures. Should any damage take place, the contractor will carry out repairs immediately. An effective sings and a good traffic plan can reinforce the instructions ______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-12 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
to drivers. 1.11. Release The contractor will make adequate Daily The site DDE of NHA of Construction arrangements to avoid such Environmenta or Sc Water and leakages, uncontrolled releases, l Engineer of
Dumping of and dumping of soil / rubbles. Construction Soil Should such leakage develop, the Contractor contractor must remain fully prepared to immediately control the discharge. The contractor will be liable to pay for or repair such damages. 1.12. Impact It must be protected by a wall, Weekly The site DDE of NHA due to retaining walls or rip–rap works as Environmenta or Sc discharge spill the case may be. l Engineer of or dumping Construction onto any Contractor building or house on the bank of the road 1.13. Impact The contractor will be responsible Monthly The site DDE of NHA on Roads / to repair any damage caused to the Environmenta or Sc Infrastructure local infrastructure by the l Engineer of like water construction activities. Water Construction channel etc sprinkling will be carried out where Contractor necessary to minimize dust emissions. 2. WATER RESOURCES 2.1 Impact of The contractor will procure water Daily and Weekly The site DDE of NHA Sourcing of from a source approved by the RE, Monitoring Environmenta and Sc Construction and if necessary, after obtaining the l Engineer of
Water community consent. It will be Construction
ensured that this procurement of Contractor water does not negatively affect the communities or other water users. 2.2 Diesel and The contractor will make all Daily and Weekly DDE of NHA other fluids necessary arrangement to avoid Monitoring and Sc spilling over to any leakages or spills of fuels, oils water channel and chemicals. In case of any from accidental leakages, the construction procedures presented in Section machinery 7.2.5 will be applied 2.3 The contractor will ensure that Weekly DDE of NHA Obstruction of these water bodies / water courses and Sc flow of water are not blocked during the across road construction phase 2.4. Impacts No untreated effluents will be Daily and Weekly The site DDE of NHA on Surface released to the environment. For Monitoring Environmenta and Sc Water the toilet waste, the contractor will l Engineer of establish / install appropriate waste Construction treatment system (such as septic Contractor tanks and soaking pits–
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-13 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
appropriately sized and located) at the site facilities (offices, camps, others). The waste water from kitchen and toilets can be released in soaking pits or used for plantation / water sprinkling. Oily water must be passed through a settling tank. The contractor will prepare a waste management plan and have it approved by the RE. The waste water should comply the NEQS. 2.5. Impact on It will be ensured that the drinking Daily and Weekly The site DDE of NHA Source of water sources of the communities Monitoring Environmenta and Sc Drinking Water are not affected. The contractor will l Engineer of repair / replace / compensate for Construction any damages caused by the Contractor Construction activities to the drinking water source/s. 2.6 Effect on Design Engineer will ensure Weekly The site DDE of NHA Surface Flow provision of appropriately sized side Environmenta and Sc Conditions drains, to avoid negative impacts l Engineer of on the local drainage pattern. Construction Contractor will follow the design Contractor specifications meticulously. During the construction phase, the contractor will make temporary drains and embankments where necessary to channel the runoff appropriately. 3. AIR QUALITY AND NOISE POLLUTION 3.1 Impacts The contractor will ensure that its Quarterly DDE of NHA due to dust vehicles, machinery, and and Sc and smoke generators are properly maintained, and other and comply with the applicable potential NEQS. The asphalt plant will not be pollutants from operated without properly construction functioning dust control system machinery such as wet scrubber. Water will be sprinkled where necessary to control the dust emissions. 3.2 Dust or The material being transported or Daily and Weekly The site DDE of NHA other stored at the stockpiles will be kept Monitoring Environmenta and Sc pollutants from covered where necessary to avoid l Engineer of stored dust emissions. Construction materials and Contractor spoil heaps 3.3 Smoke The contractor will use clean and Weekly DDE of NHA from burning of smoke free fuel in the labor camp. and Sc waste Cutting and burning trees / shrubs materials or for fuel will be prohibited. Instead burning of gas cylinders should be used in the ______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-14 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 firewood in the labor camp for cooking purposes. labor camp. Similarly waste burning will not be allowed. The contractor will prepare waste management plan and have it approved by the concerned authority. 3.4 Noise The contractor will strictly follow the Weekly The site DDE of NHA control from NEQS for ambient noise. All Environmenta and Sc use of old or necessary measures (such as l Engineer of outdated noise barriers) will be taken to Construction machinery reduce the noise particularly near Contractor the communities. The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided to the construction workers and its usage will be made mandatory. Proper tuning of the vehicles will also be take place. 3.5. Traffic . Proper traffic management plan Weekly The site DDE of NHA Management shall be formulated and Environmenta and Sc announced before starting the l Engineer of construction plan to avoid traffic Construction jams/public inconvenience; Contractor . Plan the adequate signage, lightning devices, barriers, yellow tape during construction to manage traffic at construction sites; and . Plan the timing for the movement of construction materials carrying vehicles to minimize traffic load and avoid the inconvenience to the local residents. 4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to No killing, hunting, Contractor‟s Quarterly The site DDE of NHA Biological or trapping of wild obligation in Environmenta and Sc resources animal will be the contract l Engineer of during allowed. Vegetation to respect Construction construction clearing will be wildlife, Contractor minimized. Forest and Compensation will Fisheries be paid for any tree Laws. A cutting on the special private land. clause Compensatory tree incorporated plantation will be in the carried out and for contract each tree removed; documents to five saplings will be respect and planted in case of conserve removal of one tree. biodiversity The Project will and conserve ensure appropriate its terrestrial ______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-15 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
care and monitoring as well as of this plantation. aquatic Camps and other habitat. To temporary facilities provide will be established in necessary a manner that Sign Boards minimizes loss of to make natural vegetation labor, visitors including trees. and all concerned aware of their obligations towards Biota. 5. Socio–economic and cultural issues 5.1 Socio– Social consultation was done and Bi Annually The site DDE of NHA economic and all impacts influencing the Environmenta and Sc cultural issues, communities were defined, and all l Engineer of e.g., existing those factors were added into and Construction service incorporated in the contract Contractor facilities like document of the contractor and education SFA of the communities health, electricity, drinking water supply, public gathering, religious congregation. 5.3 Public Proper temporary signs and Bi Annually The site DDE of NHA Safety at marking and manual regulations of Environmenta and Sc Construction traffic and public movement l Engineer of Sites Construction Contractor 5.4 Health and Use of proper equipment, proper Daily Safety on operation of equipment, minimizing Construction risks to all parties e.g. helmets, Sites masks overall and presence of First Aid. 5.5 During construction the The site DDE of NHA Employment employment will be generated and Environmenta and Sc local labor will be preferred, for l Engineer of whichever skill available Construction Contractor 5.6 Social The contractor will ensure that the Contractor The site DDE of NHA disruption mobility of the local communities, Environmenta and Sc particularly women and children l Engineer of and their livestock is not hindered Construction by the construction activities Contractor
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-16 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
6. Gender Issues 6.1 The rural . The Contractor will have to select Quarterly The site DDE of NHA women specific timings for the Environmenta and Sc actively construction activities particularly l Engineer of participate in near the settlements, so as to Construction outdoor socio- cause least disturbance to the Contractor economic local population particularly activities such women. as livestock rearing, bringing of . During construction activities, if potable water, privacy of the nearby households etc which may is affected, the Contractor will also be inform the house owner to make affected by the some parda arrangements. project Similarly, Contractor will have to activities. take care as much as possible that the construction activities
should not affect the privacy particularly with reference to 6.2 The women. induction of . Contractor will warn the staff outside labor strictly not to involve in any un- may create ethical activities and to obey the social and local norms and cultural gender issues restrictions particularly with due to the reference to women. unawareness of local customs and norms 6. Impacts Related with Design Road Design The road design will Design Design include adequately Consultant Consultant designed existing bridges and culverts at the appropriate Locations. The design engineer will ensure also the provision of appropriately sized side drains. All streams running across the road will have culverts or causeways. 7. Workers Health & Safety During Personnel Contract Contractor Construction Protective Document possibility of Equipment as per any work site the requirements will ______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-17 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167 accident be provided to /impact on worker at the work worker‟s health site. A first aid box shall be provided at work site to provide the emergency treatment
At operational stage effective monitoring and evaluation plan is as under :
Table 8-2(b): Operational Phase
EFFECTIVE RESPONSIBLE ACTION RESPONSIBILITY PARAMETER ORGANIZATION
1. Strict application of Works done through Resident Engineer / Officer(s), authorized by prescribed Monitoring & contractor to XEN In charge of N-55 NHA and Government of Engineering plan according to strict Highway Khyber Pakhtunkhwa specification and in commutation with communities
2. Monitoring of Works done through Resident Engineer / NHA or Government of environmental parameters contractor to XEN In charge of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for ambient air and noise according strict N-55 specification and in communication with communities
3. Continuous evaluation Works done through Resident Engineer / NHA or Government of of design efficiency contractor to XEN In charge of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa according strict N-55 Highway specification and in
4. Environmental Annual Works done through Resident Engineer / NHA or Government of Audit maintenance XEN In charge of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa contractor to N-55 whichever is i/c of the road according to strict specification and in communication with communities
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-18 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
EFFECTIVE RESPONSIBLE ACTION RESPONSIBILITY PARAMETER ORGANIZATION
1. Strict application of Works done through Resident Engineer / Officer(s), authorized by prescribed Monitoring & contractor to XEN In charge of N-55 NHA and Government of Engineering plan according to strict Highway Khyber Pakhtunkhwa specification and in commutation with communities
5. Regular Maintenance Works done through Resident Engineer / NHA or Government of maintenance XEN In charge dual Khyber Pakhtunkhwa contractor to Highway with the whosever is i/c of the road according to strict assistance of specification and in maintenance
6. Staff welfare Works done through Resident Engineer / NHA or Government of contractor to XEN In charge with the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa according to strict assistance of whosever takes over as i/c specification and in contractor of the road communication with communities
7. Continued Public Works done through Resident Engineer / NHA or Government of Consultant contractor to XEN In charge of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa according to strict Highway with the whosever is i/c of the road specification and in communication with
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-19 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Conclusion and Recommendation EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
8. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The purpose of the EIA is to ensure that environmental issues have been foreseen in its development and implementation plans. Beneficial environmental effects are maximized while adverse effects are ameliorated or avoided to the greatest extent possible. EIA will help select and design projects, programmes or plans with long term viability and therefore improve cost effectiveness. The EIA report has been prepared as part of the feasibility study and detailed design of dualization of Old Bannu Road Km 1040+000-1050+000 & Km 1088+000-1167+000. The old Bannu road has been federalized since 1988. Road from D-I-Khan to Gandhi Chowk section has been completed by NHA and from Bannu to Sarai Naurang (Old Bannu Road) has been constructed by FHA. From Km: 1050+00 to Km 1088+00 the stretch of old Bannu Road has been dualized by FHA on Directive of Chief Minister KPK. The remaining portion of old Bannu Road from 1088+000 to 1167+000 is still unattended and need to be dulalized and rehabilitated. So, the old Bannu Road is vital for connection with other cities and widening of old Bannu Road is the utmost requirement to accommodate the flow of traffic. This road dualization and improvement will facilitate an optional road section in between Gandhi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang and old Bannu road. Therefore this proposed road helps to reduce vehicular operation within the heavily populated cities which have sufficient traffic capacity.
This Old Bannu road connects the heavily populated cities (Sara-e-Naurang, Bannu and Waziristan) and the nearby surrounding areas which have sufficient traffic capacity It will help to reduce the traffic volume and also reduce the social complexion of inhabitants of the nearby surrounded areas This road rehabilitation and improvement will facilitate the road users and improve the aesthetics of the area The positive impacts are mainly on the socio-economic benefits associated with increase in trade and services along the roadside which create micro economic benefits to local people. In addition, reduced travel time and cost, and efficient transport will directly contribute to the economic development Once this road is on operation, trade and business activities will be further promoted. Resultantly, there would be the possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the local markets along the road alignment.
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-1 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Conclusion and Recommendation EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Improve linkage with other provinces & facilitate to increase mobility within and other parts of province i. Beneficiaries of the Project The primary beneficiaries of the project are road users who are passing through the Old Bannu road, predominantly the business community, residential property owners and people engaged in the agricultural activities in the project area, drivers, school children and teachers, Public and Private sector employees. The development of the road network will provide better transport facilities for these people to access markets. The unemployed people living in the subproject area will have the construction related job opportunities during project implementation and subsequently they will have employment opportunities in the expanded commercial and industrial sectors. The land value in the vicinity will also be increased due the proposed road project.
The proposed Old Bannu road rehabilitation and dualization project will create both positive and negative environmental impacts on the natural habitat and on the human environment in the project affected area. Almost all the negative environmental impacts are short-term and anticipated only during the construction period. Hence, these impacts can be easily mitigated by implementing the proposed measures and the EMP. ii. Findings and Recommendations The EIA has been undertaken concerning the environmental assessment of the road rehabilitation project. The EIA shows that no major negative impacts were identified for this project.
The identified moderate negative impacts are mainly associated with the construction activities. These include loss of trees and/or vegetation cover confined at different patches along the road sides. Moreover, minimal impacts mainly on soil erosion and siltation hazards, disposal of debris and solid waste, extraction of construction materials, air pollution due to dust emissions, increase in accidents to people, health hazards due to poor sanitation and unplanned settlements attracted to the ROW is anticipated. All these impacts can be mitigated by properly adopting the appropriate mitigation measures.
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-2 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Conclusion and Recommendation EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
There are many positive impacts associated with this development project. These include reduction of travel time and cost, increase in trade and services with other part of country, providing income generating opportunities for local people, enhancement of the road safety, reduction of transport cost, vehicle operation cost, noise and air emissions due to improved road, soil erosion and water quality due to better drainage facilities etc. iii. Conclusion According to the proposed design, the construction activities will be carried out within the limits of the existing ROW of the road. Apart from shifting public utilities such as power transmission lines, gas Supply pipes, water supply pipes, telephone cables, telecommunication cables etc. There are many positive social and economic benefits associated with the proposed project. People in the project affected area will be benefitted through improved access, increase trade and services, some micro and macro level economic developments especially due to creating temporary job and service opportunities during the construction period , increase land value, reduce travel time, cost and traffic congestion, enhanced safety etc.
The proposed construction activities will not cause significant negative environmental impacts and most of the anticipated environmental impacts are short-term impacts and will be occurred only during pre-construction and construction periods. Appropriate measures are identified and proposed in order to mitigate the anticipated environmental impacts to acceptable levels.
In conclusion, the anticipated environmental factors identified a range of potential negative and positive impacts due to the implementation of the project and proposed suitable mitigatory measures to reduce the anticipated impacts along with a detail Environment Management and Monitoring Plan. The main beneficial aspects concluded of the project are: Reduce travel time & increase transport efficiency which will lead to increase profits of the individual producers, Reduce vehicle operational and maintenance costs while enhancing vehicle and Pedestrian safety by improving road safety and reducing traffic congestions.
improve connectivity between production centers and market place improve linkage with other provinces & facilitate to increase mobility by surface improving
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-3 Sept, 2016
Section – 8 Conclusion and Recommendation EIA Report on Dualization & Improvement of Old Bannu Road (Km 1040-1050 & Km 1088-1167
Improvements of the road sector will create better environment for trading, services and economic sectors, which are vital for sustainable development.
After thorough review of impact analysis and possible solutions, it has been concluded that the proposed Project is environmentally viable due to its low and controllable negative impacts on physical, ecological and social environment. The majority of these impacts are temporary in nature but in the long term, the project will improve overall environment of the area in terms of reduced travel time and cost, and efficient transport will directly contribute to the economic development and further increase in trade and services along the road section.
______Highway & Transportation Division/NESPAK 8-4 Sept, 2016
Site Survey Photos (From Domail to Krapa km 1088-1167)
PHYSICAL STRUCTURES LOCATED WITHIN ROW
Single Pump located at km 1164 Boundary of Petrol Pump and water Tank
Shop and Boundary wall Hand pump and Mosque observed in ROW
Trees and semi- Pacca Shops Drainage line, electric pole and shops located within 10m from road corner
Transformer within the ROW
Drainage Line, encroachment (mainly Commercial structures located within ROW encroachers are Poultry and fruit sellers )
Bridge under construction Gas Pipe line
Hilly area covered with vegetation
Electric poles, Filing Station Boundary, and Encroachment within ROW shops
The Designed Pillar at Teri Chowk and other Passenger Lounge
commercial structures
Memorial Grave 220 Kv Transmission line
Bahadur Khel Area Density of trees and shrubs along the road
Electric Poles Existing drainage system along the road
Site Survey (From Gandhi Chowk to Sara-e-Naurang km 1040-1050)
Demarcation of ROW Current activities within ROW by local inhabitants
Shop with pacca and semi- pacca in structure Current Business Activities within ROW
Drainage System
Filling Station Existing drainage facility
Gandi Chowk Existing structure within ROW
Interview with PAPs Interview with PAPs
Interview with PAPs Interview with PAPs