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2 Cannabis Sativa L CANNABIS SATIVA 29 2 Cannabis sativa L. Common Names Almindelig hamp Denmark Harilik kanep Slovenia Asa Japan Haschischpflanze Germany Bang Egypt Hash United Kingdom Bhaang India Hashas Turkey Bhaango Nepal Hashish Morocco Canamo indico Spain Hemp United Kingdom Canapa indica Italy Hennep Netherlands Canhamo Portugal Hind kinnabi Turkey Cares Nepal Huo ma cao China Chanvre cultive France Huo ma China Chanvre de l’Inde France Indian hemp United Kingdom Chanvre France Indische hennep Netherlands Chanvrier sauvage France Indischer hanf Germany Charas India Indisk hamp Sweden Churras India Kannabis Finland Da ma cao China Kannabisu Japan Da ma ren China Kerp Albania Da ma China Kinnab Turkey Dagga South Africa Konopie siewne Poland Dansk pot Denmark Konopie Poland Echter hanf Germany Konoplja Slovenia Esrar Turkey Kultur hanf Germany Gaanjaa Nepal Maconha Portugal Gajiimaa Nepal Marihana Netherlands Ganja Guyana Marihouava Greece Ganja India Marihuana Poland Grifa Spain Marihuana Bulgaria Hachis Spain Marihuana Croatia Hamp Denmark Marihuana Czech Republic Hamp Norway Marihuana Denmark Hampa Sweden Marihuana France Hampjurt Iceland Marihuana Germany Hamppu Finland Marihuana Hungary Hanf Germany Marihuana Mexico From: Medicinal Plants of the World, vol. 3: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses By: I. A. Ross © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 29 30 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD Marihuana Russia Porkanchaa Thailand Marihuana Serbia Pot Denmark Marihuana Spain Qinnib Arabic countries Marihuana Ukraine Riesen hanf Germany Marihuana United States Seruma erva Portugal Marijuana France Taima Japan Marijuana Italy Til Arabic countries Marijuana Mexico Vrai chanvre France Marijuana Portugal Weed Guyana Marijuana Sweden Xian ma China Mashinin Japan Ye ma China Navadna konoplja Slovenia BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION types of plants are numerous varieties that Cannabis sativa is an annual herb of the differ from the main one in height, extent MORACEAE family that grows to 5 m tall. of branching, and other characteristics. It is usually erect; stems variable, with res- ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION inous pubescence, angular, sometimes hol- Native to Central Asia and long cultivated low, especially above the first pairs of true in Asia, Europe, and China. Now a wide- leaves; basal leaves opposite, the upper spread tropical, temperate, and subarctic leaves alternate, stipulate, long petiolate, cultivar. Cannabis sativa has been cultivated palmate, with 3–11, rarely single, lan- for more than 4500 years for different pur- ceolate, serrate, acuminate leaflets up to 10 poses, such as fiber, oil, or narcotics. The cm long, 1.5 cm broad. Flowers are monoe- oldest use of hemp is for fiber, and later the cious or dioecious, the male in axillary and seeds were used for culinary purposes. Plants terminal panicles, apetalous, with five yel- yielding the drug were discovered in India, lowish petals and five poricidal stamens; the cultivated for medicinal purposes as early as female flowers germinate in the axils and 900 BC. In medieval times, it was brought to terminally, with one single-ovulate ovary. North Africa, where currently it is culti- Fruit is brown, shining achene, variously vated exclusively for hashish or kif. marked or plain, tightly embraces the seed with its fleshy endosperm and curved TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES embryo; late summer to early fall; year- Afghanistan. Hot water extract of the resin round in tropics. Drug-producing selections is taken orally to induce abortionCS235. grow better and produce more drugs in the China. Hot water extract of the inflores- tropics; oil- and fiber-producing plants cence is taken orally for wasting diseases, to thrive better in the temperate and subtropi- clear the blood, to cool the temperature, to cal areas. The form of the plant and the relieve fluxes, for rheumatism, to discharge yield of fiber from it vary according to cli- pus, and to stupefy and produce hallu- mate and particular variety. Varieties culti- cinationsCS035. The seed is taken orally as an vated for their fibers have long stalks, emmenagogueCS014. Decoction of the seed is branch very little, and yield only small taken orally as an anodyne, an emmenag- quantities of seed. Oil seed varieties are ogue, a febrifuge, for migraine, and for small, mature early, and produce large quan- cancerCS112. It is taken orally as a hallucino- tities of seed. Varieties grown for the drugs gen and externally for rheumatismCS109. are small, much branched with smaller dark- Guatemala. The leaves are used externally green leaves. Between these three main to relieve muscular painsCS106. CANNABIS SATIVA 31 India. Hot water extract of the dried entire unripe fruit is taken orally to induce plant is taken orally as a narcotic and to sleepCS192. relieve pain of dysmenorrheaCS210. Hot water Iran. Fluidextract of the dried flowering top extract of the dried flower and leaf is taken or the dried fruit is taken orally for abdomi- orally for dyspepsia and gonorrhea and as a nal pain associated with indigestion, for nerve stimulantCS217. Hot water extract of pain associated with cancer, for rheumatoid the inflorescence of female plants is taken arthritis, for gastric cramps or neuralgia, for orally as an abortifacientCS010. Hot water coughing, and as a hypnotic. Fluidextract of extract of the leaf is taken orally to relieve the dried fruit is taken orally for whooping menstrual painCS086. For cuts, boils, and blis- cough, as a hypnotic, and a tranquilizerCS034. ters, leaf paste is applied topically for 4 The dried seed is taken orally as a diuretic. daysCS098. Hot water extract of the bark is An infusion is taken orally as an analgesic taken orally for hydrocele and other in rheumatism or rheumatoid arthritis, a inflammationCS125. Extract of the leaves is sedative, a diaphoretic, and for hysteric con- used as an insect repellantCS246. Hot water ditions, gout, epilepsy, and cholera. The extract of the seed is taken orally as an seed oil is administered per rectum to reduce emmenagogueCS010. The powdered seed is cramps associated with lead poisoning asso- taken orally as an aid in conception. One ciated with constipation and vomiting. To gram of seeds is powdered, then mixed with reduce breast engorgement or reduce milk water, and given to women in the morning secretion, the seed oil is applied topically. before breakfast for 7 days after menstrua- In some cases, it would completely stop milk tion. The use of pepper and cane sugar is secretion. One to 2 g of seed oil is taken avoided. Paste of dried leaves is applied over orally several times a day for urinary the anus in the morning and evening for incontinencyCS034. pilesCS099. The dried leaf juice is used exter- Jamaica. Hot water extract of the flower, nally on cuts and piles and taken orally as leaf, and twig is taken orally as an antispas- an anthelminticCS143. To eliminate cough, modic and anodyneCS238. Hot water extract bronchitis, and other respiratory ailments, a of the resin is taken orally for diabetesCS198. half tablespoonful of powdered dried leaves Mexico. The aerial parts are smoked as a is mixed with an equal amount of honey and hallucinogenCS117. taken orally three times dailyCS193. Seed oil Morocco. The aerial parts are taken orally is used externally for burns. The oil is as a narcoticCS111. extracted by roasting the seedsCS213. Seeds are Nepal. Decoction of the leaf is taken orally taken orally for diabetes, hysteria, and by adults as an anthelminticCS090. The pow- sleeplessnessCS127. The aerial parts are dered leaf is mixed with cattle feed as a smoked to decrease nausea and vomiting treatment for diarrheaCS105. For headache, induced by anticancer drugsCS061. Hot water the dried leaves are ground with Datura extract of the aerial parts is taken orally by stramonium leaves and Picrorhiza schrophu- males as an aphrodisiacCS123. The dried aerial lariflora stem and water then applied parts are smoked by women to increase their externallyCS222. The leaf juice is used exter- amorous prowessCS181. The fresh leaves are nally as an antiseptic, as a hemostat on cuts taken orally for hemorrhoidsCS108. Hot water and wounds, and to treat swelling of extract of the dried leaf and seed is taken sprained jointsCS110. The seeds are crushed, orally for stomach troubles and indiges- mixed with curd, and taken orally for tionCS217. Fresh leaf juice is administered dysenteryCS090. Decoction of the seed is taken intraural to treat earacheCS143. The fruit is orally as an anthelminticCS104. To aid in par- used externally for skin diseasesCS227. The turition, 2 teaspoonfuls of powdered seeds 32 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE WORLD are made into a paste with sesame oil Apigenin glycoside: PlCS172 (Sesamum indicum L.) and applied intra- Apigenin-7-O-para-coumaroyl-glucoside: PlCS172 CS172 vaginally during laborCS100. Arabinic acid: Pl Arabinose: PlCS172 Hot water extract of the entire Pakistan. Arabitol: PlCS172 CS002 plant is taken orally as a parturifacient . Arachidic acid: PlCS172, SdCS134 Infusion of the leaf is taken orally for gen- Arginine: PlCS172 Aromadendrene, allo: PlCS172 eral weaknessCS113. Aspartic acid: PlCS172 Saudi Arabia. The aerial parts, mixed with Azelaic acid: PlCS172 honey, sugar, and nutmeg, are taken orally Behenic acid: PlCS172 CS156 CS172 as a psychotropicCS248. Benzaldehyde, para-ethyl: EO , Pl Benzene, 1-methyl-4-iso-propenyl: PlCS068, Senegal. The seed is taken orally as an CS172 CS011 emmenagogue . Benzo-(A)-anthracene: Lf Smoke 3.3 µg/100 South Africa. Hot water extract of the CigCS088 entire plant is taken orally for asthmaCS107. Benzo-(A)-pyrene: Lf Smoke 4.2 µg/100 Hot water extracts of the root and seed are CigCS088 taken orally to induce abortion, labor, and Benzo-(F)-fluoranthene: Lf Smoke 3 µg/100 CS088 menstruationCS234, CS219. Cig Benzo-(G-H-I-)-perylene: Lf Smoke 0.7 µg/ United States. Fluidextract of the inflores- 100 CigCS088 cence is taken orally as a narcotic, antispas- Benzo-(K)-fluoranthene: Lf Smoke 1.1 µg/100 CS015 modic, analgesic, and aphrodisiac . Hot CigCS088 water extract of the flowering top is taken Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy methyl ester: PlCS033 orally as a potent antispasmodic, anodyne, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-N-propyl ester: and narcotic.
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